Initial Environmental Examination

Project Number: 40253 - 023 June 2019

Cambodia: Greater Mekong Subregion

Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project –

Additional Financing

Prepared by Ministry of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries and Ministry of Environment for the

Royal Government of Cambodia and the Asian Development Bank.

This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein

do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may

be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation

of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian

Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any

territory or area.

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ABBREVIATIONS

ADB Asian Development Bank AP Affected person BCC Biodiversity Conservation Corridors BMP Biodiversity Management Plan CBNRM Community-based Natural Resource Management CEMP Construction environmental management plan CEP-BCI Core Environment Program and Biodiversity Corridors Initiative CNMC Cambodia National Mekong Committee CPCU Central Project Coordination Unit CUZ Community Use Zone EARF Extractive Areas Rehabilitation Fund EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management plan EPL Eastern Plains Landscape EA Executing Agency EZ Ecotourism Zone EMO Environmental Management Officer FBCRRP Forest Border Climate Resilient Rice Production FA Forestry Administration FGD Focus Group Discussion FWUC Farmer water user communities GAP Gender action plan GDANCP General Department of Administration for Nature Conservation

and Protection GMS Greater Mekong Sub region GRM Grievance redress mechanism GhG Greenhouse gas HH Household IEE Initial Environmental Examination IEIA Initial Environmental Impact Assessment IIRR International Institute of Rural Reconstruction IPP Indigenous Persons plan IPM Integrated Pest Management ICM Integrated crop management IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWRs Irrigation water requirements LWS Lumphat Wildlife Sanctuary MOE Ministry of Environment MAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries MPF MDK Protected Forest NESS National Environmental Safeguards Specialist NGO Non-government organization NTFP Non-timber Forest Products PAM Project Administration Manual PPCR Pilot Program for Climate Resilience PPMU Provincial Project Management Unit PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance PPCU Project Public Complaint Unit

REA Rapid environmental assessment REG Regional RGC Royal Government of Cambodia RP Resettlement Plan R-PPTA Regional Project Preparatory Technical Assistance

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RUZ Regulated Use Zone SDP Sector Development Program SIEE Summary Initial Environmental Examination SPZ Special Protection Zone SRI System Rice Intensification WUG Water User Group WWF World Wildlife Fund

CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS

(as of 1 March 2018) Currency unit -- riel (KR) KR1.00 = $.000246 $1.00 = KR4,065

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Km -- kilometer Kg -- kilogram Ha -- hectare Mm -- millimeter

NOTE In this report, “$” refers to US dollars.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

A. INTRODUCTION 9

B. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 9

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB-PROJECT 11

D. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT 19

E. SCREENING POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 32

F. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 38

G. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP) 47

H. COST ESTIMATES 50

I. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITIES 50

I. REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS 54

J. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION 56

K. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM) 58

L. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 60

REFERENCES 62

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ANNEXES Annex 1: Srae Chey Irrigation Scheme Rapid Environmental Assessment checklist Annex 2: Environmental standards for Cambodia Annex 3: Public consultations - Lists of Participants for KIIs and FGDs Annex 4: Minutes of community Consultation/Meeting July 2017 & June 2018 Annex 5: Minutes of Community Consultation/Meeting June 2018 Annex 6: Minutes of Community Consultation/Meting September 2018 Annex 7: Selection Criteria for Contractors Annex 8: Sub-decree for Srae Pok Wildlife Sanctuary Annex 9: A supported letter for Initial Environmental Examination and Social Impact Annex 10: Supported letter for building 9 subprojects under the PPCR BCCP.

List of Figures

2 Figure 1: Location of Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Sub-project 5 Figure 2: Layout map of Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme 6 Figure 3: Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Design 7 Figure 4: Typical drawing of dam for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme 8 Figure 5: Typical drawing of Service spillway for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme 8 Figure 6: Proposed access road to the subproject site during construction phase 10 Figure 7: Srae Chrey Subproject Soil Map 12 Figure 8: Average monthly rainfall from 2000 to 2016 recorded 13 Figure9: Land Use Zoning-MDK Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary 20 Figure10: Map of use zones in the Srae Pok Wilderness Area and MPF 21 Figure 11: Organizational Structure for Environmental Management 47 Figure12: Grievance Redress Mechanism 51

List of Tables Table 1: Number of household beneficiaries for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Subproject 6 Table 2: Existing Irrigation Infrastructures and Condition 6 Table 3: Summary of Rehabilitation Works 9 Table 4: Water Inflow and Outflow storage of the Reservoir 11 Table 5: Level (Z) Analyzed by Double Reading Method 12 Table 6: Climatic Components from Stung Treng Province (mm/day) 14 Table 7: The name’s list of local fish was described by the villagers during the surveyed 16 Table 8: Description of the Eastern Plains Landscape Project 18 Table 9: Management considerations in each MPF zone 19 Table 10: Important historical events related to ecological changes near Srae Chrey 22 Table 11: Calendar of seasonal livelihood activities, Srae Chrey 26 Table 12: Summary of EMP and Mitigation Measures for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme 34 Table 13: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Activities 42 Table 14: Cost Estimates for EMP and EMoP Implementation 44 Table 15: Involved Authorities and Responsibilities 45

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Biodiversity Conservation Corridors project (BCCP) commenced implementation in April 2010 and received Additional Financing (BCCP-AF) during 2014 to support supplementary livelihood and small-scale infrastructure activities through the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). One of the small-scale infrastructure sub-projects is concerned with the construction of a climate resilient irrigation scheme (dam) in Nong Khi Lik commune located in Mondulkiri province to collect and store water resources and enable increased crop productivity in the area. The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) together with an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) was prepared to assess and analyze the potential environmental impacts and to identify mechanisms to mitigate these potential impacts and to develop a management plan for their application and monitoring.

The Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework is described including the ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS, 2009) and the related legislation of the Royal Government of Cambodia (RCG).

The Srae Chrey irrigation scheme subproject is described in detail including information on location, design specifications, layout, the physical structures and the proposed schedule of implementation. There is a description of the physical environment including the physical resources (topography, soils/agriculture, soil structure), climate (rainfall, temperature), air quality, hydrology and oceanography, surface water quality, ecological resources, fisheries, fauna, protected eco-systems and protected areas in Cambodia. There is a description of economic development in the area (road networks and communications, irrigation systems, water supplies, land use, resources and livelihoods, solid waste management, agriculture, cropping patterns, agricultural practices, forest products, fishing) and a description of the social and cultural resources (population, poverty, gender issues, community health and safety).

The detailed design together with the field validation and community consultation meetings identified that the potential environmental impacts related to the Irrigation scheme construction are relatively minor (some trees with 10-15 years old such as Anisoptera costata kort, Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb, Dipterocarpus intricatis Dyer, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Terminalia tomentosa and Terrietia Kavanica Blume, need to be cleared for dam construction) while compared to the benefits resulting from the scheme operation. The potential environmental impacts were screened and assessed based on the engineering detailed design and location of the proposed alignment of the irrigation scheme. The significance of potential adverse and beneficial effects was assessed based on a subjective appraisal of magnitude, geographic extent, duration and frequency, reversibility of identified effects. Each environmental impact has been described followed by recommended mitigation measures for the different project phases: pre-construction, construction and operation.

For the pre-construction phase, relating to the project alignment and research for the preparation of the design only. There are found to be no major impacts on the environment and social/cultural resources resulting from the human activities or farmers, but there are related minor most significant environmental impacts are clearance of 2100 trees (2000 trees for improving accessed road and 100 trees for construction of the dam), compensatory planting is proposed as part of this project. In addition, there is an amplification of the mitigation measures required for the project site and engineering design, setting up the construction camp, the risk of land mines and UXO, damage to existing structures, and the establishment of the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM). There will also be some temporary impacts from the camp and construction facilities.

For construction phase, good practice mitigation measures will be adopted to minimise soil erosion and impact on water quality, dust dispersion and noise impact. Solid waste should be disposed of at a licensed facility. Areas of impact will be clearly demarcated and workers instructed to avoid damage to forest and hunting of wildlife. Appropriate measures will be implemented to protect environment/health and safety of public and workers. Construction materials will be from licensed suppliers,.

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For the operation phase, mitigation measures are specified in relation to fertilizer and pesticide use, maintenance of the irrigation and access road and associated structures, and illegal deforestation and hunting activities.

An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared to provide guidance for inspection, monitoring and mitigation measures for the Srae Chrey Irrigation Subproject during pre-construction, construction, and operation of the project. The EMP provides mitigation measures for each environmental impact identified, institutional responsibilities for the implementation of the EMP and cost of implementing the mitigation and enhancement measures. The Environmental Monitoring Plan includes the location where the monitoring activities will be undertaken during the pre-construction, construction period, the parameters to be monitored and frequency, responsibilities for implementation and verification, and the estimated costs of implementation. An Environmental Monitoring Plan has also been prepared to indicate location, method or frequency and responsibilities of implementation of all aspects of the EMP including cost estimates for these activities which need to be included.

The institutional arrangements are described for the subproject including the assigned responsibilities for each Executing Agency and Implementing Agency, as well as district coordinators, National Steering Committee, Financiers and other project implementing organizations. The schedule for the submission and review of environmental management and reporting reports is described for the pre-construction/ construction phases and during operation and maintenance.

During the design of the subproject, four public consultations were conducted to ensure full information disclosure and the outcome of all these discussions has been summarized. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) has been designed and as a general policy, the subproject will work proactively towards the prevention of grievances through the implementation of impact mitigation measures and community liaison activities during both construction and operation. The GRM is based upon an initial informal approach to achieve satisfactory resolution to the local level, together with a formal approach when the grievance can be elevated to higher authorities to intervene.

The overall assessment indicated that the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme subproject posed no significant adverse impact to the environment and to the target beneficiaries and would resolve existing environmental and socio-economic issues associated with the present condition and construction to improve the irrigation scheme making it more resilient to climate change. It is anticipated that the proposed subproject will bring more benefits to the local people.

Without the subproject there will be continued pressure due to the lack of water resources for agricultural activities, and fisheries are likely to remain under pressure in the Srae Chrey irrigation area due to a relatively low income derived from agricultural production and exacerbated by cumulative effects of other human activities in the area and increased forest resource harvesting activities. With the subproject it is likely there will be reduced pressure on trees and forest resources. External pressures will continue to exist but assistance to the subproject provides an opportunity to increase community awareness in natural resources utilization through community-based mechanisms. Additional budgetary support will be required to enable these capacity building activities to be completed.

Based on the IEE, the subproject provides many benefits directly in terms of improved livelihood and health, with reduced risk to life and properties. During the construction phase, a number of temporary negative impacts (e.g. dust, noise, vibration, reduced air quality, road safety, worker’s safety, waste-water, solid waste, water contamination and traffic congestion) may occur. However, those impacts can be minimized by the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures of the EMP.

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A. INTRODUCTION

1. The Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project (BCCP) commenced implementation in April 2010, and during 2014 Additional Financing (BCCP-AF) was provided to support supplementary livelihood and small-scale infrastructure activities through the Pilot Program for Climate Resilience (PPCR). The BCCP is being implemented by two Executing Agencies (EAs), namely the Ministry of Environment (MoE)/General Directorate of Local Community (GDLC) and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF)/Forestry Administration (FA). Each of the EAs has established a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) at national level and a Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU) in each of the two target provinces of Koh Kong (KKG) and Mondulkiri (MDK). There are five service providers that have been contracted jointly by the EAs to support the implementation of a range of activities.

2. The intended impact of the Project is climate resilient, sustainable, forest ecosystems that provide income and employment to project households in the biodiversity corridors of Cambodia. The intended outcome is sustainably managed biodiversity corridors in Cambodia. The Project seeks to (i) empower communities to manage their forest resources through demarcation of boundaries, forest management planning and achieving legal approvals for Community Forests (CFs) or Community Protected Areas (CPAs); (ii) restore habitat and degraded forest lands by planting native tree species and agro-forestry that incorporates improved sources of non-timber forest products; (iii) improve livelihoods and income-enhancing small-scale infrastructure; and (iv) generate short-term employment for project households through project activities.

3. The Additional Financing (PPCR) support for the Project aims to strengthen the climate adaptation of the BCCP and under Output 3, which is concerned with Livelihoods Improvement and small-scale infrastructure, funds are provided for the investment in (i) rainwater harvesting ponds and climate resilient high value crop productivity; (ii) climate resilient irrigation and System of Rice Intensification (SRI); (iii) sea barriers (dikes) reducing salt water intrusion; and (iv) ecosystem- based adaptation in one catchment area.

4. Under the BCC-PPCR funded activities Subproject 2 is concerned with the construction to rehabilitation of one irrigation scheme in Mondulkiri province, located in Nang Khi Lik commune. The irrigation scheme, which consists of earth bund (clay), will prevent the incursion of water or wind hitting the dam during the rainy season or winter between July to December, which affects to the dam embankment. In addition, support is being provided for the introduction of new crop varieties and production technique (System of Rice Intensification, SRI) to improve the income the community people or farmers. Because of its vulnerability to climate change, and especially local varieties, the commune of Nang Khi Lik was originally the targeted commune of the BCCP PPCR project. This IEE report for the Srae Chrey Irrigation Subproject prepared in compliance to ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (2009) and the Royal Government of Cambodia Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management (1996) and Sub-decree on Environmental Impact Assessment (1999).

5. A Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) was conducted and a checklist was prepared for the subproject environmental categorization (see Annex 1: Sre Chrey Irrigation Subproject REA Checklist). Meetings were also conducted with personnel in government agencies and NGOs to gather background information about the environmental issues and screening to identify the nature and scope of environmental and social issues (see Annex 2). Topics discussed during the meeting included identification of relevant key documents and data sources and other stakeholders familiar with environmental settings and social conditions of communities in the subproject area. Subproject stakeholder meetings were conducted during the feasibility study to consult with project-affected persons in Srae Chrey regarding socio-economic conditions and potential adverse effects of the project.

B. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

6. This IEE has been prepared for the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme subproject in MDK province. It has been designed to satisfy both ADB and relevant Cambodian environmental guidelines and regulations.

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B.1. ADB Environmental Requirements

7. Referring to the subproject screening in the feasibility stage, using a rapid environmental assessment checklist (REA) in Appendix A1, all subprojects have been determined to be category B for environmental impact. This category entails environmental impacts that can be mitigated. This consolidated IEE has been prepared under the provisions of the ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009 which requires a number of critical considerations, including: (i) project level Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), including documentation in the environmental management plan (EMP); (ii) physical cultural resources damage prevention analysis; (iii) climate change mitigation and adaptation; (iv) occupational and community health and safety requirements ,including emergency preparedness and response); (v) economic displacement that is not part of land acquisition; (vii) meaningful consultation and participation; and (viii) an EMP which comprises implementation schedule and (measurable) performance indicators.

8. Relevant ADB Environmental policies and guidelines used in the preparation of this IEE are: (i) the ADB Safeguards Policy Statement (2009) required for all ADB funded projects; (ii) Environmental Assessment Guidelines, 2009-Annex to Appendix 1: Outline of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA); (iii) Environmental Guidelines for Selected Agricultural and Natural Resources Development Projects (November, 1991) and (iv) Rapid Environmental Check-list (ADB, 2013).

B.2. Legislations of the Royal Government of Cambodia

9. Cambodia’s current Constitution, which was confirmed in 1993 by the Royal Government of Cambodia (RCG), identifies environmental issues that are to be considered during project development and implementation. Specifically, Article 59 of the Constitution states that: The state shall protect the environment and balance the abundant natural resources and establish a precise plan of management of land, water, air, win, geology, ecological systems, mines, energy, petrol and gas, rock and sand, gems forests and forestry, products, wildlife, fish and aquatic resources. The Ministry of Environment was established to implement this provision.

10. Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management 1996 (NS/RKM/1296/36) which was issued in 1996, is the primary law governing environmental management in Cambodia and came into force. The law requires the government to prepare national and regional environmental plans which are expected to cover a wide range of issues, including environmental assessment, sub-decrees concerning a wide range of environmental issues, including EIAs, pollution prevention and control, public participation and access to information.

11. As required by the law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resources Management, a National Environment Strategy and Action Plan (NESAP) is being developed. The NESAP will identify priority policy tools and financing options for sustainable natural resource management and environmental protection. It will guide government ministries, private sector, civil society, and development organizations to mainstream environmental considerations in policies, plans, and investments. The final draft NESAP is expected to be produced in late-2016 and will require endorsement by the National Council for Sustainable Development and then approval by the Council of Ministers.

12. Following the issuance of the Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management, the Ministry of Environment passed regulations (also referred to as sub-decrees) to provide further protection for the environment, including:

● Sub-decree No.27 on water pollution control, issued on 6 April 1999;

● Sub-decree No.36 solid waste management, issued on 27 April 1999;

● Sub-decree No.42 on air pollution and noise disturbance, issued on 10 July 2000;

● Sub-decree No.72 on environmental impact assessment process, issued on 11 August 1999;

● Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Program in Cambodia was established in 1993 after conducting national workshop on Environment and IPM;

● Law on the management and exploitation of mines resources, adopted on 13 July 2001;

● Law on the Management of Pesticides and Fertilizers was enacted on 14 January 2012.

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13. For consideration of other applicable environmental standards and criteria, such as ambient air quality, vibration, noise, contaminated soil, and workplace and community safety the protocols of the Environment, Health and Safety Guidelines of the World Bank (2007) apply.

14. A range of national environmental policy documents also exist within Cambodia such as the National Environmental Action Plan (1998-2002) and the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of 2002.

15. Law on Nature Reserves. The Royal Decree on Protected Natural Areas was issued in November 1993. The regulation provides protection for the environment, land, forests, wetlands and coastal zones. The regulation covers 23 natural protected areas in Cambodia, representing 18% of the total land area of the country or 2.2 million hectares. The Ministry of Environment is responsible for implementing this law.

16. In 2008, Cambodia introduced the Protected Area Law No. NS/RKM/0208/007 which defines the National Parks (IUCN Category II), Wildlife Sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV), Protected Landscapes (IUCN Category V), Multiple-Use Areas (IUCN Category VIII), and Ramsar sites which includes two sites in IUCN Categories IV and VIII. The 2008 Protected Areas Law defines the framework of management, conservation and development of protected areas and aims to ensure the management, conservation of biodiversity, and sustainable use of natural resources in protected areas. The law reinforces the Ministry of Environment’s responsibility to administer and manage protected areas.

17. Law on Historical Monuments. All national monuments in Cambodia are protected by the Law on the Protection of Cultural and National Heritage, which was promulgated in 1996. This is supplemented by the “Decision on the Definition of 3 Zones to Protect Temple Surrounding Areas in All Provinces and Municipalities Except Angkor Wat” (1996). The law protects a range of cultural heritage sites, including small temples and ancient structures in Cambodia.

18. The Labor Law was issued in March 1997 to govern relations between employers and workers. It governs all employment contracts to be performed within the territory of the Kingdom of Cambodia.

19. Law on Social Security schemes were issued in 2002. This law seeks to set-up a social security scheme. It includes references to: i) a pension scheme, which provides old age benefits, invalidity benefit and survivors' benefit; and ii) an occupational risk scheme, which is in charge of providing employment injury and occupational disease benefit.

