california geology magazine june 1990

8/7/2019 California Geology Magazine June 1990

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'"144

122123134'"141142143

Please conlacl'MIChael W \hnson. CaMarnla Deparlmcnlof Consen-allOll. Dt"IStoll ofM,nor) and Geology, 380CI"1C" DI"I\'"C. Sune 100. PleasanlH,II. CA ~ 5 2 J 1 9 9 7 (4151646-59'6. orD .. 1d K Kttfer. U_S Geo&o!.IC"al Sllr"Cy.345 Mld..lleflC"ld Road. MS 998. Menlo ParI..CA94025 (415)J29-489J.orGel'1lld E \\eber. Weber and A)SOClalcs.120 \\hlgale Dr,\'('. Waisonville. CA 95078(408) 722-3580, X'

lhe mlln fcalures: and (31 a b"cfdescropl,onof typc and m e c h a n l ~ m of the landslidc(s)(mcludlng IhO!ie caused by h q u c f ~ c h o n J . silegeology. malenal propcrtic:s. and groundll'aIU condilioni Or send a copy of a repot"l onIhe I ~ n d s l l d e ( s ) _

In This Issue

Request for Information

Ccl'arlmenl of ConsenOlllon, 01 \ 1)1011 ofM , ~ s and GeoiOlY. lhe US GeologICalSunocy. and lhe.' Technlnl Ad\ lsory Group 101M Arm) Cwpto of E n ~ m e e n TtIc dal,l .... ,11be used 10 C\-aIU,lle 1M faclon lhal controlbndshdllll,n lhe.' San mnclsco 1b)MonlCf"C)B,l) l"CllOIl dunll& loC\"Cfe sclsnuc shu-,nlTo tlclp dc\Iclop I complete map of Iftc dls

IflbullOlland I)PC of landslides Ihal occurreddunnl'he.' rceenl Clrlhqllale, ~ , e n l ' M Sand e n ~ l n e e h lI'orlll1l', mlhe IIrClare ,equesled 10 .send (I I \oo:all()ll of IJnd\l,de(sl ona USGS t o ~ r a p h l e base: ( 1 2 4 . 0 0 0 1 ~ (2) alarge .cale map of the l a n d ~ l l d e l s l shOllllnl!

MafyC Wood.DOll OuptuMary EIBdoul

louIse H u c k a b ~Jell lambe"

~ u O R N I AOLOGY

-C l o Y I M I n ~ . . . . 14'0_ SIrwc.""""" 130'1.S--CAflM14jT-...- \)16. ....518251"---_ ~ 0 f k l IIIOlIeraII0. - s.:r-, CA 8511 .0131CAl..lFOfNAGEOl.OOY 916-5-051.

P\ltlIlc: ......"_ O1&-USS7'\f;Lo I Olb U)7SOuIlen.-" ADoo!I 1015LoI ""'fIIIM, CA 10012-4t02C'-"- 213-e20-35801~ t t I ~ :MCMcOo_ ,S- 'OO,""'-MIl, C A ~ I t 2 1rr....,...,.. . ' ~ 5 0 2 0 1

CALIFORNIA GEOLOGY stallEdltor,n.etllfllEditorEdflQtlal -'sMUlneaGlaphIcs and DelIO"P1.ltllleIhon, SUperVl1Ol'

"il'UIUCATIOH OF TMI'~ ' OFCOMMIltVAfJONDMSlOMOF _._.ulID Ot:OI.OGY

n . ~ A g I n c : y GOAOQNK VANVLECKSec"'.-y lex R . ~ ,

CALIF(lfNA QKlI.OOY (I6SH OOZ'I4566J ~ t r y . . . .De l * _ rAee.-_" 00I I_01. . . . . . . ...clGtology T h e ~ O t I M ; . OS.,112120U,SI r_ , s a c . _ ,CA858 ' I e 5 e c o n d c l u l ~ "jNood II S .C. . . . . . . . 'O, C'" PCMlm..lel Send add"..10 CAUFOANIA GfOt.OOY (USPS 3!1O a.-Ol.. . 2lll8O,S--. CA ~ 1 2 - 2 l I e OAI(lortI: ~ - 000nI.latl 01 . . . . . . . _ GtoIogyP"OI"'* _ ~ . . . c l __ - - . s 10 . . . . _'"_",e.tomolI lI 'IlrloIMI9U_ Cof>.---_.pr-.r..--- .........- . ~ - -THE C O N C l . U $ l O l ' I S N J O P I N ~ EXPl'ESSEO "'"ARTIClES ARE SOlElY TMOSE 0# THE AUlHOAS...NO AM NOT NECESSARILY ENDORSED BY THEDifPMTlIEHT OF COHSERVATIC:WC o < ~ _ toe aoor. . .ed ECl


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The LibertyGold Mining District

Siskiyou County. CaliforniaBy

TOM FERRERO, Consulting GeologistAshland. OregonThe rugged and SC&f'Iic Klamath MounlainsgeotTlOfpQe jltOWlCll is 01 mIMM! 10 scientists

because oI1l'18 complex structural geology Inlhis regIOn. Movement 01 tectoniC plales 0Yefgeologic lime formed !he geology or Itle KlamathMountains. When !his region was Iol'mlngmilions oIyears 890. an oceanic plate to theweSI was Iorood benealh the North Americanconbnootal plale 10 lhe east by a process knownas subduaJOI'l. The heavi8!' oceanic 0'U$1plunged beneath lhelighter continental crull.Howe....... nol all or !he ootanic crustal rod!. wassubclucted and some pr;ll1IOn.. .irlckJdingvolcanic island arcs and fragments oIlhe earth',mande that ie beneath the oceanic crust-wereltvvsl againsl the continental plate and b&cameassimilated in II. ().ter lime lheae varN:x!ssegmenllo 01 008aniC auslill rock became par1oI1he Notlh Am&l'ican ~ l in a process knownas aeer.lIOn.explorllJCln geologislS and mllers areinl8feSllld in lhis region because ~ g o i l i e a n lamounts of IlCOnOITlICalIy reeov9fable gold mayrema," undiscovered. Many Caljlomia lode golddistllcts thatwere active III the late 1800. andearly 1900s are being reevalullted by nIIWGlpbra\lOn melhocfs and geok;lgicmodels.....allOr.

