c2-blood circulation and transportation-stu (1)
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CHAPTER 2
BLOOD CIRCULATIONAND
TRANSPORT
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NAME : ______________
CLASS : ______________
TEACHER : MS AZIE
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TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES :
• To describe the circulatory system as a system oftubes with a pump and valves that ensure one-way
flow of blood.
• To state the function of the heart.
• To identify the structure of the human heart.
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The human circulatory systemconsists of:
1. __________2. __________3. __________
HEART STRUCTURE
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HEARTSTRUCTURE
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HEART STRUCTURE
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From head
and body
To headand body
From lungs
From trunk
and legs
To lungs
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HEART STRUCTURE
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HEART STRUCTURE
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• Most powerful organ
in the circulatorysystem.• Cone-shaped organ.• Weight about 300g.
• Location: in thethoracic cavity,
between the lungs.• A muscular organmade up of ______
_______, connectivetissues and bloodvessels.
HEART STRUCTURE
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The heart pumps blood to the wholebody.
The human heart consists of fourchambers:
a) ____________b) ____________C) ____________
d) ____________The heart is connected to four main
blood vesselsi) ____________ii) ____________
iii) ___________iv) ____________
The _______ separate the atria/atrium from the ventricles. To ensure
that the blood flows only in one
direction.
HEART STRUCTURE
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• right side of theheart contains _______________.
• left side of the
heart contains _______________(blood rich in
oxygen).
HEART STRUCTURE
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VALVES
The one-way flow of blood in the heart is controlled by threetypes of valves :
! ____________(mitral valve) – controls blood from leftatrium to left ventricle
! _____________ – controls blood from right atrium to rightventricle
! ______________ – controls blood from left ventricle toaorta
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VALVES
" Present in some blood vessels." Prevent backflow.
" Ensure blood flows in 1 direction only.
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• larger volume of space than the atrium.• thicker wall than the atrium.
•
Left ventricle is thicker and moremuscular than the right ventricle.
WHY ?
VENTRICLE STRUCTURE
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PARTS FUNCTIONSUPERIOR VENA
CAVABlood from the upper portion of the body
flows into the heart.
AORTABlood from the heart is pumped to the whole
body.
PULMONARYVEIN
Blood from the lungs is pumped into the heart
RIGHT ATRIUM Cavity where blood flow from vena cava intothe heart
TRICUSPIDVALVE
Prevents backflow of blood into the rightatrium
FUNCTION OF HEART STRUCTURE
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INFERIORVENA CAVA
Blood from the lower portions of the bodyflows into the heart
PULMONARYARTERY
Blood is pumped into the lungs from the rightventricle.
LEFT ATRIUMCavity where blood flows from the pulmonary
vein into the heart
BICUSPIDVALVE
Prevent backflow of blood into the left atrium
AORTIC VALVEPrevent backflow of blood into the left
ventricle
LEFTVENTRICLE
Cavity where blood flow into from the leftatrium through the bicuspid valve
RIGHT
VENTRICLE
Cavity where blood flow into from the right
atrium through the tricuspid valve
FUNCTION OF HEART STRUCTURE
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BLOODVESSELS
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TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES :
• To identify the structure of arteries, veins andcapillaries.
• To relate the characteristics of the blood vesselsto their functions.
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3 TYPES OF BLOOD VESSELSARTERIES CAPILLARIES VEINS
BLOOD VESSELS
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BLOOD VESSELS
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BLOOD VESSELS
Capillaries are found veryclose to the cells of the
body.They join to form biggertubes called veins.They
connect the arteries to theveins.
Blood flows slowly in thecapillaries and at a higherpressure compared to theflows of blood in the veins.
Capillaries transportoxygenated blood to the body
cells.They transportdeoxygenated blood from the
cells.
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The thin walls of the capillaries allow the ___________
_______________ between the blood and body cells.Substances such as oxygen,carbon dioxide,nutrients and
excretory products are exchanged between the bloodand body cells.
