ca project & portfolio management: business intelligence

54
World ® ’1 6 CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence Linda Wray CA Technologies AMX65E AGILE MANAGEMENT

Upload: ca-technologies

Post on 19-Jan-2017

104 views

Category:

Technology


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

World®’16

CAProject&PortfolioManagement:BusinessIntelligence

LindaWrayCATechnologies

AMX65E

AGILEMANAGEMENT

Page 2: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

2 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

©2016CA.Allrightsreserved.Alltrademarksreferencedhereinbelongtotheirrespectivecompanies.

Thecontentprovidedinthis CAWorld2016presentationisintendedforinformationalpurposesonlyanddoesnotformanytypeofwarranty. The informationprovidedbyaCApartnerand/orCAcustomerhasnotbeenreviewedforaccuracybyCA.

ForInformationalPurposesOnlyTermsofthisPresentation

Page 3: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

3 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

Abstract

Thiscourseisforthebusinessinformationproviderwhomustdeterminethemetricneedsandeasywaysinwhichtowowthecustomerbase.ThiscourseisalsoforthebusinessinformationconsumerwhoneedsimmediateaccesstoactionablePPMinformationtoperformtheirjobs.

LyndaWray

CATechnologies

Page 4: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

4 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

Agenda

OVERVIEWOFCAPPMBUSINESSINTELLIGENCEOPTIONS

KEYFEATURESANDCAPABILITIESOFPPMADVANCEDREPORTING

ADVANCEDREPORTINGCONSIDERATIONS&CHALLENGES

ADVANCEDREPORTINGBESTPRACTICES

1

2

3

4

CAPPMBIINTEGRATION5

ADVANCEDREPORTINGMIGRATIONS&TOOLS6

Page 5: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

5 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

OverviewofCAPPMBusinessIntelligenceOptions

Page 6: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

6 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

OverviewofCAPPMBusinessIntelligenceOptions

§ PPMPortlets&PortletPages

§ PPMDashboards

§ AdvancedReporting– AdHocViews(DynamicLayouts)

§ AdvancedReporting– AdHocReports(DynamicLayouts)

§ AdvancedReporting– JSReports(StaticLayouts)

§ AdvancedReporting- Dashboards

OOTBReportingTechnologies

Page 7: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

7 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

OverviewofCAPPMBusinessIntelligenceOptions

§ CAPPMPWPDataExtractionUtility

§ CAPPMPWPDataAdapters

§ MicrosoftPowerBI

§ Tableau

§ QlikView

§ Tibco Spotfire

AdditionalReportingTechnologies

Page 8: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

8 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

OverviewofCAPPMBusinessIntelligenceOptionsAdditionalReportingTechnologies

§ CAPPMPWPDataExtractionUtility

§ CAPPMPWPDataAdapters

§ MicrosoftPowerBI

§ Tableau

CurrentlyAvailableAvailableOn-Premise

APIsPlannedforSaaS15.2

Page 9: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

9 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

OverviewofCAPPMBusinessIntelligenceOptions

§ CAPPMPWPDataExtractionUtility

§ CAPPMPWPDataAdapters

§ MicrosoftPowerBI

§ Tableau

§ Qlikview

§ Spotfire

AdditionalReportingTechnologies

Page 10: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

10 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

OverviewofCAPPMBusinessIntelligenceOptionsTechnologyCategorizations

Technology Purpose

PPMPortlets&PortletPages Quickaccess toPPMdatawithintheapplication.ChartsandTablesPPMDashboards Swiftly groupmultipleportlets inasingleview

AdvancedReporting– AdHocViews Drag anddropcapabilitiesallowdynamicdataanalysisandexportAdvancedReporting – AdHocReports ReportscreatedfromAd HocViews.Addadditionalfunctionalities

suchasconditionalformatting,scheduling,andcontrolledcontent.AdvancedReporting– JSReports ReportscreatedusingJaspersoft Studio.ComparabletoCrystal

Reports.Complexreportoutputs,scheduling,anddrivenbyrawSQL.AdvancedReporting– Dashboards Single viewofselectedobjectscreatedwithinAdvancedReportingCAPPMPWPDataExtractionUtility Scheduleextracteddata fromPPMintotablesorvariousfileformatsCAPPMPWPDataAdapters ImportdataintoPPMusingPPMSaaSsupportedfunctionalitiesMicrosoftPowerBI&Tableau InteractiveDataVisualization tools

