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CACICACCDNTCNguyntc:WealthOfNationsPublisher:EverymansLibrary

Tcgi:AdamSmithDchgi:TrngHpNhxutbn:Giodc

Nmxutbn:HNi-1997Strang:914

Kchthc:15x22cm

Ebookminphti:www.Sachvui.Com

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Nhngkhinimkinhtthtrngrttrutngvkhhiu,nhngtcgidngnhnghnhtngquenthucchobnc,ngaycnhngngikhngchuynvkinht,cngcthnmbtc.Nhngnidungkinhthctrongcunschltiliuhuchphcvchogingdyvhctpcngnhnghincutronglnhvckinht.Cunschcngltiliuthamkhottivicnbnghincuhochnhchnhsch,cccnbnghincuvcnbqunlkinht,quntrdoanhnghipcpNhnccngnhccdoanhnghip.

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LIGIITHIUacicaccdntclcunschkinhinlnutinvlthuytkinht.Cthixahnnavnirngvmtlchs,yltcphmkinhinlnnhttronglnhvckhoahcxhi.

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Cacicaccdntccnlmtmumcvmtdintrrng.KhivitligiithiuvvngitrkinhtkhhiutrongquynI,chng4,AdamSmithni:Tilunlunmunlmliultranhtnhobitchcltidintdhiu.

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SmithbitcchtruyntnhngnghkhhiubngmtngnnggindvikhicnddmnangaytkhingcnlgiosgingdymnkhoahcxhititrngihcGlasgow.SinhvinticctrngihcScotlandthkXVIIIcngchbngtuicchcsinhtrunghcbygi.asccthiunintheohccclpcaSmithvotui1214.Giotrnhbaogmlunlhc,ccnguyntclutphpvchnhth,kckinhthc.Numunchoccvngingdycsccunhtiviccemt12n14tui,chcchnlgiovinphitmmicchdintbngmtthngnngdhiuvbngnhngthdgipchngcthnmbtc.Cacicaccdntcthphctpvtinhvihnnhiusovinhngbigingmtquynschchnhthnh,nhngSmithnmvngmctiumngangtheouivcbittilmchonhngngikhngbitchuynmncngddnghiucnhnggngmuntruynt.

AdamSmithsinhnm1723(cratingymng5thng6)tiKirkcaldyFife.ngsinhrakhichangchtt4thngtrc.nglngiconduynhtcamng,mcdngcnmtngianhcngchakhcm,tnlHugh.McaHughchtnm1717khicubmiln8.Changtigivocuinm1720nhngchthnhainmsau,vothng1nm1723lcngivktnlMargaretDouglasangcmang.Chaialckhngckhemnh,vngithiuphgabasngnhngngydiylouvchng.Hughhnhnhthlccsuyyuhnnnchtnm1750tui40.Tronghoncnhnhvy,mingidnhnthytnhcmmconcaAdamSmiththtlmthmvhtsctrumn.Bmsngrtlu,vchtnm1784tui89.BchttrcAdamSmith6nm,vchungviconchonkhiquai.Clvthmngsngcthnmcdngcngyutnhtmtlntrongi.

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tnhcmknhyucbitiviFrancisHutchenson,mtgioslunlhc.Hutchensonkhngphilmtnhtrithcitithibygimcdngcmtvitngmirtngquantm,nhngnglmtnhgiotigii.Quamtshctrcamnh,nggymtnhhngmnhmtinngiodcahcM.LunlhcngmtvaitrtrungtmtronggiotrnhgingdycacctrngihcScotlandthk18vnbaogmnhiumthcvn,kcccnguynlchungvlutphpvchnhtrcngnhvllunochc.Giiquytmtcchduythcquanimchnhtrlcnphixemxtntrncskinhthc.VccbigingcagiosHutchensonthcschtrngnhiunluthcvkinhthc.McduAdamSmithphttrinnhngquanimringcamnhvccvnny,nhngclngcngthahngsthithcbanutnhnglidycaHutchenson.

TGlasgow,AdamSmithcchuynnOxfordvimthcbngdnhringchosinhvinckhnngcbittitrngihcGlasgowtiptchcthmtrngCaongBallioltiOxford.Hcbngyvncnvmanglilichchochaitrng.thk18,tintrcpchosinhvinkhngnhnglracnphic.AdamSmithbnlunkhditrongquynVcunCacicaccdntcvchtrchgaygtkhuytimcaccthygiotiOxford:trngihcOxford,phnlnccgiostrongnhiunmnyhunhtbnhdyhc.ngcnhnxtkhnghayvmcchiphcaovhiunngthpcaphngphpgingdytrngihcOxfordkhinglnunvitcchlmtsinhvin.Trongbcthvitchongianhhchutrchnhimchuyntinchong,ngvitvnhngkhontinhcphcaoqumcmchngtiphingchonhtrngkhinhphc.ThtlmtiudidtdochnhmnhgyranunginoliquhammhchnhnmclmhisckhecamnhtiOxford.Nhimvduynhtcachngtiylicukinhmingyhailnvinghegingbimitunhailn.Ttnhin,ngsosnhgiaOxfordvGlasgownimtinhcphthpvvicdyhccutin.ngcnghmtphngphpsachatrongCacicaccdntcltipcnkinhtthtrng,lmthnotinthunhpcagiovinihcbaogmmtphnltinhcphcasinhvin,nhngitathnglmScotland,nhvymtgiosgiisthuhtcnhiusinhvinhn,vdocngchng

nhiutinhcphhn,trongkhithygionokmnnglctskimcttinhn.AdamSmith,tuynhin,khngcamchusllcaccgiovintrngihcOxford.ngrngscthcbngcchcrtnhiuschckim,vtrthnhmtngithngthokhnhiungoingnhtingPhp,,HyLp,Latin.

Sau6nmhctpOxford,ngtrliKirkcaldyvilngmongmuntrthnhmtgiovinihchoclmtgias.Mtvinmsau,mtnhmnhngngicdanhtingEdinburghthuxpchoAdamSmithgingdymthcvvnhcchyulchosinhvinluthcvthnhc,trongccmtsngichuynnghip.Nhngbigingcanghpdnnmcngthngcmidytiptrongnhngnmsauvdythmmtgiotrnhvnhngnguynltngqutvlutphpvchnhtrhc.

Tronggiotrnhny,Smithbnvkinhthc,vquamingiuthylngkintrnhngnguynlkinhtmnhngtrnnniting.

Nm1751,SmithcbnhimlmgiosphtrchmnlogichctitrngihcGlasgow.Chtlusaukhingnhnchcny,vgiosmnlunlhccht,vnm1752Smithcthaythvgiosnyvdymntmccamnh.nglmgioslunltrong12nmvcnhiungimnm.Nm1759,ngchoxutbnLthuytvnhngtnhcmoc,mtcunschhpdnvrtdcvlunthngol.NxngngvischcamingiquantmncunschlnhnlCacicaccdntcmSmithchoraisauny.NhngtnhcmoccsonthotphnutpbigingcaSmithvlunlhcvktthcvilihahnscthmmtcunschvluthclmttitrongphnsautpbigingcaSmith.Nhngbigingvluthclstiptctnhincanhngbigingvllunocvncpnccnguynlocchungchohuhtttccchthnglutphp.Smithivochnytrnhbylchslutphpvchnhth,chtrngnlutLaMnhngcnglumingitinhngkhacnhlchscivnhnchnghcxhikhiqutstinbcaxhi.ChcngvismiutvaitrcalutphpvchnhthtrongxhiaSmithtivicnghin

cusphttrincaccxhithngnghipgiuctnhnghnhthctchcxhibanuvissungtcvtchtcnhnhp.Kinhthc,mtrcchlphncuicngtrongnhngbigingcaSmithvluthc,thngsoitduycangtrongnhiunm.NgaytrckhiriGlasgowraibm1764,ngbtuvitmtcngtrnhclpVtnhchtvnguynnhnsgiuccaqunchng,dobquachavitcunschvluthcmngdnhvittheokhochbanu.

CunLthuytvnhngtnhcmoccnhiungicvrtkhenngi.SnitingcaSmithkhinchomtnhchnhtrhngu,CharlesTownshend,minlmgiaschocontrairingcanglCngtcBuccleuch,khingangtinhnhmtcuccngdulntrnlcaChuu.lmtvicthngxyraivinhngnhthngthinidanhcminphtrchvichcvnchomtqutctr.Cuhctrththymnhclichccchtlngcaovcidulchncngoi.Ngigiasthcngthyltinlngcaovcdpithmnhiuningoincmngkhckhnngvmttintithchinc.LimingSmithlmgiascnbaogmcvictrmtnhmtintrcpsutikhithigiandyhcht,viiukinuinhvyngckhnngtinhnhcucithmluiPhp,saunalcthtiptcvitschtrongiukinmbovmttichnh.

Smithvcngtctinhnhmtcucduhnhkodign3nmtrnlcaChuu,trchtminnamncPhp,sauGenevavcuicngParis.Mtvithngsau,emtraicacngtccngthamgiachuynduhnhny.Smiththyrphimanghtscmnhdydchochaicuhctrnhngcngkhngvthmlichringcangbnhhng.Quachuynduhnh,ngnhnthynhiuimmisngkinhtcaPhpkhchnviAnh.Geneva,ngcdpnhiulnnthmVoltaireltcgicanhiubivitvquanimchnhtrmnghtsckhmphc.Paris,nglmquenvinhiungitigiitrongcmtnhmccnhttngcnhngtngrtcovkinhthc.

Vothiimvnihotngcah,nhngnginychcgilnhngnhkinht,nhngthcncbitlnhngngitheophitrngnngvmtngitrongsh,Dupont

deNemours,nghrathutngthuyttrngnngmiuthcthuytcamnh.ThuyttrngnngxutxthaitHyLpcnghalquylutcathinnhin.Nccoilchmngnchocucsnglphitheoquylutthinnhin,lmthcthuytcaccnhkhckcivdntikhinimvquylutthinnhinvquynthinnhin.Khipdngtngnyvokinhthc,nhngngitheophitrngnngngiPhplplunrngchnhphkhngccanthipvoqutrnhdinbintnhincasvtbngccquynhnhmhnchtdothngmivbovccquynlicbit.Hchorngtthnlcmcchomivicmcscdinbin,mingimcsclmn.Hcngnhnmnhtivaitrcanngnghiptrongnnkinht,khngnhrngchcnngnghipmithcssinhli.Nngnghiplmtngthmcaciqucdn,vnhngcytrnghocccmthannmditmanglimtthngdsovichiphsnxut.Nhngngitheophitrngnngchorngchtocngnghip,thngmivdchvlkhngsinhli,nhngthcchlinhngvchchchngkhnglmtngthmnguynliumnhngnginngdnlmra.Chtochnginthayihnhdngcaccnguynli,cnthngnghipchvnchuynsnphmtninysangnikhc,tnginysangngikhcmchngthmvovcngchngthayig.Ccnhtheophitrngnngchorngcngvickhngsinhlicthunhplnhcacithngddonngnghiptoramthi.Mtphncacimccnhbunthuclraphinggpchosphnvinhcatnc,bivyphigimphnnynmcthpnht.Nngnghipphiccngnhnlmthotngcgitrnhtcatnc.Khitrnhbyquanimny,ccnhtheophitrngnngchnglichnhschhinhnhcachnhphlcoitrngthnhthhnnngthn,cngnghipvthngnghiphnnngnghip,ngncmvicxutkhungccgigirhnclichothnhthvhnchnhphngngoiangcnhtranhvihngcngnghiptrongnc.

AdamSmithchiasquanimcanhngngitheophitrngnngvmtchtrngtdothngmivcoilmtkhacnhcatdothinnhin.ChnhngtrnhbymtquanimtngttrongccbigingvcccuctranhlunviccnhbunGlasgow.ngkhngngviccnhtheophitrngnnglnngnghipmisinhli,nhngngthanhnlnngnghipng

mtvaitrhngutronghotngkinht.Tuynhin,ngchunccnhtrngnngvmtbnphntchtitnhdoFrancoisQuesnai,lnhtcanhmny,binson,lBnphcthokinht.Bnnytrnhbydidngbiucchthcmtheogitrsnphmnngnghiphngnmcphnphigiaccnhmkinhtkhcnhau,mtphncchuyntccngnhsinhlisangkhuvckhngsinhli.Mhnhnychothyvaitrcavnnhlmtkhontinngtrc,mtlngcacicnphictrcmicthsnxutc.Mtphnvnnylcnh(tai,nhmyvthitb)trongkhimtphnkhcllung(didngtinlngtrchocngnhnvsnphmbnra)vnhvycnphibsunghngnm.tngchocabnphntchlvncnbng.Hthngcduytrthcnibngcchhngnmsnxutraccsnphmmithaythnhnggctiuthvbngcchluthngtintvhnghagiacckhuvctrongxhi.SmithsdngscaQuesnaiphttrinthnhlthuytringcamnh,nhngtmhnnhiu,llthuytphnphithunhptsnxut,vngtaclchunhhngcamhnhmQuesnaiaralphitmchocmththnglinktcchintng.

NgaysaukhitPhptrvvocuinm1766,SmithliKirkcaldyvitCacicaccdntc.Nhngtrangschngycngcmln,vngmtnhiuthigianhndtnh,nhngcuicng,nm1773,ngcholcunschgnnchktthcngmangbnthoiLondonchunbchoin.London,cngnhParis,nglicdpgpgvchuyntrvinhngngililcvchnhtr,nghthutvkhoahc.Nhngvickhnghlmchmtrcngtrnhmngdnhhonthnh.Trili,ngcntranhthsgipcanhngngihtscthngthonhBenjaminFranklinbngcchcnhngphntrongbnthochohnghevsautuchnhlidinhsngcanhnglinhnxtsngsutcah.FranklincungcpchoSmithnhngtintccgitrvMvngcnrtgiitronglnhvckinht.

Cacicaccdntcchonthnhnm1775vcxutbnngy9thngbanm1776.MtsbnbcaSmith,tuynhgicaocngtrnhny,nghrngcunschnykhngichnglmdovntratrongcunschlkhhiu,nhngtrnthctlnxutbnutincbnhttrong6thng.NhshcEdward

GibbonontrngkhingtanitrongmtbcthvitchonhtrithcScotlandAdamFergusonrng:ThtlmttcphmtuytvimngAdamSmith,ngibnchungcachngta,manglichoqunchng!Mtngnhkhoahcmnhmngtrongmtcunschduynht,vnhngtngsuscnhtcthhinbngmtngnngdhiunht.Nm1778thcunschcxutbnlnthhaivinhngsachakhngngk.nlnxutbnthbavonm1784thcunschcsaivbsungkhnhiu.TrongkhiSmithcnsng,cunschcinlinhiuln;lnthtnm1786vlnthnm1789,nhngchcnhngsainhsovilnxutbnthbacbsungthm.

