calls for reform 1880-1914 the spoils system pre-1880 election. newly elected officials would...
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Calls for ReformCalls for Reform
1880-19141880-1914
The Spoils SystemThe Spoils System
Pre-1880 election.Pre-1880 election.
Newly elected Newly elected officials would officials would discharge 1000’s of discharge 1000’s of officeholders and officeholders and replace them with replace them with political favorites.political favorites.
Rutherford B. HayesRutherford B. Hayes
Elected President in Elected President in 1876.1876.Tries to reform the Tries to reform the “spoils system” by “spoils system” by refusing to appoint refusing to appoint political supporters to political supporters to public office unless public office unless they were qualified for they were qualified for the job.the job.Limited success, but Limited success, but alienates Republican alienates Republican members of Congress.members of Congress.
Hayes’ CabinetHayes’ Cabinet
William EvartsWilliam EvartsSecretary of StateSecretary of StateDefended Andrew JohnsonDefended Andrew Johnson
John ShermanJohn ShermanSecretary of TreasurySecretary of TreasuryLong-time Hayes supporter.Long-time Hayes supporter.
George McCraryGeorge McCrarySecretary of WarSecretary of WarIowa congressman who created the Iowa congressman who created the 1876 electoral commission.1876 electoral commission.
Richard ThompsonRichard ThompsonSecretary of NavySecretary of NavyRepublican congressmanRepublican congressman
Charles DevansCharles DevansAttorney GeneralAttorney GeneralMassachusetts judgeMassachusetts judge
David KeyDavid KeyPostmaster GeneralPostmaster GeneralEx- Confederate officer from Ex- Confederate officer from Tennessee.Tennessee.
A Party DividedA Party Divided
StalwartsStalwarts100 % loyal to the 100 % loyal to the spoils and spoils and patronage system.patronage system.
Led by Senator Led by Senator Roscoe Conkling of Roscoe Conkling of New York.New York.
Half-BreedsHalf-BreedsRepublicans ½ loyal Republicans ½ loyal to reform and ½ to reform and ½ loyal to the spoils loyal to the spoils system.system.
Led by Senator Led by Senator James G. Blaine of James G. Blaine of Maine.Maine.
Election of 1880Election of 1880
RepublicansRepublicansHayes chooses not to run Hayes chooses not to run again.again.Non-reform minded Non-reform minded Republicans try to re-Republicans try to re-nominate U.S. Grant. nominate U.S. Grant. Reform-minded Republicans Reform-minded Republicans nominate James Garfield nominate James Garfield (Half-breed)(Half-breed)Chester Arthur, a non-Chester Arthur, a non-reformist (Stalwart) chosen reformist (Stalwart) chosen as VP.as VP.
DemocratsDemocratsWinfield HancockWinfield HancockFormer Civil War general.Former Civil War general.
Garfield wins!Garfield wins!
Election of 1880Election of 1880
Garfield’s Garfield’s CabinetCabinet
James G. BlaineJames G. Blaine
StateState
Half-BreedHalf-Breed
Robert Todd LincolnRobert Todd Lincoln
WarWar
NeutralNeutral
Samuel KirkwoodSamuel Kirkwood
InteriorInterior
NeutralNeutral
William WindomWilliam Windom
TreasuryTreasury
Half-BreedHalf-Breed
William HuntWilliam Hunt
NavyNavy
NeutralNeutral
The only positions The only positions offered to Stalwarts offered to Stalwarts were Attorney were Attorney General and General and Postmaster General.Postmaster General.
The Garfield PresidencyThe Garfield Presidency
Day after inauguration, 100’s of Day after inauguration, 100’s of people come to the White House people come to the White House looking for govt. jobs.looking for govt. jobs.
Blaine has a Charles Guiteau barred Blaine has a Charles Guiteau barred from the White House. from the White House.
Tries to reform the spoils system Tries to reform the spoils system by requiring “basis of merit.”by requiring “basis of merit.”
People who get govt. jobs should be People who get govt. jobs should be the best qualified.the best qualified.
Dealing with the political wishes Dealing with the political wishes of Half-Breeds and Stalwarts.of Half-Breeds and Stalwarts.
Conkling resigns his Senate seat as Conkling resigns his Senate seat as a protest of Garfield’s appointments.a protest of Garfield’s appointments.
Hostile relationship with VP Hostile relationship with VP Arthur.Arthur.
Bars him from the White House.Bars him from the White House.
Assassination of Garfield Assassination of Garfield July 2, 1881- Garfield is July 2, 1881- Garfield is shot in the back at a shot in the back at a Washington train station Washington train station while leaving for while leaving for vacation. vacation.
Charles GuiteauCharles GuiteauDisappointed govt. job Disappointed govt. job seeker who was refused a seeker who was refused a government job because government job because of mental instability.of mental instability.
““I did it and will go to jail I did it and will go to jail for it. I am a Stalwart, for it. I am a Stalwart, and Arthur will be and Arthur will be President.”President.”
Death of President GarfieldDeath of President Garfield
Guiteau fired two Guiteau fired two shots.shots.
