c6.2 – from republic to empire
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C6.2 – From Republic to Empire. II. Rome Becomes an Empire. A. The First Triumvirate. 60 BC - Caesar and two other generals, Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus, formed the First Triumvirate. Julius Caesar 100 - 44 BC. Gnaeus Pompey 106 - 48 BC. Licinius Crassus 115 BC – 53 BC. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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C6.2 – From Republic to Empire
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II. Rome Becomes an Empire
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A. The First Triumvirate60 BC - Caesar and two other generals,Gnaeus Pompey and Licinius Crassus, formedthe First Triumvirate
Gnaeus Pompey 106 - 48 BC
Julius Caesar 100 - 44 BC
Licinius Crassus 115 BC – 53 BC
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A. The First TriumvirateCrassus died; Caesar defeated Pompey in a civil war; named dictator for life in 44 BC
Julius Caesar and the Crossing of the Rubicon
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The Period from 44BC- 28bc
• Formation and breakdown of the Second Triumvirate; power vacuum left by Caesar’s death, candidates for power, Senate response, fate of the assassins
• Role of Significant individuals; Octavian , Antony, Cicero, Cleopatra, Fulvia and Octavia
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Senate- Intense rivalries
- Jealously protected privileges and power
- Did not address needs forreform
Landless Roman Peasants- Served in the armies that
had won an empire- Wanted farmland and a minimum
standard of living
Italian Allies- Served in the armies that
had won an empire- Wanted citizenship and equal
Treatment
Equites- Wealthy and distinguished non-senators- Wanted honors and recognition and did not want senators to look down on them
Roman Plebs- Laborers and poor of the capital
- Access to grain and bread at affordable prices
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The Power Vacuum• The legacy of Julius Caesar’s death was
the political vacuum that was left after the Ides of March.
• Caesar’s series of dictatorships and the many titles and honors granted by the Senate had effectively dismantled the mechanism of government. Free elections had not been held since 49BC
• Whoever was to fill the vacuum would need wealth and a loyal army.
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Octavian and AntonyHeirs apparent?
As individuals what do they have and what do they lack to take up the mantle of Caesar?
OCTAVIANSources of power
NAME OF CAESAR:Patrician birth
ClientaleLoyal army
Wealth?
MARK ANTONYSOURCES OF POWER
• In possession of CaesarS will• Consul for 44BC
• Loyalty of veterans• From the Civil War
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B. The Second Triumvirate43 BC - Octavian, Marc Antony, and Lepidusseized power; formed the Second Triumvirate
Octavian 63 BC - AD 14
Marc Antony 83 BC – 30 BC
Lepidus 90 BC - 13 BC
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B. The Second TriumvirateLepidus forced out; Antony and Octavian each governed half the empire
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B. The Second Triumvirate31 BC - Civil war between Octavian and Antony; Octavian defeated Antony and Egypt’s Cleopatra
The Battle of Actium
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B. The Second TriumvirateCleopatra, Antony committed suicide; Octavian controlled Rome; republic ended, beginning anew period in Roman history
Antony and Cleopatra
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C. From Octavian to AugustusOctavian called himself princeps, government called Principate; new political order emerged – the empire
Augustus (63 B.C. – AD 14)
First Roman Emperor
(27 BC - AD 14)
“He subjected the whole wide earth to the rule of the
Roman people”
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C. From Octavian to Augustus27 BC - Senate gave Octavian title of Augustus, “the revered one”
Birth name:
Gaius Octavius Thurinus
Name as Emperor:
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus
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D. The Augustan AgeRuled 40 years, power divided between himand Senate; conquests expanded the empire and brought peace – Pax Romana
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D. The Augustan AgeLife in Rome improved; period of cultural creativity, greatest writers in Roman history – Horace, Ovid, Livy, and Virgil
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E. The EmperorsAD 14 - Augustus died; empire ruled by Caesar’s relatives next 54 years – the Julio-Claudian Emperors
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E. The EmperorsAbilities varied: Tiberius a good soldier andruler; Caligula brutal, mentally unstable; Nero, last Julio-Claudian, committed suicide in AD 68
Tiberius (A.D. 14-37) Nero (54-68 A.D.) Caligula (37 to 41)
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E. The Emperors
After Nero, civil wars raged in Rome; four military leaders ruled in AD 69; last wasVespasian
Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus
(AD 9 – AD 79
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E. The Emperors69 to 96 AD - Vespasian re-established order; stability returned under the Flavians - Vespasian and his two sons
The Flavian family, Vespasian and his sons
Titus and Domitian, depicted in The Triumph
of Titus
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E. The Emperors
AD 96: reign of the Good Emperors began – fiverulers who governed Rome almost a century
The Five Good Emperors - Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius
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E. The Emperors
Empire grew under the Good Emperors;reached limits of expansion under Trajan
Aureus issued by Trajan to celebrate the conquest of
Parthia
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E. The EmperorsHadrian thought empire too large, withdrew from the east; built defensive fortifications as guard against invasions
Hadrian's Wall in northern England
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Hadrian
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A. Government
Government strongest unifying force in empire:maintained order, enforced laws, defended frontiers
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A. GovernmentEmpire divided into provinces ruled by governors appointed and monitored by Rome
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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Law unified the empire; specified crimes and penalties; applied to everyone in empire - the“Rule of Law”
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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Agriculture remained primary occupation;tenant farmers began replacing slaves on large farms
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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Manufacturing increased; produced everything from cheap pottery to world’s finest goods
Ancient glassware from the Roman era
Ancient Roman drinking vessels, bowls and jars
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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Imported grain, meat, raw materials from provinces; Rome and Alexandria became commercial centers
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B. Laws, Trade, Transportation
Commercial activity possible because of empire’s location and extensive (about 50,000mile) road network