KhiCacicaccdntccxutbnlnu,ncshoannghnhcaccgiitrongchnhphvccnhthngthi.MtvikhuynnghvnhthunitrongcunschcThtngHuntcNorththchintrongngnschnm1777v1778,vlikhuyncaSmithcngcxemxttrongchnhschcachnhphiviMvIreland.Do,nhiungicngkhngcnhinl,mtnmsaukhixutbncunsch,SmithnhxingichcgimcsthuquanEdinburgh,mtchcvkhngcdanhtinglm.ClngtacndodchuynvlmvicvnhvinScotlandvcngctinnlngmunliLondonchonnngnghiavEdinburghlymtchcvtlnghn.Tuyvy,Smithchpnhnchcgimcsthuquanvlmvichtsctnty.Saukhidnhnhngnlctolnvnhiuthigianchovicbinsontcphmvicamnh,ngchccmthydchukhicccngvichngngychcnldcccuchpvgiquytccboco.

nlcngcquaytrlivinghnghipthcslvitsch,libttayvovicbinsoncunschvluthcmngdnhvitngaytgiaionu,vcnvitthmmtcunkhcnavlchsnghthutvkhoahc.Chaicunny,cngnhNhngtnhcmocvnhtlCacacaccdntc,phimangtnhchttrithchoclthuyt.Trongmtbcthvitthng11nm1785chocngtcdeLaRochefoucauld,Smithvitvchaidnnyvinhnglilnhsau:Cunthnhtlmtloilchstrithccattcccngnhvnhcvtrithc(nbaogmnhnggmchngtabygigilkhoahc,thcavmthc),

cunthhaillthuytvlchsvlutvchnhth.ngnilvitxongmtphnlnhaicunnyvngangsachachotibncunNhngtnhcmoc.Lcbygi,ngnghlvicnyihitthigianvngcthhonthnhtrongvngvithng.Nhngtronghainm1788v1789,nglikhngvitnhngcngtrnhmimchduytlicunNhngtnhcmoc.ngbsungnhiuvspxplignnhhontoncunschnychonnncmtnidunghunhkhchntrc.Cunnycxutbnchmtvithngtrckhingquaivnhthhaicngtrnhmngangvitnhphibliddang.Mttuntrckhicht,ngcnhhaingibnthnhybccbntho.Tuynhinhcngcngnggilimtstiulunngvittrclu,vsaukhingSmithmt,haingibnnychoindiulNhngtiulunvccvntrithc.nglunhtlmtbitiulunkhdivlchscathinvnhcmubngvictrnhbylthuyttrithcvcchgiithchtrncskhoahc.Tbitiulunnyvmtvibikhc,chngtacththynhngcaSmithvlchstrithccanghthutvkhoahc.ChngtacthcmtkhinimngtincyvcunlchslutphpvchnhthmngdnhvitquahaitpbigingvluthcmnghcmngctrngihcGlasgowtrongnhngnmhc17621763v17631764.Nhngchngtacngcthsuyra,khisosnhphnkinhthccaccbigingyvicunCacicaccdntc,lcunschdtnhvitvlutphpvchnhthchchnscncnhiuiumimhnsovicchtrnhbykhigingbitrng.Chchnscmtchthngnhtlmchocunschdtnhtrthnhlthuytvlchs.TicholchthngnhtnycmilinhvicNhngtnhcmocvCacicaccdntc.ThtngticlSmithkhngsngluhonttmiiusnguyncang.ngmtngy17thng7nm1790tiEdinburgh.

KittccaAdamSmithctnylMtcngtrnhnghincubnchtvnguynnhnphtsinhcacicaccdntc.Tmracnguynnhntngcaciqucdn(hoctheocchnihinnayltngtrngkinht)rrnglmtnhimvkhkhn.Ccbncthnghlchngcgkhhiuvcaciqucdn(bnchtcan),nhngSmithlithylmtvncngquantrng.Vothicang,hcthuytphbinvlthuytkinhtvchnhsch

cachnhphlcaciqucgianmtrongnhngthivngthibc.Mtcncnthngmithunli,lxutsiu,philmgiuchotnc,lmtngkhilngtint,vcngvnghnhvy,chnhphphiiutitccuthngmitcchocmtcncnthunli.Ngitalpccbiuthubohmudchnhmgimlnghnghanhpkhuvtrcpchovicxutkhuhngharancngoi.CcnclnChuuucthucamhcoinhmtthtrnghnguxutkhuvlmtnguncungcpnguynliu.Ccncnycxuhngcmccthucacahmmangngnhchtohocbunbnviccnckhc,ngoimuquc.AdamSmithgiccchnhschlchtrngthngkinhtchnhtrhcvnbovcchotngthngnhntrnhkhiminhhngcacnhtranh.Sauny,ncgilchnghatrngthng.DavidHume,mtngibncaAdamSmith,(mttritgiavmtnhshclilc,cnglmtnhttngscbnvccvnkinht),lntingchtrchmnhmcctngcachnghatrngthng.QuaccbigingvluthctitrngihcGlasgow,SmiththanhnngrtbitnHumevnhngttngcangny,nhngngnithmrngDavidHumechadtkhotbcbquanimchorngcaciqucdnltint.Smithcoinhnnhnylmtsailmcbncachnghatrngthng.Cacithcscamtncnmtronghnghackhnngtiuthvtronglaongsnxutran.Cacitngldoslnghnghatnglnvnhvyhnghaphinhiuhoc,theoquanimcaSmith,phir.Chnhschbohmudchlmgimslnghngha,hnchbunbnvlmchohnghangycngtrnnkhanhim.ChtrngtdomudchcaSmithxutphttsxcnhnnhngchnlcbnnyvnhvyvchtrnsailmcachnghatrngthng.

Cnvnhngnguynnhntngtrngkinht,thtnhngnhnnhtrnsuyralnguynnhnchyucannmtrongsphttrinbunbnkhngnhnggiaccncmcgiacctnhnvccnhmthngnhntrongmtnc.Xutphtutintsichcths,vicbunbnmuncphttrincnphicthtrngvcchotngthtrngcuthnhimtrungtmtrongphntchcaSmith.Nhngtrongqutrnhtmkimnhngnguynnhn,nginktlunlnguynnhncbntonntonbqutrnhtngtrngkinhtlsphncnglaong.

Ngitachtraoihnghakhinhnthcclchuynmnhasnxutclichottcccbn.Nunhmtngitrngngccvmtngikhclmbnhm,thshptccahaingisemlichohmtlnglngthclnhnlmingilmnringl.Khicngnhntrongngnhchtobitphnchiaqutrnhxhirathnhnhiukhukhcnhauthchcchnhstrnnkholohnvsnxutcnhiusnphmhntrongcngmtkhongthigiannhtnh.Nngsutlaongtngclnhcitincngclaong,thitbmymc,vdocngnhnbitnngcaoknng,kxovkholocamnh.NhngSmithcoichaimtnynhlbiuhincavictngmcphncnglaongvngnghrngchnhnhngcngnhnlnhnghquakinhnghimsnxutthcthiurhnaihtlcngccthgiphtitkimcngsc,nnhtmmicchimivcitinthitb.Smithcnghiurtrlsaumtthigiansdng,cccngcvmymccimivcitinngymttthnnhccksvccnhthitkchuynnghip,nhngngchrarngsdcnhngchuyngianhvylcngdocsphncnglaong.

ngchngminhktqucavicphncnglaongbngmtthdmchnhngbitc.Mtxngchtoinhghimviscngnhnl10ngilm18thaotcsnxutckhong50.000inhghimmtngy.Numtngitmnhsnxutinhghim,mtngyanhtachcthlmcmthocqulmlviciinhghimlcngThdnyctcdngtolnvaicngquendnginhghimnhngtailibitskhcbitlnnhvytrongvicchtotpthvcnhn.Smithkhngthtmnhnghracthdny,vchnhngngcnhinkhicmtbivitvknghlminhghimtrongBchkhoatonthnitingcaPhp.ngxemvtracuvnnytithvintrngihcGlasgowkhingcnlgios.Smithcnnhncmtiususcvcohnlsphncnglaongkhngnhnglmchocngviccaconngidchuhnvhlmrasnphmcnhiuvr,ncntngcngnhngquanhphthuclnnhautrongxhi.CuichngIcacunCacicaccdntcmiutmtslncngnhnnggpvoviccungcpccvtdngcnthitchongilaonghocnngdnmvthphthucvosgipvhptccahngngnngikhc.iunynilnrngmtngituykhngctinnghinhmtnghongnhng

cngcndduhnnhiusovimtngicmumtblccdiquynmnhmingnngimirtrntri.onvitnynhnmnhncxhihclnkinhthc.Ttrngtuycmingnngidiquynnhngchchngtinnghitithiucathikhoangd,cnnginngdntuykhngcquynlcgivingikhcnhngchngtinnghinhiunhshptccahngngnphncng.Mtxhivnminhlnhmththnghptctphtdothinhngbnchtcaconngichchngphidomtquynlcchnhtrnovchravlnho.

imtngqutnycncSmiththhinquahnhtngnitinglbntayvhnh.Nhnghotngphctpcacclclngthtrng,cnggingnhsphncnglaong,manglilichlnchoxhivnngcaomcsng.Ngitalithyryllichkhngdomtkhochnonhot.Ngimuavkbntrnthtrnguchustcngcalichringcachnhhmthi,nhnghphcvcholichchungcaxhimkhnghnghgvviclmnyc.KhiSmithninhngngimuabntrnthtrngbchiphibimtbntayvhnhgpphnvolichcngcngmhkhnghnghn,Smithkhngathnhcvokinhthc.ngchsdngmtndsinhngmtnhngcnglaocamtqutrnhtnhin.Sphncnglaongvhotngcathtrngtrthnhnhngnguynnhnchnhtonncacicaccdntc.Chaiulqutrnhtnhin,khngdkintrc,vtthnhtlnntnvnhnhkhngcscanthipcachnhtr.

VaitrquantrngcathtrngaSmithnchtmcchgiithchkhutrungtmcanlgicvkhinimlinivgitrkinht.ylmtvnkhphctpvSmithbitrlkhmlmsngtmivn.Mtphnbntrnhbycang,thuytvgitrdolaong,thcrabnhiutcgisaunyphphnnghimkhc.Nhnglthuythinivgitrkinhtcntinhvihnnhiuvcngkhhiuhnnhiu.BntngtrnhskhicaSmithtracnggipchngtathycccvncnphigiiquyt.

Smithvchrskhcbitgiagithc,hocgitr,cahnghavgidanhnghacantnhbngtin.ngchrlgithc

haygitrlchiphvmtlaong.Ngilmramtmthngphilaocngkhnonnphicnbbngmtthgkhccchchomnh,thnglmtthgmngikhccngphilaongtora,chonnvicdnhcthcnghaltitkimcngsccamnh.Mcdanhtakhngmundngcimanhtamuanvnlmtlnglaongmanhtacthilymtcigkhcmanhtamun.Vy,laonglthcothctivigitrtraoicamithhngha.Cchdingiicbnchphhpvimtxhinguynthy,tronglaonglyutphtnduynhtsmcnhngthmnhmongmun.Trongmthnhthcxhiphttrinhn,Smithcnthynhngyutkhcna.Ngoira,thuytvgitrdolaong,mtmtlxtvkhacnhthadnghaycch,vmtkhclcnglaongchngthchthg,thuytkhnghontonphhpvicchdingiicangvgidanhnghahaygitnhbngtin.CcnhllunkinhthchininichochngtabitlthuytvgitrcaSmithkhngphinivgicmlmtchsphcli,mtphngphpcnbnggiaccvtthadng(ccvtmanglisthamnhaycchchovicsdng)vccvtkhngthadng.SongivibnthnSmith,nsaunhngthnycncmttngoc,tngtraoicngbngtrongnhngcgngbracnbbngmtlngtitkimcngsctngng.CnhiuontrongcunCacicaccdntctrongngitathyAdamSmithvalnhkinhthcvalnhtrithc.Tuynhin,vntntisviclthuytvgithcchactcdngnhiugiithchgictrongthgiihinthc,trongkhibitngtrnhcangvgidanhnghalictcdng.Vy,bygichngtahytrlivnny.

Gicmtphnphthucvocuvmtphnphthucvochiphcungcp.Smithmiutbayutcuthnhchiphchohngha:tinlng,linhunvtinthunht.Tinlngdngtrchocngnhnsnxutravtdnglmtloichiphrrng,vnguyntcngingnhchiphlaongnitronglthuytcaSmithvgitr.Linhunlikhchn,nthucvngichcacphnhayvn,tcltinhayccthvtcht(kcnhmy,cngccngnhnguynliu)cnthitksnxutrahngha.Ngichnhntinlinhunlblisvnbraviriromtcvnlnlithayvvicsdngstintiudng

hocthchinmtmcchnokhc.Khnggingnhtinlng,linhunkhngphiltinthlaochocngvic,trongthdnylcngvictchcvqunl.Nultinthlaothslinhunphitythucvolnglaong,thigianvtinngsdngvocngvic.Trnthct,ngicvnlimunlinhungnvisvnbrachoxnghip.Yutchiphthba,tinthunht,likhccvitinlngvlinhun.Ngithutnhntinthumchnglmgcvcngchngchurirobmtmt.TheoSmith,nhngnginyngikhngmchng.

Smithsaucnphnbitgitnhinvigithtrng.Githtrnglgingibningimuaphitrtrnthtrng.Gitnhinlgiginhthunty.Ttnhin,githtrngdaongngk,vSmithchornggitnhinltrungbnhcaccgithtrngtrongmtthigiannhtnh.ngcoigitnhinnhlmtloitrngtmmgithtrngxoayquanhnvhngtin.Khisdngndtrngtm,ngkhngngrnggithtrnglmtthcthcthgymtscmnhthcs.nghiurtrrngscmnhthcstcngtrnthtrnglngclichcnhnchusthcycacungvcu.Nhngngcngnhnthclnhngslnxungcagithtrngcngtuntheomtmhnhnhtnhcthmtnhmtimtrungtmhayimtrungbnh.Mhnhvnngthhinmtscnbngmchngtathngthytrongvtl,vdnhtrongthidngh.CnhiusuydintngtvikhoahctnhintrongbnthuyttrnhcaSmithvsvnngcannkinht.lmtvdkhcvthinhngtrithccangmgipnghthnghaccvnkinhthc.

ThuytgiccaSmitharanhnglllgtnhin,imtrungtmcamhnhgithtrng,cslinquantrctipvimtimtrungtmcamimttrongbayutchiph.ngchorngcmttsuttnhinvgic,linhunvtinthunh,t,vgitnhinphilgickhnngchitrccyutchiphtheotsuttnhincachng.

Githtrngthctthayicngvinhngbinngvcungcu.Nhnggicaolnhayhxungctcngticcyutchiphvdnnsquaytrligitnhin.Vd,gictngvnh

thttnhinlinhuncngtng,iukhuynkhchnhiungiquaysangsnxutmthngcginy,vnhthgyracnhtranhnhiuhnvlilmchogichxung.Mtkhc,khigicthphngitnhin,nskhngthbpcchiphsnxut,vttyudnnvicgimtinlngvlinhunhocgimtinthunh,t.Vicslmchocngnhn,chnhmyhocchnhtphichuynsangtmkimmtngunthunhpkhc,dogimmccungcphnghavnnggitrlimcgitnhin.

Smithkhngchginnvchralogicvmtlthuyt.Nidungcunschcangchothylngmtnhiuthigianvcngscsosnhgithctcangcc,bnhmvthtnhngthiimvaimkhcnhauvtmmiquanhgiagiccmthngvitinlng.cbitngsosnhnnkinhtcaccncphttrinnhanhnhAnhvMvinnkinhttnhnhTrungQucvvinnkinhtsuythoicaBengal.Cngnhntrongmtnnkinhtangphttrinciukinvthmnhhnthnglngvigiichvchngtinlngcaohn.Smiththyktqulkinhtthnhvnghnvnichungstngtrngkinhttnnuinvlmtngthmcacicatnc.

