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Caffeine : Good & bad effects on human Food Engineering and Technology Department Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028 Presenting by Jayanta Pal (FPL 13015) Yesmin Ara Begum (FPL 13004)

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Page 1: Caffeine presentation

Caffeine : Good & bad effects on human

Food Engineering and Technology DepartmentTezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028

Presenting by

Jayanta Pal (FPL 13015)

Yesmin Ara Begum (FPL 13004)

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INTRODUCTION

Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is a purine alkaloid that occurs naturally in coffee beans Some physiological effects associated with caffeine administration include central nervous system stimulation, acute elevation of blood pressure, increased metabolic rate, and diuresis.Caffeine is rapidly and almost completely absorbed in the stomach and small intestine and distributed to all tissues, including the brain.It is found in varying quantities in the seeds, leaves fruits of some plants, where it act as a natural pesticide.Beverage containing coffee such as coffee, tea soft drinks, & energy drinks.

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HISTORY 1st use of caffeine as early as 600,000 BCE .

1820 - Caffeine was first isolated from coffee by German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge,.

1821 - . Pelletier coined the term "caffeine" from the French word for coffee (café), and this term became the English word "caffeine".

1821 - Pure caffeine extracted from coffee.

1880 - Caffeinated soft drinks appear.

1903 - Researchers remove caffeine from beans ‘without destroying the flavor’.

1923 - Decaffeinated coffee is introduced to the United States.

1940 - The US imports 70 percent of the world coffee crop.

1962 - American per-capita coffee consumption peaks at more than three cups a day.

1995 - Coffee becomes the worlds most popular beverage (overtaking tea ) .

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Structure of Caffeine

Fig. 1. Structure of caffeine

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Which Foods and Beverages Contain CaffeineTable 1. Caffeine source and amount of caffeine content

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Mechanism of Action

Caffeine's primary mechanism of action is as an

antagonist of adenosine receptors in the brain.

Adenosine in the Brain

In the brain neurons are transmitting electrical energy.

When activity is too high adenosine molecules stop the neuron cells from firing.

Caffeine blocks adenosine receptors with its own molecule preventing the adenosine molecule from binding.Brain activity remains at its excited state and can even increase in activity because adenosine is unable to slow it down.

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The binding of Adenosine to an adenosine receptor causes the receptor to undergo a shape change which triggers a biochemical cascade. The end result is the opening of ion channels and the slowing of activity.

The binding of caffeine to a adenosine receptor causes a shape change that does not initiate a biochemical cascade. Instead, neuronal activity remains the same or increase.

Adenosine Caffeine

Adenosine Receptor

Adenosine Receptor

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Caffeine MetabolismCaffeine is metabolized in liver results into three

metabolic dimethylxanthines, each of which has its own effects on the body:

Paraxanthine : Increases lipolysis, leading to elevated glycerol and free fatty acid levels in the blood plasma.

Theobromine : Dilates blood vessels and increases urine volume.

Theophylline : Relaxes smooth muscles of the bronchi, and is used to treat asthma.

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Fig. 2. Caffeine after metabolism in liver

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Caffeine Extraction Processes

Super critical Fluid Extraction Microwave-assisted extraction ultrasonic extraction heat reflux extraction

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Health Benefits of Caffeine

Caffeine helps ward off Alzheimer’s. In Japan researchers have shown that caffeine

increases memory. Caffeine detoxes the liver and cleanses the

colon when taken as a caffeine enema. Caffeine can stimulate hair growth on balding

men and women. Caffeine relieves post work-out muscle pain

by up to 48%. Caffeine can ease depression by increasing

dopamine in the brain.

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Caffeine increases stamina during exercise. Caffeine protects against eyelid spasm. Caffeine may protect against Cataracts. Caffeine may prevent skin cancer. A new

study out of Rutgers University found that caffeine prevented skin cancer in hairless mice.

People who consume caffeine have a lower risk of suicide.

Caffeine may reduce fatty liver in those with non-alcohol related fatty liver disease. This study comes out of Duke University.

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Caffeine For Treatment of Alzheimer Disease (AD)

Epidemiologic studies have increasingly suggested that caffeine could be an effective therapeutic against Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

An in vivo experiments was conducted on a transgenic mouse model for AD to determine if caffeine have beneficial actions to protect against or reverse AD-like cognitive impairment and AD pathology.

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AD transgenic (Tg) mice of age between 4 and 9 months were given (300 mg/L) caffeine in their drinking water from young adulthood into older age.

The resultant amount of caffeine intake for each mouse (approximately 1.5 mg/day) was the human equivalent of 500 mg or 5 cups of coffee per day

showed protection against memory impairment and lower brain levels of the abnormal protein (amyloid-β; Aβ).

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Fig. 3. Result of effect of caffeine on Alzheimer Disease

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The effect of acute administration of caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee on transgenic was also studied .

At 3 hours following treatment, plasma Aβ1−40 levels in 3-month old Tg mice were substantially reduced by 41%.

By contrast, decaffeinated coffee and saline treatments had no effect on plasma Aβ1−40 levels.

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Fig. 4 . Ability of (caffeinated) coffee to acutely suppress plasma Aβ levels, but not de-caffeinated coffee or saline control

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A similar finding was found in a clinical extension of this study in AD mice.

