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l?t"' "-t~~ ~i~1 ~oo -e 'fflt1 t"-11\im'"'t ~I! d11 I 11'-r\~ ~till "ft CJJ '1~11 •t.111

-Uil'tl 'lfit! 'lt..t, "ij" '8 lffl'~ 'Plit tt'llf't1 'fill .

(~) ••. the advent of a daughter -was not an occasion for rejoicing, rather for general gloom arid depression .••.•...• ''the birth of a girl in a family-was never popular.''-Dr. A. C. Sen. Rigvedic Culture, 247, 369.

",:'be birth of a daughter is even plainly asked to~_be averted,''-Vegi & Arroword, :RJ;Vcds, ts.

'ltfi ~t~~ ~Fi;'! I ~ 'tlfl ~'I qt9 111~1

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A1t1Nt~-rt. ,t,1 'lltl~ 1 lttl>tij~ ~lit lllt1l'C'lt'f . . •flt1 ~fii~ :· '\ltelt'lrl fi;~ ffl~t (i,.-~~, :i ,)"

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. .,:,~ . (") "Women c-aptured · in war from rival clatfs or otherwise forced to matdmo-· niai connexion were necessarily ket>t in

·~objection and treated'as_-m!)re like chattels than · human beings They wer·e. virtually

,, ,. ·1

-· '\

,. ......

.;...·

~ treated as slaves ove~ whose life and liberty their husbands had complete control •. ~ •..• There can be no _ doubt that in the early

· stages of civilizaJian, the po~ition of the wife, as a rule, was _scaicely better than that of a slave. --:-No wonder therefort'--that she entertdned .-:cuceJy--any love towards -her ---- . husband and often went astray and proved faithless;"-Dr. Abinash Ch. Das. Rigvedic India, 1051 10'6 .

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i:t~i1'9 C~lt~ lltvl~ ~1 ~ I '!'-<Witt'! '."{Cil<J

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,_fi11 ~ -,fi-! ; ~•1 "l<litti'II ~ii ( -~-clt$f1 ) ~\!JI ~t'S11f : Kegi, 9 ) I 'l~i!'t ( ~ -"~, ) ) -'8 c~'wtt1 ( )-Bir,~) ~tll't :Ji~'2tlll "l~t. 'ffil•tf1

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'l-.1, B ) l 1ftl1 ttll l.!lt Cllill :itfil::! ( ')-Iv,

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5~ ON" ~ I· :~ "f't't~ -. '!111'~1 :ilitttf '114t,1~1 ~fill1 ~t~f5'! ~ I (a) ~,of ,rt'ltet

( s ) Petournea, Evolution of matdaao, 14(?, "

----~~----!"~~---':-···~

---.

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(~) Kaagi & Arroword·; 16. .-- .... _., - . • ('1} They .are. ~i,ver, significant.

. ........ ~---:..~ as revealing a far from ideal state of society

Ja lligvedic times,•'-Das, 259. (',) Cl'()Q tll• 1'b.o'le, thero ,... 10 h.ffl'

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,~ 'ttl 1(•)

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~ti ~~llf "qft ll(ffi ~-e ~ ,d I

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.att'-i'tl'fett• ~~ ~ ~- ~ • ~~•FiCi!tf; ~ lriAA~' ~ ~-~· .. 11(•.a ._~, ( fffiilil 1tfh1) 'A•lte ~•11 fflti!it I ~ -e ~~if-~ ( Atff •t1t•11 ~\-ftl) ~m ~., '!if I . Ill~

~ < 9ttfctt11it ,~ •mt-{ ) A{tf, ~• <~•ti'r ffi'IClJ -~,1 :mitt-I) fffl,, ~ ( ttt;it •1 ~· 1' 'lb1 fftltil) A•~·• ~ (c\llC1l

.,r.il) _11~, ft~ 'All'lr1 R11t, I ,n: ~ft•· ~ ~ Nil fi1! fi•~ ft'l ~.t1~. ~ f4t't l

been some decline in the position of women. ••• Generally speakin,i, the increased complc- · xity _or society seems to have been accoin• panied by an increase of crime and moral lascity.''-Cambridae Hiatory of IDdi•• vol. I, U'-.

,------"-----------~•_&!✓-.,...~t_~_ .. _._ttt __ i'l.,..." _________ .;,_....91.flll'fflf ~11 '

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'lfi~tc-i1l ~~ 11t'1t, -1f~1 'R~t'I~ ll!lf\!i, <#r'!~ (illi')\!i~), "Ultl!~ ( ~ti!i1f91~1 ~W..,<fi 'l~i!iJ~

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~iJl), ~t\; (PJ.~ ~lfi!il flh1 R<1tt,1l-"IC1l ~~'!

JI'ltil), ~lttlf ("Jclftil ~ti~~ 'Jllflll~~~-!)

'G C~~lf ( 'I~ 9tij\!i~ 1lll9t if1~~~t1l ~~~<ft,

~t'i! ~t.i:) 'lnt<JtCU! Ci'ft<J <ffii'V1 'lifi!i ~l\!i, ~'I

'lt1lllf6 (1_~111 ~c~ zj>;fi't "'1-fflic-n i!t<il,j1 i!!!tr -1-...i)

"{tf'® ,l~ il1 (c<1t11t1o1, ~-~,'-') I C"".1-ill~ m~lft~

if'1 il~~J!<J 6 W~ ~J~~ ~ti! ~ll'!Jt~'it~~ "'ICW1l

~,'ltfir~ ll~til), IIT9f~~ (l!t'!1, ft-!1 ~ ~1111

, . 'lfi~~) if1 'fftil C~ti'f, \Jl~il~ ~lll (~i!!! fr~ <IJ~ •

6t11 '!lit'!) ~ijj J!"'itil 'I~" J!"'P!fe~ -eitfi,i .~I!,~. .J~1 flt'i! il1 I C<II~ lf!t;!l"".1- e11tij,i, ~l!I <11 fiiRfl

~'Stt~t Clfl>t~ ~nl 9ftt'! I ifi'f1 if~,

l.f1Wf ,~t" ~i'f f-11:11¥ ~1l'I I C:.J~il 1lj'i!t11 ~~,

,~~~ ~l~ 11htt ~t~tt<fi ~~ OJtf.lit~ ,t~ I fi<f~fl1 <fi~il .. ~t'~h ~~~ 11ttiit 9tt~'! i11 ; Ji~~•

i!ttt~1 cir<11 11,~tc,i "J~ @~9tfifil <Jf°it<:! 9ttRi-!i .

(llt9f~'&, ~~--,s) I ~I ~11~t<it ,~t~ 9ftfi~ -(1·;

,~<1':'f iftlf.l1 i<1:$tcuf .fl~ ~""t11 f~af ( ,iti¾ft1i{)

ilt~"f 'MC~ C~fir<fi ~,r-e crffti! <t1 ~' 9i_l9i1 nft<:!.