Page 11: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

11 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

KeyfeaturesandcapabilitiesofPPMAdvancedReporting

Page 12: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

12 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

OverviewofCAPPMReportingCAPPMDataArchitecture

CAPPMDatabase

BusinessLogicandLabelswhichallowAd-Hoc

Analysiswithouttechnicalexpertise

Reports

BothWebBasedAd-HocReportingandFull-Client

reports

Embedded:Pentaho Data

IntegratordrivesETLLoad

CAPPMDataWarehouse

Jaspersoft Domains(SemanticLayer)

ETLProcess

Page 13: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

13 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

Jaspersoft ReportingFrameworkReview

PPMTransactional

CAPPMDomains

DataWarehouse

StudioReports Dashboards

AdHocViews

AdHocReports

Page 14: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

14 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingFeaturesandCapabilities

§ JasperReportsServer– HomePage– Availableitems

basedonusersecurity

Page 15: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

15 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingFeaturesandCapabilities

§ DynamicDomainUpdates– Domainsanddatawarehouse

updatedwithcustomobjectsandattributes

Page 16: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

16 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingFeaturesandCapabilities

Page 17: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

17 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReporting

§ JasperReportsServer– Ad-HocViewDesign

FeaturesandCapabilities

Page 18: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

18 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReporting

§ JasperReportsServer– Interactive(Web-Based)Report

FeaturesandCapabilities

Page 19: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

19 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingFeaturesandCapabilities

§ JasperReportsServer– Interactive(Web-

Based)ReportViewedinCAPPMPortletPage

Page 20: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

20 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingFeaturesandCapabilities

§ JaspersoftStudio– FullClientreport

developmenttool

Page 21: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

21 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingFeaturesandCapabilities

§ JaspersoftStudioSampleOutput

Page 22: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

22 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReporting

§ JaspersoftStudioOOTBreportinCAPPMportletpage

FeaturesandCapabilities

Page 23: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

23 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingFeaturesandCapabilities

§ JaspersoftStudioDashboard

Page 24: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

24 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingConsiderations&Challenges

Page 25: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

25 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

DomainConsiderations§ Thefollowingitemsarenotcurrentlysupportedindomains:

– Aggregateawarenessorcontrollingthejoins(contexts)– Linkingdomainstogether– Nestedqueries– OnlyequijoinsaresupportedintheDomainDesignerUI

§ JoinsbasedonconstantsaresupportedattheXMLlayer,butassoonasthedomainissavedinDomainDesignerthosechangesgetlost.

§ BelowaresomeoftheJOINoperatorsorWHEREclauseconditionsthatarenotsupported:– IsNotEqualTo,Or,IsNull/IsNotNull,IsGreaterThan/IsLessThan,In,Exists/

NotExists

Page 26: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

26 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

DomainConsiderations§ Thefollowingarenotcurrentlysupportedindomains(cont.):

– DynamicDomainUpdatesforCustomdomains– CAPPMdomainsshouldnotbechangedbycustomersastheywillbe

overwritten§ Customerscanmakeacopyofourdomain,placeitinanotherlocationintherepository,andmaketheirownchanges.Changeswillneedtobedonemanuallybythecustomer.

– MigrationofOOTBdomainsbetweenenvironments§ Databaseschemas(customattributes/objects)aredifferentacrossenvironments

– Import/Exportofdomainsasatenantadministratorordomaindeveloper§ Import/ExportisonlyavailabletoSUPERUSER§ SaaScustomersdonot haveSUPERUSERaccess

Page 27: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

27 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

DomainConsiderationsDynamicDomainUpdatesMapping

Domain CAPPMMasterObject(IncludesSub-objectsandAttributes)

InvestmentManagement investment,team,financials

ResourceManagement resource,team,assignment

TimeManagement [none]

FinancialManagement financials,costplan,costplandetail,benefitplan,benefitplandetail

ProjectManagement investment,project,team,financials,task,assignment,issue,risk,changerequest

ApplicationManagement

investment,team,financials,application

IdeaManagement investment,team,financials,idea

CustomMasterObject custommasterobjectsandtheirchildobjects

Page 28: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

28 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

§ SaaScustomers,import/exportcannotbeused tomigratedomainsbetweenenvironments.SaaScustomersdonothaveSUPERUSERaccess

§ OPcustomerscanmigratedomainsusingimport/exportasSUPERUSER

§ OOTBdomainsshouldneverbemigratedacrossenvironmentsbecausecustomattributes/objectscanvaryacrossenvironments.ThedatawarehouseloadjobshouldmaintaintheOOTBdomainsperenvironment.