This initial clinical studies reported that acute oral caffeine administration (400 mg) to aged humans induces an immediate decrease in blood Aβ levels.

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Negative Side Effects of Caffeine

Effects on Heart Rate and Blood Pressure

Osteoporosis Diabetes Loss of sleep Fertility and miscarriage Hormonal Effects

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Fig. 5. Main symptom of caffeine overdose

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Bad Effect of Caffeine on Coronary Heart Diseases

Several studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD) risk. In general, case-control studies have found high coffein intakes to be associated with significantly increased risk of CHD or myocardial infarction (MI).

Two separate meta-analyses that combined the results of eight case-control studies found that CHD risk was 40–60% higher in those who consumed 5 or more cups of coffee daily compared to those who did not drink coffee.

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The effect of coffee or caffeine consumption on people with established CHD has not been well studied. One case-control study found that heavy coffee consumption, defined as more than 10 cups daily, was associated with a significant increase in the risk of sudden cardiac arrest in patients with established coronary artery disease.

However, a multi center prospective study of 1935 patients who survived a MI found no association between coffee consumption and survival over the next 4 years, even in the heaviest coffee consumers.

It should be noted that few patients reported consuming more than 5-10 cups of coffee daily in all study.

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Decaffeination

Decaffeination is a commercial process used to remove caffeine from coffee.

There are four major commercial processes used to remove caffeine from coffee.

a) Conventional decaffeination uses the chemical Methylene Chloride.

b) "Natural" decaffeination uses the chemical Ethyl Acetate.

c) Water decaffeination uses water.

d) Carbon Dioxide decaffeination uses CO2 (SCFE).

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Benefits of Decaffeination

Decaffeination markedly reduces the amount of caffeine in a product without affecting the flavor,

Making a Choice

The choice of caffeinated versus decaffeinated comes down to personal preference, states Fit Day. Caffeine is safe when consumed regularly in moderate amounts.

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Caffeine products

Scitec Caffeine capsuleAlpecin Caffeine Shampoo

Plantur 39 Caffeine Tonic

Alert energy caffeine gum

Nestle Nescafe gold coffee

Cocacola Beverage

Awake caffeinated chocolate

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Decaffeinated products

Nescafe decaf coffeeTassimo nabob decaf coffee

Zevia caffeine free cola

Twinings pure green tea

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Conclusion

The good and bad of caffeine Caffeine is part of modern life. Regular coffee

drinkers include the majority of adults and a growing number of children. The recommendation for most people is to enjoy one or two cups of coffee a day, which will allow you to capitalize on its health benefits without incurring health drawbacks. Extensive recent research has put forth that coffee is far more healthful than it is harmful. Very little bad and a lot of good come from drinking it.

 

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References Carrillo, J.A., and Benitez, J. 2000. Clinically significant pharmacokinetic interactions

between dietary caffeine and medications. Clin. Pharmacokinet, 39:127–153.

de Vreede-Swagemakers, J.J., Gorgels, A.P., Weijenberg, M.P. et al. 1999. Risk indicators for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in patients with coronary artery disease. J. Clin Epidemiol., 52:601–607.

Gary W. Arendasha,b,∗ and Chuanhai Caob,c. 2010. “Caffeine and Coffee as Therapeutics Against Alzheimer’s Disease” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 20 S117–S126

Greenland, S. 1993. A meta-analysis of coffee, myocardial infarction, and coronary death. Epidemiology., 4:366–374.

Hammar, N., Andersson, T., Alfredsson, L. et al. 2003. Association of boiled and filtered coffee with incidence of first nonfatal myocardial infarction: the SHEEP and the VHEEP study. J. Intern. Med., 253:653–659.

Haskó G, Linden J, Cronstein B, Pacher P (September 2008). "Adenosine receptors: therapeutic aspects for inflammatory and immune diseases". Nat Rev Drug Discov 7 (9): 759–70. doi:10.1038/nrd2638. PMC 2568887. PMID 18758473.

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Higdon, Jane V., And Frei, Balz., 2006. ” Coffee and Health: A Reviewof Recent Human Research”. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 46:101–123

http://www.energyfiend.com/top-10-caffeine-health-benefits

James, J.E. 2004. Critical review of dietary caffeine and blood pressure:A relationship that should be taken more seriously. Psychosom. Med.,66:63–71.

Kawachi, I., Colditz, G. A., and Stone, C. B. 1994. Does coffee drinking increase the risk of coronary heart disease? Results from a meta-analysis. Br. Heart J., 72:269–275.

Kuffler SW, Edwards C (November 1958). "Mechanism of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) action and its relation to synaptic inhibition". J. Neurophysiol. 21 (6): 589–610. PMID 13599049.

Mukamal, K.J., Maclure, M., and Muller, J.E., 2004. Caffeinated coffee consumption and mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am. Heart J., 147:999–1004.

Spiller, M.A. 1998. The Chemical Components of Coffee. In: Caffeine.pp. 97–161. Spiller, G. A., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Tavani, A., Bertuzzi, M., Negri, E. et al. 2001. Alcohol, smoking, coffee and risk of non-fatal acute myocardial infarction in Italy. Eur. J. Epidemiol., 17:1131–1137

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Food Engineering and Technology DepartmentTezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028

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