INTRODUCTION

NOlIn F o I ~Smlmon AI .. . ,

Photo 1. Gold mlning regiol'l ollhe Sawyers Bar area In 1he l iberty distria, Klamalh Mournains.S1s,,",you Coonty. v_ it to 1he lIOu!hweS! from EJnll Summit, SconMoul'llail'ls, ~ w l f ' > Q 1he NorthFork ollhe Salmon RIVer valey "foregrOlXld. The long spur ridge IAI separates Whites Guidi fBI!rom Eddy Guldl (C). Several lode gold min.. were developed near 1he heads of Eddy Guldl andWhites Gulch 11'1 the lale 1800s and early 19OOs. The Stuart Fork Formation forms the ruggedhighlands In photo. The conlatl 01 the SlIJ.art Fork FOfTI'Ialiol'l and lhe hangil'lg wall of !he mineralizedlhruSl zone (D) is rouoltly Indicated on the photo. The i n a c o n s l b i ~ 1 y of some mines reqUIted mInersto haul jl'l equlpmenl and s u ~ e s over long dislarlCel. PhoIos b)' aurhor except lIS rtOIfId,

The Libcny goldmining disuict islocated ncar Sawyers Bar in SiskiyouCounty, California, on the oorth slope ofthe Salmon MowlIains. along the NOMFork of the Salmon River (Figwe I;Photo 1). It is one of the principal pre1970s lode"' gold (quaJ1Z veins) producing districts in lhe Klamath Mounlainsgeomorphic provinl.:e, which is second inlode-gold production in California to !heSierra Nevada Molher Lode. Resultsfrom rel.:ent exploration activity suggest!hat !here may be additional economically minable gold ore reserves in theLibeny district

REGIONAL GEOLOGYThe Klama!h Mountains geomorphic

province extends from lhe nonhern end

of the Sacramento Valley into southernOregon. II is a stnJ(:turally complex.deeply eroded upland. and is the least accessible and least geologically knowngeomorphic province in California. Themajor rivers in this region have dissectedthe province into several well-definedmountain ranges. including the Siskiyou.Sou!h Fork. Marble, SCOll, Salmon, andTrinity mowlIains (Figure I).

Rocks of lhe Klamath Mountains havebeen intensely deformed by severalperiods of folding and faulling and arcpredominantly the remnants of Paleoz.oicand MCS07.oic volcanic arcs along withoceanic crust and mantie material onwhich these rocks once rested (Wagner.1988). Over geologic time severalperiods of subduction caused thesePaleozoic and Meso7.oic volcanic island

arcs to accrete onto the NOM Americancontinent. Regionallhrusl faullingsubsequently deformed these accretedterranes further IIld they now formnorthsouth trcnding arcuate: bellS lhat dipeastward IIld are progressively older tothe cast (Wagner, 1988).

The Klamalh Mountains arc primarilycomposed of a series of complexly foldedand faulted metamorphic rocks of Ordovician to Jurassic age thaI have beenintruded by ultramafic rock (peridotiteand serpentine) and large granitic bodies(plutons) from Late Jurassic to Early Ceon07.oic time (Clark. 1970). These rocksform. complex foundation (called theSubjacent Series) on which younger. lessdeformed sedimentary and volcanic rocks(termed the Superjacent Series) weredeposited (Norris and Webb. 1976).

CALIFORNIA GEQOGY June 1990 '23


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Hornbrook5

Weed ::,1,-.,..:-" , . IIT.SHASTA'"aUahan o,,}"\ EL.H.IU...

DunsmuirFIGURE 2AREA

TrinityCenter "'.....'" -,

3 ....'" , '~ 5....5 to t5 20, .MilES

."'.IIT.ASHLANOL.7$3;J

South Forkof SalmonRiver Road

HappyC.mp

North Forkof SalmonRiver Road ,-..."",.,---1;;;;;;;;-

OREGON _- - - - - CALIFORNIA

... ~ l l S .SeiadValley

Hoopa "1-Willow 0'Creek

0.

Forksof Salmon

r ...... " Weitchpec SALMON C ~ = = = __ ....."",

-'T \-n 00,.o.....0n

tTl ",.-z. CO'"Arcala o.-z.FigUfe t. G_fallocation map 01 !he UbefTy gold mining districl, Siskiyou CounTy. flOflhweslem Califofnla.

Subjacent SoriesSedimentary rocks within the

Subjacent Series include upper Paleozoicand Triassic fossilirerous marinesandstone. congkllnerale. locally discontinuous lenses of limestone. slaty shale.and lhinly bedded chert that wereoriginallydeposited as oceanic sedimentsalong the border of ancestral NorthAmerica. Volcanic rocks within theSubjacent ue typically basaltic.andesitie. and occasionally rhyolitic(Irwin, 1970),

The sedimenlary-volcanic marinerecord in these rocks was terminated bylarge-scale intrusions of molten rockassociated wilh lhe Nevadan orogeny(Late Jurassic Period), A common rock's.. Olollaf'/. p. 132.

type in the Klamalh Mountains is quartzdiorite which represents a less silicarich rock composition when comparedwilh the more silicic granodiorite rockthat is characteristic of Sierra Nevadaplutons (Norris and Webb, 1976).

The Subjacent Series thickensnorthward into soulhem Oregon. Its totalthiclcness is estimated to be 40.000 feeLBodies of u1tramafJC rocks are abundant(Norris and Webb, 1976).Superjacent seriesSuperjacent Series rocks includeCretaceous marine sedimentary and

volcanic rocks that are up to 5,000 feetthick (Norris and Webb, 1976). TheKlamalh Mountains began to form duringthe Nevadan orogeny ncar the close of

the Jurassic Period. The lhick successionof marine sedimenLary and volcanic suauwas uplifted above sea level, folded.faulted, and intruded by ultramafic andgranitic roch. Great quantities of debriswere eroded from the ancesual KlamathMountains into the bordering seas (Irwin.1970). Deposition of marine strallOOC\IlTed throughout most of theCretaceous Period in the KlamathMountains region. These sedimentscompose the Superjacent Saies. Duringthe laIC Cretaceous and Tcrtiary periods.rocks of the Subjacent Series wereuplifted above sea level to form theKlamath Mountains (Irwin. 1970).Superjacent Series rocks now occurmainly on the margins of the provinceand as isolated bodies on down-faulledblocks.

". CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY June 1990


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Phom 2.n . Oro Fr o hydr-.K; gaId lrt Quaou Viler. near ttw ScoII. RI_, Sisk/rOU Ccully,orca 1890s. Gold-bNmfI or....... _ t - lg cam.d by 10 !he aUcewhilll a man washesWay the e1pOsedm." tIrraoI WIth. hIgh"9fftsl"l'eWlII*' route (CIIed a -",IN") (lowet nght otphoto) Photo CXIloYflIsyd tJe s;"uyou C


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The producIon rw..rrba _ c:IlcueI1IId in ITIIr'Iy euu !nIm . . . . . . blaNd on $20.157 told price"hlugh . . price ofgold -.cIWring . . run 01 producDon In .. I..ilel'Iy lhlna.

uends s o u t h w ~ l - n o r t h e l S l along Ihenonh slope of Ihe Salmon Mowuains(Filure 3). It dips mainly south 10 CIS!,from 10depecs 104.5 dcpee$ in theS O U t h w ~ 1 halfof !he district (Black Bear,Eddy Gukh. Whites Gukh areas), and itdips 40 degree$ 10 85 degrees wesl in !henortheasl halfof !he districl (Big Cliff.China Gukh, Cow Creek areas) (Figllfe2: Photo 1) . The lJ'lOn'Wous dip 10 theWCS! is probably due 10 faulting andfoldinl of the thrusl zone along Ihe odieof the Russian Peak batholith..