§ Customdomainscanbemigratedacrossenvironments(databaseschemasmustmatch)bymanuallyeditingthedomainXMLfileusinganXMLeditoranduploadingthedomainXMLfileusingDomainDesigner

§ Jaspersoftdoesnotrecommendthatimport/exportfilesbehacked

DomainMigrationConsiderations

Page 29: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

29 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

§ Thefollowingisnotcurrentlysupportedinadhocviews:– AddingInputControlstoadhocviews

– Addingamandatoryfilterthatcannotberemovedbyusers

– Pre-filters– hiddenfromusersandbasedonaspecificdatavalue

– Overridingorcontrollingthequerythatisexecuted

– Runningmultiplequeriesinthesameview

– Selectingdatafrommultiplejointrees(dataislands)inthesameview

– Advancedformattingoptionsthatisnormallyavailableinreportingtools

AdHocViewConsiderations

Page 30: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

30 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdHocViewMigrationChallenge

§ ForSaaScustomers,thereiscurrentlynosupportedmethodtomigrateadhocviewsfromoneenvironmenttoanother– Intheshortterm,ProductManagementrecommendscustomers

createadhocviewsdirectlyintheirproductionenvironmentwithindevelopmentfolders

– Jaspersoftdoesnotrecommendthatimport/exportfilesbehacked:§ Theoutputoftheexportcommandandtheinputtotheimportcommandiscalledacatalog.It'sasetofthefoldersandfilesthatcomprisetheserver'sinternaldatabase,includingorganizations,users,roles,scheduledjobs,andrepositoryresourcessuchasreportsandassociatedfiles.Whenyoudon'tneedtheentiredatabase,youcanspecifyoptionstoexportonlythecontentsyouneed,forexampleoneroleanditsusers.

Page 31: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

31 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdHocViewMigrationChallenge

§ OPcustomerscanmigrateadhocviewsfromoneenvironmenttoanotherviaimport/exportwhenloggedinasSUPERUSER– Alladhocviewdependencies,suchasdomains,areincludedinthe

import/exportfile.Thedomainswillmostlikelybedifferentacrossenvironmentsduetothecustomattributes/objectsinthoseenvironments.Itwouldbedifficulttobesuccessfulusingthisapproach.

§ Again,Jaspersoftdoesnotrecommendthatimport/exportfilesbehacked

Page 32: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

32 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReporting–BestPractices

Page 33: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

33 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

BuildingAdHocViews

§ Selectonlythefieldsneeded

§ Lessfields…betterperformance

DoNotChoosetoBringinAlltheFieldsAndMetricsfromaDomainintoanAdHocViewforPotentialUse

Page 34: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

34 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

BuildingAdHocViews

§ Additionalfieldsandmetricscanbeselectedforpotentialusewhenneededatanytime

DoNotChoosetoBringinAlltheFieldsAndMetricsfromaDomainintoanAdHocViewforPotentialUse

Page 35: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

35 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

BuildingAdHocViewsUseAdHocViewTablesinsteadofCrosstabsbecause:

§ Performanceoverallisbetter

§ Moreformatting/displayoptionsfortablesthancrosstabs

§ Candisplayanddownloadmorecolumnsandrowsintablesthancrosstabs

BuildViewsinSampleDatamodeorNoDataModeversusFullDataMode

§ BetterperformancewhilebuildingtheView

§ UseFilterswhenpossibletonarrowtheresultset

Page 36: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

36 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

BuildingAdHocViews

Selectthecorrectperiodicfieldsandmetricsthatbelongtogether§ Donotcrossperiodtypes

– Eachsetofperiodicfieldsshouldbeusedalongwiththeirrespectiveperiodicmeasures

§ Understandgranularitylevelofmeasuresetsandselectappropriately– Project– Team– Task– Assignment

WeekStartDateandWeekEndDateshouldbeusedwiththemeasuresundertheWeeklyPeriodssets

Page 37: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

37 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

BuildingAdHocViews

§ SelectingTheWrongFieldsAndMetricsWillProduceResultsThatDoNotMakeSense!