,:tij<;! o11, c~hcllt 11t\!i 91.~ ~1 @~11tfit<l>tij1-c<'fit-t

ftl:lti lll~11 ~i~il':!1 -I~ (~11-- )) I ~t'ft1co111-e

(.a) ''Women may not on their own

account alter either the vedic srauta sacri

fices or Griha sacrifices. ...A woman is nClt

independent ei_ther in re1pe~ of sacrifice or of

htt 11'! c~-l,",88\ iltft ~~ ,i"'Pjfg e. 1{t'fWt

~1Cll11 ~~-11 I -it1TI, ~~h ~ ~1 ~'I Cllt~l 1!!!1 -'f~ i!f<IJ ltl~~ -11 · <lt~<lS <11 fotf'fli 'Pjf11t~ C"l 'i"'PI~

fflfttfl -II u -11 I htt llftt'1Jt1l ~~ (<Jf-1~, )1\,

'fl,) "~. i!llnf 'G 11~'1) llllt5Jf ~ti'! C~C"!'8 ~~tti! ·

1lt~t<J1l ~ ill U il1 ( ,,ft~, ~~ ) 1" <~) ID!"t

ift1_11 ~t~ l.fl~W:t 'i!tft' "I~ lft~ ~t~ I ~~ :

l.!l11i9f ~'1~1 IITC'{f 'ill~til ~f.l C<fitil ~t'6'1il 'e'I~- .

"tcur •rn~ firn 9ftr11il -itt I llt,1 ~t~ 11t~~t~

'i! iit(t I

1li11~tCU1 C'~llif iltfrt<J 11'1 'G "{tifil IIT"{tlfl

i!fC<IJ11 Ci!!t~ ~mttC~.:{, C<r>TM51 ( ~= ~ '-' 0 0 )

C-!11f-t ~t~tfij~t<J ~~~ ~~11 . l!till Cli"MJ1 Cifitil

'111tn ~J-e "1r,i <¥fit<;! f.ltl:l!f <!iN~tc~ 1

"-liti-it~, -1~-it•. 1fi?i1t,, ~ ~tf-1.rt11

ft1TC'l1 Cil,- <fi~C<!31 ~·11t~Cilll:I 6°' r- . .

-il~, il~11'lt~. -e ~ -it;i ~. 'I~ '

C'lt~, it0

.'8 11t~~C<li ifiiftfit ~1?'1 <'fiti,'! i\tl I . , .. :f!~Cllfl:I 1l._<Jitfi!-e- 11t11t1'1 11~1 '9f1l<:!i '1~<1<:!: ,

~t lC~ (1: 1:. 8 • 0 -~ • 0 ) ll>i11 I ~C~ ~~tt'fl

lit<:! '"h<t 9tf~-C.~1l tJ__.; '' . ~Olfit<li 3iN~~

'6l~Jlt~<J 1: ~ ~ 0 0 • '5{t<lf '{fl 'ft111it'f1l <11tfi· .,

o1"t11 ~t :f!'&<Ji!i: 9f11<1~ ~t>;fi'I ~" I ~~ Jj~C1'8~ ,

'6ltl!111 11t1119tfiiftcu , .~t~~lljt~ 9t1111t~J ~ii,

'],lftf 'G ti~9111 @~11 if'lt~<Jt1l <lifi~ Of~~ 9ttt I '-

inheritance .•• Woqi~l! are property and come ·

under the general rule of pledge, ... Women

... are not lost by being enjoyed by others,"·

Cambl'idge Histqry· of ,Jodia,,vol. I, 24-7~

' .. ·

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t11ilf, -rfh1 .-e ~fl~ R~t, (JI~~ -e '1PJP, ~II'\-•

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l{et ~till 5tl-~'lt-'il •1 Cllll •t'lf

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. ,~ ~J\~1 -.fi,tr:~ I 'l{t,~lltl <1Pi1Rcftllf •

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r1;5a "~i'il,, . l!ft~ •~ttf~tl'lil I 1St~~l'il1t

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~i(l~ ,,r11c~ ,111ntlil ~SIii{ C'll~fit-.

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9114' f11~t~ ,lr:iitrt Jf~Cllfll ~ilt-'tet<t<l't'fl' I

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flf4' fit11 llft~-f "ft-lll ; •ttti fqif.{ -ll~§C'I

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'llll!t •1"1~ ~Jt.;"r fi~ lllf. • "lf'lflflt9J_( c!IC5~1 til'l1~1 f'11(Tt~il I .t~tiifl c-f11 \lj -t1iJ• til~•'ltl 9ll&1S lltil '!'{(qi ~f.{ ·

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. l!Sllft~• I tit,tl ·til:!ltill l!lt11J4'~ fir•· · ~Ill lf~litf'C'I; 'll~i c,t-1 fit•- -it,t1 ii~

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l~-111- ~., tr,t1 ,@cca c!lt(iltl 'IPflilllftlf' . 'Jfffi-1 I -''•tlP~I'' ''fl 'lft1~~~11 C~81

cJl~ ~-~t~I ~-II '' .. tlfll1"tlfl ~t

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.... -~ ·. :. .. .. · ... ,

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etc~ ~"IC-et'lf •1H1 ~914'tst 'c'E( ~~ ,.Jr.l

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f-, ~'1 4' fhtrt • .11<1t ~f ! 9fc• ._ lllt~\!l''l1

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f-1•1 <JJ~'1tl lflf" flllltil c~ 1!!4'1? ~~l

~tc11t"I c11fittc, "t~1 .JI'! ~~~ ,~, ~,t11

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.. 'l1 ~ltTt~-:-'''11~ -.11 C<:!1'J{~ ~~1 ilttl{,

prf~ 1{fll1'Ccf ~fr-•ftUC~il ' .. iaatt4'' ~~c~ ,·

[~1 .. t'lf4' ) '9 ~ ilt .. tltt.J ~:le ~1'11

,,~lltl. Cl '\t~ •H. Cl!tlltll :1'i"fllctT-~'I ~t 111,~c• •l'ltll1 1iltlfJ_t1' .f-r•, fijllt~il 1''

[~ -.e 'e 8 ~ llltl·t.] 4'tfl'I, ctfl'I 'e ~~TClfl . '

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~lft•f .~"ft lt.-~-tc~ I [1ll1 · -.'I .. ) ~Tilt.]