BLOOD VESSELS
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BLOOD VESSELS
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BLOODCIRCULATIO
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TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HUMANS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES :• To compare and contrast oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood.
• To illustrate the path of blood flow in thecirculatory system.
• To describe the role of the blood circulatorysystem in the transport of substances.
• To explain the importance of maintaining a healthyheart.
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HEART STRUCTURE
CHARACTERISTICS OXYGENATEDBLOOD
DEOXYGENATEDBLOOD
Where it is carried?
In all arteriesexcept the
pulmonaryartery
In all veins except
the pulmonary vein
Colour of blood Bright red Dark red
Composition of blood Contains oxygenin the form ofoxyhaemoglobin
Contains less oxygenbut more CO 2
Where it is found in largequantities?
The bloodleaving the lungs
The blood from allparts of the body
except the lungs
COMPARISON BETWEEN OXYGENATED BLOOD ANDDEOXYGENATED BLOOD
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2 parts!!!!
1. _______________________circulation: from heart to lungback to heart
2. _______________________ circulation: from heartto all parts of body
except lungs
BLOOD CIRCULATION
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IMPORTANCE OFAHEALTHY HEART
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Why it is important to
maintain a healthyheart?????
An unhealthy heart may causes varioushealth problems which may lead to
death.
HEALTHY HEART
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# The heart will stop pumping blood.# Blood will not reach critical organ like the brain and
the heart itself.# If the heart muscles do not receives enough blood within in a
few minutes the cell in the area will die. This is fatal.# If the brain does not receive oxygenated blood, critical brain
cells may die.This may cause coma or brain damage.# Toxic waste will quickly build up when blood stop flowing.
HEALTHY HEART
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THE IMPORTANCE TO MAINTAIN
A HEALTHY HEART.
HEALTHY HEART
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HEALTHY HEART
• smoking• high blood pressure
• too much fat in your diet/ obesity• diabetes• age,male
• hereditary
• poor blood cholesterol level.
RISK FACTORS THAT CAN TRIGGER
THE HEART ATTACK
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HEALTHY HEART
1. Avoid smoking2. Reduce the intake of fatty foods.
3. Maintain a moderate body weight4. Avoid drinking alcohol
5. Reduce mental and emotional stress.
THE WAYS TO MAINTAINA HEALTHY HEART
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EXERCISES
1-Name the four chambers of the human heart and the blood vesselconnected to each chamber.
________________________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________________
_______________________________________
2-State the difference in function between the vena cava and thepulmonary vein.
________________________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________________
_______________________________________
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EXERCISES
3-List four substances which are transported by blood.
________________________________________
_______________________________________
________________________________________ _______________________________________
4-State four ways that can prevent heart disease.
________________________________________ _______________________________________
________________________________________
_______________________________________
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HUMANBLOOD
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ANALYSING HUMAN BLOOD
LEARNING OBJECTIVES :
• To state the constituents of blood and theirfunctions.
• To state the blood groups.• To match the blood group of the donor to
that of the recipient.• To justify the importance of blood donation.
• To describe how donated blood isstored and handled.
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HUMAN BLOOD
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HUMAN BLOOD
Produced in thebone marrow
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HUMAN BLOOD
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Form“
scabs”
when you cut yourself.
Helps to stop the
bleeding(BLOODCLOTTING).
HUMAN BLOOD
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HUMAN BLOOD
HUMAN BLOOD
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HUMAN BLOOD
RED BLOODCELLS WHITEBLOOD CELLS PLATELETS
Produced in Bone marrowBone marrow
and lymphnodes
Bone marrow
Shape Biconcave disc-shape Irregular Roundfragments
Nucleus Not present Present Not present
Function Transportoxygen
Protect bodyagaintsdiseases andfight
infections
Help in bloodclotting
Lifespan 120 days 2-4 days 4 days
BLOOD CONTITUENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
TRANSPORT OXYGEN
-Oxygen is transportedfrom the respiratory
organ (lung) to the bodytissues.