One hit Garfield’s hand, One hit Garfield’s hand, the other entered the the other entered the lower back.lower back.
X-ray had not been X-ray had not been invented so doctors invented so doctors probed the wound probed the wound with unsterilized with unsterilized instruments and instruments and fingers looking for the fingers looking for the bullet, but could not bullet, but could not find it.find it.September 19, 1881- September 19, 1881- Garfield dies of Garfield dies of infection.infection.
State of American MedicineState of American Medicine
AllopathsAllopaths
““Old school” Old school” philosophies.philosophies.
Believed in bleeding, Believed in bleeding, blistering, vomiting, blistering, vomiting, puss, and purging.puss, and purging.
““Heroic” medicine- the Heroic” medicine- the more you give the more you give the better you will feel.better you will feel.
Willard Bliss, Garfield’s Willard Bliss, Garfield’s doctor believed in this doctor believed in this philosophy.philosophy.
HomeopathsHomeopaths
Developed in GermanyDeveloped in Germany
Young doctors.Young doctors.
Sterilized hands and Sterilized hands and instruments.instruments.
Believed in therapy, Believed in therapy, good nutrition, and good nutrition, and proper diet.proper diet.
Silas Hoynton, Silas Hoynton, Garfield’s wife’s doctor Garfield’s wife’s doctor believed in this.believed in this.
Joseph ListerJoseph Lister
English doctor.English doctor.Developed the antiseptic Developed the antiseptic system.system.
Proposed a relationship Proposed a relationship between bacteria, pus, between bacteria, pus, and wound infection.and wound infection.Called for hand washing Called for hand washing and instrument and instrument sterilization.sterilization.
1876- Addressed 1876- Addressed American doctors in American doctors in Philadelphia.Philadelphia.
Over ½ of Garfield’s Over ½ of Garfield’s doctors were at this doctors were at this lecture.lecture.
Allopaths- doubted.Allopaths- doubted.Homeopaths- Homeopaths- applauded.applauded.
Chester A. ArthurChester A. Arthur
Replaces GarfieldReplaces GarfieldHad never run for any Had never run for any political office.political office.
Had been appointed Had been appointed Customs Collector at Customs Collector at the Port of New York.the Port of New York.Fired by Hayes.Fired by Hayes.
Close friend to Sen. Close friend to Sen. Conkling.Conkling.Never wanted to be Never wanted to be President.President.
““Chet Arthur? President of the Chet Arthur? President of the United States? Good God!”United States? Good God!”
Replaces Garfield’s Replaces Garfield’s cabinet.cabinet.Pushes for civil service Pushes for civil service reform.reform.Redecorates the White Redecorates the White House.House.Vetoes the Chinese Vetoes the Chinese Exclusion Act.Exclusion Act.
Excluded Chinese from Excluded Chinese from America for 20 years.America for 20 years.Alienates Western Alienates Western Republicans.Republicans.
Vetoes the River and Vetoes the River and Harbors Bill of 1882.Harbors Bill of 1882.
Full of individual projects.Full of individual projects.Overturned.Overturned.
Pendleton Act of 1883Pendleton Act of 1883
Written by Democrat Written by Democrat Senator George Senator George Pendleton.Pendleton.Established the Civil Established the Civil Service Commission to Service Commission to issue tests to all issue tests to all persons wanting persons wanting federal jobs.federal jobs.
All jobs would be filled All jobs would be filled based on based on meritmerit..
Arthur signs into law.Arthur signs into law.Loses favor of non-Loses favor of non-reform Republicans and reform Republicans and is not re-nominated for is not re-nominated for President. President.
Election of 1884Election of 1884
RepublicanRepublicanJames G. BlaineJames G. Blaine• Arthur loses Republican Arthur loses Republican
nominationnomination
DemocratsDemocratsGrover ClevelandGrover Cleveland
Blaine accused of being a Blaine accused of being a non-reformist/pro-big non-reformist/pro-big business candidatebusiness candidate
Mugwumps- Reformist Mugwumps- Reformist Republicans bolt to the Republicans bolt to the Democratic candidate.Democratic candidate.
Cleveland winsCleveland winsFirst Democratic victory in First Democratic victory in 28 years.28 years.
The MugwumpsThe Mugwumps
Upper middle-class Upper middle-class reformist reformist Republicans.Republicans.
Men like:Men like:
Beliefs:Beliefs:1.1. Opposed protective Opposed protective
tariffs.tariffs.
2.2. Civil service reform.Civil service reform.
3.3. Gold standard for Gold standard for money.money.
George W. Curtis, Editor Charles Adams,
Politician
Charles Eliot, Architect
Thomas Higginson, Publisher
Election ScandalsElection ScandalsClevelandCleveland1.1. Accused of fathering and Accused of fathering and
illegitimate son.illegitimate son.• Cleveland actually Cleveland actually
befriended a widow and befriended a widow and then supported the boy then supported the boy when the mother went when the mother went crazy.crazy.
• Cleveland informs the Cleveland informs the Democratic Party to, “tell Democratic Party to, “tell the truth” about the the truth” about the scandal.scandal.