Page 38: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

38 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

UsingtheOBSinAdHocViews

§ IfOBSTypeisnotusedtofilterthedata,rowswillbereturnedforeveryOBSassociationwhichwillfrequentlyproduceduplicateresults

WhenUsingtheOBS,MakeSureaFilterforOBSTypeisSelectedandPopulated

Page 39: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

39 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

BestPracticesforBuildingCustomDomains

§ Keepthenumberoftablesinadomainbelow50§ Generally,databaseobjects(tablesorviews)willperformbetterthan

creatingderivedtablesinadomain§ Limitthenumberoftablesusedinasettoone,ifpossible§ Useinnerjoinswherepossible,limitouterjoins§ Buildsmallerdomainsbyfunctionalareaversusonelargedomain§ Whenusingderivedtables,tunethequeriessotheyperformwell§ Useaggregatetablesorviewsinsteadofrollingupthedataondemand

Page 40: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

40 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

CAPPMBIIntegration

Page 41: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

41 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

CAPPMBIIntegrationCAPPMPWPDataExtractionUtility

§ DataExtractionUtility– (SQLDriven)– Performancegainforlargedataextractionoutputs– FileformatscanbeplacedonanSFTPsiteordatacanpopulatetables– ExtractionfrequencyisconfiguredthroughCAPPMscheduledjobs– DataIntegrityenforcedbylowermanualtasks

Page 42: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

42 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

CAPPMBIIntegration

§ NewFeatures***– Extractionoutputtypesnowinclude

§ *.csv,*.txt,*.xlsx,*.xml– AbilitytopulldatafromPPM

(OP&SaaS)andDWH(OP)– Extractcolumnnamesaredefined

bytablecolumnnameoraliasinSQLstatement

– Extractlevelsecuritymanagesuseraccesstoextracteddata

CAPPMPWPDataExtractionUtility

SecurityRights

Page 43: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

43 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

CAPPMBIIntegration

§ CAPPMDataAdapters– FacilitateloadingdatacontentfromapplicationdatabasesintoCAPPM

CAPPMPWPDataAdapters

Page 44: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

44 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

CAPPMBIIntegration

§ CAPPMDataAdaptersArchitectureDiagram

CAPPMPWPDataAdapters

Page 45: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

45 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

CAPPMBIIntegration

§ EnhancedConfigurationDesign– Singlejobinitiatesadapterexecution

drivenfromadapterIDwithinconfigurationobject

– AvailableConfigurationSteps

CAPPMPWPDataAdapters

Page 46: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

46 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingMigrations&Tools

Page 47: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

47 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingMigrations&Tools

§ AdvancedReportingDomainFieldDescriptions

DomainContentLocatorTool

Page 48: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

48 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingMigrations&ToolsDatabaseSchemaVisibilityTools

§ NewReports14.3CAPPM:– DataWarehouseSchema– *PPMSchema

§ ThesetworeportswillprovidetheaccesstonotonlyOOTBdatacontent,butclearvisibilityintocustomcontentaswell

Page 49: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

49 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingMigrations&ToolsBusinessObjectstoAdvancedReporting

CrystaltoJaspersoftStudio

ConversionOptionstoAdvancedReporting

§ CrystalReportsdrivenbySQLcanbere-builtinJaspersoftStudio.

§ CrystalReportsusinguniversesasthesourcecanbere-builtusingSQLasthesource

§ DomainsarenotrecommendedasthesourceforStudioreports

§ Web-Intelligencereportscanbere-developedusingAd-hocviewsandReports

§ Featuresandformattingvarybetweenproducts

§ SomeWEBIreportscanberebuiltusingJaspersoftStudio

§ OOTBDomainsshouldbeusedtoleveragecustomattributeandobjectsusingtheAd-HocViewer

§ JaspersoftStudioreportscanbeleveragedforcontentnotusedforAd-hocanalysis

WebIntelligencetoAd-hocAvailableOOTBContent

WebIntelligencetoAd-hocCustomContent

Page 50: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

50 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingMigrations&ToolsPreparationforMigration

1. Identifyandflagreportsformigrationdrivenfromusage2. CategorizeReportDeliverables

– WebI withsingletableorchartreportsmaptoadhocreportoradhocview

– StaticorcomplexWebIntelligencereportsmaptoJaspersoft Studio– DynamicWebI reportsrequiredomaincreationandadhocreport– CrystalReporttoJaspersoft Studio

3. Exportreportfilesfordevelopmentestimates4. Planforreportingservers

Page 51: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

51 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AdvancedReportingTools&ConversionOptions

§ CAPPMReportConversionOptions– Convertwithin-houseexpertisedrivenfromtraining– EngageCAServicesorPartnerforConversion

BusinessObjectstoAdvancedReporting

Page 52: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

52 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

Questions?

Page 53: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

53 ©2016CA.ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.@CAWORLD#CAWORLD

Thankyou.

Stayconnectedatcommunities.ca.com

Page 54: CA Project & Portfolio Management: Business Intelligence

@CAWORLD#CAWORLD ©2016CA.AllRIGHTSRESERVED.54 @CAWORLD#CAWORLD

AgileManagement

FormoreinformationonAgileManagement,pleasevisit:http://cainc.to/9Zed5W