MtskthptngtgialthuytvischtithctcthhintronglthuytcaSmithvphnphi,nghalphngthctheotinthuctvicbnhnghacphnphididngthnhtinlng,linhunvtinthunh,t.Smithchothyrngcungvcuchlmtphncalthuytny.Cncnhngyutquytnhkhc,vchngukhcnhauivibayutnitrn.PhinirngsphntchcaSmithvxcnhtinlnglrtngquantmhnc.mtmcno,ngdavoquanimlluncangvscnbnggiakhilngcngviccgiaovmcthlaobngtinlng,vngbquanimnychiphitimcngarakinlmchnhphctnhiuunhnhautrongmicngvic,vtinlngtrcaocbitphictrgibngnhngriroccklnhocqutrnhotoccklu.Mtkhc,ngrtchtithctkhingnuranmcncbinminhchocctsuttinlng.Linhungingtinlngchcngbnhhngbicngvicqunlkinhdoanhchunhiuriro.Tuynhin,Smitharagithuytlchsttnhtvtsuttnhinchungcalinhunltsutbnhqun

catinli,vlinhunvtinlithnggingnhauvcbn,chngullitcdovnemli.TheoquanimcaSmith,tinthunh,tlthngdcnlisaukhitinlngvlinhunctrchratstindoanhthutrongsnxut.Ngichnhtmuniccngnhiutincngtt,vstinthngdnitrnlmcchcaonhtmngithunhtcthtrc.

Smithsautiptctrnhbyvaitrcatbn,tint,hthngngnhng,vcbitltitkimtrongnnkinht.iuquantrngcavnnylgiithchmtnnkinhtcthtngtrngnhthno.Mtnhsnxutkhngthtrngchbnhtngaytonbsnphmlmra,mphiilcckhchmunmuamickhnngtiuthht.Khibncsnphm,nhsnxutchimtphntinthunhpvocccngvicchitiucnthittrcmtvmtphnkhcnamuaccvtliucnthitchocngvicsnxuttiptheo.Phnthhailtinvn,vncchiathnhvncnhvvnlunchuyn.Vncnhlphnvnsdngmuamymc,cngc,nhmyvcitot.Vnnynmtrongnhngthmngisnxutlunluncbnmnh.Vnlunchuyn(lung)lphnvnsdngmuanguynvtliu,trlng,trtinthunh,tvcckhontiuchitiukhc.Khixtnnkinhtqucdnnichung,thvncnhbaogmccknng,kxo,trnhnghnghipcalclnglaongcngnhmymcvcngc(chailoinyucngcmtvaitrgingnhau),vvnlunchuynbaogmtinvhng(thnhphmvnguynvtliu),nhngthnylunluncmuavbn,chonnchnglunchuyn.Mtvithhnghasaukhicmuaskhnglunchuynnanavctiudnghoctrthnhmtphncavncnh.Nhvy,shngnybrtkhisvnlunchuyn,vdovnnylunluncnphicbsungtiptcsnxut.

Vvy,vnlunchuynvyucucancnclunlunbsunglmtiuttyu.Khngphimingilaongunggpchosnxut,vthtracngkhngcnphinhvy.Smithkhngngvinhngngitheophitrngnnglchcnngnghipmickhnngsinhli,nhngngcngnhnlnhngngihotngtrongccngnhdchv,kcccnghtdo,ulphisnxut,khngsinhlinhnghlirtcnthitchoxhi.Nnsnxutchcthtngtintinnucthmnhiungitham

giavocngvicsnxutsinhlihoctmcchnngcaohiusutcacngnhnbngvicsdngmymctthn,cnngsutcaohn.Ccphngphpnyihiphicthmvntrlngchonhngcngnhnmituynhocmuathmmymcmi.Cngcnnhiuvnthcngphititkim,gimccmnchchathtcnthittrcmtvdngstindnhvoccmcchmrngsnxut.Qutrnhnyctnhchtlytch.Snxutcmrngthmkhngnhngtrangtrimichiphchon,mcntorathngdvcnhthligipvovicthcytitkimvtnggiasnxuttrongtnglai.lcchlmchonnkinhttiptctngtrng.

BctranhchititvsvnngcannkinhtqucdncmtquynIvquynIItrongCacicaccdntc.QuynIIItrnhbymtcchngnngnlchskinhttrongcninquanhgiathnhthvnngthnvnhngnggpcahaikhuvcnychostinbkinht.SaulquynIVtrongSmithxemxtccmtu,khuytcahaihthngloitrnhautrongkinhthcchnhtr,lhthngtrngthngnghthnhth(giicngthngnghip)vcoinhnngthn,vhthngtrngnng(kcnhngngitheophitrngnng)coinngnngthnvcoinhthnhth.Thcra,phnlnschnyclinquannhthngtrngthngvimchnhcaschnivtdobunbn.Chngcuicngphphnmtcchcllunvicnhnmnhqungtinngnghip,trongkhivnbytstnngvinhngngitheophitrngnngchnglimishnchcachnhphivivicmmangnngnghip.Hthngtrngnngtuycrtnhiuimchahonhonhngvnlmtiurtgnvichnlccngnhntrongkinhthcchnhtr.NhngmcchthcscaSmithtrongquynIVlphphnchnghatrngthng.

McdvicnghtdobunbncaSmithccngcthmbngnimtincangvohthngrrngvngincanntdotnhin,nhngllthcsngvinralilnhngliphphnhinthcivinhngbinphpcth.Vicbohnncngnghiptrongnctrcscnhtranhcahngnhpkhucgipchonncngnghip,nhnglihichocncnichung,vnthcycquynvnnggihngln.Cnggingnhnhngcnhntrongphncnglaong,mtncclinhunhndosn

xutnhnggmnclmtthncvmangnhngsnphmcamnhtraoiviccnckhc.Mtcchtngt,nhngkhontrcpchomtnhmngino,nhngnhnchunglilmtngthuividn.Nhnghnchiviquyntdocaccthucatrongvicsnxutvbunbnlkhngcngbngiviccncvcnbtlichomuqucvludi.Nhnghnchtoracquynbunbnmanglilinhuntrctipchogiithngnhn,nhnglihngthngmivomtphmvithtrnghpvnhthgythithichonnthngmichung.iucnggynnsongincanhndnccncthuca,dnnbolonlmchomuquctnthtrtnhiu.

Song,cchtipcnthcdngcaSmithkhngcnghalngchtrngtdomudchmtcchtuyti.ngchorngnuvlichqucphngmhnchthhontonngviucnquantrnghnnhiusovisgiuc.ngcholhpnuphinhthucchngnhpkhiccsnphmcnhtranhtrongnccngbnhthuvmtldochnhngno.ngchpnhnlnumtncngoingncmhngxutkhucamtnckhc,thvictralmtiuhontonhplvcnglbinphpttnhtthuytphcnckiaphisaicchlmcah.Khithigianchnmixabmihnch,thlngnhnoihivicphictinhnhdndnnglmchohnglotngiphichucnhthtnghip.Smithtngktbivitcangvnhngvntrnbngcunirngnumunthngmitrthnhtuytitdothliukhngtng.

NhngonvitcuicngtrongquynIVttdobunbnvchtdotnhinvobicnhrnghncakhoahcchnhtr.Mtchnhphtmcchqunlnncongnghipcatncttyusvpphinhngotngvkhcthcshiubithocskhnngoanylmcngvicmtcchmmn.Nhncchcnhimvqucphng,thihnhlutphpvmtschcnngxhikhngthchocccnhntlmc.NhimvcuicngtrongbanhimvtrnycanhncchothylAdamSmithkhngtinvochnhschtdokinhdoanhtrongmilnhvc.Qucphngvlutphprrnglnhngvnthucthmquynnhnc;mcchcavnlbovtncvconngichngngoixmvnilon.NhimvthbamAdamSmithch

rlduytrcccngtrnhcngcngvnhngthchtuykhngclichohotngtnhnnhngmanglilichchotonthxhi.nggiithchiunytrongquynV.Nhngcngtrnhcngcnglngs,cucng,sngovbncng,ttcucnthitchothngmi.ikhicngtytnhnduytr,bodngcccngtrnhchiuquhnchnhquyn,vnunhvy,thnngiaochocngtytnhnqunl.Nhnglcunhncphitinhnhvicxydngcccngtrnhvtrongmtstrnghpcnphichutrchnhimvvicduytr,bodngna.CcthchcngcngmAdamSmithnghncngmtphncnthitchothngmi(ccisvccthitchnhmbovvgipnhngngibunbngiaodchvincngoi)nhngcngphikncnhngthchgiodc.Ttnhin,ngchornghuhtmicngvicgiodcsphiclp,khngchuskimsothocvintrcaNhnc,nhngngnhnthylsphncnglaongcnhngmtttvcmtxuchnlmchocngviccangicngnhnniuvbuntkhinhkhngchngthsdngtrthngminhhocmrngshiubitcah.Vth,Smithkinnghlgiodctiuhccnphictinhnhcpxvcnxngnngiodctiuhclphibtbucivittcmingi,lnghrtmnhvothicang.

ChchnhcaquynVlthunhp,ccbinphptrcngchovicthchinccchcnngcanhnc.Smithmubngnhngnhimvcanhncchothynhncnhtthitphithchinnhngchcnngno.Trongqutrnhbnlunvvnny,ngaranhngnhnxtxhihrtlthvstintrincaxhiquabngiaion:snbn,chnnui,nngnghipvthngmi,vvlchscclclngqucphng,lutphp,giodcvccthchtngio.Mtvivnnycnintrongccbigingcangvluthcvlrangphttrinnhngvntrongcunlchsvlutphpvchnhthmngdnhvit.NhngphnlncunVtrnhbyvthu,vSmitharanhngnguyntcchunghontonhplvvicnhthu.Ttcnhngiungsuynghvvithpthnhmtcunschrtdi.VicxutbntonbcunCacicaccdntcthngcintronghaitp.NhxutbnEverymansLibraryquytnh,vlmtiungtic,rngtthnnnhnchcngtrnhnytrongmttpduynhtcthbnvigirhn,vvthb

khngchoinquynV.Tuynhin,ccquynInIVghilitonbttcnhngiumAdamSmithmunnikhithchinmcchcanglMtcngtrnhnghincubnchtvnguynnhnphtsinhcacicaccdntc.

D.D.RAPHAEL

T

THMCCHNLC

NHNGTCPHMKHCCAADAMSMITHhuytvnhngtnhcmocdoD.DRaphaelvA.L.Macfiebintp,OxfordUniversityPress,1976,tibncsachanm1991.NgoichchnhllthuytcaSmithvochc,cun

schcnbsungchoCacicaccdntcphntngtrnhvbnchtconngivxhi.Tcphmnyrtdhiu.

CctiulunvccchtrithcvccbigingvtuthcvCcbigingvluthclginhchoccnhnghincuchuynngnh.CctcphmnycngdoOxfordUniversityPressxutbn.

CCTCPHMVTIUSCucicaAdamSmith,tcgiJohnRae,Macmillan,1895;inlidoKelley,NewYork,1965,vdoThoemmes,1991.Tcphmnyltiusyvittheothvnsinhng.

MtcuntiushinicaIanS.Rossvinhngthngtinminhtvnhngchitityhn,spcOxfordUniversityPressxutbn.

AdamSmithdoE.G.Westvit,ArlingtonHouse,NewYork,1969.Schinbathng,LibertyPress,Indianapolis,1976.Tcphmnylmtcuntiusngnnnc,trongctngtrnhvcctcphmcaAdamSmith.

CCTCPHMNGHINCUCHUNG.AdamSmith,ngtcgiR.H.CampbellvA.S.Skinner,GroomHelm,1982.TrctintcphmnyctnhchttiusvinhngthngtinmihnsovicuncaWest.CunschnycngcpmtcchchititncctcphmcaAdamSmith.

AdamSmith,tcgiD.DRapheal,bschvccbcthy,OxfordUniversityPress,1985,sachavinlitrnbathngnm1987.Cunnychyudngchocgirngri.NbaogmmtbntngtrnhngnvcucicaAdamSmithvmtbibnvttngtrithc,kinhtvxhihccang.

BNHLUNVCUNCACICACCDNTC

MtslnccbibnhlunvcunCacicaccdntcvangtiptccvit.asccbibnhlunldnhchoccnhhcgichuynngnh.NhngngikhngcnnghincuchuynsucngscshngdnbchcaAndrewS.SkinnertrongcunMththngkhoahcxhi.

CccngtrnhclinquannAdamSmith,OxfordUniversityPress,1979vchng2caMarkBlaug,Nhnlilthuytkinht,inlnthba,CambridgeUniversityPress,1978.NhngcgicmthycnthitphitiptcnghincukhnnnxemKinhthccaAdamSmithcaSamuelHollander,TorontoUniversityPressvHeinemann,1973.

BNGNININm Cucitcgi Cctcgi,tcphm Bicnhlchs

1723 AdamSmithcsinhraKirkcaldy,Fife(ratingy5/7)

1733 ConthoibaycaJohnKay

17371740 SinhvintitrngihcGlasgow

17391740 DavidHume:Khilunvbnchtconngi

17401746 cnhnhcbngSnellcaihcOxford

1745 ChinsFrontendy

17451746 BoloncaphiJacobite

1748 Montesquieu:Tinhthnphplut

17481751 GingbiEdinburghvmthc

17511742 GioslogicihcGlasgow

17511766 BchkhoatonthcaPhp

1752 Hume:Kinhtchnhtr

17521764 GiostrithcGlasgow

17561763 Chintranh7nm

1758 Quesnai:Ccphcthokinht

1759 XutbncunLthuytvtnhcmoc

1760 Turgot:Nguynnhncasgiuc

1764 MykosiJamesHarreaves

17641766 LmgiaschoCngtcBuccleuch

1765 TincaJamesWatt

1766 Paris

1767 Steuart:Kinhtchnhtrhc

17671775 Vit:Cacicaccdntc,KirkcaldyvLondon

1768 MyxenhiusicaRichardArkwright

17751783 ChintranhclpcaM

1776 Cacicaccdntccxutbnvongy9thngbaGibbon:qucLaM,tp1

TuynngnclpcaM

17781790 yvinhiquanEdinburgh

1784 Xutbncacicaccdntclnthba

1787 cbulmHiutrngihcGlasgow

1789 BtuCchMngPhp

1790 XutbnTnhcmoclnthsuMtngy17thngbytiEdinburgh

1795 XutbncunCctiulunvmctiutrithc

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LIGIITHIUVCNGCATCPHM

aonghngnmcamidntclquvnmtrchtcungcpchodntcttcnhngvtdngcnthitvnhngtinnghitrongcucsngmdntctiudnghngnm.Quvnbaogmccsnphmtrctipcalaonghocnhngthmuaccaccdntckhcnhcccsnphm.

Tytheomcccsnphmny(hocccthmuacnhcccsnphmny)chimmttlnhiuhaytsovisngitiudng,mdntcchngthnhiuhaytnhngvtdngcnthitvnhngtinnghimhmunc.

Nhngtlnyciutitmidntcbihaiyut;trchtbiknng,skholovphngphpphnontrongqutrnhlaong,vthhai,bitlgiasngicsdngvolaongcchvsngiphisnxut.Dchotai,khhuhocquimlnhthcamtdntcnhthnochngna,thsdidohaykhanhimvccvtdngcungcphngnmtrongtnhhnhnhthtythucvohaiyuttrny.