2.2. Had never served in the Had never served in the Civil War.Civil War.
3.3. Republican sloganRepublican slogan““Ma! Ma! Where’s my Pa? Ma! Ma! Where’s my Pa? Gone to the White Gone to the White House, ha, ha, ha!”House, ha, ha, ha!”
BlaineBlaine1.1. Accused of secretly Accused of secretly
marrying his wife because marrying his wife because she was pregnant.she was pregnant.
2.2. ““Rum, Romanism, and Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion”Rebellion”
Accusations at the Accusations at the Democratic Party.Democratic Party.Insults Prohibitionists, Insults Prohibitionists, Catholics, and Southerners.Catholics, and Southerners.
3.3. Holds a dinner with Holds a dinner with America’s wealthiest men.America’s wealthiest men.
4.4. Democrat sloganDemocrat slogan““Blaine, Blaine, Blaine, Th e Blaine, Blaine, Blaine, Th e continental liar from the continental liar from the state of Maine. Burn this state of Maine. Burn this letter!”letter!”
Election of 1884Election of 1884
Grover ClevelandGrover Cleveland
Reform mindedReform mindedVetoed over 200 bills Vetoed over 200 bills attempting to give attempting to give veteran’s pensions for veteran’s pensions for “flimsy reasons.”“flimsy reasons.”
Presidential Succession Presidential Succession Act- extended succession Act- extended succession into the cabinetinto the cabinet
Electoral Count Act- all Electoral Count Act- all electoral vote counts had electoral vote counts had to be approved by the to be approved by the governor of that stategovernor of that state
Interstate Commerce Act- Interstate Commerce Act- establishes the ICC.establishes the ICC.
Marriage of Grover Marriage of Grover ClevelandCleveland
June 2, 1885- June 2, 1885- Cleveland and Cleveland and Folsom are married Folsom are married in the White House.in the White House.
1885- Cleveland 1885- Cleveland becomes engaged to becomes engaged to Frances Folsom, the Frances Folsom, the daughter of his late daughter of his late best friend Oscar best friend Oscar Folsom.Folsom.
Frances is 20Frances is 20Cleveland is 48Cleveland is 48
Interstate Commerce Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)Commission (ICC)
Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Act of 1887of 1887Passed to correct the # of Passed to correct the # of railroad abusesrailroad abuses
Pooling- railroads in the Pooling- railroads in the same area would join same area would join together and charge together and charge farmers certain rates.farmers certain rates.
• NO COMPETITION !!NO COMPETITION !!
Rebates- Railroads would Rebates- Railroads would give large corporations a give large corporations a refund on shipping refund on shipping charges in exchange for charges in exchange for their business.their business.
1.1. Outlawed poolingOutlawed pooling2.2. Outlawed rebates and low Outlawed rebates and low
rates for special favors.rates for special favors.3.3. Could not charge more for Could not charge more for
a short haul.a short haul.4.4. Could not charge Could not charge
unreasonably high rates.unreasonably high rates.5.5. Commission had the Commission had the
authority to investigate authority to investigate allall aspects of the RR aspects of the RR business.business.
Difficulties with Difficulties with enforcement because of enforcement because of no support from the no support from the Courts.Courts.
Election of 1888Election of 1888
Republican BeliefsRepublican BeliefsSupport in the Support in the Northeast and Northeast and MidwestMidwest
Strong government Strong government intervention in intervention in economic economic development.development.
Democrat BeliefsDemocrat BeliefsSupport in the Support in the SouthSouth
Small government Small government and states rights.and states rights.
Opposition to high Opposition to high tariffs.tariffs.
Election of 1888Election of 1888
DemocratDemocratGrover ClevelandGrover Cleveland
RepublicanRepublicanBenjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison
Republicans raise over $4 Republicans raise over $4 million.million.
Buy votes at $20 a piece in key Buy votes at $20 a piece in key electoral states.electoral states.
Cleveland receives over Cleveland receives over 100,000 more popular votes, 100,000 more popular votes, but loses the electoral countbut loses the electoral count
233 to 166233 to 166
Cleveland’s wife tells Cleveland’s wife tells Harrison’s wife not to touch Harrison’s wife not to touch anything in the White House, anything in the White House, “we’ll be back.” “we’ll be back.”
Issues??Issues??
ClevelandClevelandRefuses to campaign Refuses to campaign and goes on vacation.and goes on vacation.Accused of beating his Accused of beating his wife.wife.Murchison Affair- A Murchison Affair- A California Republican California Republican posing as a British posing as a British immigrate is told by immigrate is told by the British the British ambassador to vote ambassador to vote for Cleveland because for Cleveland because it is good for business.it is good for business.
Issues??Issues??
HarrisonHarrisonCivil War veteranCivil War veteran
5’6” tall5’6” tall
Always wore a Always wore a beaver high hat.beaver high hat.
Regarded as being Regarded as being “cold” and “glacial.”“cold” and “glacial.”