>12.05l0

"',00)_....MineEddy Gulc:h

TABlE I. REPORTED PRODUCTION' FROU SOt.E PRINCIPAl lCX>E GClOMINES OF" Tl-ELIBERTY MINING DISTRICT, 1162TO 1". (HIan, 1888;


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Long Gulch L . 1 c 8 c F ~

3

17. live Yankee18. Ida May19. Klamath20. Union21. Mountain laurel22. Anno Johnson23. Cleaver24. Hickey

~

Forest FoAK

KlamathNational

:;..,\!.. Etna1\ Mountain

MINES9. Big Cliff10. Lanky Bob11. Keaton12. Uncle Sam1J. Humpback14. Block Bear15. King Solomon16. Wilson

LIBERTYGOLD MININGDISTRICT

1. Homestoke2. Cub Bear3. Hogan4. Overton5. Highland6. Advance7. RainbowB. MolloyCECILVILLE

SCALEo 1 2 MileshoJ..-.J

River3 Minee Existing lownLEGEND

"""" ' - Rood

Tanners Peak,III I '

l",.V\)SAWYERS 8BAR~

Russian Peak balholilh during !heJurWtc Ncv.dan orogeny (and possiblyduring CRt.ceoU5 and Tertiary orogenicepis0de5) forced opo'! many of lhc shearplanes in the lhrust zone. Much of lheopening occurred along !he sheared',.. Glouary. p.l32..

siliceous rock.k_bonaceous rock con1aCl$. POfPhyry and odter sills and dikeswere inuudcd along the opened planes.

Mineral bearing Wiler derived frommagma (juvenile w.lCf) or from watertrapped in sedimenr.ary rocks when !heywere deposited (OOlUlltC wilIer) was

mobilized by heat now from orogenKproc:enc-s. circulated du-ough the reopened rl5SUIeS. dcpositinl silK&. rnetaJlKsulfides. gold. and olher minerab (Photos8 and 9 ). Thi s process OCC\DTed in manyphascs. Generally. the sills and dikeswere intruded first. followed by multipleepisodes of vein deposition.

CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY . . . . . . . 990 '"


8/24

Photo 3. View dowfl Eddy Gulctl ' rom the Klamath lode Oolcl ~ n & :TiW le l ' Peall in distance. The area in lhe center Ior&gfOUl'ld wasellenslYely ITWled by hydraulic meltlods In the late lllOO$.Photo 5. Remaina 01 an arrastra at the Anna.Johnson gold ~ n & .Uberty distrid.

The intrusive rocks arc ortcn quile a1leredwhen they arc in conlllct with quartzveins. Alteration products includesodium rcldspar (a1bile). iron-magnesium a.luminurn silicale (chlorill:). andcalcium carbonate (calcite).

Two common lypeS or quanz veinsare white, very line-grained (cryptocrystalline) quartz with minor llntounlS orpyrile and vinually no gold. II'ld while toclear, medium- 10 coarse-grainedcryslalline quartz with arscnopyrile,pyrite. and gold. The porphyry sills anddikes occur with both Iypes or quartz. Inmany cases crypIocrystalline qulU17. andgranular quanz occur as layers or lensesin !he same fissure.

Photo 4. View to thesouth from \tie Ama Jo/wlson gold ~ n showing the oeSI 0' Eddy Gulch. TheOUI00p8 ar e bedded d .n IIfld silic:eous sc:hiSI 0' Itl. Stuart Fork Formation. Sheared lhn.lStloneroclu below these outerops are t ldden by limber.

". CAllFOONIA GEOlOGY


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PtlOl0 7. View 10 !he north across China Gulch !rom !he Advarce gold mine. Liberty dislria. '" ""Idezooe of carbonaceous schist and rnin&ralized quartz Yeins strikes north hom the Advance fIWlelICIOSS !hIS canyon and dips stoopl)' wesrward (10 1tle lett in pholO).

. ... Pho lo 6. Twos tamp rrd at1he Anna Johnson goldmine.lIberrv dial/iet.

Movement along the vein fissuresoccurred between vein filling episodes asindicated by brecciated quartz SU5pCndedin later quanz and gouge. Pre-mineraland post-mineral north-south andnonhweSI-southeast striking and steepdipping to vertical cross faults complicatethe structural relationships.From field evidence. it appears that

upward migrating mineralized hydrothermal fluids circulated into and up throughthe thrusl 7.onc. mainly along thecarbonaceous rock/siliceous rockconlacts_ The mineralized fluids weretrapped laterally by eross faults. foldsard/or pinched vein fissures. Concenlrations of metallic minerals weredepositedin the structural traps. Ore bodies in theLiberty district are commonly boundedon one side by a pre-mineral cross fault.or occur in antidinal folds (Weigel.1935).Ore bearing fissures occur throughoulthe Liberty district thrust zone. In the

EddyGulch area there are significant arebodies at three or four levels of the thrust.The greatest concentration of ore bodies

is closer 10 the hanging wall of the thrustzone (Klamath. Union, and MountainLallIel mines), but a substanlial ore bodyoccuaed doser 10 lhe foot wall (Humpback mine) (Figure3). In lhe ChinaGulch area, the ore bodies are alignedalong several parallel carbonaceous schistbellS up to 50 feet wide (PhoIO 7). TheBlack Bear mine ore bodies are in twoparallel veins (Rool, 1925).