Sdidohaykhanhimhngcungngnyhnhnhtythucvoyutthnhtnhiuhnlyutthhai.Khiccdntccntrongthikhoangdgmnhngngisnbtthvtvnhc,thmicnhnckhnnglmvictnhiuuphitinhnhcchotnglaongctvcgnghtsccungcpnhngthcndngtrongisngchobnthnmnh,chonhngngitronggianhhaybtcmgiyuhoccnttui,hocbtnttkhngthsnbtvnhcc.Tuynhin,dohsinhsngtrongcnhthiuinhvy,chonnikhihbucphichotrem,ngigivngibnhttphisngvtvng,bchti,chtbnh,hoccnbthdnthtna.Ngcli,trongnhngxhivnminhvphnthnh,thcnhiungichnglaonggcnhnghlitiuthsnphmlaonggpmi,gptrmlnsoviasnhndnlaong.Thnhng,slngsnphmdolaongcatonxhilmranhiunmccthcungcprty

chomingi.Mtngilaongchmchvbittitkimthcthchngnhngthcnthitchoisngcaanhtahnrtnhiulnsovibtkmtnginotrongxhicnhoangd.

NhngnguynnhntngnngsutlaongvphngthcphnphisnphmgiacctnglptrongxhilchcaquynItrongcngtrnhnghincuny.

Btktrnhknng,tikholovcchthcnhnnhvquytonphngthclaongcamtnclnhthno,sdiohaykhanhimccsnphmlmratrongmtnmtythucvotlgiasngihngnmcsdngvolaongcchvsngiphisnxut.Sngilaongsnxuthuchbtkucngtlvisvnbratocschohsnxutvtlvicchsdngvn,vvyquynIIbnvbnchtcavncphn,vphngphptchlyvndndnvvccslnglaongcsdngtytheocccchthcsdngvnkhcnhau.

Ccqucgiakhtinbvmtknng,kxo,tikholovcphnontrongvicpdngsclaongvosnxut,vdonhngkhochcahkhngphilcnocngthnhcngnhnhauvmtsnlng.Mtviqucgiacchnhschkhuynkhchmnhmngnhsnxutnngthn,nhngnhngqucgiakhclikhuynkhchcngnghipccthnhthmthi.Himthyccqucgialicchnhschgiiquytnguvthangivimingnhsnxut.TkhiqucLaMsp,Chuuthcthimtchnhschthunliivinghthut,cngnghip,thngmi,ccngnhkinhdoanhthnhthhnlivinngnghiplmtngnhsnxutnngthn.NhnghoncnhvskindnnvicarapdngchnhschnycgiithchquynIII.

Mcdnhngkhochsnxutkinhdoanhlcubchiphibilichringvnhngtnhtonringcaconngimlckhngmtaitihocthytrcnhnghuquiviphclichungcaxhi,songnhngkhochtocschonhnglthuytkhcnhautrongkinhthcchnhtrmquamtsngithiphngvtndngtmquantrngcacngnghipthnhth,skhclihoannghnh,nghvicmrngnngnghipnngthn.Nhnglthuytcnhhnglnkhngnhngti

quanimcanhngngichcvnmcncticchiuhnhvicnccaccnhcmquyn,ccnccchquyn.TrongquynIVticgnggiithchuvrrngmckhnngchophpnhnglthuytkhcnhauvnhngnhhngcachngticcqucgiavccthiikhcnhau.

itngcacbnquynnylgiithchngungcphtsinhtinthunhpcaasnhndnvbnchtcaquvnmbomctiudnghngnmcaccqucgiavccthiikhcnhau.QuynVvlquyncuicngbnvthunhpcaqucgiahoccacngng.Trongquynny,ticgngtrnhbytrchtnhngphnchitiucnthitcamtqucgiahoccngng,nhngkhonchinoltonxhignhchu,phnchitiunochdomtbphnhocnhngthnhvinringbitcabphnphinggp;vthhailtrnhbynhngphngphpmtonxhisdngnggpvocckhonchiclinquanntonxhi,vnhngmtthunlivkhkhncaccphngphplnhthno,vthbavcuicnglnhngldovnguynnhnnokhuynkhchhuhtccchnhphhinnaythchpmtphnthunhpny,hayvaynli,vnhhngcanhngmnnivicacicatnc,snphmhngnmcataivlaongxhi.

QUYNINGUYNNHNTNGNNGSUTLAONGVPHNGPHPPHNPHITNHINCCSNPHMCHOCCTNG

LPNHNDN

S

ChngIPHNCNGLAONG

citinlnnhtvmtnngsutlaongvphnlnknng,skholovcphnonngncchnhnhl

nhsphncnglaong.

Tcdngcasphncnglaong,tronghoncnhkinhdoanhchungcaxhi,schiuddnghnkhixemxtsphncnglaongcthcthibngcchnotrongmtsngnhcngnghipcth.Ngitathngchorngphncnglaongcthchinhonhonhtmtsngnhsnxutnh,clkhngphivncthchintthnsovinhngngnhquantrng,mvnhngngnhsnxutnhnhmcungcpnhngvtdngnhchomtstngitiudng,tngscngnhnkhngnhiu,vnhngngictraochothchinmtkhusnxutthngclmvictrongcngmtphnxngvtdiskimsotcamtccng.Ngcli,nhngngnhsnxutlncnhimvcungcpnhngvtcndngchoasdnchng,mikhusnxutusdngrtnhiucngnhnvkhcthspxphvocngmtphnxng.Mcdtrongnhngngnhcngnghipnhvy,cngvicsnxutcthcchiathnhnhiukhuhnlccxnghipnh,sphncngthtracngkhngthtrrnglm,lchaninskimsotcngtgtgaohn.

aramtthd,chngtahyxtmtxnghipnhnhngsphncnglaongylihtscchtch,lngnhsnxutinhghim.Mtcngnhnchachunluynlmvicny(msphncnglaonglmchovicnytrthnhmtnghrrng),anhtacngkhngbitsdngmymctrongviclminhghim(msphncnglaongchclihiphiphtminhramyny)dlcgngnttbc,cngchcthlmracmtinhghimtrongmtngyvchcchnanhtachngbaogilmni20inhghimc.Nhngtheophngphpmvickinhdoanhnyangtinhnh,khngnhngtonbcngvicnytrthnhmtngnhsnxutringbit,mncnchianhthnhnhiu

khumphnlncckhunycngtrthnhnhngnghringbit.

Mtngichuynkodythp,mtngikhcnnchothng,ngithbactdythnhnhngonnh,ngithtminhndythp,ngithnmtnuondylpuinhghim,lmcuinhghimihiphithchinhaihocbathaotc;lpuinhghimlmtvickhchn,lmchoinhghimtrthnhtrngbnglilmtvickhcna;thmchnggiinhghimcnglmtngh,vmunlmthnhmtciinhghim,ngitaphitinhnh18thaotckhcnhauvdonhngbntaycngnhnkhcnhauthchintimtxnghip,mcdmtvinikhc,mtngiikhicnglmchaihaybathaotcnhvy.Mtxnghipchc10cngnhnnhngvinhngmymccnthitctrangb,khibttayvosnxutvittcsnlccamnh,hcthcngnhaulmravokhong12poundinhghimmtngy.Mtpoundckhonghn4000inhghimctrungbnh.Nhvy,10ngicngnhncthcngnhaulmcti48.000inhghimtrongmtngycng.Nuemchiachomingi,thmtngilmc4.800inhghimmtngy.Nhngnuhlmnringlvkhngkthpvinhau,vhnnanuhkhngchunluynvnghnythchcchnmingitrongshkhngthlmnic20hocthmchmtinhghimtrongmtngycng.

Trongccngnhkhc,sphncnglaongcngcnhngnhhngtngtnhnghlminhghimnitrn,mcdtrongnhiungnhngh,laongkhngcnphichianhthnhqunhiukhumcngkhngcnphithaotcnmcginnnhvy.Tuynhin,vicphncnglaong,nhctrnhbytrn,manglilichllmtngnngsutlaong.Hnhnhvicphnchiathnhnhiungnhnghvcngvickhcnhaucngbtnguntthcsdngthliny.Sphncnglaongcngtinhvihnnhngncctrnhcngnghcao.Cngviccamtngimtncyukmlcngviccanhiungitimtnctintin.mtnctintin,nginngdnchlnginngdn,khnglmghn,vnhchtochlnhchtomthi.

Laongsdngsnxutmtmthngcngnghipthhunhbaogicngchianhgiamtslnngith.Bitbaonghkhcnhaucsdngtrongngnhchtovilanhvvilen,ktngitrngcylanh,ngichnnuiculylngchonngithchuivchisilanh,haychonngithnhumvngimayquno.Tnhchtcanghnngthcrakhngphiphnchialaongrathnhnhiukhunhnhvy,cngchngihiphiphnchiathnhnhiunghkhcnhaunhtrongngnhcngnghip.Thtkhmtchhontoncngviccamtnginuibvicngviccangitrngngccnhltchnghthmcvinghthrn.Ngixesilmmtcngvickhchnvingithdt;nhngngiicy,ngiiba,ngigieohtvthgtthnglmchungmtngh.Nhngcngvicloinyliphictinhnhvonhngmakhcnhautrongnm,chonnmtngikhngththngxuynlmmttrongnhngvicnitrn.Khngthnophnchiarnhrtcckhulaongkhcnhautrongnngnghip,vcllldotisaoviccitinphncnglaongtrongnngnghipkhngthnosnhkpvingnhcngnghip.Nhngqucgiagiucnhtthnghnhnccnclnggingcvnngnghiplncngnghipnhngcngphithanhnrngshnhnthngthhintrongcngnghipnhiuhnltrongnngnghip.taicanhngqucgianythngccybatthn,cutnhiulaongvcckhonchiphcnthithn,snxutcnhiuhnsovikhnngsinhsnvphnhiutnhincat.Nhngsnphmcanngnghiptkhivtqunhiusovichiphvlaongvcckhonkhcbra.Trongnngnghip,sclaongcancgiukhngphibaogicngsinhliqunhiusovincnghohoctnhtthcngkhngbaogisinhlinhiunhtrongcngnghip.Vichtlngngangnhau,ngcccancgiukhngphilcnocngrhntithtrngsovingcccancngho.BaLanbnngcccnghnrnhngcccaPhp,btkncPhpgiuchnnhiu.NcPhp,tuykhnggiucnhAnh,bnngcccngloittnhcaAnhvigitngng,khnghnkhngkm.Tuynhin,ttrngngcccaAnhthngcchmbntthnPhp,vPhpthlicttrngtrtchmbntthnsoviBaLan.Ncngho,dchongnhtrngtrtckmhn,mtchngmcno,vncthcnhtranhviccncgiucvgicvchtlngngcc,nhngncnghokhngckhnngcnh

tranhvincgiuvhngcngnghip,trkhiccmthngcngnghipphhpvitai,khhuvhoncnhcancgiu.HngtlacaPhptthnvrhnccmthngtngtAnh,vngnhsnxuttla,tnhtltrongiukinnhthunhpkhutsngcaonhhinnay,khngphhpvikhhucaAnh.NhngngkimvccmthnglenthcaAnhlihnhnccloihngnycaPhp,mvichtlngnhnhauthlirhnnhiu.NgitanhnnhrngBaLanmimthngcngnghipukhanhimtrmtsthcndngchogianh,vvitnhhnhnhvykhngmtncnocthcmtmcsinhhotttc.

Lngcngvictnglnmdocsphncnglaongnnvnchsngicththchinclnhbayutkhcnhau:trchtdotngknng,kxocatngcngnhn;thhaidotitkimthigianchuyntloicngvicnysangloicngvickhc;vcuicngdophtminhraccloimychuyndnglmcholaongnhnhnghnvmtngicthlmviccanhiungi.

Trcht,tinngvskholocnngcaocacngnhnttyutoiukinchohlmcmtkhilngcngvicnhiuhntrc,vsphncnglaonghpllmchomingichcnchuyntmvomtthaotcnginvlmthaotcsutimnh,thnhtnhhngycngtrnnkholohnnhiu.Mtngithrnbnhthng,dchoccgngnmy,anhtacngchsnxutcvitrminhmtngylcng,vchcchnlchtlnginhrtkm.Mtngithrnquenviclminhnhngkhngphilthlminhchnhcng,thkhlmcngchlmract800n1000inhmtngyltia.Tithymtvithanhninchan20tuimchahlmmtnghgkhcngoiviclminh,h,tngngimt,cthsnxutctrn2300ciinhtrongmtngy.Songlmracmtciinhcngkhngphilmtthaotcngin.Ngilminhphithib,iuchnhngnlahocthmthankhicnthit,nungthistvrnthnhinh,vhphithayidngckhitnuinh.Vicchtoinhghimhaymtchickhuykimloithngcchianhrathnhnhiuthaotc,chonnvicchtotrnnddnghnvhnna,ngithamgiavovicchtonychlmmtthaotc

ngin,chonnanhtangycngthovkholohnnhiuvanhtalmvicygnnhsuti.Tcthchinccthaotcnyvtqusctngtngcanhngngichacnhnthyccngtcbngtayny.

Thhail,thigianchuyntcngvicnysangcngvickhcctitkimkhnhiuvlmtlithrtlnmthotukhngphiaicngnhnthy.Thtkhcthnhanhchngchuyntmtcngvicnysangcngvickhcmtnikhcvvinhngdngckhc.Mtngithdtnngthnvalmrungvadtvittnhinmtkhnhiuthigiankhichuyntkhungdtrangoingvngcli.Nuchaicngvicnylmtrongmtxngth,ttnhinsthigianiligimirtnhiu.Mtngihaythayicngviclmcngnhvy.utinanhtabtucngvicmivimttaynghkmcivtthchthhn.Ninghn,anhtacngchathtchticngvicmimny,trongthigianuanhtalmvicvitmtrphntn,ucthiutptrungvkhngcsnlccnthit.Thiquenllvlibinglmtiukhquenthucivingilmvicnngthnkhianhtabucphithayicngvicvdngccnagimtlnvphilmhaichcngtcmingy.Thiquennylmchoanhtahunhchnngyvcngthmlibingvanhtacmthykhcthlmvicmtcchnghimtcdchobthcp.Chanignsthiukholo,chnguynnhnnykhngthicnglmgimslngcngvicmanhtacththchinc.

Thbavcuicngl,mingiphinhnthcrlmymckhicpdngttlmchocngvicsnxutcddngvrtngnirtnhiu.Khngcnphiathmthdchngminhna.Tichcmtnhnxtlvicphtminhramymcgipchocngvicsnxutcddnglnhcphncnglaong.Aicngthchtmranhngphngphptcmtmcchnokhimischcahtptrungvomtcngvicduynhthnlbtnmntrongrtnhiucngvickhcnhau.Docsphncnglaong,cngnhnctraochomtthaotcringbit,ttnhinanhtahtmitmtrvothaotc.Mtnginocsdngvomtkhulaongringbitstmcphngphpthchhpthchinddngvchiuquhncngvic

mchnhtnhchtcacngvicnyihiphicscitin.Phnlnccmymcsdngtrongccngnhcngnghip,mlaongcphncngtmnht,lculnhngphtminhcacngnhnbnhthng.Nhngnginy,docphncngvonhngthaotcrtginn,ttnhinhttmtrvovictmkimphngphpddngvhiuquhnthchinthaotcgiaophchoh.Aicdpithmccngnhcngnghipchtonhnitrnucgiithiuccloimymcxinhxnlnhngphtminhcacngnhnlmphnviccamnhcddngvnhanhchnghn.Trongnhngchicxechachyutin,mtcngnhntrcgiaochocngviclunphinmvnglintipngthngnhaugianihivxilanh,tytheoschuynnglnhayxungcapiston.Mttrongnhngcngnhntrmungipccbnmnhnhnxtrngchcnbucmtcidynicicnvandngmngthngnyvimtbphnkhccamy,civanstngmvng,khngcnthaotccangicngnhntr,vnhthanhnycrnhtayactviccbn.Mttrongnhngcitinlnnhtivixecuhaktkhincphtminh,lilmtphtkinbnhthngcamtcngnhntrmmcchchltitkimsclaong.

