c hapter 6 – t he m uscular s ystem. m uscle v ocabulary bi = 2; tri = 3; quad = 4; ceps = heads...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 6 – THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
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MUSCLE VOCABULARYBi = 2; Tri = 3; Quad = 4; Ceps =
Heads Biceps = 2 Heads Triceps = 3 Heads Quadriceps = 4 Heads
Brachium = Arm Example: Brachialis
Communis = Common Example: Extensor Digitalis
Communis
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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D
Deltoid = Triangle Example: Deltoideus
Digastric = Two Bellies Extrensic = From the Outside Fascia = Band or Girdle
Example: Superficial Fascia; Deep Fascia
Femoris = Thigh or Femur Example: Biceps Femoris
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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D
Glossus = Tongue Gluteus = Pertaining to the Buttocks
Example: Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medias, Gluteus Minimus
Dorsi = On or of the Back Example: Latissimus Dorsi
Intrinsic = Within or Inside Gracilis = Slender Infra = Below or Inferior
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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D
Latissimus = WidestExample: Latissimus Dorsi
Longissimus = Longest Masseter = Chewer Maximus = Largest Minimus = Smallest Myology = Study of Muscles Oblique = Slanted Orbicularis = An Orb or Circle
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MUSCLE VOCABULARY, CONT’D
Pectoralis = Breasts and Chest Quadratus = Four Sides or Square
Example: Quadrilaterals Rectus = Straight Semi = Prefix denoting Half
Example: Semipermeable Membrane
Supra = Above or upon Example: Supraspinatus
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I. OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES
~ Muscles make up approximately 40% of Body Mass~
A.Characteristics of MusclesSkeletal and smooth muscle cells are elongated (muscle cell = muscle fiber)
Contraction of muscles is due to the movement of microfilaments (myofibril)
All muscles share some terminologyPrefixes myo and mys refer to “muscle”
Prefix sarco refers to “flesh”
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Muscle Types (Know anatomy of skeletal muscle #1 – diagram and terms)
I. OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES…CONT’D
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TendonBelly
Epimysium
PerimysiumEndomysium
Fiber (Cell)
Bundle
Sarcolemma – Cell MembraneSarcoplasm – Cell Cytoplasm
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I. OVERVIEW OF MUSCLE TISSUES…CONT’D
B.Muscle Functions1. Produces movement2. Maintains posture3. Stabilizes joints4. Generates heat
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II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE
CONTRACTIONS ~ ATP – Source of energy for contractions~A.Muscle Fatigue – unable to
contract while being stimulated. Due to:Oxygen Debt
Depends on blood supplyLactic Acid builds up (sore & tired muscles)
Oxygen debt payback rapid, deep breathing
Low supply of ATP
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B.Types of ContractionsIsotonic – muscle shortens & movement occursex: bending knee, rotating arm, smiling
Isometric – tension increases; muscle does not shortenex: pushing against a wall
II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D
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C.Muscle ToneSustained partial contractionDue to nerve supplyKeeps muscle healthy & ready to react
Paralysis – no stimulation; muscle becomes flaccid & atrophy
II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D
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D. Effects of Exercise on Muscle“Use it or Lose it”Aerobic (endurance) Exercise
Does little to increase massStronger, Flexible, Less fatigueBenefits: skeletal muscle, metabolism, digestion (elimination), neuromuscular coordination, skeleton, blood vessels, lungs
Ex: jogging, biking, aerobics
II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D
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D. Effects of Exercise on Muscle, Cont’d…
Resistance exercise – isometricMuscles contract with force
Enlarges muscle cellsEx: Weightlifting
II. PROVIDING ENERGY FOR MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS, CONT’D
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1.All muscles cross at least one joint.2.Typically, the bulk of the muscle lies
proximal to the joint crossed.3.All muscles have at least two
attachments: the origin and th insertion.
4.Muscles can only pull; they never push.
5.During contraction, the muscle insertion moves toward the origin.
THE 5 GOLDEN RULES OF SKELETAL MUSCLE ACTIVITY: (TABLE 6.2)
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES
A. Types of Body MovementsOrigin: attached to the immovable or less movable bone
Insertion: attached to movable bone
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D
Flexion – Decreases the angle of the joint
Extension – increases the angle
Abduction – moving away from midline
Adduction – moving toward midline
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D
Rotation – movement around longitudinal axis
Circumduction – circular motion
Depression – movement downward
Pronation – face down
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D
Supination – face upDepression – movement
downwardElevation – movement
upwardRetraction – movement
posteriorly
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D
Inversion – sole faces medially
Eversion – sole faces laterally
Dorsiflection – heel down, sole up; “flex”
Plantar Flexion – toe down, heel up; “point”
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D
B. Types of MusclesPrime Mover: muscle with major responsibility for a particular motion
Antagonists: muscle that acts in opposition to prime moverEx: Elbow flexion
Biceps – Prime MoverTriceps - Antagonist
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’DB. TYPES OF MUSCLES, CONT’D
Synergist: muscles cooperating with another to produce a movement; stabilize jointsEx: Finger flexors; make fist without bending wrist
Fixators: stabilize the origin of a prime moverEx: Muscles that anchor scapula to thorax
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III. MUSCLE MOVEMENTS, TYPES & NAMES, CONT’D
B. Naming Skeletal Muscles1. Direction of muscle fiber2. Relative size of the muscle3. Location of the muscle4. Number of origins5. Location of origin &
insertion6. Shape of Muscle7. Action of the muscle
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IV. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE
MUSCULAR SYSTEMMuscle develops early in embryo –
16th weekCongenital disease – muscular
dystrophyMuscle fibers degenerate and
atrophyEx: Duchenne Muscular
DystrophyMost common and seriousMales 2-6; wheelchair 12;
death – young adult
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IV. DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Muscle ControlReflex – at birth (nervous system
must mature)Develops – cephalic to caudal and
proximal to distalSkeletal muscles – rich in blood
supply; resist infectionAging – muscle tissue decreases Decreased body weight Decreased strength