Election of 1888Election of 1888
Benjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison
Replaces all Replaces all Democrat Democrat officeholders with officeholders with Republicans and Republicans and reverses many of reverses many of Cleveland’s reforms.Cleveland’s reforms.
November 8, 1889- November 8, 1889- Montana becomes Montana becomes 4141stst state in the state in the Union.Union.
Civil War PensionsCivil War Pensions
Harrison wants more Harrison wants more money for veterans.money for veterans.Appoints James Tanner as Appoints James Tanner as Commissioner of Commissioner of Pensions.Pensions.
A former Civil War Corporal A former Civil War Corporal who lost both legs in battle.who lost both legs in battle.
Becomes reckless with Becomes reckless with public money by public money by stretching rules.stretching rules.
He states he will give He states he will give money to "every old money to "every old comrade that needs it" comrade that needs it"
Harrison asks for his Harrison asks for his resignation.resignation.
Presidential LegislatorPresidential Legislator
Believed that his job Believed that his job was to follow the was to follow the wishes of the Senate wishes of the Senate and the House.and the House.James G. Blaine- James G. Blaine- Secretary of StateSecretary of State
Political rivalPolitical rivalVery ineffective and lazyVery ineffective and lazy
Harrison would Harrison would personally offer written personally offer written amendments to many amendments to many Congressional bills.Congressional bills.
Reversal of ReformReversal of Reform
Sherman Silver Purchase Sherman Silver Purchase ActAct
Increased the amount Increased the amount of money in circulation.of money in circulation.
Attempt to help mining Attempt to help mining interests and farmers.interests and farmers.
Sherman Antitrust ActSherman Antitrust ActTrust- attempt to Trust- attempt to consolidate many consolidate many corporations into one corporations into one in an attempt to in an attempt to increase profits.increase profits.Attempted to make Attempted to make illegal all “contracts or illegal all “contracts or trusts that tried to trusts that tried to limit trade.”limit trade.”
Never defined “trust” or Never defined “trust” or “monopoly”“monopoly”
Unable to enforce in Unable to enforce in the courts.the courts.
Election of 1892Election of 1892
RepublicansRepublicansBenjamin HarrisonBenjamin Harrison
DemocratsDemocratsGrover ClevelandGrover Cleveland
Populist PartyPopulist PartyJames WeaverJames Weaver
Harrison highly Harrison highly criticized by farmers criticized by farmers and laborers.and laborers.Cleveland wins !Cleveland wins !Populists win 22 Populists win 22 electoral votes, get 3 electoral votes, get 3 governors, and governors, and representatives to representatives to Congress.Congress.
The Populist PartyThe Populist Party
Consisted of unhappy Consisted of unhappy rural farmers.rural farmers.
Wanted 16:1 Silver Wanted 16:1 Silver coinage, direct election of coinage, direct election of Senators, secret ballots, 8 Senators, secret ballots, 8 hr work day, and one-hr work day, and one-term limit for president.term limit for president.
Led by:Led by:Gov. “Pitchfork Ben” Gov. “Pitchfork Ben” Tillman of South CarolinaTillman of South CarolinaRep. Tom Watson of Rep. Tom Watson of GeorgiaGeorgiaEditor Annie DiggsEditor Annie DiggsMary Ellen Lease- “Raise Mary Ellen Lease- “Raise less corn and more hell!”less corn and more hell!”Rep. “Sockless Jerry Rep. “Sockless Jerry Simpson of Kansas.Simpson of Kansas.
Election of 1892Election of 1892
Grover Cleveland’s Second Grover Cleveland’s Second TermTerm
Wilson-Gorman Wilson-Gorman Tariff ActTariff Act
Attempt to lower the Attempt to lower the McKinley Tariff Act.McKinley Tariff Act.
Adds a 2% income Adds a 2% income tax, but is found tax, but is found unconstitutional.unconstitutional.
Cleveland refuses to Cleveland refuses to sign, but allows to sign, but allows to become law after 10 become law after 10 days.days.
1893 Depression1893 Depression
Stock market crashes, Stock market crashes, farm prices plunged, farm prices plunged, and factories closed.and factories closed.Cleveland blames the Cleveland blames the Sherman Silver Sherman Silver Purchase ActPurchase Act
Only way to end the Only way to end the depression was to “go depression was to “go back” to the gold back” to the gold standard on money.standard on money.Silver Dollar = .60 cents.Silver Dollar = .60 cents.People exchange silver People exchange silver coins for gold ones- gold coins for gold ones- gold reserves shrink.reserves shrink.
Congress repeals Congress repeals ShermanSherman
BuyoutBuyout
Gold reserves Gold reserves continue to shrink.continue to shrink.
1894- Cleveland asks 1894- Cleveland asks J.P. Morgan to J.P. Morgan to purchase with gold purchase with gold $60 million in U.S. $60 million in U.S. Bonds.Bonds.
Cleveland criticized for Cleveland criticized for dealing the “money dealing the “money trust.”trust.”
Depression ends.Depression ends.