-The red blood cellstransport oxygen to the
body tissues where oxygenis used in cell respiration
to release energy.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
TRANSPORT CARBONDIOXIDE
-Carbon dioxide fromrespiring cells
dissolves in the blood
plasma. It is releasedinto the alveoli and isexcreted by the lungs.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
TRANSPORT DIGESTEDFOOD
-Digested food such asglucose and aminoacids diffuses intothe capillaries and
carried to the bodycells.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
REMOVE EXCRETORYPRODUCTS ANDWASTE PRODUCTS
-Excretory products
such as carbondioxide,urea,waterare transported tospecific organ for
removal.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
TRANSPORT HORMONES
-Hormones which are secreted by the endocrine glands aretransported to where they are needed.
FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
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FUNCTIONS OF THE BLOOD
DISTRIBUTES HEAT
-Heat produced locally isdistributed to the whole
body.-This also helps maintainbody temperature
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BLOOD GROUPS
ANDCOMPATIBILITY
BLOOD GROUP
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BLOOD GROUP
• Human blood can be classified into four main groups
which are _______________ .
• Every individual belongs to a particular blood group.
BLOOD GROUP
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People from blood _________ are called ________ __________ because they receive blood from donors
of all the four groups.
People from blood _______ are called ____________because they can donate their blood to recipient
of all the four groups.
BLOOD GROUP
BLOOD GROUP
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BLOOD GROUP
BLOOD GROUP
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BLOOD GROUP
BLOOD GROUP
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BLOOD TRANSFUSION
Blood transfusion is thetransfer of blood from a
donor to a recipient.
The donors red blood cellsmust be compatible
with the recipients plasma
BLOOD GROUP
BLOOD GROUP
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In blood transfusions, the recipient’
s bloodmust be ____________ with the donor
’
s.
If they are incompatible, blood cells will ________________. This may lead to death.
BLOOD GROUP
THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
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THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
•
Blood donation does not bring us any illeffects nor does it endanger ourhealth.
• Our body produces and replaces bloodvery quickly.
• Therefore we should adopt a positiveattitude towards blood donation.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
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1. For major and minor surgeries2. To replace blood lost due to accidents.
3. To make blood constituents like red blood cells,plasma and platelets.
4. For children suffering from thalassaemia (bleedingdisorders).
BLOOD IS NEEDED IN THE FOLLOWINGSITUATION:
THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
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5. For mother who encounter complications duringchildbirth.
6. For patient suffering from anaemia andleukaemia.
7. For victims who suffer burns on their body.
8. To help controls blood clots.
THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
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THE IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION
HOW DOES DONATED BLOOD ARE STOREDAND HANDLED ???
The donor isinterviewed and
given medicalcounseling
The donatedblood is tester
for Hepatitis B, Cand HIV.
The blood sent tothe hospital wherethey are stored inblood bank at 4 oC.
Before the blood is used fortranfusion, the bags are taken outand left at room temperature for
2 hours.
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TRANSPORT SYSTE
INPLANT
ANALYSING THE TRANSPORT
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ANALYSING THE TRANSPORTSYSTEM IN PLANTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES :
• To investigate the pathway of water in a cut stemusing a suitable stains.
• To identify the locations of xylem and phloem,describe the functions of xylem and phloem.
TRANSPORT TISSUE IN PLANTS
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TRANSPORT TISSUE IN PLANTS
The transport system inplant consists of thin
tubes called _______ _____________ .
The vascular bundle canbe found in the ______ ,
_________ , and _____.
The transport system inplant
is made up of :
$ ____________$ ____________
XYLEM
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XYLEM
Made up of xylem vessels whichare _________ with no nucleus
and cytoplasm.
Form long tubes with thick walls.
From the woody tissue of plants.
____________________ ___________________
______________________ ______________________
from the roots up tothe leaves.
PHLOEM
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PHLOEM
Made up of living cells.