Ore bodies have been mined to depthsof 1,000 feci (Black Bear mine), 600 feel(Klamath mine), and SOO feet (MountainLallIel mine; PholO 10) (Root, 1925:Weigel, 1935). Numerous smaller orebodies in the district were mined 10depths of 100 10 300 feci. HislOricairecords indicate that in some minesincreasing eoSts of hoisting, pumping,and cTOu-culting on lower levels todevelop backs hailed down-dip mining.Production in some mines was slOppedby litigation (Daggetl, 1932) andWorldWars I and II. Qlher operations weresimply mined out. Produclion in lhedeeper mines reached well below the

SllIface oxidized 7.one (Elmandorf, 1932:Jones, 1932).Gold and sulfide minerals are

concentrated in fissure veins. Goldoccurs mainly as native metal associatedwilh quartz. and a small percentageoccurs in auriferous arsenopyrite. Goldalso occurs in altered porphyry where itcontacts quartz veins. Gold bearingquartz occurs as continuous veins of solidquartz from a few inches to sevcral feetwide, and as SWIUTllS of randomlyoriented veinlets in the sheared carbonaceous schist and jXIrphyry. Wider veinfissures usually contain a complex seriesof quanz veins and veinlet swarms, cu-bonaceous schist and altered porphyry.Productive widLhs in the mines arereponed \0 average about four 10 six feetand widcn 10 as much as twenty-four feet(Roo!, 1925). Melallic minerals make upabout I to 2 percent of lhe vein material(Daggetl, 1932). Non-ore minerals(gangue) include quanz and minoramounts of ealcite.

CALifORNIA GEOlOGY .I"",,,,,, '"


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"....

WlIsonMine

ROlLIN(Old mill antown sitel

~ O ~ 1 ~-V - THRUST lONEUnclude$ sheared , I_bWPTB end Stulft Fork

HumpbackMine

I

0 500 1,000 -N-FEET

.-,-20 to 30

G a S h ~ f} Mi.Be ~ cs,

/

Kla .a t l lMine

. BC.. . / ' \. . .. .--- cs \I .../ .. - . , _ . ~ ..- \1-7;!f_.-..... BC ., ..... \. r- ... \.BC'-'. \ ... -~ ~ ~ . : ' ."- .05


11/24

_0".. .- SYMBOLS

_ __ Contacta- '200 Strike & Dip. . . . . . . . . " . Porphyry SlI1a Other Dikes & Sills

Uncle/ SamMine/

, . _ - r G - p . I } ~ Anna JohnsonMine

((/fJ}; Major WorkingsMine

______ Road

BC,-- Mountain . - LEGENDBe ~ I t - 'V, , , , " I J S ~ ~ A'1 \ IB cl B ed de d C he rt...... , . " " ~ 8 C Union O 4 " 20 to 30Mine ; . , Ics i Carbonaceous Schist,0'A BEDDED CHERT OF THE [ i l l Pelitic Schistl STUART FORK FORMATION \ [ i l l" ' Limestone,..x \..'"

CAlIFOflNIA GEOlOGY June 1990 ,"


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PhOto 8. V i_ 0' a prospect trench fIO


13/24

Photo 10. Oulcrops in loreground are part of the Mounlaln LalKlII minequaJ1Z vtoIn. Most of lhe gold produaion atlhe mine was laken "om ChIsvein. The ""irl dips nOf1tlWesterly and Is In an anuelinal fold.

PhOto 11. Reverse orculation dtillflg rig at the Union gold mine.LJb&r1)' distrICt Samplel worn this driling program W8fe used toanalyle the rmning poMlnuai irlthiSlII'N.

Bradley, Walter W., 1935. Sialuyou CoonI)': CaliIornia Joul'nal 01 Minel and Geology, Thirtyfi"'t State M"neralogisl's Report. p. 255-327.Clark. William B., 1970.Gold diltricts 01 C a ~ I o r ..... Califoml. DiVision 01 MlI'IEIs and Ge0l-ogy B u r r e ~ n 1 ~ 186 p.Crawford. J.J .. 18S4. SiskiyouCounfy: CalilorniaSlate Mining Bureau.Twelllh Report 01 theSlati M'n8falogia!. p.275-294.Ctawford. J.J .. 1896. SiskiyouCounfy: CalilorniaSlate Mining Bureau. Thineenth Ripon ofthe S13te Min ....logill, p. 366-435.

Oaggln, 8el'l F. 1932. Mining e " 9 ~ ' s reporlon Union Cenll"a1 gold mines, lJbefl)' m i n ~districl. S i ~ i y o u County. Callfomia. BlacllBear. CaJilornia: ~ l i . s h e d .Elmandorf, William J .. I932, Mining engineer'sr1lporl on lhe mining propefty of Gold Standald.Inc . Sislliyou Counfy, Calilorma: Unp u b ~ s h e d .FerretO. Tom. 19&6. Consulting geologisrsreport on Eddy GuldllT1lr'Wlg properues.Spnng 19&6 ExplofationPmjacl:Unpubiished.Goodge. JoIvl W.. 1990. Tectonic eYOlution of acohefenl lale TriasalC subduction compiIU.

REFERENCESStuart Fork lefl"ane. Klamath I.4ounlillns,northem Calilomia: Geological Sooety 01America Bulleun. Y. 102, p. 86-101.Gowen.J.B., 1949, Consulting miningengineer's repoll on geololfy and potenual ofthe Eddy Gulch gmup: Unpublished.HarnalOO. FleIChet, 1920, SISkiyou County:Car..Iornia Slata Mi...ng Bureau. Se""nleertth Report of lhe State Mineralogist. p. 529-536.Holl. PresIon E.. 1971. Geology 01 the lodlt golddistricll in th e K l a m a ~ Mourllains, Californiaand Oregon: U.S. Geological SurYlty Bulletin'290.Irelan. William. Jr .. 1888, Siskiyou Counly: C a ~ Iomra Stale " " n ~ Bureau, Eighth R&poI'I 01the Stall M.neralogiat. p. 5ll1565.Irwin. W ~ ~ a m P. 1960, GeologiC reconnal . .sance of the norlhem Coasl Rangel andKlamath Mounlilll'li. Califomia: Callformao.Vlsion of Mines and Geology BUnlun 179.Irwrn. W ~ ~ a m P.. 1970. Geology of the KlamathMolKltains: CALIFORNIA GEOlOGY. Y. 23.no. 7. p. 135-138.Jones, C. CoImck. 1932. Consulllng IT1llWlg In g l ~ ' s report on Union Central, Mourllainl a u , ~ . an d Klamath mines.libe


14/24

Reclamation for Wildlife HabitatAn Example FromBanff National Park, Alberta, Canada

ByGAil A. NEWTON, Plont Ecologist, Division of Mines and GeologyGEOFF G. ALLAN, Senior landscape Architectural Technologist,Transportation, Public Works Canada.