Secret SurgerySecret SurgeryCleveland suffers from a Cleveland suffers from a cancerous growth in his cancerous growth in his mouth due to chewing mouth due to chewing tobacco.tobacco.Undergoes secret Undergoes secret surgery onboard a yacht surgery onboard a yacht in New York Harbor.in New York Harbor.He is tied in a chair to He is tied in a chair to the mast to keep steady the mast to keep steady during the surgery.during the surgery.A cheek retractor is A cheek retractor is used to avoid external used to avoid external surgery.surgery.Cleveland is fitted with Cleveland is fitted with an artificial jaw and is an artificial jaw and is back to work in a few back to work in a few weeks.weeks.
Pullman StrikePullman StrikeWorkers of the Pullman Workers of the Pullman Railroad Car Co. were Railroad Car Co. were forced to live in the forced to live in the corporate built town.corporate built town.Forced to pay rent and Forced to pay rent and buy food 25% higher buy food 25% higher than neighboring towns.than neighboring towns.American Railway Union American Railway Union goes on strike.goes on strike.Railroad traffic comes to Railroad traffic comes to a standstill.a standstill.Cleveland orders federal Cleveland orders federal troops to intervene to troops to intervene to “move the mail.”“move the mail.”Strike ends.Strike ends.
Election of 1896Election of 1896RepublicansRepublicans
William McKinleyWilliam McKinleyFavors the gold standard or Favors the gold standard or “sound money.”“sound money.”
DemocratsDemocratsWilliam Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings Bryan
• 36 years old from Nebraska36 years old from NebraskaFavors the silver standard or Favors the silver standard or “cheap money.”“cheap money.”
PopulistsPopulistsWilliam Jennings BryanWilliam Jennings BryanChoose a different VPChoose a different VP
Bryan makes over 600 Bryan makes over 600 speeches.speeches.McKinley raises over $3.5 McKinley raises over $3.5 million.million.McKinley wins !!McKinley wins !!Populist Party ends.Populist Party ends.
““Sound Money”Sound Money” vs. vs. “Cheap Money”“Cheap Money”
Gold StandardGold StandardExpensive to Expensive to produce.produce.
Favored by the East.Favored by the East.
Demand that gold Demand that gold be the dominant be the dominant standard with silver standard with silver only relieving the only relieving the need.need.
Silver StandardSilver StandardCheap to produceCheap to produce
Favored in the Favored in the West- mined in West- mined in Nevada, Montana, Nevada, Montana, Colorado.Colorado.
Demand that silver Demand that silver be coined at a ratio be coined at a ratio of 16:1.of 16:1.
McKinley CampaignMcKinley CampaignMcKinley conducts McKinley conducts a “front-porch” a “front-porch” campaign from campaign from Ohio.Ohio.Promises to Promises to promote industry promote industry and banking and and banking and guarantees guarantees prosperity.prosperity.Mark Hanna Mark Hanna organizes fund organizes fund raising and media raising and media advertising.advertising.
Election of 1896Election of 1896
Gold Standard Gold Standard StatesStatesSilver
Standard States
ImmigrationImmigration
1870-1899- over 11 1870-1899- over 11 million people come to million people come to the United States.the United States.
Majority move to the Majority move to the densely crowded slum densely crowded slum areas of the cities.areas of the cities.
Live in high rent, filthy Live in high rent, filthy apts.- widespread apts.- widespread disease (TB).disease (TB).
Compete for jobs.Compete for jobs.Work hard for low pay.Work hard for low pay.
Labor UnionsLabor UnionsUnskilled male workers Unskilled male workers earned $10/week.earned $10/week.
Women even less- $2.16 for Women even less- $2.16 for a 62 hour week.a 62 hour week.
11-12 hour workdays 11-12 hour workdays common.common.
National Labor Union- 1866National Labor Union- 18668-hour work day8-hour work day
The Knights of Labor- 1869The Knights of Labor- 1869Tried to unite all workers- Tried to unite all workers- black, white, male, femaleblack, white, male, femaleArbitration- bringing an Arbitration- bringing an impartial person to settle a impartial person to settle a dispute rather than strike.dispute rather than strike.Heavily involved in RR.Heavily involved in RR.
The A.F. of L- 1886The A.F. of L- 1886United workers based on United workers based on job.job.Each union was separate of Each union was separate of the others.the others.8-hour work day for 6 8-hour work day for 6 days/week.days/week.Insurance for dangerous Insurance for dangerous work.work.Compensation for injury or Compensation for injury or death.death.
Corruption in the CitiesCorruption in the Cities
City boss- able to hold City boss- able to hold power by taking power by taking advantage of advantage of immigrants and other immigrants and other poor city dwellers.poor city dwellers.
Give poor extra coal, Give poor extra coal, meals on holidays, help meals on holidays, help immigrants become immigrants become citizenscitizens
““Boss” William TweedBoss” William TweedNew York City “boss”New York City “boss”Gets immigrants to vote Gets immigrants to vote his “friends” into office.his “friends” into office.Fleeces city for $200 Fleeces city for $200 million.million.