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11tcf')if-e ~,re" 1f.1tr~ 1 •" f<t~• ~•t"V

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, lltiJ( Jl<ll'tttt ~t~l c!ft'! !fr 1il1 fili1 411(

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~tlltfil'lt" <1'11 ,l11fi~ ''~-i>1- i11t11ttift

lI~-:_;• ---~~l_t ""tfi,c~ "l<f~ c~t1{t1 11,1~j1 ~~1 11c1{J ;-.ii\ i_e.. citf"fc~ 91tlc~

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1fH1t1 J{t1{,c11 ~~ •fil Gi•tc~ 11il~~ 1tltt

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•-'ltti, C'tit ~flfl1 ~ft· 91f«<t~il lll"l'J •ft I 5~·1J~Jt• 111 .. C~l<l'il illfi ~~{ Ciff'( '"• llf.1~1 fifil51C1 f-1~~ '\CQf ~fi~~'I •f«nt~ I

, . / .

i!'fl .. tc-111 ")•llf 'l'IJtt't~ " ~ s .. nmqi :it"l1 ,,,re~ ,~. l!:ltf~i'fl 11tt11J l.fl1{i1 11·~ f.1-1'-f" tf,tttl( 'ft~1 f5•t~'I :itJf°9tlf'fl IP'I f5~rtl

A11,~~ , 1'1 .. tcil1 . ~t,•ir -1Sfl{t1 ~1111

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~fr <tAltttif ~~~ ·1111~ ~fft4'l f~f.l CIPt"tl Clft'ffl ~~t'f cf filttl(-1 I ~f.l !J!lfif . ~!~"'1 •f1,rct-1 ~r-. •c., ,r~ f1t<r1't• .. 11~ cftl I. f.1-s1, cJI 'lt~I 'l{CIIJ fi•ti\t, ~~'tff'fl ~'1 f°5"Jt'fl fs~Jl~' 1tf'l~CI( . .tl~t 'Pjf'(\\~ 'l{t'IJ tfl{t ~11 J'lf tlft-rt91tfllf fill~~ 11f,1ltf, -

( .. t1-e~ i!l'llf1. cJ1i1if -e -~~ cJtiil'. 'lt~

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_ ci;11 A~t-i -e h~tfil• ~'ft'l"'l "t~~ttn

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-c:.·

l!:ltiril ~•'1Cf' iltf• .. t'lltclft IJ9 ~ 11,

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'1~ C'I ._~ f~•t-r Jil~il ,,1ttl( . iat1 'lt"I

~ f..tttl( l.flllil !Ji•$ . ~~ '4lt •flf1 <bt.· ~tfif•'lftt i!ltt' ~c, .. •.t1-1 iil1 1 tllc11~1 ~18J'lt11. ..'i}'I 'iti"ttt~, ~filtia C'tt'f,

•c~tctJ~Jt:S' 11~~tt1t11 -~t t,\I, .. ~~ ._l'-•t'I -/lc11~1 <ftf'lcJ•"tfil4'ttcJ t;ttt'ft

l!:ltflfP'• ,:cffl "l•flf1 11tfillf "'•111 .:1 ,~.

~lc1tt91 ,~ ''l~'l~~t,' ( Reformation )

'illi11c,. ~~t, ~fl 1~11,~ ·,11c-111·v (Renaissance) ; ~1~ "ll tliil1Ji"tt ~-I~

'f(lttr~ ,~,.., -.1, cfiil~tf.r;cilt-tff · -i,iit

-..1~~cu 1'1'f ~'(;i f<t,,t~ dl1t5'-1 ~• Git"

f~~Tt-11 1illtf~~i~ 'itC~ I .. 'IJ• ~"ff"'Sf •

1Stt~- c~-1 iic~tc-111 .. ,.t1 !_C'Sfl ( Dark · Age) -tf11t1{rf~ it:~ ~~~ atiltt'ltt•t -~ff- ·

-.1f-1 ~· ,l11 ~Tl I

111SJc:tt'1<rr _,c~it91 -e ~tt11ft ,t, f"~f<rW .fll~''ltll ~if11to1f11• f-f•t11 (Liberal