Recloiming mined-out 099,ego,e po" In Calilar"10 has becd annu:llIy in lheU.S. Bctween 1940 and 1980, an c\timated one nilIlion :lcrCS were rmncd forsand and grol\el. and only one'lhrrd oflhat are.. was reclilillled (Swanson. 1982).Sand and gf"J\'C1 IIlrnlflg operalions ureusually located along past or presenlSlrcam courses; these area.'> oflen supporthighly productive wildlife habilue. Wellplanned aggregate pit reclam:1I10n canrcsultlfl cost savings 10 lhe 0pcl'1llOr.

increased end-usc land values. andincreased bencfit of hubitat to wildlife(Mencaeci and Carter. 1989).Reclam:ll ion of a gravel extraction pilfor wildlife habitat. whether in California

or Albena. rcquires an understandingof lhe planl communities und a S ~ O C i a l e dlandforms that provide lhe basic needs(food. water. and co\'er) for wildlifespecics. A delailed reclamation plan thaIidentifies u turgel wildlife specie, (orrelatcd group of wildlife :.pccies) and il.'>specific b a ~ i ~ needs should be preparcdprior to inilialing lhe mining operalion.Because habnat d i v e r ~ i t y is an imporlantconsideralion during reclamalion forwildlife. the plan should also strive to atlract other wildlife species. as w..:ll as thelarget specie:.. to lhe sile by e n ~ u r i n g thaiII conlains many different planl communities. landforms. and water sources. Notonly dcx:s this diversily direclly inerca:.e

13. CAliFORNr" GEOLOGY


15/24

\

{}N

0 i . . ~ " ' b ~ ~ " O Mit"

Healy Creek*,PllBanU

Healy Cfi,."('l Pit is located on an altuvialterrJCc m relam1'ly f1attcrram y,hll:hdid not allOY. for a y, ide variety of lantlform' to be created. The "muill-iobed"dc\ign and \"Crtieal relief of the pit provided the needed variety for intcgmtlonWith the ,urrounding tcrmin (photo 2).

Slopes may need to be graded to create amore gradual ri!>C to the pit edge: in genem!. slopes steeper than 30 percent lessenthe value of the resultant habnat (Greenand Salter_ 1987). The next step is todetermine if the target specks will U" t thea \ ~ J i l a b l c landforms and 10 increase the\.. ricty of landforms on the site. Mlninl;operations usually result in regularlyshaped landforms (rectangular pus).Because Irregularly shaped landformsprO' Ide bcuer habitat by i n c r c a . . ~ i n g theamount of foresl edge. the landformseau!.Cd b) mlllllll; oper.itions may requirerc,haplllg

PARKNATIONAL

BANFF

the use of vel;ctatlon to natumlize theinted'aee between new con!>true(lonand remaining f o r e ~ t :

con tour grading of ~ I o p e ~ 10 recreatelandforms and prevent erosion:

The nllnLll!! d c ~ l g n for the pitlncorporated fUllCllonal and operational requirements for a majOr gravcl e\lrac:tion mincoas ",..ell as habitat requirements for elk.Therefore. detailed plans for the cntireoperation were produced prior to mlnlllgimplemcmal10n (Figure 2).

mll limll. ing impacts to wildl ife byphased mining and sequentialrehabilitation of sand and gra\e1 pits.

londform

habitat re-creallon for hoovedmammah such a deer and ell.and fish;

The first ~ t e p LIl planning for wildlifehabnat ., to determlIle the type and variety of Iandform\ th:lt will be llvailabJcon the ~ I t e dunng the reclamation p h a ~ e .

Btllb"

rIg"'" 1. Banff National Po .... A1beffo, ConoOo, ~ n TtoruConocloHoghwCl)' otld On a.ea 01 sol'ld olld gtll'Yfd exlrOdlOfl olong H"1y C.Hl.

{ }N

oo>>

Heal) Creek pit provides a model of thetype of design criteria used for rehabilitation of other pi ts along the TCH corridor.The main concerns for reclamationplanning at the Healy Creek pit included:

The lIealy Creck pit exemplifies notonly thorough prior planning. but alsothoughtful planning for ell.. habitat andIo\>ildtife habitat divcnily. The success ofthe: Healy Creek pit reclamation progr:tmis based on the mullidisciplinur) planningprocess invohing s ~ c i a l i s t s from a \,nicl) of fields. nolabl) engmeering. \\ Ildhk biology. plam ecology. and landscapearchiteclUre. These experts workedtogether to mitigate the environmentaleffects ofthc mining oper.llion.

HEALY CREEK PIT

the numbcrof wildlife species. bUI II alrocreates borders. or "edges." betweendifferent plant communities. E d g c ~ h:l\'cbeen found to greally increase the numberof species able 10 use a s ite . as wei Ias theamount of usc a sile receives from any~ i v e n species.

>o

c"mORNI'" GEOLOGY J u , , ~ 1990


16/24

WaterDrailling courses or water b o d i e ~ . anessenti,ll feature for most wildlife reclamation projects. ~ h o u l d be designed forthe targel ~ p e c i e s (such as deep JlOndswith ...h,dlow are:lS for waterfowl). Watergreatly increases the number of . ' > p c c i e ~

:Ible to \ I . ~ e a site :lnd i n c r e a ~ ... the :lvaiJable edge habitll!. especially if combinedwilh an irregulllr shoreline.

,,,,,,."3 '0' J'ff'0fH E ~ l V , ," jCREEK ,-m ",,0,"", "", - ON ... ON -, , , Although water is not an e.'>senlialrequirement for elk ll:lbitat. J l O n d ~ wereincluded in the reclamation d e ~ i g n 10increase the use of Healy Creek pitby other mammab and waterfowl. Th eponds:11 lhe Healy Creek pit provide avariety of aqu:uk habitats because ofthe varying water deplhs. irregUlarshorelines. and season:ll water levelf J u e l U : l t i O n ~ .

PlontsFigure 2. Healy Creek pit neor the Sunshine Interchang!!, .howing the phased mining an d r"clamationplon (1.7). Se $ Photo 2. PJon by lombard North Group, Co/gory, Alberta.

Photo 2. Aeriol view 01 the multl.lobed delign of the Heoly Creek pit in 80nff Nol1onol Pork.Photo by A AndeNon.

The multi-lobed design of the pil wasbased on gr.tvcl extraction logblics amIthe sp:ltial requirements of elk habitat(foresled ,lfcas for c)'.:apc .JIld ('overwithin 300-600 feel of foraging arca.\)(Green and Salter. 1987). Th e main difference belween the Healy Creek pil andmorc convcmional designs o f gravel pi!:>is Ihe lISC of relatively shallow excavationcells as opposed to deeper. more rcclangular pils.