The Tammany Hall RingThe Tammany Hall RingTweed, Jay Gould, Tweed, Jay Gould, and Jim Fisk manage and Jim Fisk manage to gain major New to gain major New York City political York City political offices.offices.
Present excessive Present excessive construction bills to construction bills to the city.the city.
$13 million to build a $13 million to build a $250 thousand $250 thousand courthouse.courthouse.
““Boss” TweedBoss” Tweed
Corruption exposed in Corruption exposed in New York TimesNew York Times and in and in political cartoons in political cartoons in Harper’s WeeklyHarper’s Weekly..Tweed arrested and Tweed arrested and given 12 years in given 12 years in prison.prison.1875- Escapes to Cuba 1875- Escapes to Cuba and then to Spain.and then to Spain.
Recognized from a Recognized from a Harper’s Harper’s cartoon and cartoon and returned to the United returned to the United States.States.
Imprisoned in 1876 and Imprisoned in 1876 and dies 2 years later.dies 2 years later.
Political CartoonsPolitical Cartoons
1870-1900- increased 1870-1900- increased circulation of circulation of newspapers and newspapers and magazines from 600 magazines from 600 to 2500.to 2500.
Invention of typewriter Invention of typewriter helps growth.helps growth.
Thomas Nast- Thomas Nast- New New York TimesYork Times
Attacks Boss TweedAttacks Boss Tweed
Allowed “uneducated” Allowed “uneducated” readers to understand readers to understand a picture rather than a picture rather than words. words.
The Progressive The Progressive MovementMovement
The ProgressivesThe Progressives
Members of both Members of both major parties that major parties that demanded:demanded:1.1. Restore control of Restore control of
the govt. to the the govt. to the people.people.
2.2. Correct the abuses Correct the abuses by the city bosses.by the city bosses.
3.3. Make new rules for Make new rules for banks and trusts.banks and trusts.
Public interest- for Public interest- for the good of all the the good of all the people.people.
Robert M. LaFolletteRobert M. LaFollette
Progressive Progressive governor from governor from WisconsinWisconsin““Wisconsin Idea”Wisconsin Idea”
Hired university Hired university scholars to help state scholars to help state legislators.legislators.Appointed “experts” Appointed “experts” to serve on new state to serve on new state regulatory regulatory commissions.commissions.
MuckrakersMuckrakers
Writers who exposed Writers who exposed corruption in politics corruption in politics and big business.and big business.
David Graham Phillips David Graham Phillips of of The Cosmopolitan.The Cosmopolitan.““The man with the The man with the muckrake.”- Theodore muckrake.”- Theodore Roosevelt.Roosevelt.
The JungleThe JungleUpton SinclairUpton SinclairFictional story based on Fictional story based on fact that revealed the fact that revealed the gruesome details about gruesome details about Chicago meat packers.Chicago meat packers.
Voter ReformsVoter Reforms
Australian ballotAustralian ballotSecret ballot that listed Secret ballot that listed names of all the names of all the candidates on a single candidates on a single sheet of paper that is sheet of paper that is printed at the public’s printed at the public’s expense.expense.
Direct PrimaryDirect PrimaryVoters choose their party’s Voters choose their party’s candidate from several candidate from several people.people.Replaced party conventions.Replaced party conventions.
InitiativeInitiativeGave voters the right to Gave voters the right to introduce a law for the state introduce a law for the state legislatures to debate and legislatures to debate and vote on.vote on.
ReferendumReferendumGave voters the power to Gave voters the power to make a bill a law by placing it make a bill a law by placing it on the ballot.on the ballot.
RecallRecallVoters could remove an Voters could remove an elected official from office.elected official from office.
1616thth Amendment Amendment
Ratified in 1913Ratified in 1913
Gave Congress the Gave Congress the power to impose power to impose an Income Tax.an Income Tax.
1717thth Amendment Amendment
Ratified in 1913Ratified in 1913
Called for the Called for the “direct election” by “direct election” by the voters of the voters of Senators.Senators.
State legislatures State legislatures had chosen them.had chosen them.
City GovernmentCity Government
CommissionCommissionGroup of 5 persons Group of 5 persons with power to run a with power to run a city.city.More efficient and More efficient and less expensive.less expensive.
City managerCity managerExpert on city govt. Expert on city govt. w/ no political w/ no political connections hired connections hired by city council to by city council to administrate.administrate.
Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage
Women demand the right to Women demand the right to vote.vote.Progressive western statesProgressive western states
Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, IdahoIdahoBelieved that pioneer women Believed that pioneer women had worked right along w/ had worked right along w/ the men and should be able the men and should be able to vote.to vote.
National Women’s Suffrage National Women’s Suffrage AssociationAssociation
1867- Elizabeth Stanton and 1867- Elizabeth Stanton and Susan B. AnthonySusan B. AnthonyWorked for amendments to Worked for amendments to the Constitution.the Constitution.
1818thth Amendment- Prohibition Amendment- Prohibition1919thth Amendment- Gave Amendment- Gave women the right to vote.women the right to vote.
