cable propelled transport · 8-mgd san agustin, ven 35-tgd seilbahn koblenz, deu 8-mgd jewel cable...

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Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 1 Cable Propelled Transport E-Mobility above our heads Source and Photo: Doppelmayr

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Page 1: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 1

Cable Propelled Transport E-Mobility above our heads

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Page 2: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 2

Page 3: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 3

14.500 installations

worldwide

88 export

countries

35 countries have a

subsidiary / representation

1892 a family-owned

company

2.378 employees

worldwide

795 million euro

turnover

*by 2013

Page 4: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 4

wikimedia

Competition about the rights to use ground level

Page 5: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 5

Solution for smart city concepts

Ground level roads, rails, busses, etc…

Underground level MRT, subway

Why not using the third level up in the air?

no emissions, no noise, no traffic jams, no accidents, timesaving,

low footprint, fast realization from planning to completion

Page 6: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 6

tumblr.com

The future as we imagined it in the past:

Urban transport by flying saucers and other

vehicles in the air

Klaus Bürgle retrofuturism.com

The desire to use the third dimension

Page 7: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 7

What is an Urban Cable Car?

Page 8: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 8

What is an Urban Cable Car?

Page 9: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 9

Ropeway systems - Monocable gondola detachable

small cabins

detachable cabins

high frequency

system capacity up to 3600 pphpd

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r 1 rope

detachable grip

up to 15

passengers

max. 22 km/h

MGD

circulating continuously

Page 10: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 10

Ropeway systems - Aerial tramway

large cabins

large spans between towers

wind stability up to 100 kph

system capacity up to 2000 pphpd

Source: F l ickr . Phot o : C .M . Keiner 1 haul rope

2 track ropes

fixed grip

up to 200

passengers

max. 45 km/h

shuttling back and forth

ATW

Page 11: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 11

Aerial tramway

Page 12: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 12

Ropeway systems - Tricable gondola detachable

detachable cabins

high frequency and large cabins

system capacity up to 6000 pphpd

large spans between towers

wind stability up to 100 kph

Source: F l ickr . Phot o : C .M . Keiner

2 detachable grips

up to 38

passengers

max. 31km/h

TGD

circulating continuously

1 haul rope

2 track ropes

Page 13: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 13

Tricable Gondola Detachable (TGD)

Page 14: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 14

This is what it takes to move 10.000 people in one hour…

Page 15: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 15

Independent transport level

Page 16: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 16

Applications for Cable Transit

Bus

Metro

Page 17: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 17

Station concept: minimal footprint in the city

Ropeway

Building

elevator

escalator

ropeway

This solution reduces the footprint of the ropeway in urban areas.

Public

area

Ropeway

Page 18: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 18

Station concept : easy connection to a train station Ropeway

Building

elevator

escalator

ropeway

Public

area

Ropeway Assumption

7,80m clearance

Page 19: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 19

Where are Urban Cable Cars?

78-ATW Marquam Hill, USA

20-ATW Bozen Kohlern, ITA

15-MGD Constantine, DZA

15-MGD Tlemcen, DZA

15-MGD Skikda, DZA

8-MGD San Agustin, VEN

35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU

8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP

8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD

8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT

10-MGD Emirates Air Line, GBR

10-MGD Providencia, BRA

8-MGD Mariche – Tramo Expreso, VEN

8-MGD Rio Chama, VEN

8-MGD Batumi Transit, GEO

10 MGD La Paz BOL

Page 20: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 20

Communication and safety features

Page 21: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 21

Interior concepts

Page 22: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 22

ents

pri

cht

40

8.0

00

l D

iese

l

Steven Dale

Interior concepts

Page 23: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 23

ents

pri

cht

40

8.0

00

l D

iese

l

Zooey Braun

Interior concepts

Page 24: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 24

ents

pri

cht

40

8.0

00

l D

iese

l

Accessibility for everyone: full DDA compliance

Page 25: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 25

15-ATW Polinka Wrocław PL

Page 27: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 27

15-ATW Polinka Wrocław PL

Page 28: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 28

Portland:

seamless integration

Source: F l ickr . Phot o : Sekkle

Page 29: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 29

Portland: seamless integration

Source: F l ickr . Phot o : clev erd am e 1 0 7

Page 30: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 30

35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz DE

Page 31: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 31

35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz DE

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Length 948 m

Vertical Rise 114 m

Speed 4,5 m/s

Capacity 3600 pphpd

Travel Time 5 min

Page 32: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 32

Bus

35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz DE

5 min 25 min

Cable Car

Page 33: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 33

London:

a cable car for the city growth

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Page 34: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 34

London: a cable car integrated in TFL´s network

Page 35: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 35

Page 36: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 36

Page 37: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 37

La Paz:

the largest cable car network Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Page 38: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 38

La Paz: The world’s largest cable car network

Three lines directly built

within the city able to

overcome terrain

challenges

Page 39: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 39

La Paz: The world’s largest cable car network

Stations Cabins Length [m]

Red line

Yellow line

Green line

443 9788

2348

3736

3704

109

169

165

3

4

4

Page 40: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 40

La Paz: intermodal transport hubs

Page 41: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 41

La Paz: The world’s largest cable car network

Contract: 10 Sep 2012

Less than 2 years of construction time

1 million passengers, each month, each line

December 18th, 10 Million Passengers

Page 42: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 42

Caracas:

catalyst for development

Page 43: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 43

Caracas: catalyst for development

Page 44: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 44

initial proposal to improve access status quo

Caracas: catalyst for development

Page 45: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 45

Caracas: catalyst for development

Page 46: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 46

Source: F l ickr . Phot o : Car l James

8-MGD Singapore

Page 47: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 47

8-MGD Singapore

An intermediate station integrated

in a shopping centre

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Length 1800m

Vertical Rise 2 m

Speed 5,0 m/s

Capacity 2800 pphpd

Travel Time 10 min

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Page 48: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 48

The future of urban mobility is above our heads!

The future of urban mobility is above

our heads!

[email protected]

Source and Photo : Dopp e lm ay r

Page 49: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 49

Operations Readiness/

Mobilisation

Operations Services throughout the lifecycle

4

Tender Design Public Operation

2 1 3

Manufacture Construction

5

Commission

6

Training

Transition of Experience

Operations Services Contract

Set-up

Organisation Consulting Training Audits Consulting

Operations

Services

Concept

Page 50: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 50

London

Page 51: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 51

10 steps to an urban cable propelled transit system (CPT)

Develop a vision

Identify stakeholders

Partnership between stakeholders (LOI)

Archive political commitment

Identify and reserve the sites for stations, towers and line

Contract relevant stakeholders

Marketing and PR to create positive public perception

Detail planning and designing the ropeway

Building permit, operational permit

Construction phase and Opening

Page 52: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 52

The stations

grip opening

line decelerator

incoming area curve

conveyor

carrier

spacing accelerator grip closing

line

outgoing area

Page 53: Cable Propelled Transport · 8-MGD San Agustin, VEN 35-TGD Seilbahn Koblenz, DEU 8-MGD Jewel Cable Car Ride, SGP 8-MGD Mileniumski Krst, MKD 8-MGD Teleférico de Gaia, PRT 10-MGD

Doppelmayr Urban Solutions | [email protected] | Slide 53

Urban station: Technical parts not visible to passengers