20. Occupational Health and Safety. The First Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) Master Plan (2009-2013) was developed by the Ministry of Labor and Vocational Training with technical support from the International Labor Organization (ILO). It contains the following priority areas: strengthening national OSH systems; improving safety and health inspections and compliance; promoting OSH activities by employers’ and workers’ organizations; implementing special programs for hazardous occupations; extending OSH protection to small enterprises, and informal and rural workplaces; and promoting collaborative actions with hazardous child labor and human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) projects and activities.

21. Vibration: There is no standard for vibration in Cambodia. Therefore, the following standard is recommended. The vibration levels at any vibration sensitive property or location should be less than 1mm/second peak particle velocity (ppv) as derived from the US Bureau of Mines publications for avoidance of damage and the UK GLC (Greater London Council) standard for avoidance of nuisance.

C. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUB-PROJECT

22. Based on the map below, it can be seen that the proposed subproject site is located within the Srae Pok Wildlife Sanctuary, but it is in the community zone. In this regards, the distance from the proposed subproject site to conversation zone or core one is about 5 to 6 km.

23. The Srae Chrey irrigation system is located in Nang Buo and Srae Chrey Villages (Srae Chrey is a part or an annex of Nang Buo village in the south-west direction), Nang Khi Lik commune,

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Koh Nhaeak district of Mondulkiri province. This sub-project is located on the right bank of Ou Chbar River (geographic location are X: 727082 and Y: 1462115). The sub-project area is approximately 30 km north of Administrative Office of Koh Nhaeak District and 120 km north of the capital of Mondulkiri Province. The location of the sub-project area is located approximately 5 to 8 km from the conservation and core zones and it is also shown in Figure 2.

24. The Srae Chrey irrigation system was built during the Pol Pot regime in 1977. Major rehabilitation of the existing irrigation infrastructure is proposed for the Srae Chrey sub-project. The total potential command area is estimated at 171 hectares.

Figure 1: Location of Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Sub-project

25. Nang Buo village, total population is 1,019 (492 females and 527 males) with 213 families (206 male head of families and 7 female head of families). Diverse indigenous and ethnic minorities composition include: Lao families 93 (44%), Khmer families 54 (25%), Bunong families 27 (13%), Tompuon families 24 (11%), Kreung families 6 (3%), Cha Ray families 5(2%), Kroeal families 4(2%)1.

26. Based on the result of the community consultation meetings, field observation and discussion with the local authorities, it can be seen the only 51 (195 people) among 213 families who have their cultivated land within the proposed subproject are expected to get direct benefits from the proposed subproject. In addition, only 23 among 51 families who have their cultivated land located next the main canal.

27. In with the detailed design of the proposed subproject, the dam embankment length of 1950m, a top width of 4m and an embankment height of about 4m will be rehabilitated in Nang Buo village with the purpose to improve crop production in an area of approximately 171 hectares.

1 Nang Buo Statistical Data 2016

Sub-project (red)

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Table 1: Number of household beneficiaries for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Subproject

Nº

Name of Village Total of HHs Number of HH beneficiaries

Rice Land Potentially within the Subproject

1 Nang Buo 213 51 171

Figure 2: Layout map of Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme

The Srea Chrey sub-project was constructed in 1977 (Pol Pot time) without proper planning, and construction design and operated for only a few years. The subproject was broken some part in 1992-1993, then due to no operation and maintenance mechanism in place, so it is completely not functioned in 1994-1996. Existing infrastructure and its present condition are summarized in Table 7.

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Table 2: Existing Irrigation Infrastructures and Condition

No. Infrastructure Quantity Existing Condition

1 Earthen embankment for reservoir

1,950 meters Destroyed

2 Head regulator One (1) Completely damaged, overturned

3 Canal system 1,950 meters Damaged in many locations and filled up with silt. Insufficient sections to cater for the needs of command area.

Note: Existing infrastructure which were observed during the design 2013.

28. Due to the damage to the regulating structures, the reservoir cannot store water during the rainy season. The canals are only filled due to rain and river flooding. As a result, the irrigation system is not functioning. Due to lack of water, farmers only grow one crop of rice during the wet season. Approximately 171 ha are cultivated with wet season rice and one hectare is under vegetable cultivation. Wet season rice is planted in June and harvested in November and only the single crop is grown. The yield of rice is reportedly 1.5 to 2 tons per hectare (T/ha) against the potential up to 3.5 T/ha. The farmers of this proposed sub-project area have little access to agricultural support services such as agriculture extension program (how to use proper seed and fertilizers), therefore farmers there still use their local seed and they do not know well of using fertilizers to increase the rice production.

29. The drawing design of the proposed irrigation scheme subproject is divided six segments. Three segments for the dam and other three for the main canal. The following figure shows the irrigation scheme subproject and its segment and the number of families who have their cultivated land along the main canal (see Table in annex).

Figure 3: Srae Chrey Irrigation subproject design

Replanting area

Replanting area

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Figure 4: Typical drawing of dam for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme

Figure 5: Typical drawing of Service spillway for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme

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(a) Water Source

30. The sub-project will receive water from a planned storage reservoir of 69 ha. The reservoir will be filled with the run-off from approximately eight square kilometers of catchment which collects in a small stream called Bakham that flows through the reservoir only in the wet season. The total length of this stream is approximately 2.5Km from the origin to the spillway of the reservoir. This flow finally drains into O Chbar River, approximately 3Km downstream from the dam. The reservoir will receive water from the overflow during wet season; excess water will be diverted to the O Chbar River via a spillway. The irrigation canal will receive water from the storage reservoir through a control gated head regulator. The O Chbar stream has a catchment area of about 2,018 square kilometers (CNMC 2009). The O Chbar does not have a gauging station and the long-term flow data of this river is not available.

(b) Command Area

31. The command area to be served by the proposed system is about 171 ha of existing paddy on almost level ground (natural ground level). The southern part of the command area has been damaged by excessive floods from O Chbar. An earthen dyke was built by the community to protect the command area from flooding but has been damaged by recent floods; portion of the command-area protection embankment will be included in rehabilitation works.

(c) Planned Infrastructure

32. Proposed works are summarized in Table 8.

Table 3: Summary of Rehabilitation Works

No Components Length (m) Location (village) 1 Dam embankment 1,950

Nang Buo village, Nang Khi Loek commune, Koh Nhaeak district

2 Main canal 1,950 3 Controlled-gated box culvert outlet 30 4 Service Spillway 35

(d) Construction Activities

33. Based on the DED, the irrigation subproject shall require about nine months or shorter than depending on the set of construction equipment. In addition, the construction activities shall start in dry season including improving the accessed road. Furthermore, the construction activities shall be implemented in compliance with the ADB environment and social safeguard (pre-construction, construction and operation phases), See the detailed in the annex.

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Figure 6 Proposed access road to the subproject site during construction phase

- Location of Srae Chrey Sub-project

(e) Operation and Maintenance

34. The existing cropping system is primarily wet season paddy. With the rehabilitation of the irrigation system, it is expected that also dry season cultivation will also take place. The proposed cropping pattern includes:

● Wet season crop: 100% paddy rice;

● Dry season crops: rice – 30 %, maize – 12%, cucumber - 5%, cabbage – 5%, bean - 5% and tomato - 5%. (confirmed by the chief of village).

35. The reservoir is filled by the overland flow and rainwater during the wet season. The reservoir storage system is able to store approximately 1,928,000 cubic meters based on digital elevation model (DEM) calculation (Table 4). The total annual inflow from the overland flow is estimated to be 4.21 million cubic meters, and the excess flow will flow across the spillway. The gated outlet box culvert could be used to divert excess flood water as well in case of emergencies. The height of water in the deepest section of the reservoir will be approximately 4.0m above the reservoir bed. The available water per year is adequate to be distributed for the water demand at the irrigation area.

Proposed access route

Subproject (Star sign)

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Table 4: Water Inflow and Outflow storage of the Reservoir

36. The sub-project is expected to provide satisfactory services for a period of 10 to 15 years from the date of commissioning.

37. Operation of the proposed sub-project will require:

● Preparation of a water allocation and distribution plan as per the availability of water and cropped area by Water Users Group (WUG) of the beneficiary farmers;

● Equitable and reliable water allocation to beneficiary farmers in terms of head, middle and tail reach of the main canal;

● Operation of the head regulator gates at the reservoir, and other canal gates;

● In case of increase of irrigation demand, adoption of a rotational irrigation practice - the rotation of water allocation may be done among the turn-outs or secondary canals.

38. The sub-project will be linked with the ADB supported Climate Resilient Rice Commercialization Sector Development Program (Rice-SDP) which is supporting the introduction of climate resilient rice varieties. Associated activities will address the threat of climate change with initiatives designed to build capacity of the sector to accommodate such changes. SRI training initiatives will promote, among others, good agricultural practices that deal with water management and the application of agricultural chemicals and support for farmer water user communities (FWUCs) in understanding the need for efficient water utilization through water scheduling and improved maintenance regimes, as well as SRI approaches to pest management.

a. Implementation Schedule

39. Based on the schedule prepared during the design stage, the planned construction period is about 9 months. In total, the overall sub-project implementation may take from one and half to two years. Agricultural extension services provision and capacity building of WUGs will be undertaken in the early stages of the operation phase. Formation of the WUG should precede construction and the WUG will be established.

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D. DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

D.1. Physical Resources

a) Topography

40. MDK Province lies within the catchment of the Mekong river, along the border with Viet Nam and is characterized by forested hills and mountains intersected by numerous rivers and streams (ADB 2010a). The eastern highlands of MDK extend gradually from the low alluvial Mekong river plains in the west, forming a region of forested mountains and high plateaus that extend into Lao PDR and Viet Nam. The topography of the command area is almost level ground (natural/existing ground level).

41. Topographic surveys were conducted for all proposed structures including the terrain of the rice field, existing embankment and drainage, roads, streams are identified, horizontal and vertical points are taken with installation of benchmarks. Points elevations in the rice field were taken to draw the counter lines for the design sketch. In addition, based on field validation, the proposed subproject is located in the flood plain area and some parts of the commune is in high land area.

b) Soils and Agricultures

42. The MDK soils are characterized by acrisols and alluvials along the rivers (ADB 2010a). The soil of the command area is alluvial; a soil map of the sub-project is presented in Figure 8.

43. A soil map of the sub-project is presented in Figure 8. However, the topographic survey report, 2017 indicated that the soil layers were classified into 3 layers: 1) Grey sandy lean Clay (0.5m); 2) Red, yellow sandy Clay with gravel (2 – 2.5m); and 3) Grey, yellow sandy lean Clay with gravel.

Table 5: Level (Z) Analyzed by Double Reading Method

Double Station Format Srae Chrey Dam Location Observer: Mr. Chin

Chea Date: 12/12/2017

No. Description First Station Second Station Inter Mediate

Mean Dif.

Elevation Other BS FS Dif. BS FS Dif.

1 BM 01 085 0167 115.368 2 BM 02 2460 -2375 2542 -2375 0 -2375 112.993

Note: Total Error=0; (source: Topographical Survey Report, 2017)

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Figure 7: Srae Chrey Subproject Soil Map

- Srae Chrey Sub-project

c) Soil structure

44. The result from the soil tests were used to review the stability of the foundation, and to analyze the settlement and stability due to consolidation of dike structure, as well as identifying unsuitable soil to be removed and replaced. The soil in the dam site is classified into three structures are: (i) from 0.40m to 0.50 deep, it is light yellow sandy clay (borehole no. 1 and 2) and8grey sandy lean clay (borehole no. 3); (ii) from 2.20m to 3.00m, it is light grey, red, yellow sandy fat clay with gravel (borehole no.1), light yellow, red, sandy clay with gravel (borehole no. 2) and red, yellow sandy clay with gravel (borehole no. 3) and (iii) from 4.00m, it is dark red sandy lean clay (borehole no.1), dark red sandy lean clay with gravel (borehole no.2) and grey, yellow sandy lean clay with gravel (borehole no.3).

d) Climate

45. The tropical climate of Cambodia is determined by the south-western monsoon winds, bringing a pronounced rainy season from May to October, a cool and dry season from November to February, and two hot and dry months in March and April (ADB 2010a). In many places, the weather is affected by local conditions such as altitude and aspect. Rainfall intensity can be high, causing intense runoff and serious erosion and flooding. Albeit sheltered to some extent by the Annamites mountain range, the entire country is at risk of typhoons, which may cause flooding. The main typhoon season is from June to November.

46. Rainfall varies considerably throughout the country, from more than 5,000 mm on the seaward slopes of the south-western highlands to about 1,200-1,400 mm in the central lowland region. The annual average rainfall in the Ou Srae Pok – O Chbar area varies from 1,100 mm in the western part to 2,700 mm in the upper region; 90 % of the rainfall occurs between May and October, with August generally the wettest month (CNMC 2009). Average monthly rainfall in MDK

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Province is shown in Figure 9: The cyclones can generate extremely high rainfall and runoff and create extreme events of varying magnitude compared to the monsoon statistical extreme (CNMC, 2009).

Figure 8 Average monthly rainfall from 2000 to 2016 recorded

47. Temperature: The temperatures in the country vary between 18-25°C as low and 28-35°C as highs, with considerable local variation in function of altitude and aspect (ADB 2010). Historical data is limited in MDK. Based on climatological data from Stung Treng province which borders MDK province, daily temperature varies between a maximum of 36 °C during the hottest months of April and May, to 27 °C in January the coldest month. Daily minimum temperatures vary between 8 °C to 11 °C below the daily maximum. Table 11 summarizes long-term average maximum and minimum temperature and mean relative humidity (observed at Stung Treng weather stations).

Table 6: Regional Climatic station (Northeast region, mm/day)

Source: CNMC, 2009

48. Slightly wetter and warmer climate is predicted for MDK by the 2030s, with more frequent extreme weather events. Climate change projections for Cambodia (using global climate models and taking into account both high and low emission scenarios) show an increase in temperature of between 1.35 to 2.5 degrees Celsius in 2100 and a 3-35 percent increase in annual rainfall.

49. The most recent study, USAID 2013, which analyzes potential climate change in the Lower Mekong Delta under the main international climate change scenarios, predicts dry season maximum temperature rises of 4 to 4.5oC in MDK by 2050 with increased rainfall but more severe dry season drought. The trend accelerates so the majority of these increases will be felt between 2033 and 2050. Trends that have already been noticeable since 2000 will gradually get worse.

50. Air quality: There is growing concern regarding the increasingly poor air quality in rural areas of Cambodia. Air pollution is linked to the increasing number for vehicles (but air pollution in that area is not problem due to the proposed subproject area is remote with abundant of forest resources together with only few vehicles are there. As a result of the predominantly rural setting in the subproject area, there are no available data on air quality and noise levels in the project area or for MDK province. However, the levels of air pollution in the rural area remains relatively low and in general within the subproject area, the air quality is still good.

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51. Hydrology and water resource: The hydrological section describes the situation of hydrological and water sources in the areas around the sub-project. Within the subproject, two surface water sources exist (O’Chbar stream and Bakham scheme). Due to the hydrological and water regime, the O’Chhbar stream gets water directly from Srae Pok river and O’Chhbar is the largest tributary of Srae Pok river (Srae Pok river Baseline Survey, 2005). However, the water level of O’Chhbar stream and Bakham scheme is dependent on the water level of Srae Pok river. The Srae Pok river baseline survey 2005 indicated that the water level increases from June to November and the highest level is in September (about 7.0 meter). A few villages along O’Chhbar, within the subproject area, experience flooding almost every year, both in the village and in lowland rice fields, but the flooding does not cause damage to property or the crops. While the water level declines from December to May with the lowest level in March and April (almost dried up). The water is dirty during the rainy season and clear during dry season but is not safe for drinking unless boiled and filtered through a bio-sand filter. The main water sources for the Bakham scheme are rainfall and a small proportion from the OÇhhbar stream. The maximum water level in the reservoir or Bakham scheme was about 4 meter above the bed of the reservoir at the deepest section (PPTA 2013) during the rainy season, while during the dry season, the water level in the reservoir was about 0.2 to 0.3m before the scheme collapsed (confirmed by the local authorities and villagers who have their productive land within the scheme). However, the water quality within Bakham scheme is satisfactory for agriculture purposes, but not for drinking. Furthermore, the distance between the O’ Chhbar and Bakham river is about 200 - 400 meters. Before the scheme collapsed the O’Chhbar stream was used as drainage of the scheme while the main canal was full of water (confirmed by local villagers and commune authorities, 2017).

52. While the construction of scheme completed, the probability of flood magnitude was considered. The five years return period may occur more than 50 percent of the annual probability while the 100 year return period would occur four percent. The design of 10 year return period is based upon 30 percent of probability, which is a considerable margin for the design criteria, and 14 percent of the 25 year return period is equivalent to 684 mm of rainfall. Taking the highest intensity for the design of the drainage system will ensure that the drainage of the flood in the present and further can be ensured. It entails higher expenditure with there will be lower probability of exceeding, so that the 10 and 25 year return periods are adequate in terms of the structural design. The 25-return period was selected for the design.

53. Groundwater: The quality of groundwater within the subproject area, mainly in Nang Buo, Srae Chrey, Kohmyeul villages has a high concentration of lime and less concentration of Iron, so it can be used for household consumption, mainly drinking and cooking (field drilling wells by the drilling company, 2018). Besides the rainwater, villagers use drilled wells as the main source of water for household consumption (PPCR BCCP socio-economic profile, 2013). The ground-water level ranges from 25 - 35 meters depth (data from the drilling company, 2018). However, the main water sources for household consumption within the subproject is surface and groundwater.

Ecological resources

54. Forest: MDK Province lies within the Lower Mekong Dry Forest Ecoregion, which is characterized by a mosaic of habitats (ADB 2010a). The BCC Project area in MDK is covered mostly by dry deciduous dipterocarp forest that used to be the main vegetation type of the arid plains of northern Cambodia. Areas of mixed deciduous forest and semi-evergreen forest occur on higher quality soils and at higher elevation.

55. Regarding to the consultations with the concerned stakeholders and site visits, the subproject area includes degraded forest that has little economic value. The semi-evergreen forests areas that are found interspersed in the area have a tall multi-layered structure. Deciduous dipterocarp communities become increasingly open in structure and lower in stature, grading eventually into savannah woodlands with decreasing woody cover. Shrubs and grassland are also present in places where human disturbance has been high and persistent. According to site visit by the GIC environmental specialists (September 2018) together with results of community consultation meetings for Srae Chrey Irrigation scheme subproject, it was found that the major impact will be the removal of 2,100 trees (such as Anisoptera costata kort, Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb, Dipterocarpus intricatis Dyer, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Terminalia tomentosa and Terrietia

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Kavanica Blume) that are 10 to 15 years old over an area of 4.2 ha for the irrigation construction. Sixty (60%) of the tree species including Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb, Dipterocarpus intricatis Dyer and Dipterocarpus obtusifolius will be lost during the construction ) while other forty (40%) are Anisoptera costata kort, Terminalia tomentosa and Terrietia Kavanica Blume, but those are only common species.