Songttcnhngcitinvmymckhngphihontonchldonhngphtminhcanhngngicnhimvphisdngmy.Nhiucitincthchindotibavsngkincangichtomykhihbttayvocngvickinhdoanhcbitny,vmtscitinkhclidonhngngicucsngchhocnhngngicucsuylunmcngviccahkhngphillmramtthgmphisuyon,nhnxt,nhgimith,vdovyhckhnngkthpccmtmnhcaccvthontonkhcnhau.Trongqutrnhtinlncaxhi,tduykhoahchaysuyon,cnggingnhcccngvickhc,trthnhcngvicchnh,nukhngnilduynht,camttnglpcngdnringbit.Cnggingnhnhngcngvickhc,tduykhoahccngcphnchiathnhnhiungnh,mingnhtoviclmchomttnglpccnhkhoahc.Schianhcngvictduykhoahc,cngnhtrongccnghnghipkhc,lmchoconngitrnntigiihnvtitkimcthigian.Micnhntrthnhmtchuyngiatronglnhvcngnhnghcamnh,hlmcnhiucngvichn,vnhslngkinthccngtnglnnhanh

chng.

Snphmccngnhcnhnlndocsphncnglaongvlmchomingi,kcnhngtnglpthpnht,uchngsgiuctrongmtxhictchcvcaitrtt.Mimtcngnhnlmramtkhilnglnsnphmcthbnchongikhc,ngoiphnmhcndngchocnhn,vaiaicnglmnhvy.Hcthtraodimtphnlnhnghacahlynhnglnghngtngngvgic.Hcungcpchongikhcnhnggmnhngnginycn,vngcli,nhngngikhclicungcpchohnhngthhthycnthitchoisng,vnhthcacicphnphiychottccctnglptrongxhi.

Chngtahyquanstviccungcpchomtththcnghaychomtngilaongtrongmtqucgiavnminhvphnthnh,chngtasnhnthyrngsngithamgiavoviccungcpny(chodsnggpcahrtnh)vtqumisctnhcachngta.Vd,mtciolencngcpchomtcngnhn,dchochlmtciolenthvxx,lsnphmlaongkthpcartnhiucngnhn.Ngichncu,ngiphnloivchicngcu,ngithnhum,ngithchylen,ngixesi,ngidtvi,thchuivhvi,thmayvcnnhiungikhcnacngphimangmitinng,kholohonthnhchicolennitrn.Bitbaonhiulibun,ngivnchuyncsdngvovicchuynnguynvtliutninynnikhccchnhaurtxa!Bitbaonhiucngvicclinquannmudchvhnghi,bitbaonhiuthngtu,thyth,thdtbum,thxethngchuyngcungcpthucnhummthngphichntccncxaxinhttrnthgii!lchaninsclaongdngchtoccloicngc,dnhbvtmthngnht,chocccngnhnny,nnhngmymcphctpnhtuthydngchoccthyth,thitbdngchongithchuivhvi,haykhungcichothdt.Chngtahychcngnhauxemxtnhngloilaongnolcnthitlmnhngththitbrtngin,nhtngxnlngcu.Thm,thxylluynqung,ngibng,ngilmthancidngcholluynkim,thnunggch,thn,cngnhnluynkim,thcixay,thg,thrnhphichungsclmrakoxnlngcu.lchaknnhng

thqunokhcmanhtamc,nhngdngtrangtrtronggianh(osmi,may,giydp,ging,t,bpl,than,nhngthdngnnhdao,da,bt,chn),bnhm,rubia,casvinhngtmknhhngnhsngvnhitcamttri,chngi,chema.Nuchngtaxemxtttcmithtrnymtcchnghimtc,chngtasnhnthyrtddnglnukhngcsgipvhptccahngnghnngikhcthmtconngitmthngnhttrongmtncvnminhkhngthccnhnggmchngtathngcholddngvginnmmingithngccungcpnhhinnay.Nuemsosnhvinhngxaxcanhngngicquynthhinnaythlngcungcpcangilaonglquginnvti.Thnhng,nhngthvtdngcamthongtChuukhngphibaogicngvtxanhngvtcanginngdncnmnvbittitkim,songnhngvtcanginngdnngynaylivtxanhnggmmtngicmumtblctrcyc,dchonginycdiquynhngchcnghnnginlngl.

S

ChngIINGUYNTCCHIPHIVICPHNCNGLAONG

phncnglaongny,dnmanglichoconngirtnhiulith,khngphixutphttstinhkhncaconngi

mnhnthytrcvcemlisgiucchomingi.ychlmthuquttyu,mcddinrartchmvdndn,cathinhngthucbnchtconngimchanhnthyhtlichtolnnhvy;lthinhngmunichchoctraoivtnylyvtkhc.

Chodthinhngnylmttrongnhngcinguncabnchtconngimkhngcnninnahocchodthinhngny,nhvyclnghn,lhuquttyucakhnngltnhvngnng,thncngkhngthucchnghincuhinnaycachngta.Conngicthinhngny,nhngloivtthkhng.Haiconchsnuimtconth;bngoithhnhnhchngcngphihpvinhau.Conchnyuiconthchyvphaconchkiahoccscngnchnconthli,khiconchkiauiconthngnmnh.iunythcrachngphilktqucamtscamktgiahaiconvtny,mchlmtstrnghpngunhinvlnghammuncachnglbtchokcconthtrongthiimmthi.Chaaithymtconchlimunchiasmtmuxngvimtconchkhc.Chaaithymtconvtrahiuchomtconvtkhchiurngcinylcatao,cikialcamy,taomuntraochomycinylycikiacamy.Khimtconvtmuncmtcigtmtngihaytmtconvtkhc,nkhngccchnokhclkhugisbanncakkhcmthi.Mtconchconvyuiravmngrkhiqunqutbnchom.Conchspanielbngnhngngtcvevnclmchochchnnchonnkhichangn.Conngicngcnhngcchvmuktngtivingingloi,vkhingikhngcphngcchnokhclicunngingloilmtheomnh,thngicthdngtimicch,dlhnhhayb,tchocmcchltranhthclngttcangloi.Tuynhin,mtngithngkhngcthigianlcno

cnglmvic.Trongmtxhivnminh,conngilunluncnnshptcvgipcanhiungikhc,trongkhitonbcucicaconngilichatranhthtnhbncamtvingi.

huhtccloivt,miconkhilnlnvtrngthnhthhontontlp,vtrongbicnhtnhinnchngcnnsgipcaccconvtkhc.Nhngconngithkhchn,conngicnsgipcangloi,nhngthtqulvchnumongisgipchdotmlngttmcangikhc.Tthnlanhtaphilmchongikhcchnanhtavyumnanhta,vlmnhthnongikhcthylhcngclikhilmiugmanhtayucu.Btkaimanglichongikhcmtmnhi,mtchittthcngmongctrlinhvy.Anhchotithmtithch,anhscthmanhyucu,chnhlnghacatraoi.Cngchnhbngcchnymchngtanhnccanhaunhngsgipmchngtacn.Chnhkhngphivlngnhnt,rnglngcangihngtht,ngilmrubiahayngilmbnhmmchngtacmtban,mvsquantmcahlichringcah.Khichngtanichuynvih,khngcnphikugitnhnhnloicahmnhvolngvkcah,vkhngnnnivihnhngthmchngtacnmnnchohthycligkhigipchngta.Khngmtai,trnginmy,mundavolngtthincangikhc.Ngaycnginmycngkhngthhontontrngcyvolngtthincangloi.Lngtthincanhngngicthincmmanglichonginmynhngthcnthitchocucsngvtvngcah.Mcdlngtthincamingigipchonginghoinhngthcnthitchocucsng,nhngkhngphikhinocnnginghoiusncnhngthcnthit.Phnlnnhngthcnthitcaconngiccungcpthngquavictraoi,muabn,kktgiaoko.Khictintrongtay,conngicthmualngthc,muaqunohoctraoibqunonylybqunokhcvahn;khictin,ngitacthmuaccvtdngcnthitchocucsng,kcnhca,tai.

Dothngquakktgiaoko,trao,muabnmchngtanhncngintngikiaphnlnnhngsgipibncngclimchngtacnn,vcngdosbunbn,traoinhvy

mconngimuchosphncnglaong.trongmtblcsnmungthhaychncu,mtnginobitlmcungtnkholohnvnhanhhnmingikhc.Ngitraoicung,tnlmralyvtchnnuihayththunaicaccngikhctrongcngblc.Suychocng,ngithyrnglmnhvyanhtacthkimcnhiuthcnhnltanhtaisnbt.Xtvmtlichring,viclmcung,tnbinthnhmtnghchnhcaanhtavdoanhtatrthnhmtngisnxutvkhchuynnghip.Mtngikhctrongblclicbittilmkhungluchoccngitrongblcvctrcngbngccvtnuivththunai,vcuicnganhtathyclinndnhtonbthigianlmvicnyvtrthnhmtngithmc.Cngnhvy,ngithbatrthnhngithrnhayngilmngthau,ngithttrthnhththucdahaythmaydavlcdacsdngchyumayqunochongicnsnghoangd.Cngdoscnthittraoinhngsnphmthngddomnhlmra,saukhitiudngchobnthnvgianh,lyccthkhcdosclaongcangikhclmra,mmingitrongblcthycnphilmmtnghnhtnh,phicgnghchilnnhaunngcaotinnghaybitticamnhngycnglmtthncngviccamnh.

Skhcnhauvtinngbmsinhtrongconngithcrakhngqunhiunhchngtathngthy,vbnthncibitti,mtheongitaphnbitnhngngithucccnghnghipkhcnhau,trongnhiutrnghpcngkhngctcdngnhiunhvicphncnglaong.Skhcnhaugianhngconngihtsckhcnhau,chnghngiamtnhtrithcvmtngikhunvcbnhthng,hnhnhphnlnnysinhkhngphidothintmdothiquen,tpqunvgiodc.Khimisinhravtrongkhongtsuhaytmnmu,nhngatrthngrtgingnhau,vchamhaybnbukhngthnhnthyiugkhcbitlmtrongnhngatr.Votuihaysaumtt,chngtacsdngvocccngvickhcnhau,vtngitanhnthcctinngcatngatr,vchngdndnmrngtmhiubitvcskhcnhaunhiuhn.Nhngnukhngcthinhngbunbn,traoihngha,snphm,thttnhinmingichcchnphitmnhcungcpchochnhmnhmithdngcn

thitchoisng.Ttcmingicnhngnhimvtngtphithchin,vphilmnhngcngvicgingnhau.Vkhnglmnhngvickhcnhauthskhngtonnskhcbitlnvtinng.

Vchnhthinhngtraoihnghahnhthnhskhcbitvtinng(cbitngknhngngithucccngnhnghkhcnhau)chonncngchnhthinhnglmchoskhcbittrnncch.Nhiunhmngvtthuccngmtloicthinnhinphchoskhcbitvthintlnhnnhiusovinhnggconngictrckhictpqunvgiodc.Vbncht,mtnhhintritsovimtngikhunvckhngcthintgkhchnqunhiunhlchginhkhcvichsnth,hocchsnthkhcvichSpainelhocchSpainelkhcvichcangichncu.Mcdthuccngmtloich,songccloiphkhcnhaunytkhigipchchonhau.

ChginhcscmnhnhngkhngthnhanhnhnnhchsnthhaykhnngoannhchSpainelhaydbonhchcangichncu.Ccgingchkhcnhaunycnhngctnhvtinngkhcnhau,nhngchngkhngckhnngtraoinhngtiringchonhau,chonnkhnggipgcchovichonthinloingvtny.Miconvtcnbucphitbovmtcchclpvringr,vcngkhngclilcgtccloitinngmthinnhinphchongloican.Trili,giaconngivinhauthkhchn,nhngthinttricho,dkhcnhaunmy,cngcchchottcmingi;nhngsnphmdotinngringcatngngilmra,docthinhngbunbn,traoi,dngnhcchuynthnhtisnchungmmingicthmuabtksnphmnodotinngcangikhclmra,nungicn.

V

ChngIIIMCPHNCNGLAONGBHNCHBIQUYM

CATHTRNGkhnngtraoihnghahnhthnhnnsphncnglaong,chonnmcphncngnylunlunbhnchbi

mctraoi,hay,nicchkhc,biquimcathtrng.Khithtrngrtnh,khngcmtnginomunhontonchuyntmvomtcngvicvkhngckhnngtraoisnphmdthadosclaongcachnhmnhlmravtqumctiuthcnhn,lynhngsnphmcanhngngikhclmra,khingicn.

Cmtviloicngvic,dchontmthngnhtina,khngthtinhnhninokhcngoithnhth.Chnghnngiphukhunvcchcthtmccngviclmkimsngthnhphmthi.Mtlnglmtphmviquhpivianhta,ngaycmtthtrnbnhthngcngcharngmbochoanhtacviclmthngxuyn.TrongnhnggianhlngmcnhrirctrnvngcaohiuqunhxScotland,nginngdnphilmmivic:mgitscvt,lmbnhmvnurubiachotongianhanhta.Tronghoncnhnhvy,thtkhmtmthymtngithrn,thmchocthnthhaitrongvng20dmgnnianhta.Vynhnggianhsinhsngnhngniholnhcchxanhaut8n10dm,cnphitlmlynhiuvicdtohaynhmnhngningcngitacthnhcyvothchuynnghip.Ngithnngthngnnhbucphilmmivicclinquanncngmtloinguynliu.Ngithmckhngphilmnghmcthuntynhtngican,ngicnnggdngtrongnh,bitchm,khcgcngnhbitsacha,ngxehaylmcycucna.Tnguynliust,ngithrncnlmnhiuthhnna.Nutrnhbymtcchythmtngithmclmckhnhiucngvicrtkhcnhau.nhngvngcaoholnhxScotlandthtkhtmracmtngithlminh.Numtngithlminhlmc1000ci

inhtrongmtngyvanhtalmvic300ngytrongmtnm,anhtaslmra300.000ciinhtrongmtnm.Nhngtronghonhcnhnicao,osunhvy,lmthnoanhtatiuthnidch1000ciinhmthisnlngmtngycngcaanhta.