Th e Healy Creek pit was excavated [0 anmxirnurn depth of 17 feCI an d reclaimedto a depth of 13 feel wilh slopes nOI exceeding:l horizontal to vertical ratio of4: I . al lowing for easy access by elk. Thispit design required more land ,Ind treedearing than a more tmditional graveloperation would require. However. theph:lsing of mining and reclamation operations. the preparation of a detailed reclamation plan. and the integration of the pitwith e x i ~ t i n g landforms. gre:llly reducedthe ~ h o f l and long term impacts of gravelextraction comp:Hed with a more conventional pil oper:ltion.The ,1IJ1ount ,md quality of replaced

t o p ~ o i l s largely determine the product iv-ityofrx:c1aimed 1'llIds. In montane regions. top!'>Qil i often limited: therefore.the mining :lnd reclamation plan trx:ated

t o p ~ o i l s a a r e ~ o u r c c rather lhan a con~ t r u c t i O I l material. TUlJMlil stockpiles were~ t m t c g i c a l l y located and repl:leertlellt wasp h : l ~ e d to 1I1Inimize erosion and damageto the live eomponenb of the soil.

Plants selecled for reclamalion projectsshould Dc based on lhe climate. soils.landforms. water forms. and lhe needs ofthe largel species. Healy Creek pit is 10-caled in the montane life lOne that typically has coot. short surtllllers. and longcold winters. The Banff region has largeseasonal and annual variations in precipilation and temper,Hure. with annual rainfall mngcs from 15 inches 10 50 inchesand temperatures ranges frortl 85 degreesFahrenheit in summer 10 - 20 degrees

136 CALIFORNIA GfOlOGY June t990


17/24

Photo 3 An.A: he,d grozltS In . . . . . 'Wor..t willtife hobolal, f _ r i y 1M HeoI)r Cr .... . - d andg.....el pol. noro bl' It. K-'ius.

lal and :-hould be etlher left In pl:K'e 00lOe Sile (lr added 10 the final planllng desl!!n. Atlhe Healy Creel. pll. dcbm. con\I\lrnf of de:ld tree, from the ! ! n 1 l l h m ~ oflhe slle.....-as placed wllhln lhe mcadov..s10 udd another dllllcns;(m ! I:faS\lands. The Irees and shrubs scrttn lhemeadows from nearby rollds and OIherdisturb:lnces. e!\Sure immediate cover andfood for wildlife 'ptticll nd proviJc: ancarby courcc of seed and planl malerialslhal will naturally illV'.tdc Ihc .ilc.

ACllvc re\"cgclallon ef!mts l i f t oftenI ' I C c o ~ r y 10 speed up lhe latunl pro-(" Sh . Incrc3..se lhc nlllnbcr of rlantSf'CCICS on a site. and minlmlJC erosionIfplanlS are manuall) mstalled on a ~ l l C .the plant nluenal), should be pl:IICcd 1ftIrregular pallcrns 10 ertlance habllat dwcrsily; rows or unikKmly spiloCcd dc),I1l1bshould be ;I\olded Specie, choices shouldDe CrMlIpalllJle Wllh the Site t;haractCflSlICS.pnwidt food (W" COYer lOr the 1arp:1 specie!>.and. if non-native. be non-invasIVe.The main food >;oorc:e (Ihe meadows)al lhe lIealy Credo pll wall qUlCl.ly estab

l i ~ h e d by scedmg wilh fe-.roe. ",heatg l ~ . I gloi. and bluc:gIOCo). an d nalur.J1 m\"OISlon of lhe area \lob encouragedb) pffi\'Khn& a sullablc seedbed A lewlree anJ ~ groupt.gs IIlCre placedwlthm lhe meadows 10 provide eO\'eraway flOm the pll edge. Trtc. shrub. andbtrbaccous planlmgs lI.:rease the S11l1Clur.aJ d l ~ " , i l ) ' oflhe mullanl hahital. an dprovide bellcr habllat V".t1ucs ('ueh as bothfood 0100 "O'l'Cr) lhan oIny of Ihe cumpunenls alone. In addilion. nags. slumps.anti (Jcbfls p-ovldc: valuable ....lldhlc habl-

rhe ,ucceM of the Ileal) Creel. pllreclam.lIlOn prot!r.U1l "'':IS assured by lheIIllcnilloCiphnar) pbnnllg approach. includllll: ClIpcrl' from .all concerned f i e l J ~ .by the dynamIC plannlll& p ~ . .and b)~ s p o m l b l e lIrpll.'menlalion. ThiS ~ m t "muhldl.sciplma.r) p1annmg approoch torco;!a",..tlUlI of l>altd illKl g r..\'t"ll'lbcan bt cquat1) successful In rcslorlng.enha.ncing. or P1O\ Kiln! "'lkUl(C habItatIn California.

REFERENCESer-n. J E ~ a n d So/l.... i . E . . 1 9 8 7 . ~ k w,.domelon ofw,IdJif. hobllot in Ih . (o.....dCinpro.". ptQ\'>n


18/24

Books reviewed in this section ar e not available lor purchase from DMG.

Hard rock miners of the Blue Grovel gold mine. Siskiyou Counly. Underground miners in the 1800s hodto be physicolly tough becouse their worlr: wos orduous. Note the white condles they used to light theirwoy underground. Cove-ins, pop-outs, lires, Roods, premoture explosions 01 blosting chorges. timbers,ond equipment lolling down deep sholls coused trogic occidentswhich were 011 '0 0 Irequent in theunderground mine. of Colilornio during the 18oos. In mines thot were hundreds of lee' deep. foils wereo common couse of deoth. Although hord rock mining hos become much lOfer in recent yeors, it remains as One 01 the most dongerou. profe.. ions. Photos courtesy of the Siskiyou C(wllly HistoricalSociety.

BookM'lIIng HistoryGOLD MINING IN SISKIYOU COUNTY1850-1900. By Gary D. Stumpf. 1979. Siskiyou County Historical Society. 910 South

Main Street. Yreka. CA 96097.140 p. S9.51.includes shipping and lax: paper cover.One of the most important hiSlOrical eventsin the hislory of CaliFornia occurrcd On january 24.1848 when James W. Marshall d i ~ cO\'cred gold while digging a lailrace for asawmill at Coloma. about 36 miles e a ~ t ofSUtlCrS Fort. Apparently. the F i r ~ t primednotice of lhe ~ o l d d,scovery at Coloma was illthe Clllift""hlll newspaper. published in SanFr.tnciseo on March 15. 1848. On May 29.1848 the newspaper announced that it wassuspending publicalion because ilS OWn employees were joining the search for gold inSierra Ncvada.In addition to the Mother Lode of theSierra Nevada. the Klamath M o u n t a i n ~ innorthwestern California have produced impressive quantities of gold. The principalgold mining countics in lhe Klamath Mountains include Shasta. Siskiyou. and Trinity.In lhis region gold-bearing quart2 veins occu r in metamorphic rocks of Paleozoic andMesoloic age lhat have been invaded bygranitic rocks of Jurassic age. Numerousdikes are associated Wilh the gold veins.Gold also occurs in placer deposits alongri\",rs and streams.