56. Fisheries: Fishing activities are conducted mainly during the rainy season when fish populations are high as reported by the members of the local community, but also it is done during the dry season (natural stream). Fisheries along Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme are limited to subsistence catches only. The species fish caught include the following: (i) Hypsibarbus pierrei, (ii) Albulichthys albuloides, (iii) Cirrbinus microlepis, (iv) Boesemania microlepis, (v) Snakehead fish, (vi) Barbonymus, (vii) Schwanenfeldii, (viii) Belodontichthys truncates, (ix) Channa micropeltes and (xi) Clarias meladerma (confirmed during the community consultation in September 2018). In addition, some freshwater fish will be increased in terms of the quantity such as Hypsibarbus pierrei, Albulichthys albuloides, Cirrbinus microlepis, Boesemania microlepis, Snakehead fish, Barbonymus, Schwanenfeldii, Belodontichthys truncates, Channa micropeltes and Clarias meladerma due to the availability of water in the reservoir (confirmed during the community consultation in September 2018). The following table shows the name’s list of local fish the subproject areas.

Table 7: The name’s list of local fish was described by the villagers during the survey

No. Scientific Name Khmer Name

1 Henicorhynchus lobatus* Trey Reil

2 Hemibagrus nemurus* Trey Chhlang

3 Hypsibarbus malcolmi* Trey Chhpin

4 Mystus sp.* Trey Kanchos

5 Barbodes schwanefeldi* Trey Kahe loeung

6 Clarias batrachus Trey Andaing Roueng

7 Cyclocheilichthys sp. Trey chhkok

8 Rasbora tornieri Trey changwa mool

9 Channa striata Trey Phtuok

10 Micronema micronema Trey Kes

11 Morulius chrysophekadion Trey Ka-ek

12 Paralaubucus typus Trey Slak Russey

13 Rasbora spp. Trey Changwa

14 Pangasius cf. polyuranodom Trey Diep

15 Barbodes altus Trey Kahe

16 Anabas testudineus Trey Kranh

17 Pristolepis fasciata Trey kantrawb

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No. Scientific Name Khmer Name

18 Trichogaster trichopterus Trey kawmphleanh Samrai

19 Chitala blanci Trey Krai

20 Mystus multiradiatus Trey Kanchos chhnot

21 Heterobagrus bocourti Trey Kanchos Kdaung

22 Leiocassis siamensis Trey Kanchos Thmor

23 Ompok bimaculatus Trey Krormorm

24 Wallago attu Trey Sanday

25 Chitala ornate Trey Krai

26 Notopterus notopterus Trey Slat

27 Thynnichthys thynnoides Trey Linh

28 Kryptopterus cryptopterus Trey Kamplieu

57. Fauna: Based on the field validation together with the community consultation meeting conducted in September 2018, there are common wildlife species in the wider project area of influence such as white heron, kind of turtle-dove, woodcock, teal, wildpig, deers, rabit, porcupine and red-brown sparrow, none of these species are protected or of particular conservation value. The subproject is located in the community development zone of Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary which is a disturbed area.

58. Protected Ecosystem: The Srae Chrey subproject is located in community multiple use zone at the border of the MDK Protected Forest (MPF) or the Srae Pok Willdlife Sanctuary (please notes that the Srae Pok Wildlife Sanctury is a new name used by the MOE after this area has been taken by MOE based on the government decision in 2015) and Lumphat Wildlife Sanctuary (LWS); the location of those two protected areas is shown in Figure 10. However, the location of the subproject as shown in figure 2 is in the community use zone where is approximately 5km away from the protected frest and wildlife sanctuary.

Mondulkiri Protected Forest Land Use Zones

59. Land use zoning planned for Mondulkiri Protected Forest2 (MPF) is shown in Figure 11 (WWF 2013a). The MPF has been divided into four zones, each with a different purpose related to wildlife protection and sustainable use of wildlife and other natural resources (WWF 2013b):

● The strict protection zone acts to conserve wildlife populations and all hunting and logging is prohibited.

● The community use zone provides land for established communities to graze cattle, grow subsistence crops, and collect non-timber forest products.

● The regulated use zone acts as a buffer between the first two zones and as a corridor for animal movements within and between protected areas.

● Finally, an ecotourism zone is set aside for development of tourism infrastructure and ecotourism activities.

60. The Srae Chrey irrigation subproject is situated in the community use zone (CUZ) as shown in Figure 2 and Annex 10 of MoE’s Minister supporting letter; the main village of Srae Chrey and project beneficiaries are located to the west, in LWS. The CUZ in this part of the MPF serves as a corridor for animal movement within MPF and between MPF and LWS. Management considerations in each zone are summarized in Table 9.

2 Known also as: 1). Srae Pok Wilderness Area; 2). Srae Pok Wildlife Sanctury.

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Table 9: Management considerations in each MPF zone

Strict Protection Zone (SPZ): Primarily for conservation of wildlife populations including river species within the dry forest mosaic. Hunting, logging, wildlife collection, and fishing in the Srae Pok River are prohibited. All forms of agriculture and cattle grazing are prohibited and dogs are not permitted to enter. Permanent structures may not be built. Registered tree owners may harvest wet resin, but this practice will be phased out within three years as specified in the MPF management plan.

Regulated Use Zone (RUZ): Provides additional area for conservation and a buffer between the SPZ and the CUZ. This zone also provides a corridor for the movement of wildlife to and from adjacent protected areas. Restrictions are the same as for the SPZ other than all legal NTFPs may be harvested by permit- holders and fishing, using legal methods, is permitted in the Srae Pok River and its tributaries.

Community Use Zone (CUZ): Provides land for established communities to graze cattle, conduct subsistence agriculture and harvest NTFPs on a sustainable basis. Commercial plantation agriculture is not permitted and expansion of settlements is permitted only with the approval of the Forestry Administration.

Ecotourism Zone (EZ): Areas for tourism infrastructure development and intensive ecotourism use. Uses in this zone shall be detailed in the Ecotourism Management Plan, which is currently being drafted.

(Source: WWF 2008)

Figure 9: Land Use Zoning-Mondulkiri Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary

Srae Chrey Sub-project

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61. In an earlier zonation scheme (mid-2000s; Figure 11), Srae Chrey village was situated within a narrow ‘Community Use Zone as shown in figure 2’ along the O. Chbar which in turn runs along the western edge of a ‘Corridor Zone’ in this area. Descriptions of these zones are (Diggle 2006):

● The Corridor Zone (90,605ha) is designed to act as a wildlife connector between the core and sustainable use zones of adjacent protected areas: Lomphat Wildlife Sanctuary, Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary, and Phnom Nam Lyr Wildlife Sanctuary (and Yok Don National Park in Vietnam). Various levels of controlled and sustained use are permitted provided it does not compromise the primary functional role of the zone;

● The Community Zone (29,718ha) is specifically intended to accommodate the local communities living around the MDK Protected Forest. There are three community clusters with each comprising of villages and Communes (a sub administration unit that falls under MDK Province). The communities are allowed to conduct intensive agricultural activities in this zone and do have domestic animals. Inflow of migrants has and will, increase the numbers of families in all the clusters, increasing pressure on surrounding natural resources.

Figure 10 Map of use zones in the Srae Pok Wilderness Area and MPF

Source: Diggle 2006

Subproject area

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Area Around Srae Chrey Village

62. An assessment of LWS resource-use by residents of Srae Chrey was conducted in 2008 (Seth Theng 2008). Srae Chrey is a recently established village with most of the village located within the eastern edge of LWS and a portion of the village located across the O Chbar in MPF. Wildlife were described as plentiful near the village up until the early 2000’s; at that time the village was in conflict with biodiversity values of LWS and rapid decline in wildlife numbers followed shortly after. Important historical events are summarized in Table 10. However, the Srae Chrey Irrigation scheme together with the main canal including common areas is located in Srae Chrey and Nang Buo villages, no habitats or forest resources for wildlife are in there since then and due to the project’s component 3 mainly focus on livelihood improvement through the small scale infrastructure (for CFs and CPAs), therefore the proposed subproject was selected.

63. The southern edge of the proposed irrigation-rehabilitation area is adjacent to Steung Treng wetland; the northern edge is adjacent to a seasonal stream (O Chbar), the source of water to be stored during the wet season. Rampant forest clearing and encroachment has taken place around Srae Chrey, mainly to the north and due in part to increase in frequency and severity of flooding in the rainy season from O Chbar (2 to 3 times per year) (Seth Theng 2008). As previously mentioned, the proposed subproject will provide benefits to villagers such as producing two rice crop per year with higher yield by using good seed with the availability of water year-round and the fish resources will be increased so the villagers can do fishing to earn more income for household consumption (confirmed by head of Nang Buo village and villagers together with the Nang Khi Lik commune council member during the consultation meetings).

Table 10: Important historical events related to ecological changes near Srae Chrey

1973 - Srae Chrey village established.

1979-1999 – village dissolved and villagers lived elsewhere

1999 – influx of Khmer Rouge families from Anlong Veng, Cardamom Mountain range as part of government integration policy

1999-2001/2 – fish were plentiful; wildlife still got about 20%; from 2002 to 2008 no more wildlife around village

1999-2008 – cattle diseases occurred each year

2001-2002 – hunters noticed many wildlife died in forest (samba, bateng, crane). Speculation that they died from disease spread from livestock. Wildlife seen previously but not after 2002: elephant (footprints), deer species, macaques, gaur, water monitor, Siamese crocodile.

2002 – many cattle died from December to June (dry season) 2004-

2006 – drought

2006-2007 – fish were depleted; big flood – O Chbar burst banks and flooded village paddies.

2008 – Rangers burned 2m3 of illegal sawn timbers that they found in the sanctuary and known to be taken by local policemen. 7 men with rifles tried to take revenge

Source: Seth Theng 2008

64. Based on the result of the several consultation meetings and field validation, it can be seen that the proposed subproject is located in the Srae Pok WS, but it is in the community use zone. Due to the map as shown in the figure 2, it is shown that the distance between the proposed subproject and the core zone is about 5 km.

D.2. Economic Development

65. Road network and communication: Most of existing accessed roads from district to the proposed subproject area are laterite and earth roads that are extremely difficult to use during wet season. They are generally passable in the dry season only. The mobile communication network are not good enough and all service provider network can be connected in the subproject area, but not an easy.

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66. Irrigation system network: So far irrigation system is dependent on the availability of the water from upstream and rainfall during the wet season. The drainage of excess water is through the broken canal structures (required to fix) without any water gate. Farmers are not also be able to control the water levels in the rice field.

67. Water supplies: Wells, streams, canals and rainwater are the main sources of domestic water. Sanitation is also in poor condition due to limited water sources and lack of sanitation facilities (none of the households interviewed had toilet). The surface water in the project area is generally used for irrigation purpose and domestic use. Based on the field validation and observation, these indicate that there are three main water sources utilized by people for drinking purpose in the area. The three most prominent sources are (i) ring wells/pump wells, (ii) ponds or stream or river and (iii) rainwater the latter becoming prominent only in the wet season. However, groundwater from the drilled and dug wells are used by the local people both for domestic and commercial uses. Based on the field validation and observation, the water quality and quantify are reduced during the dry season. But, monitoring of the volume and quality has not been undertaken in the project area. There is no information on water quality of surface water within the project area.

68. Land use. In Srae Chrey irrigation subproject area, 50% of the land is used for paddy production and another 15% is village and residential area that is located around the natural stream and rural road only. Except for the residential and village area, all the open land will be used for agriculture purpose especially rice production.

69. Resource use and livelihoods: Results of focus group discussions (FGDs) for the R-PPTA indicated that the major occupation is rice cultivation, followed by crop farming (mainly cassava and sweet potato), animal raising (mainly for household consumption) and forest product collection. Seasonal livelihood activities are summarized in Table 11.

70. Solid waste management. Regarding to solid waste management within the subproject area, there is no waste collection thus the local residents have their own practices for the waste management such as burning or burying or illegal disposal except organic waste which separated for their animal (dog, cat and pig). Therefore, the waste disposal shall be introduced in line with the solid waste sub-decree under the Ministry of Environment.

71. Livestock: Ten households that owned farmland within the Bakham irrigation service area were surveyed as part of the PPTA social assessment; Five of them owned rice land with sizes ranging between 5 and15 hectares; three households have land with sizes ranging between 2 and 5 hectares; and two households have land ranging in size from 1 to 2 hectares. The average land holding is 5.3 hectares. All the surveyed households owned livestock; all households raise chickens, while 70 percent had pigs, 60 percent had cows and 50 percent had buffaloes. From the FGDs, it was found out that all farmers in the subproject area currently rely on traditional farming methods for rice which is their primary crop. All farmers in the village grow rice by traditional methods, using only local seed and without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Yields are very low, averaging about two tons per hectare. Only one rice crop of is grown during the year, and this is in the rainy season.

72. Non-rice crop production: Only one household had a home garden, planting cucumber and sweet potato that are sold in the village. Cassava and maize are grown in one household’s upland farm and are sold in the district town. The average distance from home to the farmland varies from household to household. Sixty percent of the surveyed households travel up to 100 meters to get to their farmland. Most farmers use hand tractors (60%) and 30 percent use ox carts. Only one farmer reported that he walks to his farmland from his home. Of the problems reported in the subproject area, flooding was cited by 80 percent of the surveyed households as a major issue. In the last 10 years, there had been three flash flood events that occurred on the slopes - i.e., in 2000, 2008 and 2011. During these years, the yields had decreased, some animals had been swept away and home garden washed off. Drought and insufficient agriculture techniques were also cited as problems by fewer households (20%). Flooding and drought were cited as the main reasons for crop damage during any given year. The transport of agricultural products to the market is done by truck, organized by middlemen. This was reported by all

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surveyed households. Most of the agriculture produce is sold to middlemen who also mostly control the credit market in the subproject area. Farmers can sell their rice crop to middlemen while it is still standing in the field. Farmers hire laborers, machines, harvester, and thresher to harvest the crop and then sell the rice direct to middlemen who, using their own means of transport, collect the rice from the fields. Rice usually fetches a lower price when sold in the field compared to the general market price. The farming households in the subproject area face constraints such as dependency on rainfed rice production, low crop yields, high production risks (largely due to pests - pest infestations are apparently increasing due to climate change), and high cost of credit. Self-sufficiency in rice among the surveyed households is high with 70% of the households reporting that they have sufficient supply of rice for the family’s consumption; 30% of the surveyed households reported experiencing shortage of rice for 2-3 months in a given year.

73. Forest products and wildlife collection: Villagers are heavily dependent on natural resources from the surrounding forest (confirmed by consultation meetings). Products extracted from the forest include construction materials, meat (fish and game), resin, rattan, thatch and material for mat-weaving and string, firewood and charcoal. Other NTFPs include wild vegetables; bamboo shoots, mushrooms. Timber is used for plough handles. Prior to 2000, wildlife was relatively abundant near the village and were hunted; over the period 2001-2008 no more wildlife was seen and villagers needed to travel to longer distant evergreen forest to hunt, often using dogs when grass is low at start of rainy season. Since the early 2000s, external traders encouraged people to hunt leading to rapid depletion of wildlife. As a result, the NTFP still remain the main income source.

74. Fishing: Fishing activities as a second or third sources of income in Srae Chrey village since then due to the availability of water sources in Ou Chbar (natural stream) and the catchment area the Bakham reservoir. Villagers in the Nang Buo and Srae Chrey villages catch fish mainly for household consumption. In addition, they confirmed that fish resources are abandoned during the period of 1980-2005. So far, the fish resources or production have declined annually due to the increasing level of fishing activities.

D.3. Social and Cultural Resources

75. Population and ethnic composition: Nang Buo village, total population is 1,019 (492 females and 527 males) in 213 households (206 male head of families and seven female head of families). The indigenous and ethnic minority composition is diverse and includes: Lao families 93 (44%), Khmer families 54 (25%), Punong families 27 (13%), Tompuon families 24(11%), Kreung families 6(3%), Cha Ray families 5(2%), Kroeal families 4(2%)3. Of these only 51 families (195 people) who have their cultivated land within the subproject who are affected and direct beneficiary farmers from the proposed subproject.

76. Poverty: Almost 62 percent of the population in Srae Chrey is classified as poor and very poor (i.e., 49% and 13%, respectively) according to poverty-level criteria used in Cambodia (the criteria are: ownership of agricultural land, educational attainment, and livelihood sources). The “very poor” households have no agricultural land nor other productive assets, their adult members are mostly illiterate (i.e., cannot read nor write), and their main source of income is farm labor and other work. They are very likely female-headed, with more children, with disabled or sick adult members and without livestock. “Poor” households have some agricultural land (1 ha. or less), their adult members have some years of education, and their sources of income are agriculture and other works. “Medium” households would have enough land for cultivation (between 1 to 2.5 ha.), higher level of educational attainment, and more sources of incomes sources from agriculture and others. “Well-off” households would have larger agricultural land, viz. 2.5 ha or more.

77. Gender issues: PPTA socio-economic surveys indicate that female household members outnumber male members by 1.25 to 1, i.e., the surveyed households comprise 44% male and 56% female; the male-to-female ratio mirrors the national figure. There are 21 female-headed households in Srae Chrey (12% of the population). Males (49%) are slightly less than female

3 Nang Buo Statistical Data 2016

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(51%). Of the total male population, 1% are single and have never been married, compared to 2% of the female population. More females are widowed (20%). The males have achieved higher education than the women. During the FGDs, it was indicated that the women in the village tend to marry as soon as they find a prospective mate. Poverty was also cited as another reason why females do not pursue higher education as well as distance. Hence, investment relevant to education of male members of the households is higher than for female members. While the hours are almost equally divided between the male and female adult members of the household, during a typical 24-hour day in the life of a Srae Chrey village household the males have about 3-4 hours for rest or for spending time with the neighbors to catch up on community news and local affairs which the women do not avail of. Women still retain responsibility for domestic chores such as cooking and caring for the family. The work in the farm is however shared by both men and women including watering, weeding, etc.

78. While both men and women share access to land (including assignment of land titles), support services for production, and the resulting benefits from production, it appears that only the men decide on what crops to grow, and in accessing production inputs and market information. Both men and women can be members in community organizations, participate in community projects and in religious/cultural rituals/community celebrations. The women in the surveyed households are wholly responsible for household work (100%) and are engaged in various economic activities such as agriculture and in the collection and sale of forest products (90%), allied activities such as dairy, poultry and piggery (50%), employment in government service (60%), and in trade and business (50%). The most revealing finding from the household survey is that the women participate in decision-making – they are free to participate in decisions on financial matters, education of children, health care, purchase of assets, day-to-day activities, and social functions and marriages.

79. Community health and safety: The diseases reported during the household survey include stomachache and headaches, diarrhea, cold, malaria and tuberculosis. A preference for traditional medicines was unanimously expressed by the surveyed households. Some 80% of the households reported sickness as their major social issue, with gambling and alcohol drinking being reported by 10% of the households, respectively. Lack of toilets and defecation in areas near houses has been associated with diseases requiring money to cure and inducing people to commit illegal activities (Seth Theng 2008). Unexploded ordnance is a concern in many areas of Cambodia (ADB 2010a) but has not been reported for the Srae Chrey area.

80. Physical and cultural resources: The forests and their components are of great significance for the local communities, especially the indigenous peoples and ethnic minority groups whose ancestral grounds lie inside the BCC Project area (ADB 2010a). They believe spirits inhabit elements of their natural landscape, such as trees, mountains and rivers. During the FGDs conducted in Srae Chrey during the PPTA, the Bunongs expressed concern about the loss of forest spirits as a result of the decreasing forest lands. They see this as threatening their rite of passage as there is now limited space for rituals. The Bunongs believe that spirits have "ran away”, hence there are now no spirits that will protect them and the remaining forests. However, construction of the proposed subproject is in the existing areas where the forest resources or cultural resources are not existed, so no impact to cultural resources due to the construction of the proposed subproject.