Education) illt'I{ Jll Ji,, f-f•t Cit'G\1 Ill

~~~ I.fl• 'c1-it1tr1' i!t.~fiU 11~c~ tfl t:'1 "Jll!J •t11't ~tR~TI .,, Ill Jl~t Jl-til'fffltt~ I

r.~ 'll;!Jf-1i ~ :ll1tlf1tcf ~r~t'tl 'ltlt'I

'f~t~" falc~t ( .Robert Briff a ult ) ~·r,t1 · ~ff~ ~fl{tll ~t,1 ~f'lltt-ill, iat,1 faet!f

,,1 •~11 lt~tlltl( :

" .. 11~1 'e ~ cfl'15ltll .. !}'ftl11

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r,1tcP1• 11~fil ,ltlftt c"Pfil, -l~t'I~ ~c~,

....___, --._..,.. . ..,, .

(di.)

tit'fNa~c•• c~t, ~ cJ!lf1-~lfit 91A1&t11t1 c!J51'f-. 411{ftv .:1 1 .itt~t• ~, ~11111 tl llf•Plft 11'e1 1111fii1' 'f'ltt• C11 •nr«t@ ~18ttt~c.,~ C11 ,.r .. ~c,r, 11ttfir11 " 11~-

f~f~ 'l"lftl'l5cf ~If~ -Jtfft~ ..,ml11~! "'flf't'fClfl lft'f}•~ra. Ci!!l'f ~t:flf6~ "t'I_. -itl

. 91flffit111 ~t1ft~ 'ffl~• .. Cl5fil'I ftilf '11 '!"" 'll{JI{' -tf.~1111@. ~J~f8'• lll't'I -ttt• I ~'t'I '11'T~t'1, 'cat~•-' 1e 11t~'-11t~•- 1 ~•it 51f"1 llf111~1 ~ 111i'I ~>1't11t'lctt•

\ittlf- ~ t l llf'l~··k• ~1ft -,~, ~6'1till . . 9111P~ ~t1tt1 ~~, "lfi'81lttl ~6'1-1-6 · ·.:1f.{

c•t-1 ~1Jl'ft- 4'11 ~JI -11 l · 'ltl911', tfll)t . lfl~t '•t~•~•,.ifttlf c•fil llfttlll'!:-~~ ,1

. llf•t~t'I ~'(-. 11~' 11~'iitc~• :fll{l-11 'C'llf ~ 1 ~1 d!f1{t'I lfll ,~. ,it,. •-'6jqf 11f11~c11

"'tl ~I 'II(.{ -'f'ltsi't llftt'IJ(\tllll Afllf~ 'l'Jfil'I lllt-.ft~'211~t'lll ~lfJ · ~ it~I -

~ffip{,ttlfl lf'1 llftll1', 1J.•~1J, 1J..•f1lfiff, ltl!I~ c•tflft'4 9\t-el1 1111 ~11 9\l~ci'tcftC'I ~.i.: d!!,f'I -tfi'81~tl lfl~t filfiiif~ ll~'tttl'I• ·31•') "(ll8~t$ C1I l!ft( ~J~~ lll'tll flftC~

csr11 lflJI •~t~lf', •._tfi~ • ._..,') (wali) !!I,, '"' .. ◄ ~f/lll 6tt llf'lt~·c11 !l•tllf •11 ,'11 _____ C11_t_'t _il1i_Jt-,-:-91 ___ C.:t_l_fi_'i_W_tl_il_tf1-1ltll_il_tfi{c_'l_~---~-l ~C~~~P'&~ C11, lltlllttlfl ~18t'f

lflt•~1 ~~nt, ,ac1 ~J~fji~ llll1tf1'1 ; ~~1 ,ic1t~1 ~t.!1 ,.\j,.tt-11 'ffiPI- • 9'fi'21~ ·

't'lil '4 ... t.:tllt'f ,t5tl'11'' ~•ttl ~~1 •fit'I ~tfi• .. 1-C'f•'ffiPI 9Jf•~ 11'5l(!f@tif1 ~11fi.i11 lllllt1 fmrt~'I ; ~t• c11l 111ii 1Plfil1' ~~"'c• 1111~iifili •A1tc~ , ~ie11~1

lf,ftt.!fl ~1'11Pt1f, •tit11, 4/f~TW'I, ~C'IVS1 11'8J'lt~ ~l{il (_4't" fir• .:rt- "tt'I ~1{11

d!!'¥f'I -1,til •~tt1 ,. ~t• '•~'1tl'I -'f•l1c111· l!{~,t tt'5tc•11 B~ c1t~t11 .:f1

91fi'l'I ,l1t~111 I ~ "· "ntil- 'lll~til -i1l I r.~ .. , -~ C"Pilf ,lt'I 1,11• ,~~ " ~fi1tt.'I 1&1• -fl" l!ft'I, ~t.:1 91••~•tCII •fht -~ '8 c,ril).,tJ'J{t-1 ,lite~ c11l C'lllti11

~til~I ~~~c-11 ( Human Evolutio~) "t~tc•·llft~it ~ft\ .-!S,r. A•t~',. i 1ar• 'ffi'l 9lfi'2tll •fu1tr• I Cl{ "~' ,lt'I ~ f-1• · iJCiltcst~' .. t,~--IJI- .,,t, ~-t•c~ f@, ~• •~tc-t · "''!l'f• ~-t'I ~,._ ,,.~Jttil lftlt.' "Ii !l'ft-1 ~~J "'~~ -•t• ·

· •film~. '"' 11111 1:lc<1, ~, wt1Ct'1 . ~._. ~If .:•itt~ 1 c~\'I f1&~t!if I [The : Making· of ..,-

''lit1 .. 1~• 11'W• ,~. 1111t1mtlfl ~~1 HuII?-anity ~11 'l•ll--a •] ~-C~lt~I 11~tl Cl{!cj- tl1~l ~'I -111 -iifltllf :

•·

\,.-

-

·,

... •

. -

. i, .

-· - .

... ·

...,,......,

" ,_;:."""•~

"ft~tr, ~t1'wr, .. tr.., 'ill~ q~ llf~t'ltttt I. llftlllf .. r, .. •tfif11 .. t .. l'I -.tftt( ."l,iiC ,t-et• l!l'lf-1 r,, 1'1r'i'r 111~11 llf~~")c~• -tt,.. f~;q iilt-11t;."'t ~•"'t ( lf'Jl ~: .,~--'ltl fe. f-t,t,~iil ~~ .. , .. llf'I (IP'JI ~: t•a1-,tJ f~: 8~t ) "4. 9J'&•ffl fupif 91.t( llfllt~'I

~•~) lt1 'i!llt e11tfit~J_.11t''illt1'• ( 'Awarif 8""' 'ltil ,._ts[ ft'lt'ltt l'l1 1Pt111•._tt~11 .. al-Ma'arlf' 12tc,: 11'1~11f'lf ,.,,"'t', '11t'lt-et-.' ~.r11 •"'t \l'llftt~II(, ,Jfl'lttlf' iltt1115iil1 •t11il

~~ -i~ecl'ft1 91tft'8tf~• 11tt. ~~ r .. c,ttt'1 -~~t ~4l1 -tt"I~ •tt'I 11~ti'ft~ ,._tst· ft11tt'ltt111. ••t.,• t!t1l 1111-,n11:f1• ~1t"t~"'' _.,1,~ ~llft1~,t~: -rtt1' -tfif5• iq, ,,,. ..i•t·• ~il~il '~1~tl "i~"ttlf11 C~ IP~ .. -11121,: Ui11 121,:-.n1 ~Cl'liil C't, ftlff't ~i'II ~t1'ft •c1-1 'ltl IICIIJ '~•"t' -tfi18t~t$ .. n,~ .. t• c-i~ ~-"Ill 9Jt~- - ~1$ · -..'t~lf ~t~lftf'1

