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    Chapter 36:

    Revolution and Civil War

    The Conditions of Modern Life

    Background for Revolution (again) Throughout Europe, situations were reaching crisis

    proportions by mid-century Cities were overcrowded and dangerous Disease was rampant Agricultural and financial institutions were

    collapsing Streets were filled with garbage, raw sewage,

    rats and fleas, which caused diseases such asdysentery, cholera, and typhoid fever

    The Proletariat a class of workers lacking ownership of themeans of production (tools, equipment, space), andcontrol over both the quality and price of their own work.

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    Paris, 1848 In February, Louis-Philippe

    was overthrown and aprovisional governmentestablished, as theproletariat demanded theright to work.

    That summer, the JuneDays saw three days ofbrutal street fightingbetween workers and thearmy. 10,000 died in 3days.

    Revolution and Coup dtat The legacy of the June Days was that the middle

    class and the Bourgeois were gripped in the RedFear, great fear of that the working class wouldbecome violent again.

    In December 1848, Charles-Louis-NapoleonBonaparte (1808-1873), known as Louis-Napoleon, was elected president of France. When

    the assembly refused to amend the FrenchConstitution to allow him to run for a second termin 1851, he led a coup dtatand proclaimedhimself as Emperor Napoleon III, an autocraticruler.

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    Revolution Across Europe

    After the Paris uprising in February 1848,revolts also occurred elsewherethroughout Europe.

    Nationalist values spurred many of thesemovements.

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    douard Manet, Djeuner sur lherbe (Luncheon on the Grass),1863, oil on canvas, 6 9.9 by 8 8.5

    Giorgiones (Titians?) Pastoral Concert, a Renaissance work

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    Marcantonio Raimondi after Raphael. The Judgment of Paris.ca. 1520.

    douard Manet 1823-1883) made it his business to shock bourgeoissensibilities in his paintings.

    His Luncheon on the Grass was a prominent feature in the Salon desRefuses an exhibit of works rejected by the official Salon of 1863.

    The contrast between the nude female and her clothed male companionsutterly confounded and dismayed audiences.

    Lighting clearly effected by the invention of photography flash bulblighting.

    Composition taken from Raimondis Judgment of Paris, which is a playon theme, for this is Manets judgment of Paris. Also recalls Giorgiones

    (Titians?) Pastoral Concertof 1508, which is in the Louvre where Manetcould have seen it. Nude versus Naked

    Nude is a natural, primeval state Nakedsomeone who should be clothed, but isnt. There are signs of

    that she should be clothed like the presence of socks, jewelry orclothes lying about.

    douard Manet, Luncheon on the Grass, 1863

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    Daumier, This Years Venuses Again, 1864

    Edouard Manet, Olympia, 1863Oil on canvas 51 by 74

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    Titian, Venus of Urbino, 1538

    Giorgione, Sleeping Venus

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    Alexandre Cabanel, The Birth of Venus, Salon of 1863

    Artists of War The American Civil War changed how war was

    waged and consequently changed how war wasrepresented.

    War was certainly unsafe as a spectator eventnow, so special artists, retained by newspapersand journals, went to the battlegrounds to

    provide a pictorial record of the battles.

    Mathew Brady was the most famous Civil WarPhotographer.

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    Winslow Homer

    Winslow Homer (1836-1910) was hired byHarpers Weeklyto depict the events of the war.

    He presented not a panorama of battles, butalmost psychological portrayals of wars reality.

    The formality of his setting contrasts sharply with

    the horror of his subject.

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    Battlefield Photography

    The camera was used for the first time in battlesof the American Civil War.

    PhotographerAlexander Gardner, an employeeofMathew Brady (1823-1896) used the camerato record an accurate sense of battle.

    Photographed images, combined with the

    comments of the photographers, powerfullyconveyed the horrors of war

    A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863

    Alexander Gardner, Photograph, 6 by 7 13/16

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    Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, July 1863Alexander Gardner, Photograph

    Alexander Gardner for Mathew Brady, Confederate Soldiers

    Gathered for Burial at Antietam, September 1862

    23,000 soldiers were killed, wounded or missing after twelve hours of savagecombat on September 17, 1862. The Battle of Antietam ended theConfederate Army of Northern Virginias first invasion into the North and led to

    Abraham Lincolns issuance of the preliminary Emancipation Proclamation.