Doihicavntingthy,mtthtrngrnglnhncmrachoccngnhngh,rnghnsoviyucucavntingbmthi;donhngvngvenbinvsutdcccbsngcnhiuthuynbili,ngitabtuchiaccngnhnghrathnhnhiukhunhhnnhngtinhvi,phctphn,vchmtthigiankhnglusau,vicphnnhvcitinccngnhnghmicmrngvonia.Mtchicxechhngtmngakovihaingiiukhinchchuynchc4tnhnghatLondonnEdinburghtrongkhong6tunl,kcilnv.Cngvokhongthigiantngt,mttuthyct6n8thythchytcngLondonncngLeithchuynchc200tnhnghacilnv.Vy,6hoc8thythlmvictrnmttubumcthchuynchtLondonnLeithvngclivicngmtkhongthigianmtkhilnghnghabng50chicxechhngvi100ngiiukhin,do400conngako.Vitngs200tnhngchuynchbngmtphngtinngbrnhttLondonnEdinburgh,ngitaphichitincngcho100ngitrong3tunvccckhonchiphchovicbodngsckoca400conngavkhuhaohaomnvsachacnthitcho50chicxechhng.Trongkhi,cngchuynchmtkhilnghngtngng,ngitachcntrcngcho6hoc8ngivtrtinhaomnvsachachomtcontutrngtihaitrmtncngvimcrirocaohn,hoclchnhlchphbohimgiavntingbvngthy.Lc,khngcmtphngtingiaothngnokhcgiahaininyngoingb,vkhngcloihnghanocthcchuyntchnynchkiatrhnghamgicachngrtcaosovitrnglngcachng,chonnhaithnhphnychduytrquanhthngmihnch.Nhvy,khngthchoccrttstraoibunbnbtkloihnghanogianhngvngxaxitrnthgii.HnghanocthchuniccphvnchuynngbgiaLondonvCalcutta?Hocgithitcloihngqunmcchucloiccphnhvyththhixemliucantonkhngkhichuynchquanhiuvnglnhthcaccdntccntrongtnhtrnghoangd?Tuy

nhin,haithnhphnyhinnaycsgiaolubunbnkhsmut,haithnhphnytrthnhthtrngcanhauvkhuynkhchnncngnghipcanhaucngphttrin.

Vvntingthycnhiuthunli,nnttnhinlnhngcitinutinvmnghvcngnghphicthchinnhngnithuntinchotonthgiitipcnvithtrngtiuthmisnphmcalaong,vsaunyphilmraccsnphmticcvngsutrongtlin.Ccvngnmsutrongminctrongmtthigiandithngchacthtrngchophnlnccsnphmcahvccvngnynmcchxabbinvccconsngln.Vvyquymthtrngcaccvngniaphitngngvinhngcacivsdncanc,vdosmmangphttrinccvngnythngdinrasaukhichnhnccmmangvphttrin.TiccthucaBcMcachngta,ccninlunlunstbbinhocbnhngconsngcnhiuthuynbquali,vrttkhimrngraquxahaivngny.

Theotliulchs,ccqucgiavnminhutinchnhlnhngdntcsinhsngtrnbbinaTrungHi.Binnylcccoinhmtcivnhlnnhtthgiimkhngcthytriu,chcsngdogicunlnmthi.Mtbinlunlunphnglng,cnhiuovbbaoquanhgnnhau.VthaTrungHiccoinhvngbinhtscthunlichonghibincnnontrcathgiithibygi.Ccthythchaclabn,chonnhrtsrixabbin,vhnnaphngphpngtuhycnquths,chonnhssnglncabinc.VtquaceobinGibraltarlmtchincngkdiuvthimnguycanhngngiibinthicxay.

NhngngiPhoenixvCarthageneccngnhnlnhngnhhnghivcnglnhngthngtutigiinhtthixaxay.HcganvteobinGibraltarvtrongmtthigianditrthnhnhngdntcduynhtdmlmchuyn.

TrongccncnmtrnbbinaTrungHi,AiCpvncmingibitnnhlncutincmtnnnngnghipvcngnghphttrin.ThngAiCpchmrngravidmktsngNile,nhngHAiCp,consngvinytaranhiu

knhophcvchovicgiaothngvntibngtu,thuynkhngnhngniccthnhphlnvinhaumcnlngthyiligiartnhiulng,bnvcnhiutrangtritrongnc,hunhchngkhcgsngRanh(Rhine)vsngMaasHLanhinnay.VicgiaothngbngngsngddngvthunlichchnlmttrongnhngnguynnhnchnhtonnsthnhvngcaAiCpcxa.

NhngcngvicmmangnngnghipvcngnghcngxuthintthicxacctnhthucBengal,ngnvmtvitnhphangTrungHoa,mcdchacmtcunlchsnochngminhlhontonxcthc.Bengal,sngHng(Ganges)vnhiuconsnglnkhchpthnhmtmngligiaothngngthycngtngtnhsngNileAiCp.cctnhphangTrungHoa,nhngconsnglnchiathnhnhiuchinhanhnthngvinhauvnhthtonnmththnggiaothongbngccknhlchtrongtlincnlnhnhthngsngNilehocsngHng,vcthcnrnglnhnchaihthnggiaothngcahaiconsngnycngli.iungchlcngiAiCp,nginvngiTrungHoacxaukhngkhuynkhchmihotngbunbnvincngoi,nhnghvnlmgiutmngligiaothngngthytrongnia.

TtcnhngphntphatrongcaChuPhivttcphntcaChunmkhxavphabcbinCaspivbinEuxine(binen),vngScythiacxa,vngTartaryvSiberiahinnay,lunluntbaoinaytrongtnhtrnghoangdvthiuvnminhnhchngtathyhinnay.BinTartary(giaVinngNgavqunoSakhalin)lmtidnglunlunngbngkhngckhnngphcvhnghi,vmcdmtviconsnglnnhtthgiichyquavngny,nhngchnglinmcchnhauquxannkhngthtinhnhcchotnggiaothngthngmitrnphnlnvngtny.ChuPhikhngcnhngvnhln(binnia)nhbinBalticvAdriaticChuu,binaTrungHivbinEuxine(binen)giaChuu,vvnhRp,BaT,n,BengalvXimLa(ThiLan)Chu,chuynbunbnbngngbinvonhngvngphatrongxaxicalcalnny.VnhngsnglnChuPhicngnmcchnhauquxannkhngthgipnhiuchovicilibngngthytrnlcany.

Btkncnocsngmkhngphnrathnhnhiunhnhvkhngchythngrabinmlichyngangquamtnckhctrckhinbinthcngchnglidngconsngcgnhiuvovicbunbnvccnccphntmconsngchyqua,cquynngncmvicthngthnggiancphatrnsngvibin.SthngthngtrnsngDanubekhngemlilichnhiuchoccncBavaria,ovHungarytrkhiminctrongbancctonquynsdngtonbdngsngDanubechonkhinvobinen.

K

ChngIVNGUNGCVCCHSDNGTINT

hisphncnglaongchontonnhhnh,thmtngichcnsdngmtphnrtnhsnphmlaongca

anhtathamnnhucucamnh.Phnlncnlianhtaemilynhngthkhcmanhtacndngvdosclaongcanhngngikhclmra.Nhvy,mingisinhsngbngcchtraoihnghahocmtmcnotrthnhmtthngnhn,vxhitntintrinthnhmtxhibunbn.

Nhngkhisphncnglaonghnhthnh,victraoilunlunbcntrvgpkhnhiutrngitrongmihotng.Chngtagithitrngmtngilmramtloihnghanonhiuhnlnganhtacntiudng,trongkhimtngikhclilmrathn.Ngilmranhiuhnttnhinmunbn,vngilmrathnmunmuamtphnsdtha.Nhngnungithhaituymunmuanhnglichngcgmngithnhtcndngc,thkhngthcstraoinogiahvinhauc.Ngibnthtcqunhiuthtmbnthnanhtavgianhkhngthtiudnght,trongkhingilmrubiavngilmbnhlimunmttthtdng.Nhnghainginychngcgkhctraoingoirubiavbnhmlnhngsnphmmchnhhlmra,mngibnthtthccungcpbnhmvrubiamanhtacndngri.Trongtrnghpnycngkhngthcstraoigiahvinhau.Ngibnthtkhngthlngibnhngchohaingikia,vhaingikiacngkhngphilkhchhngcangibntht.Vnhvyhkhngthphcvlnnhauc.trnhnhngsphintoivbttintrongnhngtnhhungnhvy,ngicuckhnngoanvloxamigiaiontinhacaxhisaukhiphncnglaongchnhthnh,tmcchtmnhdtr,ngoiloisnphmmmnhtlmra,mtslngnoccloivtphmkhcmanhtanghlnhiungimunlykhiemtraoihnghacah.

Nhiuloihnghacnghravsdngchomcch.

Trongccthiicnhoangdcaxhi,giascccoilthcngcchungdngtrongvicbunbn.Mcdgiasclnhngloihnghartkhngthuntintrongvicmuabnnhngvothicxamivtdngucnhgibngconsgiascarailyvtdng.

HomertngnilbogipcaDiomedetrging9conb,nhngbogipcaGlaucusnggi100conb.MuicdnglmcngcchungtrongbunbnvtraoiAbyssinia;cngnhmtloivsmtvinitrnbbinn;ctuytkhNewfoudland,thuclVirginia;ngmtvithucacachngtaTyn;dascvthocdathucmtvinckhc,vngynayticbittimtlngScotland,khngphilmtiulkhithymtngithmanginhthaychotinkhinmuahngtimtcahngbnhmhaymtqunbia.

Tuynhin,ttcccnc,vnhngldokhngthcngni,ngitahnhnhathchsdngcckimloihnttcccthhnghakhclmphngtintraoi.Kimloithhaonhtsovibtkvtnokhc,nkhngthhngcvhnnacncthchiathnhnhngphnnhvkhicnlicthcli.ylmtthuctnhmkhngcloihnghanocbntngtlicthcc,vthuctnhlmchokimloitrthnhcngcthchhptrongbunbnvluthng.Mtnginomunmuamuimchcgiasclvttraoi,ttyuphimuamuivitonbgitrmtconbhocmtconcutrongmtln.Anhtatkhicthmuathnthvvtanhtadngtraoikhngthchianhmkhnggychoanhsthithi.Mnunhanhtamunmuanhiuhnthtnhtcngphinganggivihaihocbaconbhocconcu.Nunhanhtackimloitrongtay,chkhngphibhaycu,ttnhinanhtacthddngphnchiakimloitheotltrngphnhnghamanhtamuntraoi.

Cckimloikhcnhaucnhiudntckhcnhausdngvomcchny.StlmtphngtinchungdngtrongbunbngianhngngiSpartancxa;ngcdngLaMcxa,vvng,bccthngdnggianhngngigiucvccqucgiathngmi.

Lcucckimloicsdngvovicbunbn,traoidngthanhthiths,khngcdpinduhaycthnhtin.Nhvy,hcgiPliny(Plinhist.Nat.lib.33cap.3)chochngtathyltheotiliucanhshcciTimaeus,chonthikthngtrcaServiusTullius,ngiLaMchacngtincmchdngccthanhngkhngngdumuabtkthgmhcn.Ccthanh,thingdngthslcngvaitrchcnngtint.

Vicsdngkimloidngthscnggyranhiusbttinvphintoi,trchtphicnnlnbitslngvsauphixtnghim,phntchvmcchtlng.Khisdngcckimloiqu,mtschnhlchnhnhoivslngcngtonnskhcbitlnvgitr,ngaycviccnkimloicngcnphicnhngqucnngtrnglngvnhngcicnchnhxc.cbitviccnvnglmtviclmkhtinhvi.Thtra,ivikimloithng,msnhmlnnhchgymthuqukhngngk,ngitakhngcnphithtchnhxclm.Tuynhin,cngthtlhtscphintoinumilnmtnginghocnmuahaybnmtmthngchnggicmtxuAnh,anhtabtbucphicnlicingkimloigimtxu.Rithvicthnghimkimloicnkhkhnvphintoihn,vktqulhontonkhngxcnh,trkhimtphncakimloicnungchytrongchnnungcccdungmithchhp.Trckhingtinccsdng,ngitathngblabp,trkhithikimloicthnghimkcng.nglnhncmtpoundbchayngnguyncht,ngibnhngcthnhncmtthhpchtrtinbphatrnmbnngoicphmtlpkimloitht.ngnchnnhngsgimonhth,vcnglmchocccuctraoicddngvdokhuynkhchmihotngcngnghvthngmi,ngitathycnthit,ttcnctintin,lphingcondunhnclnccthanhkimloichrlngkimloicaccthanhcsdngmuahngha.lcinguncangtincvsraicaccsctincanhnc.Hnglenvvicngdngcccondutngt.Ttcccloicondunyunhmmcchxcnhslngvchtlng(thngquacondunhnc)caccloihnghatrnthtrng.

Nhngcondunhncutinthucloinycngvo

kimloicsdngkhitraoikhngnhchtlngttvtuicaocavng,bccnggingnhduSterlinghinnaynglnnhngthanhbchocduTyBanNhaikhicnglnccthivngvthngchnglnmtmtcathikimloimthi,chkhngnglntonbbmt,vchkhngnhtuicaochkhngphitrnglngcavng.

ThunhpcaccvuaSaxonncAnhcikhngphiltin,mlhinvt,tcllngthcvthcphmccloi.Williamngichinhphcaratclphinpthubngtin.

Chnhsbttinvkhkhnkhicnkimloivichnhxccnthitankinphithitchraccloitincmduxcnhncngvochaimtcangtinvikhicnngcvocnhnakhngnhkhngnhngtuicaomctrnglngcavngna.Ccngtinkimloicnycmingichpnhnkhngcnphicnlitrnglngmchmchoslngmthi.

Tngicangtinkimloiutinchnilntrnglnghayslngkimloichatrongmthi.VothiServiusTullius,ngiutinctinLaM,ngLaMAshayPondochangmtpoundLaMngloitt.ngtinny,cnggingnhngbngTroyescachngta,cchiathnh12ounce;miounceccbngngloitt.ngbngAnh(poundsterling)vothivuaEdwardI,changmtpoundbctheohtrnglngTowervctuicghir.ngbngTowercgitrhnngbngLaMvkmgitrhnngbngTroyes.ngbngTroyeschbtuccAnhvothk18thivuaHenryVIII.nglivrescaPhpdithivuaCharlemagnechang1poundbctheohtrnglngTroyes,vituicghir.HichhtrnglngTroyeshpChampaignthibygicsthamgiacamiqucgiaChuu.Ccnvtrnglngvolngtrnhbytihichcrtnhiungibitnvnhgicao.ngbngScotlandtthivuaAlexandernhtnthiRobertBrucechangmtpoundbcccngmttrnglngvtuivingbngAnh.Ccngpenny(1/12shilling)caAnh,PhpvScotlandlcucngbaohmmttrnglngbctngngmtpenny,tcl1/20camtouncehoc1/240

camtpound.Cnngshillinghnhnhlcultngicamtnvtrnglng.BniultrcycavuaHenryIIIghir:khilambnvigi12shillingmtphnttAnh(bng12,70kg)thbnhmgimtfarthingsctrnglng11shillingbnpenny.Tlgiashillingvpenny,giashillingvngbnghnhnhkhngphilunlunngnhtnhtlgiapennyvngbng.TrongdnghnhvuautinncPhp,ngxuhocshillingPhptrongnhiutrnghpkhcnhauchang5,12,20v40penny.TrongcngngngiSaxoncxa,mtshillingclnbaogmchcnmpenny.VrtcthccngtincnhnggitrthayiivihcngnhivingiccnclnggingnhngiFrankcxa.TthivuaCharlemagnePhpvvuaWilliam,ngichinhphcAnh,tlgiangbng,ngshillingvngpennydngnhvnginguynnhhinnay,mcdgitrcamiloitincrtnhiuthayi.

minctrnthgii,titinlnhvy,ccvvuachathnglidnglngtincathndntrongncnngimdnslngkimloimlcucbaohmtrongccngtinccah.ngAsLaMvonhngthiicuicngcannCngha,chcnli1/24gitrbanuvnglraphictrnglng1pound,nhngthtschcnaounce.ChnhngbngvpennycaAnhhinnaycngchcnmthmlngkimloikhong1/3trcy.ngbngvpennycaScotlandcnkhong1/36hmlngc,vngbngvpennycaPhpcnkhong1/66hmlngbanu.Bngcchktrn,ccvvuachavhnhthcbnngoicthtrnhngmnncahvthchinnhngcamktbngmtslngbcthnslngcnphitr.Thcvy,chlvhnhthcbnngoimthi,vccchnthcsblagtmtmtphnstinnglraphitrchoh.Ttcccconntrongncuchngnhunyvhchphitrnbngstindanhnghaghitrntincmibmtgi,btkhmlngcangtinclbaonhiu.Nhngcchlmnytuyclichongin,lichichochn.Nhngnghipvnyilclmolntisncacctnhnnhiuhnlnhngtaibinxhicthgyra.