·~"'tll •11 Jltl<t ~~I ilt'll 'cat-i .. ~tftFl . "1•1 iii~ ~rjl'j• ~-t<S ~t•IJ I trUI •I · ,.r.1• -11 rte .. ~t'IJ~•t'Pl -.1ie1'1111tc .. il 1 • tfii,. {5_~ f.M •fil11 ~•"'ti~• ~tfl-1•1

..

~- •t11:,1'1 c~c•• ~• lf1J11, -tt'f'11 ~ l!t'lfttlf ._,..~e.11tfl trl'fffl trtir •t1il c1i, ,~, ~"it "~'If 111111-il~• •~•"t' ~$ f,1ri' ~it, ~t1lrc11l, 11t11t-el• llft!I

----~f-i~ ~'81'\··\1 (circle) 'IICIIJl ~lit~~ ~"; lf!5M'I •1 I •• ·1••$ qqfl{11 i:;t•1 •t• 11tt1t1i:-i1 .11c~j esfi111 Ill -11- 1 .. ~" f.i!fJtr,,$ 11tl~i'te11-e ;tl'lt11 -11 1.t"lt 1n•t llfll1~1 •"'· f"«1Jt'I 11Jt~fAlf 11•1~-1 .. t""'1 .1't~~t• 'f ~-rtilt~• -ttl!(t11 il1 I ~c1t~t"«rsl'ti \( •"ll ~= , ~,:-i: f.: ""'>• ) ._,r1111 tJ1l 11R9fc• '~i~•' it"tl .R Literary . . . 1A'(1t11 · '•t•~~ ._f1St1t-1 121-c, '~•"t' -e . 'lt~t-et•' Nl~~~i llft•t1 cftflr~~l'I:

••ol 1 -it,._· r-,._1,~~ 111f.1~~~,· 91,~ l'lft1' ,n11t~ ( •asr ft: s"•-i: f•:lt•t)

,,, ... 11'~ ·t•t!fii~-1 (lhya' 'Ulum al-Din)

-e.'~~1tc1 in•._tift.' (Kimiya'e_Sa'adat)

iilft'I{ ,~ ~'(. it 15•Pf ttiil Wt{'I l!rtftai~:

History of Persia, Vol. 1 l!tt'll ~~ ..

tijilt1 C'1 .. ,~tit fiflttl(il l!l~t 11~~ cf11tit ,lcil l!!l•tfi-f'I '<lrt'l•~11tt,r' 11tfil• ~~tee• I( 1St,.t1. C'{ ,,r. "'!~•tllf .,1 ,l1ti~

'ltlll1C\I l!l'fffi~ c•til trt~ JIJ{~ ~11 -11 I '1llll1

. •lt'I ,.~.,'l{filf .,t_ e~tf'f11 ,1 , ... , "fid

· 'ltlllt'4t, llfttffll Pf,_l"l~~tll(fl 'llllltt'l15il1 •11

~<i't1 N111t~ ell!~ llll~t1 ~~- ~If· •~~ '8~

c"t• ~t•tlfl ._1Rtr ~t~st -.fi111 1t~

llffi'I I 'l~iil ~t-fr: .. tf"l'J "'t~1ttllf Jl1li{ f&!I ,'tit~ ~ttj, Pf 'I 'IHI 11C-0 'lt11t-eit-.Pt• ~~$ . I l .

-item, ~" lft-1 ~'11 llll f.d ~l!i~: -n1-. '!Tlll.1 .. 1~1 . 'lllllt'Stfi• <2tt,l '11t11t•t•'c• ·IJl,t°i -rtm~t'i ~~!iii -.1t1 CC&~l 'llllltl'V

~., , .. ' l1<N fllftl!Jl iilttll: ~Jtil tittJtttill

.. 9(C'l(J ,,.~._I -It, I it,ttlll .JI' -I_"I~ -.(.

9'1t11 -tftt~fil'C'I it'lt11 ..r~lf ~t~lf 91t'I

11ft 'lfiinl1 ilr-1~t~t11clf1 f.t•t; -tfifA ~le•·

,-.... -

~!<iJ.:f I tt~ttlfll "1f9t-itl 1'C'U ~l!l'lt-t ~1111

ft'I ( <iJ ) 6l1' f.iit lfll1'ltl ~it' .. ttia'ft

~~ f.ft~'f 9't'lil ~ctt \ ( ~ ) 911fit~ ~111

~llft'V '${-lt11~ • f-1~~\lt 1" ( ') )

_ r◄., ~- l-lll ~11tll1 ~f~ia '11_•,, ilftl{

-rf ~1611 lll11tt1 c-.t-il ~~ -1tl 1 •tc.,, ~•ti ~ t!l'ICtf 'tf 1(1 ll{Cll(il -1tl \!tilt ,,c .. ~-:

-l{tlf !llftlliril tfili ~~~tt'r o1tlll 'tt~C5'1 9'f°iH I.fl~ ~, f!fil lfl1'~till .. tffl qf{ftlfllf 'ft'lt~ '1'111 -rtf-.tct~ I.fl-.{ l-11t'f

c!tt1t1Pil"II ctJt'\t'f lt~1 'tt~'V ~t~tsr '!fll6t

,,lei! :~tia -rt~c"~.-' t<iJl{fi) c-11111•

illf°i~sr -e ~fl811 e-.11 '1:l3$?tl 11(tifJtflf ~i('I

!_' .. ' Jl'f illfil911fl I tsi ~t-i-1tl ,lc~c~ '!_•,if'· Jill ~'1111 I 9ffi&i'f 1-~ttilf 91-rilt <(;I

ll{Jll{~l1 -.·11 fPi ~t'liltl lllff°'I• llllt1cf lf.ll I . . ...

.r1-t 91-tai'r ilfe2 lllf.tlf 1fl'11 'fl'.1 ~ ~~(

tll1 91fi~t• t1fi6ill 1tf~<(fl .,, RCllf1{ C'ftll1·*t6t'f l!ltlltlfil lf.ll. ~ t I ~,tfi 18~(1!1'

-rt'lf ~llt 9\ft'lt~ cft1 ~Cllf~ "IT'ftlllftll-.'41

~, 1 iatl ~t@ t1tfur ,t-t ittttlf1 lllll(tcf ·

~~ -.l~ '!'Ii cff1,.t1 IPIJJ 9111f"{°l -.~ ll{Mtt1 ·

~ ~111 itlcial .. 9\~lll~ ..ti111 c1tt11ct1 1't1if 1

()) l!Tf~• 'll~'!ir •1 'J.tf Cllf~ tftllThereafter men differed and diverse degrees became distinguished and the elect of mankind who were vehemently concerned with matters· of reli_gion were called ascetics

{ 11t~lf ). and devotees. ( J.i lo ) Then heresies arose and there ensued

disputes betwe.,n th~ different sects, each

~~"~ cf Tl'\ ,ltl! ~tt'l t 'lfil~'l ,,1 ~ .. ~. 11"tl~ ~~J ,~. ~'t,i-i ~-St<(tt: ~1'ft'l·t!t~'f ;

~•tit ,-.t~ ~~c,1 ~11tt(~1 · ~◄, cJijctt'I ·