A wing-dam gold plocermine on the Klamath River OcroU from the long Gulch gold distrid. 5i.kiyou County. circo 1890.. The lorgespinning currenl wheel in Ihe foreground powers 0 pump thot wo. used to wosh Ihe gold from the ';ve' grovel. an d sands. The pile ofolluviol 'ock on which the men or e .tonding was .tocked will. lheaid 01 a wooden derrick lcente, of photol. Note lhe Rum" operolionOn upper left .ide 01 photo.

138 CALlfORNtA GEOLOGY June 1990


19/24

ReviewsIn 18491lotd p r o s p e C l o r ~ f,rsl exploredthe Klamath. SCOll, and Salmon f i ~ e r s of theKl:arnalh Moontains geomorphic province

In June J850 gold was discovered ncar lhcconfluence of the North and Soutll forl.s ofChe Salmon RI\"cr, S I ~ I . I Y O U Counly. bUl thesmall amounts of placer gold proved 10 beI n ~ i g n l f i c a n l and lhe prospel."IOrS conI inucdtheirscarch In March 1851 significantamounts of placer gold v.erc d l ~ ( ) \ ' e r e d alYreka F1:us. Wllhin six weds about 2.000gold-hungry men had rushed to the spot: theSiski)ou County gold r u ~ h w a on.In the carly days of the gold rush Cl\lr"ctIllg placer dust. rrakes. and nuggets from surface g r a ~ ' c J s an(l sands demanded lillie in the,,'ay of equipment. skill. or manpower. Theearly miner was a lough. independent fellowwho lool;ed upon his quest for riches as"every man for himself." Pans. rockers. long!Oms, and sluu:es were allihal was required!O make a fortune. Howe\'er, as gold becameharder 10 find, more efficient. largerscalemethods - such as drlfl mining, hydraulicmining, and lode mining - were employed!O extnCl it. These methods required moresophisticated equipment. were more expensive. and commonly required financial bad-Ing. The once independenl miner lOIn forced10 combine his efforts with others 10 make aliving. Some of the early da}' romance ofprospecting was 10Sl in Ihe process: lhe pursun of gold became less of an advenlure andlllOl"e like another way lO make a living.

'lie PII" Moll gold mine on the Klomotll River I\O'Or Gott>rille, Siskiyou County, circo 1890. Th.. mineoperated for six months 0 year during periods allow woler IIow on Ille river. The wing_dom ("pper leftof plloto) il 1I0iding lhe woler out of Ihis expoled and excovated ledion of river bed. The CV"enlwheel, "'rned by the river on tile other side of Ihe dom, WOI po.....r. d by two "Chin pumps.w lACllinese pump wos 0 slonting wooden ~ with the lower .n d in the ........ through wllicll On endl. . .choin ofslanted wooden boords- thaI jul t iiI the Irough - moved upwo,ds. uS\lOlty by meOns 01 0treodmin.1

Till! 18905 min. . wlleeled lIil borrow from 'nO"llly Center by way 01 e,no and Sawy.... B.ar 10 GrollomGulell - a distonee of obo,,' 50 miles - where Ill.' slruc:k a S6.000 pockelof plocer gold

A drift mine w'as a h o r i ~ o n t a l passage dugunderground to follow lhe gold-bearing dePOSil and lhlS mcthod was primarily used toexcavale placer gold. Underground crosscutmining mel hods were somellmes used 10 in-l e r ~ c t Ihe gold ore al depth The h)draullcmlnmg method lOla.' u ~ e d 10 e ~ ' r a t l auriferou'gra\"Cls nd sands by means of highpres)ureW:llcr )CIS. often called "'gianI," or"11l0rlltors. "The lode mining method was uwd 10 follow gold-bearing fis)ure) wilh a"o,'ialedQuanl. and melallic sulfide mmerah IR lhe"ouoI,y rod, A lode mIRe IS communlycalled a "'hard rock mine" bccau!>(' ,IeellOul,. dynamne. and powerful cru)hmg ma-c h l R e ~ are required 10 e ~ l r a c t Ihe gold Und l . ' r ~ r o u o d mIRing mel hod) were dangerou'openlllOns Ihal reqUired )pecialiled equIp,mCn! and knowledgePrior 10 lhe 1970" lhe Klamalh Mount:lIn,wa' the !'Ccond mo.t rrodu,ti\'c gold regionin Califurnlll Sl\l.lYOu Counly Wa) a prlllc"pal gold produclRj! area m the KI;ullJlhMounlams unllllhe 1930, T h l ~ booi. de"'rlbe' the \anous mIning melho\h and theeqUlpllleol j!old m l n e r ~ emplu)ed 10 " re't lheyellow melal from Ihe rugged Jnd .ecnienM)


20/24

. . .

MINERALS ANI) ROCKS. ExerCIse' InCryMal108mphy, Miner.l108Y. and /-landSpecHnen l'cuolO8y, lIy Cornel" Klem1989. John Wiley &. Sons. 60S Third Avenue.New York. NY 10158 402 p. $28 ,95. papercover.Exercises in Ihis collect ion arc des,gnedto supplemenl an introduclory nnner..logycoorse or a beginning-level m,neralogyIlClrology course.ThlTly-fivc e x e r c l ~ s . whie-h Cl1vc:r a Wider..nge of IOPICS m cryslallography. nUllcr.. l_OSY. and hand specimen pelrolog)'. arcineluded. A stalemenl of g o a l ~ , backgroundmformation. references, and IIllllany cases amalertals lIS. are tncloded "llh eaeh a ~ s ' g n .menl, The book i n e l u d e ~ bolh .self-conlainedc ~ e r c l s e ' Ihat can be performed oUl)IlJc: Ihec l a s ~ r o u m or laboT:llory and nlaleTlal,depcndem exercise, II.hich l lIU\1 be pcrfurmedm a elassmom.

Many b t ) ( ) ~ S havc been "-'fllIen ",-,htch shedIIghl on lhe ~ o c i a l a n d cultoral history of lheguld ro,h er.. In Caltfurni;l. Thl' narr.ttl\'e ofa gtfted sloryleller relays IInporlant lhemesuf l:urOf'C'an and American history - l h ercaCIIOfl of lhe Frcnchman 10 Ihe gold ru,h.lhe plonecr espenence of illlnllgr.tms III theWC'I Coast. the forctgn per'peellve on life Innmctcenlh-cenlury Caltfornla and Ihe P..lClflCNurthwe,I, Ihc CUSlom, of Ihe n o w e ~ l , n c lYosennlc Illdians.In 11150. JeanN,eolas l'crlUI. al .. cnty-'tXye:lr old Belgian, lefl !'ans 10 JOin a Frcnchmining company btlUnd for the gold ficld.1 ofCalifornIa. l'


21/24

A 930 m i l l l o ~ wI.t_Io_eo.' on section from tile Colifornia Continental aorderiand ta the RiaGronde nh.Lote Tertiary ta pr...nt day tectonic mo".menl in this region pnneipolly cou d by Crul'tale.tension ond nfling procel105. Theil force. ore octing on old. . rock tilot hoi undergone Ihru.tf o u l t i ~ ouocioled witil occrellon tectonic movemel'll. m.y.: ",i"ion. of yeof'$ old; Go: glgoonnum,meon....g bI.ion. 01 yeOf'$ old.