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Table 11: Calendar of seasonal livelihood activities, Srae Chrey (Source: Seth Theng, 2008)

Event Month

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rainy Season one or two rain falls only

One or two rain falls sometimes no rain falls

Cultivation Maize Sweet Potato, pumpkin vegetables

Saving rice transplant rice seeding

transplant rice seeding

transplant rice seeding (caning for the young rice activates)

Rice harvesting variable, depending on growth

variable, depending on growth

variable, depending on growth

Village Sprit Offerings

Rice storing ceremony and pray for cattle safely and good health

permission to reclaim cattle

Cattle cleaning and relating, pray for health and safety

Clearings forest Land for Paddy

Clearing to add more household paddy or chamka

Cleaning to add more household paddy or chamka

Burning and weeding on old chamka

Land preparation

Marriage Busy for relation to travel to the village

Follow LMO travel on

Follow LMO travel on

(out during new year celebration)

Difficult for relation to travel to the village

free from rice cultivation

free from rice cultivation

free from rice cultivation

NTFPs and Timber Collection

Oil resin could be harvested the whole year

Wild Vegetables (Prich, Sdav)

Wild Vegetables (Prich, Sdav)

Wild vegetables (pka chhahory kandaul lemve)

Bamboo shoot, dambek, mushroom

Bamboo shoot Ka ghak, mushroom, preparing bamboo shoot pickles

preparing bamboo shoot pickles

Busy/ Free Tine Busy Busy Busy Free busy (land preparation

Busy Busy Busy free (after rice cult ration )

free (after rice cultivation)

Busy Busy

Handicraft Making (Oxcart, Boat, Basket, Plough, Rake, Axe Handle Various bamboo fishing Traps

Go to the forest looking for timber for plough handles

Make, plough Hunting Traps (using Oxcart)

Hunting Traps (using Oxcart)

Weaving bucket in the pact (now buy from Banlung)

Weaving bucket ready for harvest (now buy from Banlung)

Weaving bucket (now buy from Banlung)

Hunting Hunting (using dog)

Start to raina produce new gran (using dog)

Start to raina produce new gran (using dog)

Hunting (need to hunt for act harm)

Hunting (gram are too high dog unable to hunt)

Hunting (gram are too high dog unable to hunt)

Fishing Plenty Average Little Little plenty (hatch migrating upstream from the River

plenty (hatch migrating upstream from River)

Little (too much water)

Little plenty (hatch start migrate downstream

plenty (hatch start migrate downstream

plenty (hatch migrating downstream)

Plenty

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E. SCREENING POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES

81. Based on the detailed design together with the field validation and community consultation meetings, it is identified that the potential environmental impacts related to the Irrigation scheme construction are relatively minor, when compared to the benefits resulting from the scheme operation. Environmental impacts are covered on three stages such as pre-construction, construction, and operation. In this IEE the study assessed for both negative and positive potential impacts, and mitigation measures are responded for each negative impact.

82. The potential environmental impacts have been screened and assessed based on the engineering design and location of the proposed alignment of the irrigation scheme. The ADB Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist was also used for the environmental categorization of the subproject. Fact finding in the field has been used to collect the information for the compilation of the REA. Based upon the results of the environmental and social field investigations, recommendations were presented to the relevant stakeholders and local communities in the subproject area on the potential environmental impacts that are expected to be occurred. The potential environmental impacts and mitigation measures are described in this chapter.

83. Potential impacts have been assessed by the initial identification of potential adverse and beneficial effects, identification of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts, and determination of significance and likelihood of residual adverse effects after implementation of mitigation. The significance of potential adverse effects was based on subjective appraisal of magnitude, geographic extent, duration and frequency, reversibility of identified effects. Each environmental impact is described followed by recommended mitigation measures for the different project phases: pre-construction, construction and operation.

E.1. Pre-construction phase.

84. During the pre-construction/design stage, there is no significant impact on the environment and social and cultural resources, which is resulting from human activities. The activities related to the project alignment and research for preparing project design only.

(a) Project site and engineering design

85. The proposed Irrigation scheme is located in the floodplain area of Nong Buo and Srae Chrey villages, Nong Khi Lik commune, Koh Nhek districts, MDK province. The proposed subproject will not encroach on private agricultural land nor on residential areas. There are trees along the existed dam and on the access road towards the project site. Also, the irrigation scheme alignment will require removal of 100 trees (as described in para 56) and improvement of the access road will be removal of additional 2,100 trees (same species of 100 trees that are needed to remove for construction of the irrigation scheme (see para 56), but the ages of these trees range from four to seven years old with the diameter is about 5 to 20 cm).

Trees to be clear for accessed roads

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86. Mitigation measures. The height of the dike will be elevated to minimize and reduce the prolonged inundation and unnecessary flooding of the rice field. The alignment of the irrigation scheme may be realigned to avoid any potential encroachment of private lands. The design philosophy of the drainage facilities is to control and maintain the water canal to flow into irrigation scheme and for the up and down-stream users. An alternative approach is to drain water from the paddy field naturally through the existing stream to avoid flood disaster during the wet season via drainage structures. These drainage structures will be constructed as shown in the layout plan shown in the subproject description of this report. To compensate the loss of the 2,100 trees (see name of trees in para 56 and para 86), the FA will replant an equivalent number of trees (native species) on an area of a few hectares nearby and along the subproject site as shown in Figure 3 and access road towards protecting the dike, improving the access road for local villagers’ use and wildlife resources. The replanted trees will be mainly naturally occurring endemic species in the area to enhance the forest resources. During the pre-construction/implementation of the subproject the location of worker’s camps, access road, storage facilities, for construction materials, and equipment of the contractor must be carefully identified to meet minimum area requirement needed for during the construction activities.

(b) Setting up construction camp

87. The construction site for the workers’ camp and disposal sites will be temporarily established by the project contractor. The spoil materials from project preparation will also require temporary land. The contractors should check that the location for temporary premises will avoid farmland and forest area and that all temporary locations have been restored or repaired at the end of construction. In addition to temporary land occupation by the contractor for the construction staging areas, the setting up and operations of construction camps will have a low and short-term impacts (during construction period only). The land occupied will be restored to its previous state or to a better condition. Worker accommodation and camps will generate wastewater from toilets, bathrooms and kitchen. Solid waste from the camp is another source of pollution and health hazard. Workers may also be at risk from malaria and dengue, unsanitary camp conditions, lack of clean water and sanitary facilities.

88. Mitigation measures: Developed or cleared private land should be preferred for the construction camp. This will eliminate the need for clearing. Camps should not be located on productive lands, at or near sensitive habitats and at least 300 m from local resident houses if possible. Pollution prevention in construction camps will require the proper management of wastes by the contractor. This should include provision of septic tanks for wastewater effluent from toilets, bathroom and kitchen. The grey water from the septic tank should be disposed in a leaching field. Discharge of wastewater into sewer or water body should conform with the standards set by the Sub-Decree on Water Pollution Control No. 27 ANRK.BK. Proper solid waste management should likewise be implemented. Waste bins for segregating waste should be provided within the camp with regular collection schedule. Waste should be segregated with recyclables sold to recyclers; organic wastes composted and non-recyclable wastes disposed in authorized disposal facilities or using local solid waste service. Hazardous substances such as used oil and empty paint, busted lamps and spills from refueling and storage of oils will be segregated from the regular garbage and should be disposed through an authorized hazardous waste disposal facility. Oil spills and drips should be collected through an oil pit in the refueling and oil storage area. Protection of health and safety of workers in the camp is part of the contractors’ obligation. The contractor should provide safe, suitable and comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath); ample supply of clean water; first aid supplies and personal protected equipment (PPE) for workers. Camp surroundings should be kept clean to prevent breeding of insect vectors. A trained health and safety officer should be designated by the contractor to ensure the proper implementation of the environment, health and safety programs and induction and training of the workforce during the construction phase. For security and to maintain order in the camp and to avoid social conflicts with the local community, camp rules should be established and effectively disseminated to the workforce. These camp rules should address health, safety and security of workers and compliance with the EMP. The contractor shall conduct training and orientation on environmental protection, Government’s environmental regulations and requirements, hygiene, health, first aid, safety and

34

security. The training program should be defined in the Construction Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). The CEMP to be prepared by the contractor should present a detailed plan of the construction camp including the layout, the sanitary facilities, septic tank, drainage, access road, fuel storage, equipment yard and spill kits. The contractor must secure permits from the landowner, local government and other relevant agencies. All permits should be submitted with the CEMP to the MoE by the contractor prior to start of any construction activities.

(c) Risk of Land Mines and UXO

89. The new flap gate and pipe culverts will be constructed in a new location. However, the risks remain since there may be deep seated mines that could be exploded by heavy construction equipment. Consultation meetings with local communities are necessary to know clearly where there are risks of mines or UXO. Unsafe areas should be cleared before the subproject implementation. Consultation meetings with villagers and local authorities confirmed that there is no mines or UXO in the subproject area (confirmed by the participants of consultation).

90. Mitigation measures: De-mining shall be done before earth work, especially in construction site new access road and quarries. The project owner shall do good cooperation with local de-mining authority CMAC or other local de-mining agency to deal on this issue.

(d) Damage to existing structures

91. No existing structures were observed, but small trees (as mentioned in para 57) will be damaged by the project. To lessen the project impacts, the road and temporary access were designed in such a way that trees (2000 trees, as mentioned in para 57, need to be clear and converted as accessed road to the project site) and adjacent structures will not be affected. Resettlement framework for the Project and Cambodian laws, policies, and regulations should be complied with.

92. Mitigation measures: No impact to existing structure, however, some trees need to plant along the accessed road and dam to protect the dam and the road.

(e) Establishment of Grievance Redress Mechanism

93. To ensure that there is an effective and workable Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) established and applied during construction, the design must include a description of the operation of the system. This entails raising awareness of local authorities and the community of their rights and obligations to closely monitor the activities during construction so that any grievances that they have can be addressed fully. The contractors will be made fully aware of all of their responsibilities and the fact that the community members are fully empowered to address any grievances during the construction phase to the site managers, and that if they do not receive a satisfactory response there is a mechanism for the them to raise their grievances to higher levels and for strong action to be taken against the contractor and to resolve the grievance fully. At the local level the Village Chiefs and Commune Chief will be fully briefed on the GRM, as well as the district administration the and MoE/PPIU team. The MoE/PIU will take full responsibility for instigating these awareness raising activities, and furthermore for providing clear explanations of this to the contractor prior to contract signing

E.2. Construction Phase

(a) Impact on water quality and aquatic biota

94. Construction activities have potential to affect water quality and aquatic biota in O’Chbar; potential sources of pollutants include sediment produced during earth moving, fuels, lubricants and other compounds used during construction equipment and other liquid and solid waste produced during construction activity.

95. Mitigation measures: The cutting of forest and earth works will be done in the dry season to reduce soil erosion and waste flushing into the water courses. If construction is not completed in dry season appropriate erosion and sediment control measures (retention pond and blue fine mesh cloth/plastic) shall be put in places to avoid sediment laden discharges from the site during the wet season. The project construction contractor will educate the workers not to dispose waste into the water course and provide adequate waste management facilities including sanitation

35

latrines in the construction sites and camps. The contractor will make sure that all waste generated from humans and from construction activities will be properly collected and disposed in compliance with the solid waste management regulation or guideline of Cambodia. Water quality monitoring upstream and downstream of the project site will be done regularly visually, or by using a turbidity meter, to ensure the quality of water during construction does not seriously impact on aquatic and terrestrial wildlife and human beings who use the water upstream of the project.

(b) Dust dispersion impacts

96. Generation of dust is expected during earthworks and from hauling of construction materials to site. Dust pollution could be a nuisance to communities who live adjacent to the site, especially during dry season. The dust will also affect aesthetics.

97. Mitigation measures: The Contractor will be required to formulate and implement a dust control program that includes spraying of water on access roads and work areas within villages close to the access road. Vehicles transporting materials will be covered with tarpaulin or similar material. Properly cover on the construction materials such as the cement, soil, and aggregate when transport it to the construction site. Control vehicle speed to less than 8 km/h in unpaved areas. Post the notice on the construction works and the speed limit sign in the construction site.

(c) Noise impacts

98. Similar to dust, operation of construction equipment and transporting materials will cause temporary noise and vibration. Communities and wildlife close to work areas will be affected. The Contractor should consider proper scheduling of construction activities particularly in sensitive areas. Acoustic barriers or enclosures for working areas should be provided where required.

99. Mitigation measures: Vehicles and construction equipment have to be well maintained and checked for operational noise and vibration levels. Mufflers should be installed and maintained as necessary to meet these standards. The noise generated on site shall not be over the standard level of MOE, which is maximum 45 dB from 6am to 6pm. If the noise is adversely affecting any household in the area, the contractor will take the necessary measures to reduce noise impact or nuisance. The construction and dredging activities must be made known in the area or near local residents prior to commencement of the works. The works should be limited to working hours (8:00am – 12pm to 1:00pm – 5:00pm). No construction works must be observed during the night.

(d) Environment, health and safety for public and workers

100. Construction staging areas for the workers’ camps, asphalt/concrete mixing stations and pre-casting yards, and spoil disposal sites will be set up by the project contractors. These will be included in the CEMP of the Contractor. These construction staging areas will be temporarily set up during the construction phase. The contractor should ensure that sites for the temporary facilities will avoid farmland and that all temporary sites shall be restored to its prior state upon completion of the construction activities. The construction sites shall be properly delineated with warning signs to restrict/disallow unofficial and unnecessary access to the construction areas to prevent accidents. The CEMP shall also include proper location of workers’ camp and provision of facilities for sanitation including latrine, clean water, wash area, kitchen and potable water among others.

101. Mitigation measures: Prepare and adhere to safety management plan of the CEMP. The Contractor will follow all safety working standards. Tools and equipment will be provided to protect against any dangers to project staff/workers as well as to local people. Clean and potable water supply will be provided to the workers and staffs to use for domestic consumption. Treatment and protection health affect will be provided, e.g. health facilities, medicines, and medicine/doctor for examination and treatment of workers and local people to avoid the spread of disease from one people to other people. The Contractor shall pursue a good collaboration with Mondulkiri health Center and Koh Nheaek district, in MDK province, and central levels to ensure the protection against any transmission of disease in and around the project area. Contractor must cooperate with police and local authorities against drug use or drug trafficking in and around the project

36

area. The temporary housing, workshops and storage of materials should be properly managed and any indiscriminate disposal of petroleum products or other pollutants shall strictly be prohibited.

(e) Sources of construction materials and quarry sites

102. Quarrying can have long term and permanent adverse impacts such as visual impairment (scarring), changes in topography, wasteful consumption, change in land use, increased susceptibility to erosion, siltation, sedimentation and alteration of natural drainage patterns. Direct impact of borrow pits is clearance of vegetation, loss of soil resources and change in landform with indirect impacts of visual impairment, increased risk of erosion and siltation, threats to public safety, health hazards as accumulated water can serve as a breeding ground for insect vectors.

103. Mitigation measures: The selection of the aggregate material supplier should consider the legitimacy of the operations, i.e. licensed operators. Should the contractor opt to operate its own aggregate plant, reopening abandoned quarry sites, or borrow pit the depth of which shall in no circumstance whatever be deeper than two meters, to avoid any risk to injury to children or livestock, and it is mandatory that warning signs to prevent such physical injuries or danger to the lives of humans of domestic animals are posted at the site of the pit. It is essential to use existing quarry sites as an alternative to the opening of a new quarry site. The contractor should include in the CEMP a material balance estimate for cut and fill material requirements and identify possible sources for fill materials and disposal sites for spoils. Only authorized or permitted sources of fill materials or quarries should be used as sources of these materials. In the event that a new quarry would be needed for fill materials, the contractor should submit a quarry development plan to the supervising consultants together with the CEMP.

(f) Generation of wastes

104. During subproject construction, various wastes will be generated. Potential sources are wastes from construction workers, site clearing, excavation, dismantling of old structures and from other construction-related activities. If not properly managed, it will be effected the health and sanitation in the subproject area. Garbage dump area will serve as breeding ground for disease-carrying species. Waste may even clog the drainage system. Contractor should formulate and implement a Waste Management Plan where required as a result of construction and camp activities.

105. Mitigation measures: Contractor shall cooperate with MOE and local authorities within project site to organize and monitor the solid waste and wastewater. Also, Contractor shall make/select an available dumpsite with appropriated location and number latrine for workers and staff should be suitable in accordance with waste management sub-degree. Provide sufficient garbage containers in the construction camps and at work site, regular disposal of wastes in an approved dumpsite or disposal site, provide sanitary facilities for workers which should be cleaned and maintained regularly. Upon completion of construction works, camps and work sites used should be restored to its original or better condition.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS

106. Potential Effects. Project beneficiaries currently use land to be improved by rehabilitation of the irrigation facilities but as noted above, these farmers expressed willingness to have their cultivated areas included in the irrigation-rehabilitation subproject. Construction activities involve risk to safety of workers and community members and will require protocols to minimize potential for injury. Construction activities are not expected to adversely affect livelihoods or vulnerable groups.

107. Mitigation measures. A safety management plan outlining measures to protect construction workers and community members who might be close to the work area when construction activities are taking place will reduce risk of injury.

ACCESS ROAD DURING CONSTRUCTION

108. Potential impacts. Small improvements will be made along an existing road to enable passage of construction vehicles/equipment from Koh Nheaek to the subproject site; the existing

37

road is narrow with portions having rough and irregular surface. Improvements are expected to involve clearing of small amounts of roadside vegetation (2,100 trees) and smoothing of the road to enable access by trucks carrying earthmoving equipment to the site at the start of construction and removal at the end of construction. Smaller vehicles will be used to transport personnel and material over the same period. Improvement to and use of the access road is not expected to have direct adverse effects physical and biological resources along its route.

109. improvements could encourage short-term increase in road use by third-parties over the construction period but are not expected to lead to substantial increase in use of the road and forest-encroachment after the construction period. The hunting or trapping of wildlife by construction workers during road improvement is possible along the access route and should be clearly banned in contract provisions.

110. Mitigation measures. Potential effects during construction activities can be readily mitigated by banning wildlife hunting by construction personnel along the route and monitoring road use for evidence of unintended activity.

E.3. Operation and Maintenance

(a) Water resources

111. Water flow downstream of the reservoir will be reduced or eliminated at times when the reservoir is filled during the rainy season (once filled water will be released periodically over a spillway and regulated water will be supplied to the rice cultivation area during the onset of the dry season; return of water draining the command area will be less than the inflow amount as water is taken up by rice plants and released through evaporation). Water in the stream is not used for human consumption. The stream supports fish and people occasionally catch fish in small pools. Anticipated reduction in flows downstream of the dam will adversely affect aquatic biodiversity (described in items 2, para 123 of this Section).

112. Mitigation measures. The management of water sources (water flow downstream of the reservoir) need to manage properly through the proper set-up mechanism by the PIU/PPIU and local authorities in line with the guidelines from MOWRAM. The mechanism is responsible for water flow from the dam to the reserved drainage to be used.