Election of 1900Election of 1900
RepublicansRepublicansWilliam McKinleyWilliam McKinleyVice-President Garret Vice-President Garret Hobart dies in 1899.Hobart dies in 1899. Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt chosen to replace.chosen to replace.
DemocratsDemocratsWilliams Jennings BryanWilliams Jennings BryanRuns on same issues as Runs on same issues as 1896.1896.
McKinley too popular McKinley too popular and country in good and country in good economic shape.economic shape.McKinley wins- Bryan McKinley wins- Bryan goes “back to the goes “back to the farm.”farm.”
William McKinley’s CabinetWilliam McKinley’s Cabinet
State- John HayTreasury- Lyman
Gage War- Elihu RootAG- Philander
Knox
Postmaster- Charles Smith
Navy- John Long
Interior- Ethan Hitchcock
Ag.- James Wilson
William McKinley’s William McKinley’s AdministrationAdministration
Republicans become Republicans become the party of progress.the party of progress.
McKinley very open as McKinley very open as presidentpresident
Rode streetcars, and Rode streetcars, and walked amongst the walked amongst the peoplepeople
September 6, 1901September 6, 1901Opens the Pan-Opens the Pan-American Exposition.American Exposition.
Assassination of William Assassination of William McKinleyMcKinley
September 6, 1901September 6, 1901
Shot while standing in Shot while standing in a reception line at the a reception line at the Pan-American Pan-American Exposition.Exposition.
Leon Czolgosz- Leon Czolgosz- unemployed anarchistunemployed anarchist
New invention called New invention called the X-ray is not used the X-ray is not used to find the bullet.to find the bullet.
September 14, 1901- September 14, 1901- McKinley dies.McKinley dies.
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
““Look what we’ve got! Look what we’ve got! That damn cowboy is That damn cowboy is president of the United president of the United States!”States!”- Mark Hanna- McKinley’s - Mark Hanna- McKinley’s
campaign manager.campaign manager.
Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt becomes President on becomes President on the death of McKinley.the death of McKinley.Made VP by NY Made VP by NY “bosses” to get rid of “bosses” to get rid of him.him.Becomes President at Becomes President at age 42.age 42.
Youngest in history.Youngest in history.
William McKinley’s CabinetWilliam McKinley’s Cabinet
State- John HayTreasury- Lyman
Gage War- Elihu RootAG- Philander
Knox
Postmaster- Charles Smith
Navy- John Long
Interior- Ethan Hitchcock
Ag.- James Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt’s CabinetTheodore Roosevelt’s Cabinet
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt
Sickly child from NY.Sickly child from NY.
State legislator.State legislator.
Dakota rancher.Dakota rancher.
Assistant Secretary of the Navy.Assistant Secretary of the Navy.
Spanish American War HeroSpanish American War HeroLeads Rough Riders up San Juan Hill, CubaLeads Rough Riders up San Juan Hill, Cuba
Governor- hard line on NY City “bosses”.Governor- hard line on NY City “bosses”.
Pennsylvania Coal StrikePennsylvania Coal Strike
1902- Coal miners in 1902- Coal miners in the United Mine the United Mine Workers union demand Workers union demand 9-hour days, 20% wage 9-hour days, 20% wage increase, and improved increase, and improved working conditions.working conditions.
Mine owners refuseMine owners refuseNo coal for winterNo coal for winter
Roosevelt threatens to Roosevelt threatens to send in the army to send in the army to take over the mines take over the mines unless owners unless owners cooperate.cooperate.Compromise deal Compromise deal agreed upon. agreed upon.
““Trust busting”Trust busting”
Roosevelt decides to Roosevelt decides to regulate business in the regulate business in the public interest.public interest.Northern Securities Northern Securities CompanyCompany
Controlled the 3 major Controlled the 3 major RR’s.RR’s.J.P. Morgan- founderJ.P. Morgan- founder
Uses Sherman Antitrust Uses Sherman Antitrust Act to expose trade Act to expose trade restraint.restraint.Exposes over 44 trusts.Exposes over 44 trusts.““Good” trust- efficient Good” trust- efficient and reasonableand reasonable““Bad” trust- cheats Bad” trust- cheats public and public and unreasonable.unreasonable.
Election of 1904Election of 1904
RepublicanRepublicanTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltRoosevelt disavows Roosevelt disavows own partyown party• ““Every man will have Every man will have
a ‘square deal’ as a ‘square deal’ as long as I am long as I am President.”President.”
DemocratDemocratAlton ParkerAlton ParkerNew York judgeNew York judge
Roosevelt Wins !!Roosevelt Wins !!
Election of 1904Election of 1904
Railroad ReformRailroad Reform
Roosevelt “trust busts” Roosevelt “trust busts” the RR industry by the RR industry by strengthening the strengthening the Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Act of 1887of 1887
Elkins Act of 1903- illegal Elkins Act of 1903- illegal for RR to for RR to acceptaccept rebates. rebates.
Hepburn Act of 1906- Hepburn Act of 1906- regulation of RR regulation of RR accounting and “free” accounting and “free” passes.passes.
Public HealthPublic Health
Inspired by Inspired by The JungleThe Jungle..