Chnhbngcchnymtinttrthnhmtphngtinchung

trongbunbnttcccncvnminh.Quangtinmhnghaccloicmuabnhoctraoivinhau.

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Cnphinhnthylthutnggitrchaingha.Nbiuthhoclscchcamtvthoclkhnngmuaccmthngkhckhicvtny.Nghathnhtcgilgitrsdng,nghathhailgitrtraoi.Nhngthcgitrsdnglnnhtthngcthaykhngcgitrtraoi,v,ngcli,nhngthcgitrtraoilnnhtthngcthockhngcgitrsdng.Khngcgcchhnnc,nhnghunhkhngthdngncmuacbtccigkhc.Ngcli,mtvinkimcngthhunhkhngcgitrvmtsdngnhngncthilyrtnhiuhnghakhc.

cthxemxtccnguyntcchiphigitrtraoicahngha,ticnphicgngtrnhby:

Trcht,gitrtraoinytrnthctcolngnhthno,hocgithctcahnghalchno.

Sau,githctnybaogmnhngphnkhcnhauno.

Vcuicng,nhnghoncnhnoikhilmchomtvihaytonbccphnkhcnhaucagithcttngln,ikhilmchonhngphnttxungthphnmcthngthnghaytnhincachng,hocnhngnguynnhnnoikhikhngchogithtrng,tclgicthccahngha,phhphontonvicicthcgilgitnhincahngha.

Tiscgnggiithchyvrrngtrongphmvikhnngcatibachtrongbachngsaumhiuc,tithathitmongbnctrahtsckinnhnvch:kinnhnxemxttngchititmmtiningrakhngcnphitrnhbymtcchchnngtnhth,vchhiurrngnhngiumccbncncmthytinghamcdticgngtrnhbyv

aranhngligiithchynhtmticthlmc.Tilunlunmunrngdmnhnhchutnhtmttnhngtinchcrngbnchiuti,vsaukhiticgngmccaonhtdintmtcchdhiu,chcchnvncnnhiuvnkhtrutngdobnchtcachng.

M

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Cigcmuabngtinhaybnghnghattphinganggivicngscbralmci.Vytinhayhngtchlysclaongcachngta.Tinvhngchanggitrcamtlnglaongnomchngtaemtraoilymtthkhccgitrcamtlnglaongkhctngng.Laonglcigiutin,ltinmuabanutrchomivt.Khngphilbngvnghaybngbcmbnglaongmmicacitrnthgiilcbanucmua.Gitrcaciivingichshucanvngimuninlynhngthkhclngbnglnglaongmnhngnginycthmuahocyucu

cnhngli.

ngHobbesnicacilquynlc.Nhngngikimchoccthakmttisnlnkhngnhtthitphiginhcquynlcchnhtr,hocquynlcdnshoclquynlcquns.Cacicthgiphginhcchaiquynlc,nhngchccacithithnkhngnhtthitphiemlichongiquynlc.Quynlcmcacicthmanglingaychongi,lquynmuavphnnochiphisclaongvsnphmlaongcbybntrnthtrng.Cacicanginhiuhnhaythnlhontontngngvimcquynlcny,hoctngngvilnglaonghocvisnphmlaongcanhngngikhcmngicthmuahocchiphibngtisncamnh.

Mcdlaonglthcothctivigitrtraoicamithhngha,nhnggitrcamihnghathnglikhngcnhgibnglaong.Nhiukhirtkhmxcnhctlgiahailnglaong.Thigianlaonglmrahailoicngvickhcnhauskhngthmtmnhnquytnhcmiquanhvtlny.Ngitacnphitnhnmckhnhcvtikholocangilmrasnphm.Sclaongbratrongmtgilaongkhnhc,cthnhiuhnsclaongtronghaigilmvicnhnhng,hoclmmtgitrongmtnghmphimtminmhctpthphitnschnlmmtthngtrongmtnghbnhthng.Nhngkhngdtmramtthcochnhxcnhgicsckhnhcvtikholo.Thtvy,khitraoiccsnphmkhcnhaucaccloilaongkhcnhau,thngthngmingiphicschiucnchaimtny.Tuynhin,gitryciuchnhkhngphibngbtknvolngchnhxcno,mthngquasmccvthnglngthtrng,vloicngbngththinny,mcdchacngcholm,nhngcngtinhnhcngviccaithng.

Ngoira,mtloihnghanythngctraoivsosnhvimtthhnghakhcnhiuhnltnhnsclaongbra.Vth,gitrtraoicamtmthngthngcnhgibnglngcamtloihngkhchnlbnglnglaongmhngcthmuac.Phnlnmingihiurmtlnghngha

nocnghanhthnohnlmtlnglaong.Lnghnghathqurrng,dthy,trongkhithlnglaonglilmtkhinimtrutng,mcdcthlmchohiuc,nhngkhngphilmtiutnhinvrrng.

Nhngkhivictraoihnglyhngkhngcnnavtintrthnhmtphngtinchungtrongbunbn,thmihnghathngctraoibngtinhnlbngmtthhngkhc.Ngihngthtchngcnmangthtbhaythtcutinhngilmbnhmhocnginurubianhtrckiamanhtamangthngrachbnlytinvsaudngtinmuabnhmvrubia.Stinanhtakimckhibnthtsiuhalngbnhmvrubiamanhtadnhmua.Thtltnhinvrnhmchhnivianhtakhitnhgithtbngstin,tcmthngmanhtalykhitrctipbntht,chkhngphibnglngbnhmvbia,tclmthngmanhcthemthtilychthngquamtmthngkhc;vtthnnnnilthtcaanhtagi3pennyhay4pennymtpound,chkhngphithtcaanhtagi3hoc4poundbnhm,hoc3hay4ccbia.Tngitathyrnggitrtraoicamiloihnghactnhbngmtstinnohnlbnglnglaonghocbnglnghngnokhcmcthdngmthngnitrnily.

Tuynhin,vngvbc,cnggingnhccloihnghakhc,csbinngvmtgitr,khithrkhitht,khithkhmua,khithdmua.

Lnglaongmmtlngvng,bcnocthmuac,hoclnghnghakhcmcthdnglnglaongily,lunluntythucsmvng,bctmthyvothikcstraoinhvy.Vothkth16,smvng,bcctmthyrtnhiuChuugimxungcnkhong1/3givng,bctrc.Dohaithkimloinytiuphtsclaonghnkhaithcchng,chonngibnhaikimloinychkhngmuaclnghnghacnhiusclaongnhtrc,vcuccchmngvgitrcavngbc,mcdcthllnnht,chaphilcuccchmngduynhtmlchsniti.Nhngvmtphngtintnhinolngslng,nhpht(b),sihocnm,mlunlunthayivilngringcan,khngthlmtphng

tinchnhxcoslngccvtkhc,chonnmtloihngha,mlunthayigitrringcan,khngthdngogitrcahnghakhc.Cclnglaongbngnhau,btkthigianvaimno,cthccoinhnganggitrivingilaong.Trongtnhtrngsckhetinhthnvcthbnhthng,vimcbnhthngvknngvtigii,anhtabaogicnglmvicvicnglaongvmcsngkhoinhnhau.Cigimanhtaphitrlunlunlnhnhau,btkslnghnghamanhtanhncnhcnglaongcaanhta.Thtvy,visclaongnyanhtaikhimuachnghanhiuhn,ikhimuacthn,nhngchnhlgitrcacchnghathayi,chkhngphigitrlaongmuachng.btkthinovnino,hnghastkhingitathykhmvntichocphimtnhiulaongmuachngha,vhngharkhidmuahnhocchcnmuavirttsclaong.Vthcnphinhnthcrnglaongtnkhngbaogithayivgitrringcanvchclaongbaogicngccoiltiuchunthctvcaonhtquacthnhgivsosnhgitrcamihnghabtkthinovaimno.Laonglgithccamihngha;tinchlgidanhnghamthi.

Nhngmcdivingilaong,cclnglaongbngnhaulunluncgitrbngnhau,songivingithulaongthcclnglaongnyhnhnhkhithcgitrlnhnkhithnhhn.Ngithulaongkhiththubngmtslnghnghanhiuhnkhiththn,vivinginygilaonghnhnhcngthayinhgicattcccthkhc.ivingithu,trongtrnghpnythgilaongtvtrongtrnghpkhcthlilr.Thcra,chnhlhnghartrongtrnghpnyvttrongtrnghpkhc.

Dovyvinghathngdngny,laong,cnggingnhhngha,cthccoinhcmtgithcvmtgidanhngha.Githccalaongthhinbngslngnhngthcndngvtinnghitrongisngdonmangli.Gidanhnghacalaongbiuhinbnglngtin.Ngilaonggiuhayngho,ctrcngnhiuhaytltlvigithcchkhngphigidanhnghacalaongcah.

Sphnbitgiagithcvgidanhnghacahnghavlaongkhngphichlmtstbin,mikhicthcsdngkhnhiutrongthct.Githcgingnhaulunluncgitrnhnhau,nhngdonhngbinngvgitrcavng,bc,nngidanhnghagingnhauikhicnhnggitrrtkhcnhau.Khimtinsncbnvivicbolumtgitinthucnh,nunhtinthunycxcnhllunlunccngmtgitrbtkthigianno,lmtiuquantrngchogianhnocbolugitinthuinsnvnkhngbaogmmtstinnhtnh.Gitinthutrongtrnghpnysthayidohailoibinng:trchtdobinngcahmlngvng,bcchangtrongngtincccngmtmnhgivonhngthikkhcnhauvsauldobinngcaccgitrcacngmtlngvng,bcnhngthikkhcnhau.

Ccvua,chacaccqucgiacchquynthngnghrngscmtmnlikhigimlngkimloinguynchtchangtrongngtincah.Nhngtkhihthyclilnntnghmlngtrongngtin.Do,titinrnghmlngkimloinguynchtchangtrongngtinlunlunbgimstvkhctrnghpnoctngln.Nhngbinngnhvyttslmgimgitrcatinthut.

VictmthynhiumChuMlmgimgitrcavng,bcChuu.Sgimginy,theogithitcamingivchnhticngthyrmchngcnbngchngno,hinnayvnctttipdinvcnnhvytrongmtthigiandi.Datrngithuytny,ttnhinnhngbinngnhvychlmgimchkhnglmtngthmgitrcatinthut,kckhicghirlphitrkhngphibngmtlngngtinnocmtmnhgino(bngbaonhiungbngAnhchnghn),mbngbaonhiuouncebcnguynchthaybctheomttiuchunno.

Tinthuinsntnhbngngccduytrcgitrcantthnltinthutnhbngtin,ngayckhimnhgicangtinkhngthayi.VothinhongElizabethnmth18banhnhlutquynh1/3tinhpngchothucctrngcaonghaytrngchuynnghipphictnhbngngccvctrbnghinvthoctheothigihinhnhtimtthtrngcng

cnggnnht.Stinthuctvicchothubngngcc,dlcuchbng1/3tngstinchothu,hinnaycgitrgngpisovithuct2/3khc,theonhnhnxtcatinsBlackstone.

Stinthutrngsnitrnbgimxungcn1/4gitrbanu,hocnimtcchkhc,chcnbng1/4gitrngcclcmichothu.NhngttriuicanhvuaPhilipvMary,hmlngkimloicaccngtinAnhkhnghocrttthayi,vnhngngbng,shillingvpennyvnchanghunhcngmthmlngbcnguyncht.Vvysgimgitrstinchothutrngslhontondosstgibcgynn.

Khisgimgitrcabcckthpvivicgimslngbcchangtrongngtincngmtmnhgi,thttnhinsmtgilicaohnnhiu.

Scotland,khihmlngkimloitrongngtinbthayiqunhiusoviAnhvPhp,stinchothuttrcy,lculmtkhontinrtln,bstginmchunhchngcnchtgitrno.

Lnglaongvothixaxactrgibnglngngcctngngnuisngconngilaong,chkhngphibnglngvngvbchocbngmtthhnghakhc.Lngngccdngtrcnglaongvothixaxavncgihunhnguynvngitrthctvchophpngilaongcsngccmuamtlnglaongtngngcangikhc.Mcsinhsngcangilaong,haylgithctcalaong,nhtiscgngtrnhbydiy,rtkhcnhautytheonhngtrnghpkhcnhau,mcsinhsngnyskhhn,yhntrongmtxhigiucsovimtxhitrungbnh;mcsinhsngnychvaphimtxhitrungbnhsovimtxhinghokh.Btcmtthhnghanovomtthiimnocngcthmuacmtlnglaongnhiuhayttheomcsinhsngkhgi,trungbnh,haythpvothigian.Vvytinthuttrbngngccchbchiphibinhngbinngvlnglaongmmtlngngccnocthmuac.Nhngtinthuttrbngbtkloihnghanokhcthbchiphikhngnhngbi

nhngbinngvlnglaongmmtlngngccnocthmuac,mcnbchiphibinhngbinngvlngngccmmtlngnocaloihnghacthmuac.

Songphithyrngmcdgitrthccatinthuttrbngngcctthknysangthkkhcbinngthnrtnhiusovitinthuttnhbngtin,nlibinngnhiuhntnmnysangnmkhc.Gilaongtrbngtin,nhtiscgngtrnhbydiy,khngbinngtnmnyquanmkhcnhgingcctrbngtin,nhnghnhnhbtkucngthchnghi,khngphivigitmthihaytytheochi,mvigitrungbnhhaythngthngcahngthityutrongcucsng.Gingccthngthnghaytrungbnhciuchnhbnggitrcabc,bngsphongphhaykhanhimcaccmcungcpthkimloi,haybngchnhlnglaongcsdng,vdobnglngngccctiudng,khaithcmtslngbcnovatccmrathtrng.Nhnggitrcbc,mcdikhibinngrtnhiutthknysangthkkhc,tkhibinngnhiutnmnysangnmkhc,mthngginguynnhvyhaygnnhvytrongnathkhaycmtthk.

Vvy,gingcctrungbnhhaythngthngtnhbngtintrongmtthigiandicngcthvnginguynnhvy,vcngvinlgilaongtnhbngtin,viiukintnhtlxhitiptcvnginguynhaygnnhginguynhintrng.Trongkhi,gingcctmthivtytheohoncnhnhiukhicthtnggpitrongmtnmsovinmtrc,haybinngchnghnnht25n50shillingmtphnttAnh.Khingccgicaonythkhngnhnggitrdanhngha,mcgitrthctcatinchothutaitnhbngngcccngstnggpisovikhingccgithp,hocsmuacgpilnglaonghayhngha;gilaongtnhbngtinvcngvinlgicahuhtccvttiptctngnhvytrongsutthikcnhngbinng.