(b) Deterioration of Water quality

113. Pesticides and fertilizers are not currently used by local farmers and are not planned for use in the near future (confirmed by the consultation meetings with villagers and local authorities, minutes attached). As long as these compounds are not used adverse effects on ground or surface water quality are not expected; future use of pesticides/fertilizers could affect the quality of groundwater and surface water in Bakham and Ou Chbar

114. Mitigation measures. Measures to mitigate potential adverse effects of reduced water flow on biological resources in Bakham downstream of dam are described in the following subsection (para 124).

(c) Encroachment and deterioration of natural resources

115. Tree cutting or deterioration of natural resources may occur after the completion of proposed irrigation scheme due to the improved access road (confirmed by villagers of Nang Buo village to keep the accessed road for internal use). A effective management mechanism will be required.

116. Mitigation measures. Mitigation measures to mitigate or eliminate the tree cutting or logging activities which may happen due to the improved accessed road existed. Therefore, a management committee needs to be set up to implement the patrol activities to ban logging activities and contribute to natural resources conservation. In order to operate and maintain the scheme for long-term use, the FWUG needs to be established and the capacity strengthened. Therefore, capacity building training courses for the FWUG will be essential.

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F. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

117. The environmental management plan (EMP) provides guidance for inspection, monitoring and mitigation measures for Srae Chrey irrigation scheme subproject during pre-construction/design, construction and operation of the project. The EMP provides mitigation measures for the environmental impacts identified, institutional responsibilities for the implementation of the EMP and the cost of implementing the mitigation and enhancement measures. The EMP includes the location where the monitoring activities will be undertaken during the pre-construction, construction period, the parameters to be monitored and frequency responsibilities for implementation and verification and the estimated costs of implementation.

118. The EMP will be part of the technical specifications and therefore will take precedence in any conflict with the General Conditions and Contract. The EMP is a general guide for the contractor to follow. The successful Contractor will update the subproject EMP and prepare a Contractor’s Environmental Management Plan (CEMP). The CEMP shall include among others a traffic management plan, workers’ camp and facilities, e.g. toilets and wash area, emergency response and first aid, public and workers’ environment, health and safety plan, specific details on the locations of storage facility for fuel, oil etc. construction materials the borrow areas, borrow roads, field office, parking area for heavy equipment. The CEMP must be submitted to the PIU-MOE for approval prior to commencement of construction works.

119. The EMP for the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Subproject is summarized in Table 12 below. It presents the potential environmental impacts during the pre-construction, construction and operation of the subprojects, the corresponding mitigation/enhancement measures to reduce the negative impacts are recommended and the institutional responsibilities for the implementation and supervision as well as the costs of implementation are indicated.

122. The Environmental Monitoring Plan is shown below.

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Table 12: Summary of EMP and Mitigation Measures for Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Subproject

Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

Pre-Construction

Setting up of construction camp

Camp will generate waste from kitchen, toilet and fuel waste from construction materials.

- Prefer use of cleared land and avoid productive lands, at or near sensitive habitats

- The contractor’s CEMP shall include the following provisions: comfortable accommodation, kitchen, dining and sanitary facilities (toilet and bath) with septic tank, ample supply of clean water, first aid supplies and PPE, solid waste management, and hazardous substances area.

- Designate a trained health and safety officer - Conduct training for workers on environmental protection,

grievance redress mechanism, Government’s environmental regulations and requirements, ADB requirements, hygiene, health, first aid, safety and security.

- Camps area must be restored to original condition after completed

Contractor EA/PPIU Construction

Cost

GoC approvals

- Notify MoE about the project to ensure requirements are complete and required permits and clearances are secured prior to implementation.

- Confirm approved IEIA report from MOE (see annex MOE letter of approval for the BCCP/PPCR subprojects).

Consultant, EA MoE

Contractor’s EMP (CEMP)

- The contractor(s) will develop a Contractor EMP that includes individual management sub-plans for:

A. Spoil Site Management; B. Solid and Liquid Waste Management; C. Community and Occupational Health and Safety and

Emergency Response; D. Construction Workers Camp Management (if

required) - The CEMP will include a map of each construction site, with

copies held by the Contractor and PPMU, showing as a minimum:

a). storage areas for waste, b). Storage area for chemicals such as fuels, c) first aid kit and equipment used in emergency response, d) location of worker camps (if required).

Contractor EA/PIU/PPIU Construction

cost

UXO clearance Risk to workers and local - De-mining shall be done before earth work, especially in

construction site new access road and quarries. PIU/EA MAFF/MoE Project cost

40

Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

people - The project owner shall do good cooperation with local de-mining authority CMAC or other local de-mining agency to deal on this issue.

Establishment and

dissemination of

GRM

1. Establish GRM focal points within PIU, PPIU and commune/village

2. Provide contractor with GRM contact details to be used for : A. GRM sign boards B. GRM Contact Cards for Affected People

Contractor PIU/MAFF/MoE Project cost

Construction

Access road to project site

Property damage, and wildlife

- The access road alignments will be designed to reduce damage or risk to natural resources such as shrubs, wildlife, aquatic fauna and flora, and to avoid any risk to local people as well as project worker’s health

- The contractor will plan to use good excavation machinery and trucks with low emission of pollutant.

- Limited tree cut based on the extension of road. - Banning wildlife hunting

Contractor EA/PIU/PPIU Construction

Cost

Clearing the trees 2000 trees lost

- Limited tree cut based on good design practice and environmental implication.

- Replanting subproject to complement the loss of the trees. 2,100 trees will be restored/replanted at along the Srae Chrey Irrigation to compensate the loss. The tree species will be planted are mainly Anisoptera costata kort, Dipterocarpus alatus Roxb, Dipterocarpus intricatis Dyer, Dipterocarpus obtusifolius, Terminalia tomentosa and Terrietia Kavanica Blume.

Contractor or other service

providers EA.PIU/PPIU

Construction cost

Clearing, grubbing and earth work

Soil erosion and sediment

- Construction activities shall be done during the dry season - Compacting and protecting exposed soil as much as possible

and by replanting areas where the vegetation has been damaged.

- Providing adequate compaction on slope of embankment/dike - Maintain vegetation cover on erosion-prone areas to prevent

deposition and sedimentation along the irrigation canal and reservoir

Contractor

EA/PIU/PPIU

Construction Cost

Reduced water quality in downstream

- Minimize equipment use and entry of high-silt run-off during heavy rain from earthworks into O-Chbar; management protocols for handling and clean-up of fuels and other construction fluids.

Contractors

EA/PIU/PPIU Construction

Cost

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Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

- The cutting of forest and earth works will be done in the dry season. If construction is not completed in dry season appropriate erosion and sediment control measures (blue fine mesh cloth/plastic) shall be put in places.

- Water quality monitoring upstream /downstream of the project site will be done regularly during construction.

Elevated noise near residences

- Operate equipment based on timing agreed with nearby villagers

- Vehicles and construction equipment have to be well maintained and checked for operational noise levels, vibration and gas emissions to meet standards,

- Mufflers should be installed and maintained as necessary to meet these standards,

- The noise generated on site shall not be over the standard level of MOE, which is maximum 45 dB from 6am to 6pm,

- If the noise is adversely affecting of the surrounding development area, the contractor will take the opportunity to contact the Project Implementation Unit for consultation or solution,

- The construction and dredging activities in the urban area or near local resident should be limited to working hours and make good schedule for activities.

Contractors

EA/PIU/PPIU

Construction Cost

Elevated dust levels near residences

- Contractor will apply dust control program as spraying of water on access roads

- Covers vehicles/trucks for transporting materials especially carrying aggregates and cement.

- Control vehicle speed to less than 30 km/h in urban area or high density population

Contractors

EA/PIU/PPIU

Construction Cost

Implementation of Materials Spoil Management Sub-Plan A

Contamination of land and surface waters from excavated spoil, and construction waste

- Uncontaminated spoil to be disposed of in Government -designated sites, which must never be in or adjacent surface waters such O-Chbar.

- Spoil must not be disposed of on sloped land, near cultural property or values, ecologically important areas, or on/near any other culturally or ecologically sensitive feature.

- A record of type, estimated volume, and source of disposed spoil must be recorded.

- Contaminated spoil disposal must follow Government regulations including handling, transport, treatment (if necessary), and disposal.

Contractors

EA/PIU/PPIU

Included in the Construction

Cost

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Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

- No disposal of spoil or dredged material on agriculturally productive land or within 50 m of a water course.

Implementation of Solid and Liquid Waste Management Sub-Plan B

Contamination of land and surface waters from construction waste

- The CEMP Sub-plan will include measures to explain how the contractor will:

a) Management of general solid and liquid waste of construction will follow Government regulations, and will cover, collection, handling, transport, recycling, and disposal of waste created from construction activities and worker force.

b) Clear arrangements for storage and transportation of all hazardous and non-hazardous waste to an authorised and approved disposal point (approved by Provincial Department of Environment).

c) Recyclables to be separated at source and given/sold to recycler (plastic, metal, paper as a minimum)

d) All solid waste to be stored in containers with lids. e) Prohibit burning of waste at all times; f) Provide all vehicles/drivers with plastic bags for waste

collection and prevent any unauthorized waste disposal with particular attention paid to prevention of waste entering water ways including main canal

g) A schedule of solid and liquid waste pickup and disposal must be established and followed that ensures construction sites are as clean as possible.

h) Wastes must be stored above ground in closed, well labeled, ventilated plastic bins in good condition well away from construction activity areas, all surface water, water supplies, and cultural and ecological sensitive receptors.

- All spills must be cleaned up completely with all contaminated soil removed and handled with by contaminated spoil sub-plan B.

Contractors

EA/PIU/PPIU

Construction Cost

Implementation of Community and Occupational Health and Safety and Emergency Response Sub-Plan C

Human health and safety

- Community H&S measures to be included in the management CEMP sub-plan will include:

a) Sufficient signage and information disclosure, and site supervisors and night guards should be placed at all sites.

b) Details of signage and speed controls if public roads are to be affected by construction traffic.

Contractors

EA/PIU/PPIU

Included in the Construction

Cost

43

Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

c) Details of sufficient signage giving community dangers/ warnings and information disclosure outside all construction sites, include example warnings.

d) Speed limits suitable for the size and type of construction vehicles, and current traffic patterns should be developed, posted, and enforced on all roads used by construction vehicles.

- Occupational H&S measures to be included in the management CEMP sub-plan will include:

e) Assurance that all workers are equipped with, and use Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

f) Specifications for the PPE to be used on site and the contractors’ approach to enforcement of its use by workers

g) Sufficient signage giving occupational health and safety warnings and information disclosure within all construction sites – sub-plan to include example warnings.

h) Details of worker education and awareness seminars for construction hazards will be given. A construction site safety program will be developed and distributed to workers.

i) Details of daily toolbox meetings (safety briefings) j) Details of the site accident record book which will be

maintained where all major or minor accidents and incidents are recorded with actions taken.

k) An Environment Health and Safety qualified engineer will be engaged for the contract and adequate first aid equipment provided on site.

l) Drinking water must be provided at all construction sites - The Emergency Response Plan will set out detailed

Preventative Measures for all types of incidents covered in the CEMP Emergency Plan. This will include:

m) Prevention of Injury and Accidents – to include Personal Protective Equipment requirements for construction workers, and orientations

n) Prevention of Spillage - All construction fluids such as oils, and fuels will be stored on hard standing with sealed drainage with a capacity of 110% of the largest fuel

44

Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

container, will include procedures on refueling and maintaining vehicles.

o) Prevention of Fire – to include measures for Ignition Sources including prevention of smoking on construction site, management of flammable materials and liquid.

p) Other Incidents – prevention measures relevant to other issues considered relevant by the contractor

- The Contractor will develop Emergency Response Procedures prior to construction. The procedures will cover actions to be taken in case of:

q) Worker injury (e.g. construction or traffic accident) r) Spillage (e.g. fuel spillage) s) Fire (e.g. fuel or chemicals storage area); and

- Any other incidents anticipated by the contractor.

Implementation of Construction Workers Camp Management Sub-Plan D

Contamination of water, soil, waste production and social issues

- [if required] If a camp for construction workers is required the contractor will set out a management plan which includes:

a) A map showing camp lay out, welfare facilities, and first aid kit locations.

b) Accommodation facilities including pit latrines for male and female workers, adequate drainage to prevent flooding, security including a no weapons policy and waste disposal areas.

c) Pit latrines to be located at least 200m from surface waters, and in areas of suitable soil profiles and above the groundwater levels

d) A clean-out or infill schedule for pit latrines must be established and implemented to ensure working latrines are available at all times.

e) Worker camps must have adequate drainage. f) Schedule of HIV Aids education awareness to be given to

workers. g) Training on relevant laws for foreign labor (including

hunting, fishing and traffic rules); h) Providing firefighting equipment as fire extinguisher in

camp and working site. i) The septic should be provided in worker camp. j) Plan of how camp areas will be restored to original

condition after construction completed. - If a construction camp is not required, the contractor will not

require a Management Plan but will:

Contractors

EA/PIU/PPIU

Included in Construction

Cost

45

Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

k) Provide adequate waste disposal facilities including garbage cans for workers.

l) Provide welfare facilities including water for washing, drinking and include facilities for male and female workers

m) Provide toilets for male and female construction workers with a cleaning schedule

- The contractor will give priority to local labor force and retain evidence of how local labor recruitment efforts were undertaken

Construction of concrete structure

Generation of waste such as wooden from works, cement packaging water from transit mixers materials, excess concrete from transit mixers, and wash

- Collect from works or disposal and keep in approved disposal sites or give to community for reuse as firewood.

- Gather waste cement packaging materials for recycling or disposal in approved disposal areas.

- Prohibit burning of wastes. - Prohibit the washing of cement transit mixer at the

construction site including the disposal of excess concrete into water bodies, canals or sewers.

- Ensure compliance with the effluent standards under sub-decree on water pollution control No. 27 ANRK.BK 1999 prior to disposal of liquid wastes.

Contractor EA/PIU/PPIU Construction

Cost

Operation

Overuse and application of agrochemicals (chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides)

Paddy and garden field

- Application of appropriate integrated pest management and

use needs to train local farmers/community

Village/Commune

Fisheries Cantonment

Operation costs

Water quality will be a problem if agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) are used

- Avoidance of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as part of SRI protocols by introducing the compost and how to do and use compost (training courses)

Village/Commune

Forestry Administration

Operation costs

Inadequate operation and maintenance

- Preparing FWUC for management work

- Technical capacity building for FWUC on operation and

maintenance.

- Collecting water fee from FWUC members to maintain

operation and repairing

- Providing responsible for maintenance between PDWRAM

and FWUC.

- Reelection for FWUC committees (every four and/or five year).

FWUC

MOWTRAM/PDWRAM, local authorities,

Operation costs

46

Project Activity Potential Environmental

Impacts Proposed Mitigation Measures

Institutional Responsibilities Cost Estimates

Implementing Supervising

Social and water use conflict and chemical fertilizer use

- Providing training on how to share water from one plot to

another plot.

- Divided schedule by blocking or village etc...

- Extension work plan/schedule to farmers one month before

farming.

- Providing training no how to chemical fertilizer

FWUC

MOWTRAM/PDWRAM, local

authorities Operation costs

Hunting wild animal

and encroachment

on forest/

conservation area

Hunting wild animal and

encroachment on

forest/conservation area

- Public awareness and patrol

- Install signs indicating zones of protected areas and

permitted uses.

PIU/PPU, local authorities and

FA FA/MAFF

Government budget

Operation and

Maintenance Lack of FWUG capacity?

- Establishing the FWUGs in line with MOWRAM guideline;

- Provide training on operation and maintenance and the

FWUGs’ roles and responsibilities

PIU/PPIU with MOWRAM

MOWTRAM/PDWRAM, local

authorities Operation costs

47

G. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP)

120. The environmental monitoring plan for the EMP is provided in Table 13. The purpose of the monitoring plan is to determine the effectiveness of the impact mitigations, and to document any unexpected positive or negative environmental impacts of the subproject.

121. The monitoring plan focuses on all three phases (pre-construction, construction, post construction/operation) of the subproject and consists of environmental indicators, the sampling locations & frequency, method of data collection, and responsible parties.

122. After the construction phase is completed and all components are in operation the impact of the new infrastructure development should be monitored by the PIU after subproject hand over by contractor.

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Table 13: Summary of Environmental Monitoring Activities

Environmental Indicators

Location Method & Frequency Responsibility Estimated Costs

(USD) Verification Implementation

Pre-construction

Baseline surface water

quality Water reservoir and rice paddies

One time EA/PIU/PPIU Contractor Included in construction cost (200.00)

Baseline air quality and

noise levels Construction sites and workers’ camp sites

One time EA/PIU/PPIU/NESS Contractor Included in construction cost (1,770.00)

Setting up construction camp

Camp site Checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

EA/PIU/PPIU Contractor Included in construction cost

Construction Phase

Surface water quality Rice paddies and water reservoir

Bi-annual (every 6 months) water quality analysis

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor Included in construction cost (400.00)

Dust, air pollution and elevated noise levels

Construction sites Monthly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor Included in construction cost (3,540.00)

Traffic Construction sites Weekly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor Included in construction cost

Solid and liquid waste Construction sites Monthly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor Included in construction cost

Biodiversity effects Construction sites Monthly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor Included in construction cost

Worker and community health and safety

Implementation of Community and Occupational Health and Safety

Monthly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor Included in construction cost

Contamination of water, soil, waste production and social issues

Worker camp Monthly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor Included in construction cost

49

Environmental Indicators

Location Method & Frequency Responsibility Estimated Costs

(USD) Verification Implementation

All construction activities All construction sites and workers’ camp

Monthly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

PPIU/PIU/ NESS

Contractor

Included in construction

cost Fees for inspector (on

site environmental officer)

(1,800$/month (9) x 1persons

= 16,200.00)

Operation Phase

Surface water quality

Rice paddies and water reservoir

Water quality analysis 2

times/within first year only Fisheries

cantonment Village/

Commune BMP – aquatic component

400.00

Impaired ecological function of Bakham aquatic and riparian habitat

Project site Weekly checking against mitigation measures specified in this EMP

Fisheries Cantonment Village/

Commune

Effects on valued wildlife attracted to the reservoir and irrigation areas

Project site Monthly checking Forestry

Administration Village/

Commune BMP – aquatic component

Degraded water quality if agrochemicals (pesticides and fertilizers) are used

Project site Monthly checking Forestry

Administration Village/

Commune Operation Cost

Inadequate operation and maintenance

Project site Monthly checking MOWTRAM/PDWRAM, local authorities,

FWUC Operation Cost

Social and water use conflict and chemical fertilizer use

Project site Monthly checking MOWTRAM/PDWRAM, local authorities,

FWUC Operation Cost

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H. COST ESTIMATES

123. The costs of environmental mitigation/enhancement measures and monitoring activities proposed for the pre-construction/construction phase will form part of the contractor’s costs in his/her bid to undertake the construction of the subproject. Measures proposed in the operation and maintenance phase will be undertaken as part of the broader Project and be borne by the costs of implementation activities.

124. The estimated costs for staffing and mitigation/enhancement measures and monitoring activities during construction and operation presented in Table below. The mitigation measures to be implemented during the construction and operation phase will be included in the construction contract of the contractor. Implementation of mitigation measures will be part of the construction costs and will be included in the Bill of Quantities (BOQ) as a monthly item for the implementation of the CEMP (see Table below).