Meat Inspection Act of Meat Inspection Act of 1906- government 1906- government approval of all shipped approval of all shipped meat between states.meat between states.
Pure Food and Drug Act Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906- medicines and of 1906- medicines and food had to list food had to list ingredients.ingredients.
Conservation ReformConservation Reform
Withdraws 150 million Withdraws 150 million acres of forest land from acres of forest land from public sale.public sale.
Creates National Forest Creates National Forest Land, and National ParksLand, and National Parks
Newlands Reclamation Newlands Reclamation Act- money from the Act- money from the sale of public lands sale of public lands would be used to reclaim would be used to reclaim wasteland for farming.wasteland for farming.
Dams built in Wyoming- Dams built in Wyoming- water used for irrigation.water used for irrigation.
Election of 1908Election of 1908
RepublicanRepublicanWilliam Howard TaftWilliam Howard TaftRoosevelt chooses not Roosevelt chooses not to run, but endorses to run, but endorses Taft; then goes on Taft; then goes on African safari.African safari.
DemocratDemocratWilliam Jennings William Jennings BryanBryanSupported by A.F. of L Supported by A.F. of L labor union.labor union.
Taft wins in a Taft wins in a landslide.landslide.
William Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft
Believed in limited Believed in limited presidential authority, presidential authority, but supported but supported progressivism.progressivism.
90 antitrust suits90 antitrust suitsMann-Elkins Act- Mann-Elkins Act- placed telephones and placed telephones and telegraphs under ICC.telegraphs under ICC.Created Dept. of LaborCreated Dept. of LaborPublicity Act- political Publicity Act- political candidates must make candidates must make sums of money public.sums of money public.
Progressive OppositionProgressive Opposition
April, 1909- Payne-Aldrich April, 1909- Payne-Aldrich TariffTariff
Progressives want lower Progressives want lower tariffs, but Taft supports tariffs, but Taft supports higher tariffs.higher tariffs.
Accuse Taft of undermining Accuse Taft of undermining conservation reform.conservation reform.
Taft restores valuable water Taft restores valuable water resources for public sale.resources for public sale.
Major conflict between Taft Major conflict between Taft and Forest Service.and Forest Service.
Republicans lose control of Republicans lose control of the House of Representatives.the House of Representatives.
Election of 1912Election of 1912
Republican PartyRepublican PartyWilliam Howard TaftWilliam Howard Taft
Democratic PartyDemocratic PartyWoodrow WilsonWoodrow WilsonProgressive Democrat Progressive Democrat from New Jerseyfrom New Jersey
Progressive PartyProgressive PartyTheodore RooseveltTheodore RooseveltAngry w/ TaftAngry w/ TaftCreates own party when Creates own party when refused admission to refused admission to the Republican the Republican Convention.Convention.““Bull Moose” PartyBull Moose” Party
Election of 1912Election of 1912
William Howard TaftWilliam Howard TaftMakes few speeches and does not campaign.Makes few speeches and does not campaign.
Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt““New Nationalism”- plan to extend the powers of New Nationalism”- plan to extend the powers of govt. to make it more effective in creating social govt. to make it more effective in creating social reform.reform.
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson““New Freedom”- Special privileged was menacing the New Freedom”- Special privileged was menacing the nation, and needed to be reformed. More business nation, and needed to be reformed. More business competition and smaller government was needed.competition and smaller government was needed.
Wilson winsWilson winsWilson- 435 electoral votesWilson- 435 electoral votesRoosevelt- 88 electoral votesRoosevelt- 88 electoral votesTaft- 8 electoral votesTaft- 8 electoral votes
Election of 1912Election of 1912
Woodrow WilsonWoodrow Wilson
Immediately goes Immediately goes to Congress and to Congress and asks for legislation asks for legislation supporting his supporting his “New Freedom” “New Freedom” programs.programs.
““New Freedom” ProgramsNew Freedom” Programs
Underwood Tariff Act Underwood Tariff Act of 1913of 1913
Reduced tariffs on over Reduced tariffs on over 1000 items from 41% to 1000 items from 41% to 29%.29%.
Federal Reserve Act of Federal Reserve Act of 19131913
Created 12 Federal Created 12 Federal Reserve Banks headed Reserve Banks headed by the Federal Reserve by the Federal Reserve BoardBoardCould only support Could only support other banks and not other banks and not citizens or businesses.citizens or businesses.
Clayton Antitrust Act of Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914- 1914- 1.1. Prohibited businesses from Prohibited businesses from
selling to create selling to create monopolies.monopolies.
2.2. Prohibited businesses from Prohibited businesses from telling purchasers not to telling purchasers not to buy or sell competitor buy or sell competitor goods.goods.
3.3. Prohibited corporations Prohibited corporations from selling stocks to from selling stocks to create monopolies.create monopolies.
Federal Trade CommissionFederal Trade CommissionEstablished to investigate Established to investigate companies and order them companies and order them to stop using unfair to stop using unfair business practicesbusiness practicesTook President out of Took President out of “trust busting.”“trust busting.”