., "!ill -.11l it. 1!11ttt'11 ~ti!!fl .,,,1 -rttifil I 11tl 'Stllttif'I 111-. 'Ill( ilft'lil '~~ ,,1 'l'Pt1 ( .. t'ift~~t) ,le~ 1'~~ , .. t~t• 1.t1,

"lfl'( <ft"lil C'I, -1(1 · ·~t~ .. ~~ -~~ .Jt,.. llitl! . 'J~t.l I t.~ I.ti~ ~lffl f§~- .-.n1~'t 'll~~J

'41 ~n•~t-11 ~1119j_'1' fctt'lt'1'f ,.filll .. llllfJ

1!11:!Jt~Jl\l_ lllt~ I . cfltlf- 'itt'I' All .. Qf

t1-ri?t ct~ ~ft'ftii•til ,-e,tl ~~-~ -e •

-f.1tif111 I . 1'11( -.flt11ijt~-~~llltil l!.1"6fii~ ~,!J!t.~llli

, llfft!21 Ccft.-, .rtf'll ~l'f ~11/9JC~ ~t,1

t!tifiilll ~"I ~t~1 f~III '~~if' ,e' '11t-.:e1t' I · 'i:st'lt-slttS'. -rtarr "'-aJ.....! ·~1111~ n' --e

',pit' -ifi1it1'1 ~1 ~~~r~~~ ii((: f.fcf, --e

f~(rl'I ~JltlP '"{t'fi.'llftllf' . .&ft1 ~9'~·1'119'~ • __ . --~tfl1t-·"i11,.-i-n '8 C'11Tlftfill'f '(1t'l11 cliCl~lll (I~ cft1 fttC~ I C'I JI<( 1'Qf1 ~tif fttt'I 8

Jt ~ti( 'llt11t'9~lf · llf1~ ~ill'C~ 'f1 ,.~ttil1

,·ttct '" 11RP1~<1i t!ltt ~,c'll \'1~: · ,.attt 1 ·

aii-.c1111 ~Ct.I-- 'c:.1t11t-si., l!l'l 1Jf'ffi91 • 11~1

lfll :-,~ -rtt~ 'f5t~• f<l~II 'ffilll. ilttl.

one claiming -to pOSS''58 tiscetics and the elect . - ~ - -

of people of the s~n•tis .whose souls were set

on God.and who guided their. hearts from . ' ... the disasters of heedlessness, became knowo

by the name .s11fls, This was:a little before the end of the ·second century.-Browne: A Literary History of Persi11 vol, I Page ~98.

-

·"'!.

..-- ' ....

...__. ';'

d!l!f '.'1 1f•tqj -.illtC'lt5il1 •111( ~CIF 'IC'F I

11 T~~· <l~f ~@Ci111 If"{~ '8 lle.'ltltCii!I

tl9ltll ~(r•'f IJI~, 1fe. •'ft~'l"'t ll!f,ilt'ltill

~'tt'I\ "I~~ 11 .... C~ /IIJ~11 '8 ~'ltit Clt'il1

11(1 C'f~ llft:2tr• 'r:!t'lt•t•' <f"1 11(1 I .. ti . -~ ifn11 ~ t'lt1, <1'1~'11 ie t.11tit~fiar .. J<l'~tf«,

\"StC<I' .. ,lill'lilC'ttC'f qfj'JICcf 9ft~~ ~t,.itl ll!l(t•1'~ c~c• ~~ •'ti ,.,l{tiJ ~tit1 f.!11

JIC~~ 'IW81 icJJrC~ ~t~i:a"'l1 -.-ai~~rfif .aicftl21

fie~ .. 1~f1-.1111 ~~.. ~t!ft'lt~J • ~1ica:stc~ . ,.; ,, ~· . 11111!1tsrc-i Jti\'t 11e. 911 t!ftc,~ i!tc1tt1 ~.,., 1111

1l,l!i1 I -.illi1)'1 ,~ 11.•" ,.~1: -"•l I fil ~ !Elftl

._eifl l.fl•'l{tilf itc•• llft~l{r'I 1Jf!i~ <1''1'1 ,~c" ~ttl I ~- ,t1t-1l Jjlli"'tltl ~~~f'I -~~~-~ 'ii iff1{ 111~1 l(f '~t'J..f,1ttl\ ~t,e't1t1' ~1 '~~Cltl "1t~at•f-.~1~' I

V . ~t'lt-ei•:llfttffll ~~-~~~'I -rti'r'-' ~t'-·11~~ '111ft e tlf -~t~I ~II( ~f~ l(Cli(

I.ii :- . . i

_ ~-fl':ettlJ-'·~tll ._lit f~~~ "t(tc•

C'll 'l·'l'•tll ,•r~' -i1t,~ a,") .. t1_-llft'l{'I :

.. tit'- _,· I ''111'- 1jt"'l5' 11: c-. i t~'I' <All -tit

Cif'it°1 !I '{fC'I ~fit C'ft•c• ll!l(fflf t l.fll

~tit'- "ft~' •t'Cil Cllf1-lle{, t.iat~ ie ficfllte.

- f-1 .. 1 CSfi{ 'l<I'~ 'lttSfl ~I ,(ft~~ ~f'I

. I.fl- "{tit .. t,te.~:,r ~ : ? )•, ~¢) ; " :

")~" ; ~~ : ~ I • ••

'fifl'( 1ttrf'I-.J1-.@ lt'f~. ,1~c;;i Jttllf~-.

C'fl .. ~91"f'lt'I 1l:,1e.. fw,itt'l'f ~1!tll5Clt

··1tJJ~•T~· JI: ,,.~tif ;& -~i'ltc1n1 R .. 1'1 Clf~t, flftl 1-ll,"1111' ~..,..t~ ,~ ~~1~ c&rif ~tc•t

-.. ---. .......... , .... ,_. __ ... '--... --~ .......... ":"""

111;;it•t•91f't11'I 11t11tiel.- llftt21 twr. -~ ~:

f~t1fC~ ~Cl!~ •'cl 1!f1t•-f I , •• ,tl1'lc11 'tll.~'.llll '°'ffi't~'filt i!l'lt!f ~'1'1 ll'C11r~

C~. , .. tsrte.•tt'I -~tlttt.•tfr <.~ii ~tl'ltll t• . .. 5t~ ,sr .. c11 ~tt&li ~-•tt, ,~tsrte. •1tc• ~~· ~•ca .. tit,. l1til'tt•a'rc• csr~c~" l.fll ltCilt-&t-. f.ltll -!iltlftt. ••tt• 'b,~tll~ ~'II '(l( I .. ~I'- -.illll!lt~ lfll f.tit..-tc• -.ill'ICI

1Pll21" ,1'c~ 5'1'tl ,'c&fi '11t"t-e~• 1 -.•11:, ~f ll JJ•~ 1J.IC~I IP'l''e ll!l(fl!lt, llt' .. t'ltt

c•til• .. tt1flll•f.ltltllf ll!l('l{T'JJ •'ti f>'l'ti;t

'fltl il1 I

-.i11,1•1 ,1w)11@c11 ~Pt11· -'lttt-fl A~t'lt• . f15~ •'t1 9'Hi\•Tt'I ~'ltif ,._tcftf11t'