Table 14: Cost Estimates for EMP and EMoP Implementation

Description Frequency Amount, USD Cost, USD Total USD

Pre-construction Baseline surface water quality one time 200 200 200 Baseline air quality and noise levels

one time 1,770 1,770 1,770

Sub-Total (1) 1,970 Construction Monitoring surface water quality Bi-annual

(every 6 months)

200 200 400

Monitoring air quality and noise level

Bi-annual (every 6 months)

1,770 1,770 3,540

Visual inspection and check all kind of material storage at construction sites and worker camps.

Monthly Fees for

inspector (1,800$/month (9) x 1persons)

NA

16,200 Visual inspection the solid waste disposal and waste management status, biodiversity and forest effects, workers health.

Monthly NA

Sub-Total (2) 20,140 Operation Monitoring surface water quality 2 times/within

first year only 200 200 400

Sub-Total (3) 400 TOTAL 22,510

I. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITIES

125. The overall responsibility for EMP implementation and compliance with loan assurances lies with the Executing Agency (EA), the Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (MAFF). The EA has established a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) based in Phnom Penh, responsible for general project implementation. The Implementing Agency in the province is the Provincial Department of Agriculture and Provincial Department of Environment. The EA in cooperation with the PDoE and Provincial Department of

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Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (PDAFF) has established a Provincial Project Implementation Unit (PPIU) in each province, comprising relevant provincial government representatives as necessary including Provincial Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry (PDAFF).

126. Summary of general responsibility of the key institution is in the Table 15.

Table 15: Involved Authorities and Responsibilities

Implementing Agency Responsibilities

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) and its Project Implementation Unit (PIU)

MAFF will delegate its responsibility for day to day implementation to the Forestry Administration (FA). A PIU will be established under the FA, which will be responsible for: (i) technical oversight and policy guidance on implementation of project interventions in target communes with CFs under its jurisdiction in Koh Kong and MDK; (ii) administration of funds it receives for project activities at national level; (iii) technical guidance to provinces on implementing the activities in CFs and communes with CFs; (iv) submitting technical and financial reports on project interventions that are implemented directly by FA. (v) establish and manage first generation impress accounts; (vi) jointly recruit GIC consultants with the GDANCP PIU; (vii) procure required contracts for subproject

Project Implementation Organizations

Management Roles and Responsibilities (viii) procure training services; (ix) procure office equipment and vehicles; and (x) provide secretariat services to the National Steering Committee (NSC) FA will support the PPIUs in implementing FA activities in target communes and CFs.

Implementing Agencies (IAs)

Provincial Project Implementation Units - PPIU

The PPIUs consists of three teams: the provincial FA Cantonment, provincial Protected Area (PA), and PPIU director's team. The PPIU will implement project activities at provincial level through the FA Cantonment, provincial PA, and PPIU director's team. These include:

➢ community consultation and development activities;

➢ surveys/reports;

➢ community contracts

➢ CF and CPA boundary marking

➢ CF and CPA management plans

➢ CF and CPA legal approvals

➢ CF and CPA community patrols

➢ CF and CPA nursery establishment

➢ CF and CPA forest enhancement

➢ commune livelihood activities

➢ community CDFs

➢ small scale infrastructure

➢ environment safeguard activities

➢ social safeguard, gender, and indigenous person activities

➢ monitor implementation of project activities

➢ report on progress of implementation; and

➢ liaise with the District Coordinators District Coordinators District Coordinators will be established within each participating district. The

District Coordinators will assist in implementation at the district level.

Steering Committees ● National Steering

Committee

FA and MOE will appoint the two Co-Chairs of the National Steering Committee Meeting twice a year, the NSC will:

➢ review Project implementation progress;

➢ endorse Project annual work plans and budgets

➢ provide overall policy guidance on the implementation of the Project The CPMUs will provide secretariat service to the NSC.

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Implementing Agency Responsibilities

Financiers ● Asian Development Bank

➢ provide financing for the Project cost through an ADF Grant;

➢ monitor project implementation arrangements, disbursement, procurement, consultant selection, and reporting;

➢ monitor schedules of activities, including funds flow

➢ review compliance with agreed procurement procedures;

➢ review compliance with Grant covenants;

➢ monitor effectiveness of safeguard procedures. Project Implementation Organizations

Management Roles and Responsibilities

➢ monitor project conformity with ADB anti-corruption policies;

➢ undertake a periodic review mission; and

➢ undertake midterm project review jointly with the Government

Figure 11: Organizational structure for environmental management

MAFF/Fisheries Administration (FA)

PIUs

Contractor

Project

Implementation

Consultants

PPIUs

Stakeholders &

Grievance Redress

Committee

Beneficiary

Communities

ROYAL GOVERNMENT OF CAMBODIA

ADB

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Table 16. The detail responsibilities of the key institutions on environmental safeguards is shown in the below

Institution During Pre-Construction During Construction During Operation

Executing Agency

● Ministry of Environment (MoE) and Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forestry (MAFF), responsible for ensuring the implementation of the mitigation in the EMP and for ensuring compliance with loan covenants

● Good collaboration between the two ministries (the MoE & MAFF) for the Subproject’s compliance with the Government’s environmental safeguard requirements on IEIA and EMP implementation.

NSC

● review Project implementation progress; ● endorse Project annual work plans and budgets ● provide overall policy guidance on the implementation of the Project

● Ensure coordinated and efficient project implementation including safeguard monitoring and EMP implementation.

PDoE

● Collaborate with PDAFF & Provincial Protected Area and relevant provincial agencies on matters concerning the environmental management of the Subproject.

● Work closely with EA and PPIU to ensure the efficient subproject implementation

PIU

● Update IEE & EMP ● Coordinate with Design Consultant to ensure

the incorporation of updated findings & mitigation measures in design & bidding documents.

● Ensure EMP is part of the bidding documents, EMP clauses are incorporated in bidding documents, contracts.

● Ensure MoE approval of IEIA Report has been secured prior to awarding of civil works.

● Review contractor’s Construction EMP (C-EMP) against ADB and IEIA requirements

● Establish GRM and making affected persons aware of GRM focal points, contacts and procedures

● Conduct affected people consultation ● Participate in training provided by the project

implementation consultants (PIC)

● Develop PIB and disseminate the PIB to all affected people.

● Conduct inspections and spot checks to monitor the performance of the Contractor in implementing the C-EMP/EMP

● Review & verify (through site visits) Monthly Environmental Monitoring Reports (EMRs) of Contractor

● EMP implementation site visits

● Review environmental quality monitoring results.

● Prepare the Project’s Semi-Annual EMRs for submission to ADB.

● Implement the GRM for environmental issues

● Conduct appropriate consultation and monitoring of effect of construction on affected people

● Participate in training provided by the project implementation consultants (PIC)

● Prepare the Project’s Annual EMR for submission to ADB, until loan closure or as agreed.

● Ensure all GRM complaints are closed out to affect person’s satisfaction

PPIU

● Responsible for general implementation, monitoring and reporting for provincial subproject;

● Nominate person responsible for subproject environmental implementation, monitoring and support to PIU (Safeguard team)

● Coordinate and collaborate relevant provincial agencies, as necessary

● Support PIU-ESO (safeguard) ● Conduct affected people consultation ● Establish health & safety baseline conditions in

affected villages. ● Establish GRM for Environmental Issues

● Participate in training provided by PIC

● Collate monthly EMRs of Contractor and submit to the PIU.

● Implement the GRM for environmental issues

● Conduct appropriate consultation and monitoring of effect of construction on affected people

● Participate in training provided by PIC

● Spot checks to verify EMP implementation

● Support reporting requirements of PIU.

● Ensure all GRM complaints are closed out to affect person’s satisfaction

National Environment Consultant

(NEC)

● Provide technical advice/assistance to PIU and PPIU,

● Assist the PIU to update the IEE/EMP ● Review bidding documents, review C-EMP

against the EMP; confirm subproject readiness.

● Provide technical advice/assistance on environmental requirement.

● Assist PIU to prepare Semi-Annual EMR for ADB, and

● Organize, prior to project completion report (PCR) mission, a

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Institution During Pre-Construction During Construction During Operation

● Ensure environmental considerations included in Detailed Design

● Environmental related training for PMU, PIU, contractors and other stakeholders

● Incorporate mitigation measures in design & bidding documents

● Incorporate EMP as part of bidding documents, EMP clauses in bidding documents, contracts

● Support PMU/PIU with appropriate consultation

● Assist the PIU to develop and disseminate the PIB to affected people and community.

review of results of environmental effects monitoring.

● Environmental related training for PIU, PPIU, contractors and other stakeholders

● Support PIU/PPIU with appropriate consultation

● Site visits to check on construction, EMP implementation and affected people, in collaboration with PMU

survey to assess community satisfaction with project implementation and EMP implementation performance. Draft environment sections of the PCR.

ADB

● Review and clear updated IEE/EMP

● Review bidding documents and confirm readiness of subproject.

● Review Project EMRs.

● Carry out review missions

Contractor ● Prepare a C-EMP that addresses as minimum the requirements of the EMP.

● Appoint a qualified Environment Health and Safety (C-EHS) staff member to be responsible for EMP implementation and reporting

● Implement mitigation measures & conduct internal EMP implementation monitoring.

● Prepare Monthly EMRs.

I. REPORTING ARRANGEMENTS

127. The schedule for submission and review of environmental management and monitoring reports are:

(i) During pre-construction/construction, there will be submission of weekly reports by contractor to the PPIU safeguard monitoring entity, monthly reports from the PPIU monitoring entity to the PIU with the assistance of the Project NESS, quarterly progress report and semi-annual safeguard reports from the PIU to ADB.

(ii) During operation and maintenance, the submission of annual monitoring reports by the commune to the PPIU and PIU safeguard monitoring entity with assistance of the NESS will continue and will focus on wildlife mortalities and health and safety incidences and outcomes.

128. Subproject monitoring results will be included in Project semi-annual reports for submission to ADB.

INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY REVIEWS AND NEEDS

129. Capacity Building and Training Program A training program is set out in below table which address the safeguard reporting and implementation requirements during construction. The engagement of a PIC will be critical to ensuring the capacity of the PIU and PPIU staff and to ensuring monitoring and reporting are managed effectively during implementation. This person will also work closely with the PIU Safeguard Officer (PIU-SO) in order to ensure safeguards are implemented and monitored.

130. The proposed training required for project implementation is set out in Table 17.

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Table 17: Capacity Building and Training Requirements

Subject/Content Participants Trainer Frequency Cost (US$)

EMP Development and Implementation: roles and responsibilities, monitoring, supervision and reporting

PIU, PPIU, Contractors

PIC Once prior to construction

20,000

Grievance Redress Mechanism – roles and responsibilities

PIU, PPIU, Contractors,

Commune councils

PIC Once prior to construction

Environmental Protection Pollution control on construction sites (air, noise, wastewater, solid waste)

PIU, PPIU, Contractors

PIC Once during the project

construction

Environmental Monitoring – monitoring methods, data collection and processing, reporting systems

PIU, PPIU, Contractors, PMIC-

Deputy Team Leader, PMIC-CME

PIC-ES Once prior to construction

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J. PUBLIC DISCLOSURE, CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION

J.1. Public Involvement in Project Design

131. In order to ensure transparency at all levels of the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme subproject implementation, concerned stakeholders such as PAP- beneficiary farmers and local authorities were invited to participate in the process of the subproject development and design. The participation of local beneficiary farmers, PAPs and local concerned authorities is critical in an environmental safeguard process to prevent them from being harmed from any adverse impact of the subproject.

132. It also is meaningful to provide all concerned stakeholders opportunities to in raise their concerns related to the subproject preparation prior to the subproject implementation. In addition, public consultation is also a golden opportunity to introduce to stakeholders the subproject’s profile, implementation plan and possible effects and appropriate measures to minimize possible other effects by the subproject.

133. During the project development and design related to resettlement, design, environment and social safeguard, a series of consultations with local authorities and beneficiary farmers were conducted on 24 July 2017 and the national consultation meeting also was organized on 7 September 2017.

134. Based on the results of the public consultation through FGD and national consultation meetings, some common issues including water shortage in dry seasons, water carry of women, low rice yield, wild animals and vegetables get less and less, agricultural land degradation and animal habitat fragmentation with different seasons including population growth with new married couples needed agricultural land and residential land relating to livelihoods. In addition, land encroachment and illegal activities such as illegal logging, trapping, hunting, and poison and moreover existing Srae Chrey irrigation scheme was inadequate and does not function anymore because it was built since 1976 in Pol Pot regime.

135. However, such concerns and issues, the beneficiary farmers and concerned authorities perceived that Srae Chrey irrigation scheme and canal rehabilitation will be warmly welcomed, no affected people will be occurred during construction stage, however; this project will get more opportunities for increasing the rice production of the local people who are living the targeted area.

136. The communities-beneficiary farmers as well as local authorities illustrated their high interests. Adequate irrigation scheme equipment would be very helpful in increasing the rice yield, particularly if output of rice cultivation would be doubled. FGD expected to get additional benefits from be conservation and protection of habitats and forest for fish, wild animals and wild birds. With such benefits, the subproject would be helpful in contributing to alleviate their extreme poverty through job creation, income generation for the families and enhancement of women’s participation, daily expenditure reduction. Also, more fruitful solidarity and unity within the community are expected as an outcome of the sub-project.

137. Participants in the FGD also promised that they will actively participate in the project implementation and follow the project’s guidelines and principles. 138. The latest public consultation with the Subproject beneficiaries was held on 24 September of 2018, a public consultation meeting on informing the Irrigation scheme sub-project, its benefits, field validation including challenge and suggestion from beneficiaries in Nong Buo village of Nong Khi Lik commune have been organized (minutes and pictures attached in annex). This public consultation meeting has been jointly organized and facilitated by the KECC deputy team leader, GIC international and national environmental safeguard specialists and the BCCP/FA national project manager and PPIU coordinator, PPIU livelihood officer and local authorities (village and commune) and the project beneficiaries (see annex attached attendance list). The consultation meeting consisted of 32 participants (including five women) namely. The following table shows the issues and outcome of the consultation.

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Issues raised including real and perceived environmental issues

Approach to addressing the issue as suggestion

- Strongly supports and very welcome the project and would like to see it implemented as soon as possible.

- Have been disseminated the Land Law, the right of registered land ownership and landowner license around the project area (rice field),

- Willingness to contribution and closely co-operation with authorities and relevant stakeholders on providing land and trees along the project route within the project area,

- At district and commune levels, they believe that the impact on the social and environmental resources are small,

- There will be impact on water quality at work sites.

- Safety Plan will be developed by the contractor to avoid potential traffic accidents at road crossing with the main road.

- Provide all relevant data and information related to rice production, land uses and water uses within the project area.

- Request to have enough of culverts and drainage structures due to in the past, there flooded existing in some places in this area,

- Closely cooperate with DOE on environmental pollution control and replanting of trees along the alignment,

- Contractor should closely cooperate with the local authorities to provide information about working place, project site and dam alignment, workers’ camp and works schedule before commencement of works to ensure the safety and security of the work area.

139. The following proceeding topics were discussed during the public consultation meeting with the stakeholders and subproject beneficiaries it included the reconstruction of the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, rights of villagers and community people in terms of access to water in the proposed irrigation scheme for their rice fields, the challenges during operation and maintenance, environmental protection including the improvement of socio-economic condition. As a result, the public consultation meeting has understood and agreed on the following:

1) Understanding the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme subproject: The consultation participants understood the proposed subproject (the length of the dam, its top and bottom widths, number of water gates and its culvers together with the land acquisition, few temporary houses and some trees need to be clear and moved) and its potential benefits to their agricultural areas though description and explanation of proposed subproject and its detailed design by the GIC environmental safeguards specialist and KECC deputy team leader. However, 10 of participants still not clear about it, then they requested to see the demarcation.

2) Impact on the individual farming land: according to the map and its detailed design 5shown, most of consultation participants together with local authorities (village chiefs and commune authorities) do confirm that the proposed subproject will be no impact to their individual farm-lands. Only 7 of consultation participants have indicated that it will be on their farm-land and their houses, therefore, they wish to see demarcation.

3) Field validation by the specialists and villagers: At the afternoon session, the project specialists together with local authorities and villagers conducted field validation based on the demarcation. As a result, most of villagers including IPs do confirm that there is no impact on their individual farm-lands and their spirit areas due to the proposed subproject and also due to the existing canal and then they are happy with the proposed subproject and they hope they will get benefits from the subproject such as the yield of agricultural production and yield of fresh water fish. After field validation, 7 of consultation participants which requested to see demarcation also confirmed that their farm-land and their house will be not impact due to the proposed subproject, so they do support the subproject. The following pictures shown the activities of public consultation and field validation in the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme subproject.

4) Some challenges related to rice production: villagers and community people including IPs indicated that rice plant have been damaged by shortage of water for

58

most of the years, so they wonder how the proposed irrigation scheme subproject can ensure enough water for their agricultural areas.

5) Specific norm or internal regulation for the Srae Chrey Irrigation scheme: Representatives of national and provincial BCC project, KECC deputy team leader and GIC international and national environmental safeguards specialists and local authorities did confirm that the specific norm or internal regulation is strongly required in order to operate and maintain the proposed subproject for a long-term use. This norm or internal regulation shall issue by the project (CF) together with the local authorities in line with the regulation of Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) with allowing community people and villagers to operate and maintain the irrigation scheme in an effective and sustainable manner. The community consultation meeting has agreed that the specific norm or internal regulation shall establish, mainly for community people and villagers who normally have their farm land around the proposed subproject and furthermore this specific norm or internal regulation will accept by all stakeholders.

6) Management of the proposed subproject: The BCCP/FA national manager, provincial coordinator, KECC deputy team leader and the GIC international and national environmental safeguards specialist and local authorities including commune and village level have raised the proposed subproject shall be managed by local authorities in collaboration with the local authority in line with the specific norm towards avoiding clashes among beneficiaries. In this regards, the BCCP and local authorities together with the BCCP specialist need to assist in setting up the Farmer Water User Committee or Groups (FWUC/Gs) towards managing the proposed Irrigation scheme. In addition, the BCCP also need to provide the training on FWUC/Gs roles and responsibilities to FWUC/Gs and villagers. This group will set up before the reconstruction of the Irrigation scheme.

K. GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM (GRM)

140. In Cambodia, there is currently no existing legally established system to resolve environmental concerns and complaints. The MoE and MAFF, as the EA of the BCC will establish the GRM. The setup shall be made before the commencement of site works and have members from the PIU, Province, district authority and commune councils. Grievances can be filed in writing or verbally with any entry point of the GRM. The committee will have 15 days to respond with a resolution. The PIU’s Environment Safeguards Officer will oversee the implementation of the mechanism with technical support by PIU’s environmental safeguard consultants and will be responsible for keeping the PIU informed. The PPIU’s Environmental Safeguards Focal Point will be responsible for ensuring GRM implementation at the sub-project level effectively.

141. The subproject grievance can be defined as an actual or perceived Project-related problem that gives ground for complaint by an affected person (AP). As a general policy the PPCR Project will work proactively toward preventing grievances through the implementation of impact mitigation measures and community liaison activities that anticipate and address potential issues before they become grievances. Nonetheless, during construction and operation it is possible that unanticipated impacts may occur if the mitigation measures are not properly implemented, or unforeseen issues occur. A GRM is a systematic process for receiving, evaluating and addressing AP’s Project-related grievances.