Do,thtlrrnglaonglphngphpvnnngduynhtvchnhxcduynhtolnggitr,hayltiuchunduynhtquachngtacthsosnhgitrcacchnghakhcnhaubtkthigiannovbtknino.Chngtakhngth

nonhgigitrthcscaccloihnghatthknysangthkkhcbngcclngbc.Chngtacngkhngthclnggitrthctnmnysangnmkhcbngcclngngcc.Chbnglnglaongchngtamicthnhgimtcchchnhxcnhtgitrthcccloihnghatthknysangthkkhcvtnmnysangnmkhc.Ngcclmtphngtindolngtthknysangthkkhctthnbc,vtthknysangthkkhcnhnglngngcctngngschiphiclnglaongtngngcnchnhxchnnhnglngbctngng.Ngcli,nutnhtnmnyquanmkhc,bclmtphngtinolngtthnngcc,vnhnglngbctngngscthchiphilngtngngcalaongmtcchchnhxchn.

Nhngmcdukhithitlpcccchchothutailudihocchothunhbngmthpngchothudihn,cthcnphicsphnbitgiagithcvgidanhngha,cikhngcgkhclvivicmuavbn,vicngvicgiaodch,kinhdoanhthngthngtrongisngcaconngi.

Vocngthigianvcngaim,githcvgidanhnghacamihnghalhontoncmttlcnxnggiachngvinhau.MtmthngbncthaynhiutinthtrngLondonchnghnschophpchiphinhiuhaytlnglaongvothigianvaim.cngthigianvaimnhvy,tintlphngtinchnhxcogitrtraoithcscamihngha.Tuynhin,iuchngcngmtthigianvticngmtaimmthi.

nhngnicchxanhau,githcvgibngtincahnghakhngcngictlcnhna.Ngilibunmanghngtaimnytimtnixahnbn,ttyuchquantmngihngtnhbngtinhocmcchnhgialngbcanhtabramuahngvlngbcanhtadtnhthuckhibn.MtnaouncebcQungChu,TrungQuccthmuacmtlnglaonglnhnvnhnghngthityuvtinnghichoisngnhiuhnsovimtounceLondon.

Vvy,mtmthngbnviginaouncebcQungChuc

thcgihnnhiuivichcanQungChusovimtmthngbnvigimtounceLondonivichcanLondon.NumtlibunLondoncthmuamtthhngQungChuvinaouncevsauanhtaembnLondonvigimtounce,anhtali100%quavicmuabnclinitrn,cngchngkhcchimtouncebcLondoncngcgitrnhmtouncebcQungChuvy.ivingilibunny,chngcglquantrngc,khithylnaouncebcQungChugipanhtamuacmtlnglaonglnhnvmtlnghngthityuvtinnghichoisngnhiuhnlmtounceLondon.iungilibunmongmunlmtouncebcLondonbaogicngmuacnhngthyvilnggpisovimtnaouncebccthmuac.

Vchnhlgihngdanhnghahaygitnhbngtincuicngsbiuthtnhkhnngoan,thntrngkhimuahaykhibnhngvdohunhiuchnhtonbcngvicmuabnkinhdoanhcaithngclinquanngic,chonnchngtachngcgngcnhinhaylylmllgidanhnghacnphidcchtrngnnhiuhngithc.

Tuynhin,trongcunschny,ikhicnphisosnhccgitrthckhcnhaucamtloihngharingbitvonhngthigianvnhngaimkhcnhau,hocnhngmcquynlckhcnhauivilaongcangikhcmloihngnycthmanglichongishun.Trongtrnghpny,chngtaphisosnh,khngphicclngbckhcnhauthuckhibnhng,mlcclnglaongkhcnhaumcclngbcckhnngmuac.Nhngphinilthigicalaongnhngthigianvaimxakhcthbitcvimtchnhxcno.Gingcc,dchctnighinhnvngtitrnbochchomingibit,nichungvncngitabitrhn,vhnna,cncccnhshcvcctcgighichp.Chngtattnhinphibnglngvinhnghiubithnch,chkhngthihiphichnhxcnhivithigicalaong,nhngchcoilnhnghiubitcnthitphicchognstthctmthi.Tiscdparadiymtvisosnhvloiny.

Vistinbcacngnghip,ccnccnnthngmipht

trinthycnthitvthunlilphicmtvikimloithnhngtin;ngtinvngdngthanhtonccmnchiln,ngtinbcmuaccvtdngcgitrvaphivngtinbngnghocmtvithkimloikhcthanhtoncckhonchinhnht.Tuynhin,ccnclunlunlymtthkimloinoquendnglmphngtinogitrhnlccthkimloikhc,vchnhsuthchnyivimtthkimloinolmchothkimloimsdngngaytuccoinhlphngtintraoitrongbunbn.

Saukhibtusdng,mtthkimloinolmtiuchuntrongbunbn,traoivlchchngcthkimloinokhcsdngnhtin,ccncnythngvntiptcsdngkimloinylmtin,ngayckhikhngcnthitnhthna.

NgiLaMchsdngngtinngchonkhong5nmtrccucchintranhLaMCarthagelnu(Pliny,lip.XXXIII.c.3),khingiLaMmibtuchoctinbc.Do,ngtinngvntiptctntinhlthcogitrnccngha.

thnhRome,misthanhtoncngvnduytrnhtrc,khngchtthayi,vgitrcabtngsnctnhtonhocbngngAshayngSestertius.ngAsvnlunlunltngicangtinng.Sestersiuslmtngtinbc,gitrcanctnhbngngtinng.Rome,mtngicnhiutinccoilnmcnhiungtincanhngngikhc.

NhngdntcminBcmthnhlpccqucgiacaringhsaukhichLaMspchocngtinbcngaytu;vhkhnghbitticcngtinvnghayngtinngsaunhiuthk.VothikthngtrcangiSaxon,Anhngitatiungtinbc,nhngntriuivuaEdwardIIImictngtinvngcc,vngtinngchbtuluhnhvotriuiJamesIncAnh.Anh,tichorngcngnhnhiunckhc,cngvldonitrn,gitrhnghavbtngsnthngvntnhbngbc.

Tkhiu,ttcccncngtinphpnhcbngbc

ccoilbnvhaythcogitr.Anh,vngkhngccoinhmtngtinphpnhtrongmtthigiandisaukhivngccthnhtinludng.Tlgiagitrvngvbckhngcphplutquynhvhontonchothtrngquytnh.Numtngimcnnghcthanhtonbngvng,ngichovaycthbcbnghhocngchothanhtonnhngviiukinlgivngphidochaibnthathunquytnh.Hinnayngtinngkhngphilmtngtinphpnhtrkhidngchitinlchoccngtinbcnh.Tronghoncnhnhvy,sphnbitgiathkimloidnglmbnvvthkimloikhngdnglmbnvcngchlmtsphnbitctnhdanhnghamthi.

Cngvithigian,ngidndndnlmquenviccngtinctcckimloikhcnhauvdohcngbitrhntlgitrgiaccngtin.huhtccnc,ngitathycnthitphixcnhtlnyvcngbbngphplut,vd,mtngguineacmttrnglngvmttuinhththcily21shilling,hocccngnhnlmtngtinphpnhtrmtkhonntngng.Trongtnhhnhny,sphnbitgiakimloicsdnglmbnvvkimloikhngcdnglmbnvchhnsphnbitdanhnghamttmthi.

Tuyvy,docsthayivtlciuchnh,sphnbitnytrnn,hoctnhtlhnhnhtrnn,mtcigctnhdanhnghahn.Nunhgitrngguineaciuchnhli,chnghnchcnbng20shillinghocnnglnbng22shilling,misschktonvncginguynvminghavtrncbiuthbngngtinbc,thphnlncckhonthanhtontrongchaitrnghpcthchinbngmtlngngtinbcgingnhtrc,nhngcthsyucunhnglngrtkhcnhaubngngtinvng:nhiuhntrongtrnghpnyvthntrongtrnghpkhc.Bctbinngvgitrsovivng.Bccthlthcogitrcavng,cnvngkhngthlthcogitrcabc.Gitrcavnghnhnhtythucvolngbcmvngcthilyc.Skhcnhaunyhontondotpqunlmsschktonvcchghichpccstinbngngtinbchnlbngngtinvng.MtsphiucangDrummondvistinghil25hoc50guinea,vnsctr,saukhicsthayi

vgitr,bngstin25hoc50guineanhtrc.Phiunycngcthctr,saukhicsthayivgitr,bngmtlngvngtngngnhtrc,nhngliphitrbngmtslngbcrtkhctrc.Trongvicthanhtontphiunhvy,vngtratbinnghnvgitrsovibc.Vngcthlthcogitrcabc,trongkhibclikhngthdngogitrcavng.Nutpqunthanhtonvthhincclnhphiuvccnghavchitrbngtintheocchny,trthnhphbin,thvng,chkhngphilbc,sccoinhthkimloicbitdnglmbnvhaynvolnggitr.

Trnthct,trongkhitiptccmttlciuchnhgiaccgitrcacckimloikhcnhauccthnhtin,gitrcakimloiquhimnhtiuchnhgitrcatonbtinc.Mihaipennyng,changnapoundng(chaphilloittnhtvphmcht)mtrckhicthnhtintkhicgitrngangvi7pennybc.Nhng,theonhlutlquynh,12pennynhvyctraoinganggibngmtshilling;chonntrnthtrng12pennycoilmtshillingvbtclcnocngilycmtshilling.NgayctrclncicchcuicngcangtinvngAnh,tinvng,tnhtlphnvngluhngLondonvccvngphcn,nichungtbgimgiditrnglngchuncansoviphnlntinbcluhnh.21shilling,dbhaomnvgimgitrnhiu,vnccoingangvimtguineamngnythcracngbhaomnvgimgitr,nhngtkhiqunhiunhvy.Nhnglutlgnyangtinvnggntrvtrnglngchuncan,vlnhchchocccquannhncthugivngtheongtrnglngquynhcnglgigitrchovng,chngnomlnhnycncthihnh.ngtincbngbccntiptctrongtnhtrnggimstnhtrcthikcicchngtinvng.Tuyth,trnthtrng,21shillingcangtincbngbcgimgivncccoilbngmtguineacangtincbngvngtuytviny.

Viccicchngtinvngrrngnngcaogitrngtinbcvchaivncthtraoilnchonhau.

sctinAnh,mtpoundvngccthnh44guineari.Vigitrmiguineal21shilling,thpoundvngcgitr

bng46bngAnh14shilling6penny.Mtouncengtinvngnhvycgitrbng3bng17shilling10,5pennybngbc.Anhkhngnhthuctin,vnginomangnsctinmtpound,hocmtouncevngthichunsnhnlimtpoundhocmtouncevngtinc,mkhngtrhaochtno.3bng14shilling10pennyrimtouncelgivngchnhthcsctinAnh,hocllngngtinvngmsctintrchonginpthivngchun.

Trckhiccuccicchngtinvng,trongnhiunmgithivngchuntrnthtrngcaohn3bng18shilling,ikhi3bng19shilling,vthngl4bngmtounce.Tkhicicchngtinvng,githtrngcathivngchuntkhivtqu3bng17shilling7pennymtounce.Trckhicicchngtinvng,githtrnglunlunthaynhiucaohngicasctin.Tkhiccicchnitrn,githtrnglunlunthphngicasctin.Nhnggithtrngkhngthayidchotrbngngvnghayngbc.Lncicchcuicngcangtinvngvthnngkhngnhnggitrcangtinvngmcgitrcangtinbccnxngvivngthichun,vcngcthchcchnlcnxngvicchnghakhc;vgicaphnlncchnghachunhhngcartnhiunguynnhnkhcmvictnggitrcangtinvnghaybcsovihnghacthkhngrrngvdnhnthynhvy.

TisctinAnh,mtpoundbcthichunccthnh62shillingtronghmlngbcthichunkhnghthayi.5shilling2pennymtouncebclgiquynhcasctinAnh.cngchnhlsngtinbctrchonginoanchosmtsbcthichunquynh.Trckhiccuccicchngtinvng,githtrngbcthichunl5shilling4penny,5shilling5penny,5shilling6penny,5shilling7pennyvnhiukhiti5shilling8pennymtounce.Githngthngnhtl5shilling7penny.Tkhiccuccicch,githtrngbcthichunthnhthongxungti5shilling3penny,5shilling4penny,v5shilling5pennymtounce,vnichungtkhivtquacgicuicngny.Mcdgithtrngbcthihxungkhnhiutkhiccuccicchngtinvng,nhngthcsnchaxungtimcquynhcasctin.

TrongtngquangiacckimloikhcnhaungctinAnh,ngcnhgicaohnnhiusovigitrthccan,trongkhibclibnhgimtchngmcnothphngitrthc.TithtrngChuu,tnhtheongtinccaPhpvHLan,mtouncevngnguynchtickhong14ouncebcnguyncht.TnhtheongtinccaAnh,mtouncevngic15ouncebc,cnghalcnhiubchnsovicchnhgichungChuu.NhngvngthingayAnhcngkhnglngidogingcaotrongngtinccaAnh,chonnbcthicngkhngthxunggidobcthptrongngtinAnh.Bcthivncngimttlthchhpivivng;cngcngmtldo,mngthivngimttlthchhpivibc.

TiptheocuccicchngbcditriuvuaWilliamIII,gibcthicngvntiptccaohnmttsovigicasctin.ngLockenhnnhlsdcgicaohnnhtrn,ldoAnhchophpxutbcthi,nhnglicpxutngtincbngbc.

ngnilchnhschophpxutnhvylmlngcuvbcthilnhnsovilngcuvngbcc.Nhngcngphithyrngsngicntiudngngbccvonhngvicmuabnchcchnnhiuhnrtnhiusovisngicnmuabcthixutkhuhocsdngvomcchkhc.Hinnaymtvictngtxyraivivicchophpxutkhuvngthittxungdimcgicasctin.NhngtrongtincAnh,bcbnhgithphnsovivng,vngtinvng(mlckhngcnphicicch)iuchnh,lccngnhhinnay,gitrthccatonbstincra.Vcuccicchngtinbclckhnglmgimgibcthinmcgicasctin,nncngkhngcgchcchnlmtcuccicchtngtbygiscthlmciu.

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3bng17shilling10,5penny(givngcasctin)chckhngchanghnmtouncevngchunngayctrongngtinvngrtcgihinnaycachngta,vdocngkhngthmuacnhiuvngnnhn.Vngbngtinctratinlihnvngnn.McdAnhvicctinkhngmttin,khngphitrtincng,nhngkhimangvngnnnsctinthmytunsaumilyctinc.Hinnay,vsctinqubnrn,vicinhvyphichtivithng.Schiccoinhmtththunh,viulmchongtinvngcgitrhnchtnhsovivngnn.NunhAnh,bccthnhtincnhgitheomttlthchngsovivng,gibccnnchclhhngiquynhcasctin,ngayckhikhngcscicchngbcc,vgitrcabccbmtgilunlunciuchnhtheogitrcangtinvngrtvnggimcthdngngtinbcilyc.

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cahnghamithiimvaim,nhbnchtcasvtcngnhnnhvy.Nhngkhibmnvhhaotrongsdng,44,5guineathngchangthnmtpoundvngchun;vickmphmcht,tuynhin,khngngu,thocnhiutytheoccngtinkhcnhau;nvolnggitrnycngthiuchnhxcchngkhcgccnvolngkhc.Vthngxyralkhcngtincnolivngingtrnglngchunnhlcbanu,nnngilibunphitmcchiuchnhgibnhngkhngbmtgitheongtin.Dongtinccsbinitrnglngmtmcno,ccloihnghattnhincngphiiuchnhligichotngngvilngvnghocbcmtheokinhnghimngtinthcscnchang,chkhngphivilngvnghocbcnguynchtmngtinphichang.

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