{Soholastlc Theology) llfmt ,t'tlf -era, l'l'ltt'l{1 ~~1-ic• ~~ •'c11 c~'l{it ._r-ai•m1· ( Islamic Jurisprudence ) ,tcq; iect

C'lllf.l '•• .. ~ll'et · fwRi cll'tl ,t't!f iti 'llt'lt'i I•' -tf2 I ·

••t11t•1S•' dli ._trif 1ie.'1-'11t11t-e!qr'

it'C61 l{t'2C1'1 IJl,fW: ~\"St .. lPt'I .. ~ I t1,1 l{til~

~,~ c1tt• Clltt~- ~nr -.i11-r~1 911• (alien)

ill I · ~Ill '1'142~1 ~fr1 'l~'I 'e~t~l'l~t<I'

rllP~~ ~~c i,111 •asr Ill ;;Jl{ftlPI IPtfl

'ICIP i!Ctr I . 1111t,rc,111 9J~ ''(f ~'1'1 ~1 5fiill

· l{fl(l{fl ie ~it"1tt.'IC5ft t{C'fJ ~t'l{fl1 l.fll . ~111t-et1i""' ,r\"S~,t• "' .. tt;!l 111t , ~~•=·

'ltt'2C~I ~ff<il ltC'IJ C(!fl{ '41 CJ!it", Cf\~ 19

r~,1,r ~,r .. -1,~1-Rc11'1'1 ,r-G11c'lt• 3t'i{t•

~!If . CW!ff1 "ltll~Jl ;ff f41 C~~i1 <lt'I~ Ill~,

t'll{fil 41 cllt!ft~ .. ~•tt · •11 1f_tl ~1 ~.

CIC'IJ• l{t'lCl(ll IP¥ it ~1nlffl:fltl ~tllJ••

(h ~tltlfil t'c•c• I f-ftti 91tf1Cilll 1fC'f

11t1F ~ct, tflfif '41ftitfi~:t~ 1 11tl fll(t~•11-.i1t

lilc1 r-c,.~ ~c•1• '1ft'Jt1'• -.1~1 •tlii,

~11~11•Rc11ttl't c!tJ~!Ot'ltt• ~t,r, r..• ~., ,t~I l{t~J ~l{t~• , 'e 11~~11 Cl't-t ~t•t•il

._,,nt, -et,r1 11~'8tflt1 ~'(tc1!1t'1J "~oll(,tt •t1 I ~l- iltlf 1t.'ttii "ffi{ll('-11 "; ~~~ ilt&fi

1ltilcf·1t~ , . ~1- · 'llt{'l~'lt-\1( . '"'l -~'Ill{

filt'lfllf ,,, ~lit '-It- l'll'ftl{ ~tilil( 'lt~I ~t'l'Cif

c!tr.fica I iat1~•~ 'll sit-111(11t1 ll('J~'lilcftit

'It\ 'I~~ 'It~• Cfft1''9 C~l{i{ ~f'!'II( 9'7fCII •

J'l•'l Clftllf 11,'1 .\t'f l(C'(~ 'l~~Jil 91Nnl1

· C:'1t~ Iii~ ~~if~ 9\t't11 ~ti, Clll{fif JI•

RPli'il 9111 "l'iJf1'1cftil1ie .. '8tll( C<lftil t'f-1

'l fit I ""' ll(tfit C'(t• ~((IJcf ~" Rr.11 l{f'Jl( f.ilf f.llf r1f~ 11t'lttlilf , ~f;s• 1'liJit1

~'llf'I 'S 9'fi5'tf\i{ •'t-11 '"'flltlltt l: c!tt~J•

lft'lC1'11 c!t•~ ~ -. ~Jf;u 'll•PI', ~t11tl efll(f~li

,'ti '(ft, I c•til-9· ~-Jftil11 ~•/11 't c!t~f~

11~{ i.fl.'ffi~ ifl I til~I ,'t&I lfltlllt~ llt'.ift~tl . 'fl(r.c,1 ~WII{ ~lf-fif I Ill-.. · c!tCIIJ. t_t'1

~"~t• C~tt; Cf!lit'I-J._11, C~CI{ .'8111., C'lflS

fll(~firil., Jlt.'lt~·~1l~ ~It · 11,t'tltl ._f~n 91l'e11 ililtl, CIIIIR .. -t1fitc, Qlitt't 'e · Cfflti&

· ·iel Pjl, 11t11l11tJI•; ~tfi11t ·· ·~-· ~1111 91l1'~t•-e

"'"''llltt4f ·, ~51't •ttll C_'l-t1 l(fl I til

~'81 c!t~ll 51'1{91(1' _lltiffit<lf'llJ -~~ · ~~til

'41 c!t,,ttll IPII . "til ttif · lilt c•til tf wf~ill

eese1t•~ ~I .qH "l1~ ~- ll 5t'll '14t-1f1r•· llttif JI~~ 'e f.11ffflra •'ti C'ltt~'I 5f1~ 'tt"l~, ~-~••f"ltllt~ ~l~~tl'lt'f ~11q

Jtt'IC-111 •IJJl 'l<!f 'I tflf '8 Jlcf'I 'f-t~ filt1tftr'I . fl'tl °"t"tt~ t ,tc•l John A. Subhan

IHI Sufism. its saints and shrines . ,,

1~c• Asceticism resulting from the .· Islamic Conception of Allah . ,..,me, _ ~t <rt'lt~il •t• c•Tif !!l!tl -.c~ il1 ~<(~ Jt d!Ptt" iltt 'tt<l~ll l;l(tt'll5-11 ~t•<lttl

lllfll(t'W~ ( Irrevelant ) -e -11fftt1111 eesfra

f-.c~t'l1 @S§t'I ~1~1 ll(fl f•il ill 1 . ~ ,.., 1"'41, ,, • ., !._t'1l Hll· 91i't (Extra·

mist) •11• ,.,t, "tt~e ti_~, i.fl'4file ,..tc~ ~II(~ r◄f llt$it. -t~• Qft•t"l- I •t11'1 Jl~1 ,4'til

c,t-1 C'ltt,; ~etll("f._ I iftt1ft !lt.,,l 9· .-

lc1fl 'J.I'( i~lf~ 11r,t:1, ,, .. ~~1 iettl!'t!_.

1t-f c-1 -tt•t11 .. ~1 lllflJJ c•t-1 · tt~ <r1 ll-tcil

"t•t1 lft~ ,il1 <:5{Wj'11 .. 11~.,. ,rril 9\fi• 9 • • • '

· 5t'•" 1 -. •• :, C'I ,,t.i !i(C(~l lllf1J11titclfi1 ?-- .. -. llt'IJ •• 1''1 ~Jlt'l ~lt'lt Cl'lttin 'e{~

~•t~l :aitet~• 1 tt'l._~~t, 11:•i11tl~t.-ic~• .

11C'IJ-6 111• i-.1tc,tJ Htt~"'t l 5ti 'IP~Clllt• . -11 ,tatc~ 9'tc• .it I f•~ 111, .. 't'I c111l l 5lll

•.ic,l •,11'lttttt ~~, ~~tt~ t'tff tt1t 11

c!t•t11 '8 ~f~ ~f"5'1'8ftil( t!tlt111•,· ~tf~ -e IJl•~l ;t~•· I . 'fllf'l<lft~llf 11l~tlr '11_

-.1c11-1 lit~ ~~-rmzu1 \'r~fi!• '"' ~~ •'ti l~'lttf(~~~'t cf'C'I lft~ ~t, C'ICII

~ - .

~,ci ~t11 'i st1 i,.a '11 ••c•-1 '-ltt• "lJ~-' .. .. i:Dil{ ~'t'I- ,t'fj .. 1CII ,c~-1 .