Phloem cells are arrangedto form long tubes
with separating wallsin between.
___________________from the leaves to
all parts of the plant.
TRANSPORT TISSUE IN PLANTS
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+4#*
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TRANSPORT TISSUE IN PLANTS
+4#*
WILTING
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In the morning In the afternoon
What differences do you notice??
WILTING
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IN THE MORNING
The stem of a non-woody plant isupright
and the leaves are well spreadout.
This is because the cells are _______________ .
IN THE AFTERNOON
The stem is no longer upright andthe leaves drop or wilt.
This is because there is not enoughwater inside the plant (lose water).
90% of the water absorbed by aplant is lost as water vapour. ___________________ .
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TRANSPIRATION
ANALYSING THE TRANSPORT
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ANALYSING THE TRANSPORTSYSTEM IN PLANTS
LEARNING OBJECTIVES :
• To describe what transpiration is.• To describe the function of stomata.
• To identify the factors affecting the rate of
transpiration.• To describe how the factors affect the rate of
transpiration.• To describe the rules of transpiration.
TRANSPIRATION
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Transpiration is the process by which a plant ________________ inthe form of water vapour from leaves to the environment.
The water vapour passes out of the leaf through tiny pores calledstomata in the epidermis.
TRANSPIRATION
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An open stoma:• the stomata of plants are
normally open during the dayto allow the exchange of
carbon dioxide and oxygen.
• Takes place duringphotosynthesis.• Loss of water by
transpiration.
A closed stoma:• occurs at night.
• Photosynthesis doesnot take place.
• Slows down water loss.
B6;A9 5=<<7
TRANSPIRATION
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6ACTORS THAT AFFECT THE RATE OF TRANSPIRATION
• A potometer is used to measure the rate of transpiration.• The rate of transpiration depends on the:
FACTORS RATE OFTRANSPIRATION REASON
Humidity Increases with lowerhumidity
On dry days,there is lesswater vapour in the air.
Temperature Increase with an increase intemperature.
Rate of evaporationincreases.
Light intensity Increases with greater lightintensity
Evaporation of waterthrough the open stomata
increases.
Air movement Increases on windy daysMoving air removes watervapour from the surface
of the leaves.
TRANSPIRATION
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THE ROLE OF TRANSPIRATION
1. __________________________________________
2. Absorption and transport of mineral salts from the soil.
3. __________________________________________ 4. Cooling of plant.
5. __________________________________________
TRANSPIRATION
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ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF WATER
• Enable water to be transported from the root andstem to the leaves.
• This enables all cells in the plant to be active and toremain in a state of turgidity.
• This flow of water is continuous and is called thetranspirational stream.
TRANSPIRATION
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ABSORPTION AND TRANSPORT OF MINERALSALTS FROM THE SOIL
• Water in the soil contains dissolvedminerals salts.
• During transpiration,the minerals salts present inthe soil are absorbed by the roots and transported
up the stems and to the leaves.
TRANSPIRATION
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REMOVAL OF EXCESS WATER
• Transpiration thus helps to get rid of the excesswater from the plant.
COOLING OF PLANT• Transpiration has a cooling effect on plants.
• As the water from the transpiration evaporates,heat from the plant is used up.This cools the plant.
TRANSPIRATION
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EXCHANGE OF GASES
• Carbon dioxide is needed for photosynthesis.Duringtranspiration,the opening of stomata allows carbon
dioxide from athmosphere to diffuse inside the
leaf.• Oxygen which is produced during photosynthesis
diffuses out into the athmosphere through thestomata.
EXERCISES
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Name the structure P and Q.State one function of P and Q.
!7
4 CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC
CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCD
EXERCISES
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What is the meaning of transpiration? __________________________________________ _________________________________________
__________________________________________
Give TWO reasons why transpiration isimportant to plant?
________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________
EXERCISES
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State FOUR factors which affect the rate oftranspiration.
1-_ ______________________2-_______________________3-_______________________4-_______________________