""

$ 10.00$ 8.00

Pnce includ05pottage oMi sole. to .

..... 0.0


22/24

" - .ADDRESS FORM FOR ALL ORDERSPlease pronl or lype

PAYMENTMUST BE INCLUDED WITHORDER

T.KII"OI09'f of WoIer MOfNIOflft{jWATER SAMPLING 1989 Edlled byJaromll Kra]ta Translallon edited by JcremyJ()!i('ph A ~ " l i l l a b i c from Jolin Wiley ol Sons.Inc, . 605 Thud A \ ~ n u c . Ne\\ York. NY10158 212 p S8995. hard ("over

Waler III a subSlanllallnd "1111 componenlolihe envlrOnmenl1n ... hK-h .. I i ~ ~ Because:or Ihls facl. upc'f1s from around lhe "'orldll'cognl:' a r:fO>lnl need 10 monllor ",alerqualll), on a r : ~ l snle Succtssfultn"lronmenIal protl'tllOlland 1M .. h l t ~ ~ m e n I S ofa:o!or:lCaltOrlSC'n-;l11Oll depc'nd on Ih tI'-;lllabllll)' of larlt dala bllRlpIIllIIO more ' J I C \ ' l f t ~U'>I:\ Incllldml! lhC' ....mphnr: 01 alrJlO'phcrl\:preelpI\3t,on. ,urfa.:e ",aler. " 'I I . .aler, and~ r Q U n d \ \ - ; l t e l

. . . MoreReviews

ocrOBER 17. 1989 EARTHQUAKI:.SA""'TA CRUZ MOUNTAINS (Sltde Sell ByGl1Iduale SllkScnts al Ihe Un"'cl"ill) ofCaltfornl:O. S3nla Cru:( 1989 A\1II1:obk fromE.arlh ScIence 8o.ard. AuenllOll In n Oranr:tand Jeff l\.13rshal1. Quale Photo!>. Unl\enll)ofCahforntil. Sanla Cnu. CA 9 ~ 5 0 0pt r 'oC1lm:ol.e ehed, pa)";;lblc 10 l: C RCJCn'-'l;alk"'" four " ,b for l k h ~ ~ I )GradWlle Sllklcnl\ al Ihe Unl\"Cr'll) of CaltfornlI'ehon,. and oblique \Ie\\ ' .both .lO and 2-DI. IC'\O of lround deformaIIIIft, landslides. hqucfiICllon eflc:und dtf{\f'mauon. lI('ce!cromelerUala, anda 1 . 1 p a ~ e 11"1 descnblllg the eloTlhquale InIC"neraland a ~ l t d e - b ) - ) h d t dl ...... u \ ~ t < ' " , he'1'1" of ,eneflll I n l l : r C ' ~ l t O l ' l r l h "-,I('nl,,hand" \ulIJhle for U'l' In ! ! C i ) I ~ ) da,'llliable fromIknn .. !'In. P 0 8o, 10.\1. Auburn. ('A9 ~ 6 0 4 S20 00 per 'oC1Lum" I ' r t e l ~ l."rl!lquJlC' shdc ..el, 'unlaln,''''CIlI)' lSmm ~ l t d e ) \\Ilh a lH:wllcd c\pl:tnalion of c",,'h ,1",1e and a facl \heel on lhe(ktuber 17. 19l{9 e"rlhqual,' c>'enl Slide,dCpKI 'Iru':lurat dJI1I"ge in the ,'IIIC\ III1l1l111,lcr. Sanl" Cru/, and W a l , o n ~ ,lie; IlljllC'jdl.:lIon (mud \ulcanuc' ur ..and bolhl nedrC.. 'tru\llle; land,IiJlng and f f l l l ' l l I r i n ~ ,n rhcS..nld Crul MUUnIJln" and Ihe ",.lldp'>Cd(' ) I 're" , ' r U ~ 1 ure II I 031.1a ndThe ,l,.k: '1'1 ,,\ullat>1c fur d,""'MIm u...:In Ilrom .., ) lhmugh upper ~ r J " " "

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23/24

A Page for Teachers

Visit a Mine

School ch,kI,en pose by huge ....,..,"9 equlp""ent at Jo ....estown ....,.... Tuolumn. Counly, Cal,fomla,durill9 a vnit 10 the mme. Jamestown has 11'1. third h ' 9 h ~ l t p


24/24

STATE OF CALIFORNIATHE RESOURCES AGENCYDEPARTMENTOF CONSERVATIONCALIFORNIA GEOLOGY

DIVISION OFMINES AND GEOLOGY

P.O. BOX 2980SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA 95812-013\

USPS 350 840ADDRESS CORRECTION REOUESTED

DMG Release t

SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAIDAT SACRAMENTO, CALIFORNIA

SPECIAL REPORT 163SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER

MANAGEMENT IN SURFACEMINED-LAND RECLAMATION. ByBarbarJ Evoy and Mell-loJland. J989.39 p.. 17 figures. 3 tables. $10.00.T h i s reporl provides informalion on surface water and groundwater managementfor usc in the mined-land rcclamat iOIlplanning process in California. Minedl:lnd reclamation. as defined by the California Surface Mining and RedamationAct. is lhe combination of land lrealments which p r e ~ ' e n t or minimize waterdegradation. air polhllion. damage toaquali, or wildlife habilal, and c m ~ i o nr e ~ u h i l l g from a ~ u r f a c e mining upcrulion.

Surface water alld groundwater man;lgellleni phlY an integral role in nearlyevery reclamat ion plan. Groundwater andsurface waler runoff (bolh onto and off oflhe site) must orten be evaluated (I ) lO design flooding :tnd erosion proteclion measures such : l drainage channels. levees.culverts. or riprap: (2) 10 prepare andcarry OUI a s u c c e s ~ f u l revcget:l\ion progr.nll: (3) 10 design slable final ~ I o p e s :(4) 10 m'lximil-e polenti,ll available wal

california geology magazine june 1990

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