11~111~ :Jfh!II ~"51f ai'4'11 1' llf'l~•t. ~111tel•..:..'._~'l'tftlll5' dtc1 •~t11t-e~•• lilt' C, ~11(1'\ C'f'l1 ,tit~ C~l fll(~l'I • ._,~tft

.. -·

-

'lt'lt-e@• ~•IC'I C<ftil f~t1 lllf"• ~fir ~119l•

l!ll'.lt, .,: I.fl~ Jett cetc•. "ftc•, '11 ,'c'I 111 .

1111i~T-. <fttt;t ~'c~ 1l'1i~flJ' 1t:•'f ,tif11t• . ~C'ltt 'J{t'(J ~~~ (!f'ft;i' 1!1tftit ,rt,t~'f •t~t•

-~:!{'l'"tt l{t'tl, _.~, ,tl• ,c111 ~•-"' -11•1t\l'I

11tJJt,.ig• , ~r• 9\1~ci'\-.1c" l1ll'lt~ iat1tt'8~ ~. l.fll ilfC'J{ C~ 11~ it~--1t~, fill'Jf•"(~~

\caJtfir ~lllftill cnt •• iatt - ll~J c~c• '1t~C"l1 ~5t'ft'II 1ITCot 1-'1~ c!lllfil :Jft•t~Cll'I •

•t~t~li'I"• 11tcllf 1tPI -ct, C~!Oti3JtC'lf ''"'"rai't '5f ~ e~•'• .4111 'J{C~J ,t-1 Clfl1 ·c~t'I "ltCI 1'1~(

111t•"~c1Jtc• l11llft~ l!t:Jft .. ~c• £Ifill~· -e -'I'll~ 'ltitt •~•-f~t1ts1!" ~ttil _ .. ~1!111 ~-l'l1 -e "lfi'l,•J ,tctJ ~nc11 "c~ 1 it~~

~:-~1 '1._!';11 ~~t ~wit at'¢II 1, Ill'«•

11t11t-.il,p 11(1 ..r-iJt'tl ;iif'(illl ~11~'1.f _'J'l'I: C'f 1I1 ~Jt~tr.l f,c~'lj f~'I '11 ~., -fll :, ( •) 511{ ·,-r,11t~ -e 111t'i~,..,.1 11,-.tt1 .. t1!1t"

'lt' .. t'lt1 ~H~ -~tlftt.~C'l1 ,l(t9'Cil1 'ICIP

Jltlt ~eft"t'l°J c~il "lftll1C6l ii.~ -~tlf1~~, 1111t-til •11, 11c"f 111~1fil• 'l{fJITTt .. rm, 11t'11tt"ITI ~'f ~6'fil1 (~~I) •11, 'If.Cl 'l~if1

•jt11. "'11'1 "tl2t'I 1t~1 ~<ft ~Cl!J• 111Jt'1TCI • it1 11,~t~ -. lf11 1'11t'811 ., ~tD-11 ( ~· .. 1 )

cnt ·; (1) 9fl'I{ ~~1-'11,•tn lf!~~t l11'1t~1 .

. ~,-rt'lil ~Qft'fQfis~~ _ 1tt~JI{<;§. "ltiar~ •11 ; (,t)· 11t,.1cet'I_ (Ta~akkul) If! ~•

.11lt•1, .,..(te. 1'-ttClfl,O '1t~~ l11~"'1 'llf~'l'til

•1t1 91C'l' •r"II IP'W lfl•lf~ ~tl!ltll IAl1 'e9'1

"511~11t11 (1t~l!ft, 11: ~c.;.i, ~cl1 '11 ,...tt'I

~ft'l1 11t1-t• 'lt1!1t, "11 @9'1 'INHl~f'I

~c111l 111<1{

('1) {~ .. "-- 'llf~'l-.-c ••1 I 111t◄te. ~tfQt" ~~ .. ~, "{f~~= 11tt'I~ _c11tc•-e "It~'« ~q- · .. r-rc111 ~r-a ... c,11 .... t11f~ • ~f.(~iat

.. ,itt"l.f iif 11 I

wtiil . • l~t-t ~9ffl ~ie,tt .. t-1'1 ~•t ISlt<l Clf'ft firtl'f Cit 'l<l ,t"' [11 Cl\t•tl'f,

IIJt,t ~'ti -tt~tCl:S IPIPCtir ll!l(f~I Cil .. t'f ~clfllf . . 1'c1~ C~ .,t~'f ~C'ltt'I. If! •11ft 41 lll"l1

"Cl~ '11, -tt~" tt),il'O'~Cill IP'W C1I -tfilft't

'l~ff JfC9' f .. ct ~t-911 -11•~ ,1 111 'ltlf ~'Cl

Ct{C~ 'tC .. I ~t• ~~91 ~Cl!l1 'lf'l1 ,'ell~

,~. ~ C~ii( ... 'I: ~t,tC"II i.lcfr, C~lll '11'1 ·

1ICIF ~Cl 'ftl I 1-'lt.~CII -jiJJ •tr._ 1'Ci111

IPlf~.. 91tlt~-"l~C'5 fittt '.iftl!lt~'"., ''l{tillt,'

cftll c•t-1 ~tlfllf ~'fil -Jffltt1f Cil,, Clllff.l

,tt{'1 IP"'t~Ci! e tflc••ttl · ~:11~'1 11!1(~'111

ll!l(tl!lt, 1J11 -eott 'lt-.•t• .!'I •'c1 2ot6t'1 Pt~~ -•c1 ~'c,, ~t<11t1 f.ltlfllf• l'l"ltt1f

Cil- I 'lf~l!lt, llt'•H~1 .. t"lil, C'ltlftl ,t11

i$c• tflc~ntct ~$cv-e f.le11 il1, ' ~t<ltt

IJIC ... ttl. ~wtftll .. •'ti C1t!ll1 il1 I

i.ti•t ~~= 1f'lfi ~~ .11l '"· ,-.t-c R'ttll I

1111(1-71'1-f · 11!1(~~1 Ccft.. •t• 'IAl'ftlfil cf1C'I

.,c~ ~tlt'Jfl c11l ~"' • ,11_ · •t" 11111Pi'ci ~c1t111-lt1 ,.,11 • 'iltif .. ~~- -tfif'I •"" •c'I i ~tclfl·, 'IT;.t,elc•1 ,~fl!!~~ 1>tfi$. ~i. "llllf~ '9 -.. ~'Ir.ti 9!.c◄i C'I ,,,At!ft•" 'It~ .r-1 II(~~- IQ~ ••t• ,c~ r ~~~:, (111 ~it'lt~ at-1-Ratc~ "ltfil~ • ~~--

c.if~11111tt! -!ttif1l -tt'f d!:lt~ l>1t1t~ 11t11t-e\l• ~t'l-1111~'4 I it~1 ~i~1 "!If "l Cllltt4''f

lilt11N1~• ~t'l~1 ~-.51 c!:l•1t~ -e ~~'lf~11tt~t

.. tt r-.il Ill -'1 1 •tl csr~1 ~ti 91~•tt•, 1 ~•"'r 1ft'l•'1'1 1t•t'I~ -"I'll~ llftl· Jt~t~ C~'lli{ -'llt'I{ '9 ~'f'11~lt flt'I" . CJ!l'ffi'I

iit11 lflllf-fll. ~~1( illfi 9\t'ltil'G P{tllf1{

11'-'11 fltiil" I 1'1f~ (!II/fl{ "f~l~1 Cl!!fi

~•"'r )'{Uf. llll:.ttif ~Jli'l ll(~~t~ ~t'lt1~

(~•i'f ~~-) ">•) l'lt"P~1 It lllt'f'\11 ~lelt

llftci!l -~t11 ~t'I" I C11,ffi9' 1'•it f"l'l,I

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