142. Any person affected by the Srae Chrey subproject will be able to submit a grievance if they believe a subproject activity is having a detrimental impact on the community, the environment, or on their quality of life. The GRM will be made public throughout the public consultation process and will be maintained during operation and maintenance.

143. Informal Approach. Informally, an AP can lodge a complaint directly to the Contractor, during pre-construction and construction or the affected person can lodge complaint to village and commune authorities. Then the village and commune authorities organize the public meeting to resolve the complaints within the same day. The contractor will also immediately inform the MAFF/FA/PPIU of the complaint. If possible, the contractor will rectify the problem within one day

59

of the complaint. If not, the AP can go to the district level or BCCP/PPIU. The MAFF/PPIU/district will screen the complaint within one day of receipt. If the screening reveals the complaint as Project-related and valid, the Contractor will act within three days from confirmation that the complaint is valid, by PPIU, if the problem was not rectified immediately. For at least one week after confirmation of completion, the MAFF/PPIU must monitor the effectiveness of the action/resolution taken. After which, MAFF/FA/PPIU will secure a written confirmation of satisfaction from the AP.

144. Formal Approach. In this case the GRM consists of four escalating levels, as shown below:

• Village Level: A grievance is submitted by the AP to the relevant Village Head or Commune Head. The Village Head and Commune Head forwards the grievance to the relevant MAFF/PPIU. The PPIU Coordinator records it in writing, investigates the validity of the complaint, identifies potential solutions with the relevant District Team, and informs the MAFF/PPIU. The Village Head and Commune Head also investigates the complaint and then invites the AP and District Team to a meeting to attempt to resolve the grievance. In case of the complaint cannot address within 2 days, the AP can submit the complaint to the district level.

• District Level: The District Administration investigates the complaint and then invites the AP, PPIU Coordinator and the District team to a meeting to attempt to resolve the grievance. If the complaint cannot be addressed within five days, the AP can lodge a complaint to the responsible provincial government agency which will generally be the MAFF/PPIU.

• Provincial Level: The MAFF/PPIU will investigate the complaint and then invite the AP, National Project Director and Manager and PPIU Coordinator to a meeting to attempt to resolve the grievance. In any case that the complaint addressing is not accepted by the AP within 10 working days, then the AP can lodge the complaint to the national project management team called MAFF/PIU.

• National Level: The MAFF/PIU investigates the complaint and then invites the AP, MAFF/PPIU and contractors together with local authorities to a meeting to attempt to address the complaints within 15 working days. If the complaint cannot address within that time, the AP can submit the complaint to the judicial level.

• Judicial Level: If the grievance remains unresolved the AP may advance the grievance to the judicial level for final resolution and settlement. All court fees will be borne by the Project. The AP may also choose to approach ADB under the Accountability Mechanism1.

60

Figure 12: Grievance Redress Mechanism - Formal Approach

145. Grievance follow up: The relevant PPIU or PIU coordinators may contact the AP at a later stage to ensure that the activities continue to pose no further problems. IF there are remaining problems, the issue will be treated as a new grievance and re-enter the process.

146. Accountability mechanism of ADB: In addition, APs may always contact the Complaints Receiving Officer of ADB via the following address which will be included in the subproject signboard:

Complaints Receiving Officer, Accountability Mechanism Asian Development Bank No. 29 Suramarit Blvd. (268/19) Sangkat Chaktomuk, Khan Daun Penh, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Tel: + 855 23 215805, 215806, 216417 Fax: + 855 23 215807 amcro@adb.org

147. Confidentiality and Anonymity. An AP submitting a grievance may wish to raise a concern in confidence. If the complainant asks the relevant PPIU or the PIU to protect his or her identity, it should not be disclosed without consent.

L. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

148. The overall assessment of the proposed Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Subproject poses no significant adverse impact to the environment and to the target beneficiaries. It would resolve existing environmental and socio-economic issues associated with the present condition and construction to improve the irrigation scheme making it more resilient to climate change. It is anticipated that the proposed subproject will bring more benefits to the local people.

149. Finally, all possible precaution procedure include appropriated mitigation measures will be taken account of in order to minimize negative impacts in which result from the construction and operation stage. The damage of soil and water quality and economic losses due to construction activities should be restored and properly compensated in accordance with the standard of development and agreement of the Government of Cambodia. Consequently, there is no detailed EIA study required and IEE report is regarded as the final environmental assessment report.

Affected

1. Village level (within 2 days)

Grievance

Redressed

2. District government level (within

5 days) Redressed

Not redressed

3. Provincial government level

(within 15 days)

Not redressed Redressed

No

t

red

resse

d 4a. Appeal to judicial level 4b. Appeal to ADB accountability

mechanism

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150. Two alternatives have been examined: anticipated conditions without the subproject; and, anticipated conditions with the subproject.

- Without subproject: Pressure on rice and crop production and fisheries and land are likely to remain under pressure in the reservoir area due to a relatively low income derived from agricultural production and exacerbated by cumulative effects of other human activities in the area, notably by improved access provided by the rehabilitated accessed road, immigration to the area and increased forest resource harvesting activities along the accessed road.

- With subproject: It is likely to reduce the pressure on local trees and promote fresh water fishery activities. This is anticipated due to increased income derived from agricultural and sustainable fish production. External pressures will continue to exist but assistance to the subproject provides an opportunity to increase community awareness in natural resources utilization through community-based mechanisms. Additional budgetary support will be required to enable these capacity building activities to be completed.

151. Based on the study, the subproject will provide many benefits directly in terms of improved livelihood and health, with reduced risk to life and properties. During the construction phase, a number of temporary negative impacts (e.g. dust, noise, vibration, reduced air quality, road safety, worker’s safety, wastewater, solid waste, water contamination and traffic jam) will occur. However, those impacts can be minimized by the implementation of the recommended mitigation measures of the EMP.

152. To ensure the subproject impacts reduced to its minimum level the following must also be followed:

- The environmental mitigation measures and environmental monitoring and management plan, as presented in the IEE report and the EMP enclosed in the bid documents must be implemented properly.

- Good cooperation between all stakeholders, especially IA, EA and local authorities should be undertaken.

- Consultation with the local community should be implemented so that IAs can update concerns and issues during project construction and operation.

- Capacity building and public awareness program (related to pest management and natural resource conservation for local livelihood).

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REFERENCES

ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2009. Safeguard Policy Statement. Policy Paper. June 2009.

ADB (Asian Development Bank) 2010a. GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors (ADB R-PPTA

7459) Cambodia - MDK and Koh Kong Initial Environmental Examination 7 September 2010 APPENDIX 12. Draft Feasibility Report October 2010.

ADB 2010b. Greater Mekong Subregion Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project (RRP REG 40253), Environmental Assessment Review Framework. 7 September 2010

ADB 2010c. Report and Recommendation of the President to the Board of Directors, Proposed Loan and Grants Kingdom of Cambodia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic of Vietnam: Greater Mekong Subregion Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project, November 2010.

ADB 2010d. Greater Mekong Subregion Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project (RRP REG 40253), Project Administration Manual, 5 November 2010.

Climate Investment Funds, Strategic Program for Climate Resilience Cambodia, Meeting of the PPCR Sub-committee Cape Town, South Africa, June 28-29, 2011

CNMC (Cambodia National Mekong Committee). 2009.

Diggle R. 2006. Feasibility for A COMMUNITY-BASED WILDLIFE MONITORING SYSTEM for the Srae Pok Wilderness Area in the MDK Protected Forest, Cambodia Srae Pok Wilderness Area Project Technical Paper Series - No. 1 May 2006

RGC (Royal Government of Cambodia). 1996. Law on Environmental Protection and Natural Resource Management.

RGC. 1999. Sub-decree 72.ANRK.BK Environmental Impact Assessment Process.

RGC. 2002. Forestry Law Royal Decree 31-08-02

RGC 2009. National Committee for the Management of Decentralization and Deconcentralization Reform. Commune/Sangkat Fund Project Implementation Manual. 337p.

International Organization for Migration, 2009. Mapping Vulnerability to Natural Hazards in MDK, Final Report.

Scally, K, T D Evans and Nut Meng Hor. 2007. Human-wildlife conflict in and around Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area, MDK and Kratie Provinces, Cambodia. Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia Program Cambodia Rural Development Team Forestry Administration Phnom Penh, May 2007.

Seth Theng 2008. Initial resource use assessment, Sre Chrey Village, Nang Khi Laek Commune, Koh Nhaeak District, MDK Province. Lumphat Wildlife Sanctuary Integrated Conservation Support Project, Phase One. Project Document PD08009. Department of Nature Conservation and Protection, Birdlife International and People, Resources, and Conservation Foundation, Phnom Penh.

Swift, P. 2006. Livelihoods in the Srae Pok River Basin in Cambodia: A Baseline Survey. Cambodia NGO Forum.

Walston, J., P. Davidson and M. Soriyun 2000. A wildlife survey of southern MDK Province, Cambodia. The Wildlife Conservation Society Cambodia Program. 80p.

Wright, H. L. 2012. Synanthropic survival: low-impact agriculture and White-shouldered Ibis conservation ecology. Thesis submitted for degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia.

WWF. 2008. Livelihood Sustainability Analysis in Mundolkiri Province. Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Initiative. Cambodia Eastern Plains. WWF Greater Mekong-Cambodia Country Programme, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. 40p.

WWF 2007. Socio-economic profile of communities around the MDK Protected Forest. Srae Pok Wilderness Area Project Technical Paper Series - No. 5 Published in 2008 by WWF Greater Mekong - Cambodia Country Programme

WWF. 2009. Fish abundance survey and Installation of Fish Catch Monitoring System for the Srae Pok River. Srae Pok Wilderness Area Project. Technical Paper Series No 6. WWF Greater Mekong – Cambodia Country Program 37p

WWF. 2013a. Map – Land Use in the eastern plains landscape (MDK Protected Forest and Phnom Prich Wildlife Sanctuary). January 2013.

63

WWF 2013b. http://cambodia.panda.org/where_we_work/dry_forests/conservation_strategies/ accessed 22-07-2013.

WWF. No date. Brochure ‘Cambodia’s outstanding dry forest landscape in the eastern plains’ http://awsassets.panda.org/downloads/brochure_of_eastern_plains_landscape_project.pdf accessed 22-07-2013.

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ANNEX 1: Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Instructions:

(i) The project team completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project. It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to the Environment and Safeguards Division (RSES), for endorsement by Director, RSES and for approval by the Chief Compliance Officer.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the “without mitigation” case. The purpose is to identify potential impacts. Use the “remarks” section to discuss any anticipated mitigation measures.

Country/Project Title:

Sector Division:

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A. Project Siting Is the Project area adjacent to or within any of the following environmentally sensitive areas?

▪ Cultural heritage site

The sub-project is located within the community development zone, no wetlands and special area for protecting biodiversity. The proposed irrigation alignment runs parallel along the existing scheme and small and medium (0.5cm to 30cm) trees (forest resources) were noted and need to cut for dam construction. Control of turbidity, silt and sediment deposition included in the EMP of the subproject

▪ Legally protected Area (core zone or buffer zone)

▪ Wetland

▪ Mangrove (forest resources in the upland areas)

▪ Estuarine (the location of irrigation located near the natural stream or Chhbar).

▪ Special area for protecting biodiversity

B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…

▪ impairment of historical/cultural areas; disfiguration of landscape or potential loss/damage to physical cultural resources?

▪ disturbance to precious ecology (e.g. sensitive or protected areas)?

▪ alteration of surface water hydrology of waterways resulting in increased sediment in streams affected by increased soil erosion at construction site?

Yes, but mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

▪ deterioration of surface water quality due to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from worker-based camps and chemicals used in construction?

Yes, by mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

▪ increased air pollution due to project construction and operation?

Yes, during the construction, but mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

CAMBODIA-GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project-G0426-CAM-(SF)

Srae Chrey Irrigation Subproject. Koh Nheaak District, Mondulkiri Province

65

▪ noise and vibration due to project construction or operation?

Yes, during the construction, but mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

▪ involuntary resettlement of people? (physical displacement and/or economic displacement)

Due to the proposed subproject is located in the existing structure and it belongs to community development areas.

▪ disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

Project beneficiaries get equal benefits from the project

▪ poor sanitation and solid waste disposal in construction camps and work sites, and possible transmission of communicable diseases (such as STI's and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local populations?

Yes, but mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

▪ creation of temporary breeding habitats for diseases such as those transmitted by mosquitoes and rodents?

Yes, but mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

▪ social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

Yes, but contractor shall prioritize hiring of workers from the local commune, if not, the contractors should respect their own culture and belief.

▪ large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

Contractor should deal with it

▪ risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety due to physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards during project construction and operation?

Contractor shall prepare the risks and vulnerabilities related to occupational health and safety plan and will be included in the CEMP

▪ risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?

Contractor shall prepare the community health and safety plan and will be included in the CEMP (such as proper location to dispose all things).

▪ community safety risks due to both accidental and natural causes, especially where the structural elements or components of the project are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

Contractor shall prepare the community health and safety plan will be included in the CEMP

▪ generation of solid waste and/or hazardous waste?

Contractor shall prepare a solid waste and hazardous waste management plan will be included in the CEMP

▪ use of chemicals? Mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

▪ generation of wastewater during construction or operation?

Mitigation measures are provided in the EMP of the subproject

A Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Country/Project Title: CAMBODIA-GMS Biodiversity Conservation Corridors Project-G0426-CAM-(SF) Sector: Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Subproject. Koh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province Subsector: Division/Department: FA/PIU/PPIU

66

Screening Questions Score Remarks4

Location

and Design

of project

Is siting and/or routing of the subproject (or its components) likely to be affected by climate conditions including extreme weather events such as floods, droughts, storms, landslides?

1

The projected climate change in Mondulkiri Province include increase in rainfall events and flooding as well as prolonged periods of droughts. The irrigation scheme should be designed to be resilient to climate change.

Would the subproject design (e.g. the clearance for bridges) need to consider any hydro-meteorological parameters (e.g., sea-level, peak river flow, reliable water level, peak wind speed etc)?

0

Materials

and

Maintenanc

e

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions (e.g. prevailing humidity level, temperature contrast between hot summer days and cold winter days, exposure to wind and humidity hydro-meteorological parameters likely affect the selection of project inputs over the life of project outputs (e.g. construction material)?

0

Would weather, current and likely future climate conditions, and related extreme events likely affect the maintenance (scheduling and cost) of project output(s)?

0

Performanc

e of project

outputs

Would weather/climate conditions, and related extreme events likely affect the performance (e.g. annual power production) of project output(s) (e.g. hydro-power generation facilities) throughout their design life time?

0

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below:

Response Score

Not Likely 0

Likely 1

Very Likely 2

Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response, will be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): Low

Other Comments:__________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________________________

4 If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how climate parameters are

considered in design standards for infrastructure components, how changes in key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of project outputs.

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ANNEX 2: Environmental Standards for Cambodia

(1) Ambient Air Quality Standards Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE 2000.

Parameter Averaging Period Standard

Unit Value Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) 24 hours mg /m3 0.1 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours mg /m3 0.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO) 8 hours mg /m3 20 Ozone (O3) 1 hours mg /m3 0.2 Lead (Pb) 24 hours mg /m3 0.005 TSP 24 hours mg /m3 0.33 PM 2.5 (use WHO value in Cambodia) 24 hours mg /m3 0.025 PM 10 (use WHO value in Cambodia) 24 hours mg /m3 0.05

Source: Annex 1 of Sub-degree on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, 2000

(2) Ambient Noise Standards Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Air Pollution Control and Noise Disturbance, MoE , 2000 and WHO. Bold highlights most stringent standard to be followed.

Areas Time Period (24 hours)

Standard National Standard

(dB(A)) WHO Community Noise (dB(A))

RES: Residential Area MIX: Mixed Residential

and Small Industries Area

I&C: Industrial and Commercial

Day time (from 6:00am to

6:00pm)

RES: 60 MIX: 75

RES: 55 (serious annoyance) RES: 50 (moderate annoyance) I&C: 70 (hearing impairment)

Evening Time (from 6:00pm to

10:00pm)

RES: 50 MIX: 70

RES: 55 (moderate annoyance) I&C: 60 (hearing impairment)

Night time (from 10:00pm to

6:00am)

RES: 45 MIX: 50

RES: 45 (moderate annoyance) I&C: 60 (hearing impairment)

(3) Surface Water Quality Standard Referring to Sub-decree No. 27 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control, MoE, 1999, the standards of water quality are divided as follows: Effluent standard for pollution sources discharging wastewater to public water areas or sewer

No Parameters Uni

t

Allowable limits for pollutant substance discharging to Protected public water

area Public water area and

sewer 1 Temperature 0C < 45 < 45 2 pH 6 – 9 5 - 9 3 BOD5 ( 5 days at 200 C ) mg/

l < 30 < 80

4 COD mg/l

< 50 < 100

5 Total Suspended Solids mg/l

< 50 < 80

6 Total Dissolved Solids mg/l

< 1000 < 2000

7 Grease and Oil mg/l

< 5.0 < 15

8 Detergents mg/l

< 5.0 < 15

9 Phenols mg/l

< 0.1 < 1.2

10 Nitrate (NO3 ) mg/l

< 10 < 20

11 Chlorine ( free ) mg/l

< 1.0 < 2.0

12 Chloride ( ion ) mg/l

< 500 < 700

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13 Sulphate ( as SO4 ) mg/l

< 300 < 500

14 Sulphide ( as Sulphur ) mg/l

< 0.2 < 1.0

15 Phosphate ( PO4 ) mg/l

< 3.0 < 6.0

16 Cyanide ( CN ) mg/l

< 0.2 < 1.5

17 Barium ( Ba ) mg/l

< 4.0 < 7.0

18 Arsenic ( As ) mg/l

< 0.10 < 1.0

19 Tin ( Sn ) mg/l

< 2.0 < 8.0

20 Iron ( Fe ) mg/l

< 1.0 < 20

21 Boron ( B ) mg/l

< 1.0 < 5.0

22 Manganese ( Mn ) mg/l

< 1.0 < 5.0

23 Cadmium ( Cd ) mg/l

< 0.1 < 0.5

24 Chromium ( Cr )+3 mg/l

< 0.2 < 1.0

25 Chromium ( Cr )+6 mg/l

< 0.05 < 0.5

26 Copper ( Cu ) mg/l

< 0.2 < 1.0

27 Lead ( Pb ) mg/l

< 0.1 < 1.0

28 Mercury (Hg ) mg/l

< 0.002 < 0.05

29 Nickel ( Ni ) mg/l

< 0.2 < 1.0

30 Selenium ( Se ) mg/l

< 0.05 < 0.5

31 Silver ( Ag ) mg/l

< 0.1 < 0.5

32 Zinc ( Zn ) mg/l

< 1.0 < 3.0

33 Molybdenum ( Mo ) mg/l

< 0.1 < 1.0

34 Ammonia ( NH3 ) mg/l

< 5.0 < 7.0

35 DO mg/l

>2.0 >1.0

36 Polychlorinated Byphemyl

mg/l

<0.003 <0.003

37 Calcium mg/l

<150 <200

38 Magnesium mg/l

<150 <200

39 Carbon tetrachloride mg/l

<3 <3

40 Hexachloro benzene mg/l

<2 <2

41 DTT mg/l

<1.3 <1.3

42 Endrin mg/l

<0.01 <0.01

43 Dieldrin mg/l

<0.01 <0.01

44 Aldrin mg/l

<0.01 <0.01

45 Isodrin mg/l

<0.01 <0.01

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46 Perchloro ethylene mg/l

<2.5 <2.5

47 Hexachloro butadiene mg/l

<3 <3

48 Chloroform mg/l

<1 <1

49 1,2 Dichloro ethylene mg/l

<2.5 <2.5

50 Trichloro ethylene mg/l

<1 <1

51 Trichloro benzene mg/l

<2 <2

52 Hexaxhloro cyclohexene mg/l

<2 <2

Remark: The Ministry of Environment and the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery shall collaborate to set up the standard of pesticides which discharged from pollution sources. (4) Sub-decree on Water Pollution Control (4) Water Quality Standard in public water areas for bio-diversity conservation Source: Sub-decree No. 42 ANRK.BK on Water Pollution Control, MOE, 1999. a) River

