Cambodia and Germany in the Cold War

Can communism be contained?

What happened to Cambodia?• Khmer Rouge:

______________________________________

• Formed in 1968 as a faction of the Peoples’ Army of ____________

• Ruled from 1975-1978• Led by _____________

Rule of Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge• Attempts at _____________________________led to

widespread famine• Forced evacuation of ________ populations (“New

People”) in an attempt to create _______________ __________________________ (“Old People”)

• Insisted on absolute _______________________ = complete ______________

• Severe restrictions on ____________________(religion, privacy, communication, etc.)

• Mass executions of dissenters, intellectuals, foreigners or “New People” led to the ______________________.

• Maintained support through _____________________.

Crimes Against Humanity• The Khmer Rouge arrested, tortured, and executed

anyone suspected of belonging to several categories of supposed "enemies:”– Connections to ________ or ___________ governments– Professionals & _______________ (In practice, this

included everyone with an _____________)– Artists, musicians, writers– ___________________________________________– ________ Vietnamese, Chinese, Thai populations– “Economic Saboteurs:” former __________ populations

• Death toll is estimated between ______________.

Fall of Khmer Rouge• By December 1978, due to several years

of _______________ and the _____________, relations between Cambodia and _________ collapsed

• Vietnamese forces invaded and captured the capital, ____________, in January 1979 (left)

• During period of Sino-Soviet tensions: ________ supported Vietnam & ______supported Cambodia

• Occupation and fighting continued until a _____________________ was established in 1996

• _____________________________

REVIEW• What led to the division of Germany in 1949?

• What were the causes/effects of the Berlin blockade?

• How did containment in Asia effect the Cold War in Europe?

• What were the two Cold War alliances?

Timeline of Events Affecting post-war Germany (1945-1961)

• 1945: Yalta & Potsdam Conferences• 1948: Marshall Aide approved; Berlin Blockade• 1949: NATO established; West (FRG) & East (GDR)

Germanys established• 1955: West Germany admitted to NATO (effect of

Korean War)• 1958: Khrushchev attempts negotiation = ultimatum• 1961: Berlin Wall is built

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NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization• In 1949 the western nations formed

the _________________________ ______________to coordinate their defense against USSR.

• Pledged signers to treat an attack against one, as _________________

• It originally consisted of:– America - Holland– Belgium - Italy– Britain - Luxembourg– Canada - Norway– Denmark - Portugal– France

• When West Germany joined in 1955, the Soviets responded…..

NATO flag

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Warsaw Pact• Warsaw Pact: organization of communist states in __________________________. •Established May 14, 1955 in Warsaw, Poland ___________________________•Founding members:

–Albania (left in 1961) - Poland–Bulgaria - Romania–Czechoslovakia - USSR (founding member)–Hungary - East Germany (joined in 1956)

The Two Germanys: East vs. WestEconomic Differences• West Germany (“economic

miracle”) • __________________________

____________________________________________________

• East Germany: • Forced ____________ of farms

and rapid socialization = massive ________________________

• Hardships and drop in living standards caused many East Germans ____________________________________________________

Political Differences • West Germany:

_____________• East Germany:

____________________________________________________

• Discontent in East Germany led to riots in 1953 – put down with Soviet tanks

• As a result of these differences, no further efforts were made to _______________________.

Exodus of East Germany • Economic and political disparities caused a mass

exodus of ________________________________.• Encouraged by West• Between 1945-1961, _______ of the whole German

population moved West via Berlin• In 1958, _____________ proposed a peace treaty

that would ______________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Walter Ulbricht____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Berlin Crisis of 1958• Khrushchev’s ultimatum: If the West did not agree to these

changes, he would ____________________________________________________________________________________. • To resist Khrushchev might _________________________!!!• Due to Western outrage, the ultimatum was dropped and

negotiations began• 2/1959: meeting in Geneva to propose German unity, but

________________________________________________• _________: meeting in US, but again, no agreement reached• Numbers of refugees continued to grow as _______________

____________ with Khrushchev's failure to solve the problem (he wanted ______________________; no peace with West!)

• Khrushchev hoped he would have better luck with ________

Kennedy and “Flexible Response”• “We intend to have a wider choice than humiliation

or all out nuclear war”• His approach to containment was a policy of

“flexible response”– Limited involvement in _______________– More spending on _____________________– Increasing _________________________– Continued ______ covert work– Continued _____________________to countries– Continued __________________with the USSR

Kennedy and “Flexible Response”

• How was Eisenhower’s “New Look” different than Kennedy’s “Flexible Response?” Similar?

Kennedy and “Flexible Response”• Khrushchev assumed he could

__________________________in foreign affairs, but JFK was determined to _______________ to the Soviets

• Called Berlin “an island of freedom in a communist sea” and “a beacon of hope behind the iron curtain.”

• Responded to Khrushchev’s demands with an _____________ ___________________________.

• “We cannot and will not permit the Soviets to drive us out of Berlin, either gradually or by force.”

Construction of the Berlin Wall• In August 1961, Khrushchev

________________________ ________________________________________________

• Why did Khrushchev agree to this? – Growing _________ in Berlin– ________________to the

West– ________________’s response– ________ problems in the East

• Construction of the Berlin Wall began ______________

Berlin Wall• 41 miles long (28 on

border)• 12 feet high• Fortified with guards

and weapons• Included anti-vehicle

trenches• Over 5,000 escape

attempts• Became a symbol for

the division between East & West

What did the building of the wall mean….

• For Khrushchev?– Visible admission that __________________________: the

Soviets had to create a barrier to _____________________. He was able to regain control over the situation and free himself of pressure from Ulbricht

• For Ulbricht?– _________________________________________________

• For the citizens of Berlin?– _________________________________________________

• For the Cold War?– Removed Germany as a key issue in Cold War negotiations;

Americans disliked it, _______________________________– Focus of the Cold War moved from Europe

Berlin Wall Document Analysis

• Pgs. 87-89• How do these documents compare in their

analysis of the results of building the Berlin Wall?

• Essay Example• When and why was Germany the focus of Cold

War hostility in the 16 years after WWII?