Parameter Standard

Unit Value pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 BOD5 mg/l 1 – 10 Suspended Solid mg/l 25 – 100 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 5000

b) Lakes and Reservoirs

Parameter Standard

Unit Value pH mg/l 6.5 – 8.5 COD mg/l 1 – 8 Suspended Solid mg/l 1 – 15 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.0 - 7.5 Coliform MPN/100ml < 1000 Total Nitrogen mg/l 1.0 – 0.6 Total Phosphorus mg/l 0.005 – 0.05

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ANNEX 3: Public Consultation/meetings, lists of Participants KII and FGD) Key Informant Interview (KII)-Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme Nang Buo Village, Nang Khi Lik Commune, Koh Nheaek Disrict, Mondulkiri Province, 24 July 2017

Name Sex

Position Village Contact Number

Earng Savuth M Deputy Director of District

086 930 146

Phai Khampok M Commune Council Chief 031 433 6611

Sim Vanthon M Commune Council Assistant

0978684954

Laim Sithoeun M Clerk 0973415000

Ton Neng M Commune Council Member

071 340 4922

Ouch Chany F Commune Member Nang Buo 097 796 4911

Phan Vanny M Police Post Chief 097 7554 488

Tha Sou M First Commune Chief Nang Buo 088 690 5474

Kham Phorarith M Second Commune Chief Nang Buo 097 8898628

Hem Saroeun M Village Chief Srae Chrey 086 664 543/ 0887806013

Sok Saroun M Gender Officer, FA FA 012 733 362 Phan Sun M Village Chief Nang Buo 071 997 0803

Sot Mao M Village Chief Chi Meart 097 6280 998 Sun Leu M Villager Nang Buo

Lin Leang M Villager Nang Buo

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List of Participants with thumb prints for Consultation (FGD)-Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, Nang Buo Village, Nang Khi Lik Comune, Koh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province, 22 June 2018

72

List of Participants with thumb prints for Consultation (FGD)-Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, Nang Buo Village, Nang Khi Lik Comune, Koh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province, 22 June 2018

73

List of Parti cipants with thumb prints for Consultation (FGD)-Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, Nang Buo Village, Nang Khi Lik Comune, Koh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province, 22 June 2018

74

List of Participants with thumb prints for Consultation (FGD)-Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, Nang Buo Village, Nang Khi Lik Comune, Koh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province, 22 June 2018

75

List of Participants with thumb prints for Consultation (FGD)-Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, Nang Buo Village, Nang Khi Lik Comune, Koh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province, 22 June 2018.

76

List of Participants with thumb prints for Consultation (FGD)-Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, Nang Buo Village, Nang Khi Lik Comune, Koh Nheaek District, Mondulkiri Province, 22 June 2018.

77

ANNEX 4: Minutes of the Community Consultation/Meeting, 24 July 2017 and 22 June,

2018

Subject: Introduction of the Proposed Sub-project to the Stakeholders and Suggestions from the Subproject Beneficiaries at Nang Buo Village, 24 July, 2017

At 09:30AM on 24 June of 2017, one community consultation meeting on in the sub-project and its benefits, actual situation and suggestion from beneficiaries for the sub-project in Nang Buo village called the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme which is located in Srae Pok Wildlife Sanctuary. This community consultation meeting has been jointly organized and facilitated by the gender officer from FA site, KECC social safeguard specialist and local authorities at district, commune and village levels in Nang Buo village. The consultation meeting consists of 16 participants (01 of them is female) namely: 01 BCC/FA/PIU/PPIU gender officer, KECC social safeguards specialist, deputy-director of district, chief of police-post, commune chief and its council members and village-chiefs (list of consultation participants in the attachment). First of all, the meeting chairman has informed participants the objective of the meeting. The meeting objective is mainly to discuss the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme sub-project and its benefits and then to get ideas from the local authorities on the proposed subproject. As a result, the consultation meeting has agreed on the following points as below:

1) The actual situation: the proposed irrigation was damaged around 1992 due to lack

of proper operation and maintenance mechanism to manage the scheme including the water distribution norm for every farmer who has their farm land there. So far, the farmers could produce rice one time per year with lower yield, 1.5ton per ha. The local authorities mentioned that the farmers can produce rice two time per year if the water is available for a year-round. In addition, they farmers confirmed that there is not water in the reservoir during dry season, so rice field are kept and waited for raining. During last ten, mainly in 2006, there was a long dry season, so not water even in the natural stream. Most people in that village bough water from other sources for drinking.

2) Having access to water resources in the irrigation scheme: the local authorities at the district, commune and village levels well understood the objective of the reconstruction of the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme and the villagers’ rights of having access to water resources as their consumption (it means that they can have access to water resources in the proposed irrigation scheme) for an agricultural purpose towards contributing to increase their living condition and finally the consultation has completely agreed to reconstruct the irrigation scheme because it is very important for the villagers and their next generation in terms of their living condition, but they insist to set up clear principle or internal regulation that allow farmers to use to water resources, mainly for an agricultural purpose in the proposed irrigation scheme. Apart from the agriculture purpose, they expect to use the water from the scheme for animal raining and for drinking and then they expect there is enough water for multiple use.

3) Specific norm or internal regulation for the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme:

Representatives of provincial BCC project (gender officers) and deputy director of district together with commune-chiefs did confirm that the specific norm or internal regulation is strongly required in order to operate and maintain the proposed scheme for a long-term use. This norm or internal regulation shall issue by the project (FA) together with the local authorities in line with the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) with allowing community people and villagers using it as a household base in an effective and sustainable manner. The community consultation meeting has agreed that the specific norm or internal regulation shall establish, mainly for community people and villagers who normally have their farming land around the

78

proposed scheme and furthermore this specific norm or internal regulation will accept by all stakeholders.

4) Management of the proposed irrigation scheme: The BCCP gender officer and local authorities including commune and village level have raised the proposed scheme shall be managed by the project in collaboration with the local authority in line with the specific norm towards avoiding clashes among beneficiaries. In this context, the BCCP and local authorities together with the BCCP specialist need to assist in setting up the Farmer Water User Committee or Groups (FWUC/Gs) towards managing the proposed irrigation scheme. In addition, the BCCP also need to provide the training on FWUC/Gs roles and responsibilities to FWUC and villagers. This group will set up before the reconstruction of the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme.

FGD-Bebeficiaries (farmer groups) Nang Buo village, 24 July 2017

FGD- Bebeficiaries (farmer groups) Nang Buo village, 24 July 2017

At the end of the community consultation meeting (the same day), villagers and community people have agreed an identified subject and they wish to have the scheme sooner.

Chairman of the meeting Minutes takers Signed Signed

Sok Saroun Heak Pring

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ANNEX 5: Minutes of the Community Consultation/Meeting at Nang Buo Village 22 June,

2018

Subject: Introduction of the Proposed Sub-project to the Stakeholders and Suggestions from the Subproject Beneficiaries at Nang Buo Village, 22 June 2018. At 09:00AM on 22 June of 2018, one community consultation meeting on informing the sub-project and its benefits, actual situation including challenges, socio-economic situation and suggestion from beneficiaries for the sub-project in Nang Buo village called the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme which is located in Srae Pok Wildlife anctuary. This community consultation meeting has been jointly organized and facilitated by the KECC social safeguards specialist (Mr. Heak Pring) and the BCC/FA/MDK national project manager (Mr. Sophoeun Khorn) and provincial coordinator (Mr. Nuth Onn) and Mr Khorn Seth, BCCP MDK Sala Khet. The consultation meeting consists of 93 participants (39 of them are female) namely: 05 BCC/FA/PIU/PPIU officers, 02 KECC (deputy team leader and social safeguards specialist), 02 deputy-chiefs of commune, 01 community council, 02 chiefs of villages and the remaining participants are villagers who get direct benefits from the scheme (list of consultation participants in the attachment). First of all, the meeting chairman has informed participants the objective of the meeting. The meeting objective is mainly to discuss the benefits of the reconstruction of the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme, rights of villagers and community people in terms of having access to water in the proposed scheme for their agricultural areas, the challenges including the actual socio-economic situation. As a result, the consultation meeting has agreed on the following points as below:

1) Some challenges related to rice production: villagers and community people indicated that rice plant have been damaged by drought and also land degradation in specific year due to lack of water in the existed reservoir. During the last ten years, the drought have been happened two times and most rice production were damanged and some animals were died.

2) Having access to water sources in the irrigation scheme: villagers and community people together with local authorities well understood the objective of the reconstruction of the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme and their rights of having access to water resources as household consumption (it means that they can have access to water resources in the proposed irrigation scheme) for an agricultural purpose towards contributing to increase their living condition and finally the consultation has completely agreed to reconstruct the irrigation scheme because it is very important for them and their next generation in terms of their living condition, but they insist to set up clear principle or internal regulation that allow them to use to water resources, mainly for an agricultural purpose in the proposed irrigation scheme. In addition, the community people expect to have enough water for pultiple use including drinking and animal raising from the proposed scheme.

3) Specific norm or internal regulation for the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme:

Representatives of national and provincial BCC project, KECC deputy team leader and social safeguards specialist and deputy chiefs of commune did confirm that the specific norm or internal regulation is strongly required in order to operate and maintain the proposed scheme for a long-term use. This norm or internal regulation shall issue by the project (FA) together with the local authorities in line with the Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) with allowing community people and villagers using it as a household base in an effective and sustainable manner. The community consultation meeting has agreed that the specific norm or internal regulation shall establish, mainly for community people and villagers who normally have their farming land around the proposed scheme and furthermore this specific norm or internal regulation will accept by all stakeholders.

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4) Management of the proposed irrigation scheme: The BCCP national manager, provincial coordinator, KECC deputy team leader and his safeguards specialist and local authorities including commune and village level have raised the proposed shceme shall be managed by FA in collaboration with the local authority in line with the specific norm towards avoiding clashes among beneficiaries. In this regards, the BCCP and local authorities together with the BCCP specialist need to assist in setting up the Farmer Water User Committee or Groups (FWUC/Gs) towards managing the proposed irrigation scheme. In addition, the BCCP also need to provide the training on FWUC/Gs roles and responsibilities to FWUC and villagers. This group will set up before the reconstruction of the Srae Chrey irrigation scheme.

FGD-Men bebeficiaries (farmer groups) Nang Buo village, 22, June 2018

FGD- Women bebeficiaries (farmer groups) Nang Buo village, 22, June 2018

At the end of the community consultation meeting (the same day), villagers and community people have agreed an identified subject and they wish to have the scheme as soon as possible.

Chairman of the meeting Minutes takers Signed Singed

Khorn Sophoeun Heak Pring

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List of Participants of Provincial Consultation Meeting, 7 September 2017

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List of Participants of Provincial Consultation Meeting, 7 September 2017

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List of Participants of Provincial Consultation Meeting, 7 September 2017

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ANNEX 6: Minutes of the Community Consultation/Meeting at Nang Buo Village 24

September 2018

Subject: Engineering Design, Site Revalidation, Assessment and Agreements with

Subproject Farmer Beneficiaries of Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme at Nong Buo Village, 24

September 2018

At 09:30AM on 24 September of 2018, a public consultation meeting on informing the Irrigation scheme sub-project, its benefits, field validation including challenge and suggestion from beneficiaries in Nong Buo village of Nong Khi Lik commune have been organized in one household compound located in Nong Buo village of the mentioned commune. This public consultation meeting has been jointly organized and facilitated by the KECC deputy team leader (Mr. CHHUN Bunnarin), GIC international and national environmental safeguard specialist (Dr. MARCELO Caleda and Mr. Mao Vanchann) and the BCC/CF/MDK national project manager (Mr. KHORN Sophoeun) and provincial project coordinator (Mr. NUTH Onn), PPIU livelihood officer (Mr. MA Sivcher) and local authorities (village and commune) and the project beneficiaries (see the attached list). The consultation meeting consists of 32 participants (5 of them are female) namely: 04 BCC/FA/PIU/PPIU officers, 01 KECC (deputy team leader), 01 commune council member, 01, 03 chiefs of villages and the remaining participants are villagers who get direct benefits from the scheme (list of consultation participants in the attachment).

First of all, the meeting chairman has informed participants the objective of the meeting. The meeting objective is mainly to discuss benefits of the reconstruction of the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme, rights of villagers and community people in terms of having access to water in the proposed irrigation scheme for their agricultural areas, the challenges including the actual socio-economic situation. As a result, the public consultation meeting has understood and agreed on the following points as below:

1) Understanding the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme subproject: The consultation participants understood the proposed subproject (the length of the dam, its top and bottom widths, number of water gates and its culvers together with the land acquisition, few temporary houses and some trees need to be clear and moved) and its potential benefits to their agricultural areas though description and explanation of proposed subproject and its detailed design by the GIC environmental safeguards specialist and KECC deputy team leader. However, 10 of participants still not clear about it, then they requested to see the demarcation.

2) Impact on the individual farming land: according to the map and its detailed design shown, most of consultation participants together with local authorities (village chiefs and commune authorities) do confirm that the proposed subproject will be no impact to their individual farm-lands. Only 7 of consultation participants have indicated that it will be on their farm-land and their houses, therefore, they wish to see demarcation.

3) Field validation by the specialists and villagers: At the afternoon session, the project specialists together with local authorities and villagers conducted field validation based on the demarcation. As a result, most of villagers including IPs do confirm that there is no impact on their individual farm-lands and their spirit areas due to the proposed subproject and also due to the existing canal and then they are happy with the proposed subproject and they hope they will get benefits from the subproject such as the yield of agricultural production and yield of fresh water fish. After field validation, 7 of consultation participants which requested to see demarcation also confirmed that their farm-land and their house will be not impact due to the proposed subproject, so they do support the subproject. The following pictures shown the

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activities of public consultation and field validation in the Srae Chrey Irrigation Scheme subproject.

4) Some challenges related to rice production: villagers and community people

including IPs indicated that rice plant have been damaged by shortage of water for most of the years, so they wonder how the proposed irrigation scheme subproject can ensure enough water for their agricultural areas.

5) Specific norm or internal regulation for the Srae Chrey Irrigtion scheme:

Representatives of national and provincial BCC project, KECC deputy team leader and GIC international and national environmental safeguards specialists and local authorities did confirm that the specific norm or internal regulation is strongly required in order to operate and maintain the proposed subproject for a long-term use. This norm or internal regulation shall issue by the project (CF) together with the local authorities in line with the regulation of Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) with allowing community people and villagers to operate and maintain the irrigation scheme in an effective and sustainable manner. The community consultation meeting has agreed that the specific norm or internal regulation shall establish, mainly for community people and villagers who normally have their farm land around the proposed subproject and furthermore this specific norm or internal regulation will accept by all stakeholders..

6) Management of the proposed subproject: The BCCP/FA national manager, provincial coordinator, KECC deputy team leader and the GIC international and national environmental safeguards specialist and local authorities including commune and village level have raised the proposed subproject shall be managed by local authorities in collaboration with the local authority in line with the specific norm towards avoiding clashes among beneficiaries. In this regards, the BCCP and local authorities together with the BCCP specialist need to assist in setting up the Farmer Water User Committee or Groups (FWUC/Gs) towards managing the proposed Irrigation scheme. In addition, the BCCP also need to provide the training on FWUC/Gs roles and responsibilities to FWUC/Gs and villagers. This group will set up before the reconstruction of the Irrigation scheme.

At the end of the community consultation meeting (the same day), villagers and community people have agreed an identified subject and they wish to have and use the proposed subproject as soon as possible and also they will participate in the construction of subproject.

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Chairman of the meeting Minutes takers Signed Signed

KHORN Sophoeun MAO Vanchann BCC FA/PIU Manager GIC Environmental safeguards

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List of Participants of Srae Chrey Public Consultation/meeting, 24 Sept. 2018

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List of Subproject Beneficiaries Along the Irrigation Canal (supporting the subproject)

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ANNEX 7: Selection Criteria for Contractors

Contractor to Assist Establishment of CFEs 1. The sub-project has been planned and designed based on feasibility level studies. Prior to construction, and after preparation of bid documents, evaluation and award of bid, this sub- project may require detailed planning, engineering design, preparation of cost estimation. For these preparatory works, about six months’ time may be required. Similarly, as the sub-project area is located in remote part of the country with limited accessibility, the construction period may require 18 months for completion. In total, the sub-project implementation will take two years. After that the sub-project will be commissioned. Community development, farmer field school training and capacity building of WUGs should be undertaken in the early stages of the operation phase. Formation of the WUG should proceed construction and the WUG should be consulted during detailed design.

2. Based on this feasibility study, the total sub-project construction includes rehabilitation of: the embankment of the reservoir, the main canal system including related structures, the spillway, the drainage canal and command area protection works. The works items primarily include earthworks in filling by earth moving equipment, concrete works, supply and laying of pre- cast pipes, supply and fitting of regulating gates, etc. The total estimated cost based on feasibility design is USD 415,033.

3. The total rehabilitation works can be completed in 18 months (contract completion period). The contractor will be given 18 months’ period with 365 days as defect liability period. The contractor selected should have the minimum basic capacity in terms of:

● General experience of more than 10 years,

● Specific experience – at least having completed two jobs of similar nature in past five years, Adequate liquid assets – (should have bank balance to cover three months’ expenses or overdraft facilities),

● Adequate annual turnover (at least 80% of the estimated contract amount),

● Should have adequate technical and managerial human resources to execute the work,

● Should have equipment covering – two (2) loaders, two (2) excavator’s / back hoes, two (2) rollers and four (4) dump trucks.

4. In addition, the construction of the earthworks for the embankment and canals may require heavy equipment. Similarly concreting works may require equipment. The equipment to be tentatively utilized for the construction should include;

● Pay loaders – two (2)

● Excavators – one (1)

● Dump trucks – four (4)

● Concrete mixers –four (4)

● Vibrators – eight (8)

● Rollers (for compaction of earth) – two (2)

● Trucks for transportation of materials from market – four (4)

● Generators – three (3).

5. During the preparation of bid documents, this equipment will be specified in greater detail and included in the bid document requirements.

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ANNEX. 8 Sub-decree of Srae Por WS

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ANNEX 9: A supported letter for Initial Environmental Examination and social impact (MOE)

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ANNEX 10: A supported letter for building 9 subprojects under PPCR BCCP from the Ministry of

Environment (MOE)