cambodia–thailand study tour
TRANSCRIPT
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INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR CONSERVATION OF NATURE
Cross-border learning on community-based coastal resilience building: Cambodia–Thailand study tour
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The designation of geographical entities in this
book, and the presentation of the material, do not
imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on
the part of IUCN or the European Union concerning
the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or
of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its
frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this
publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN,
the European Union or any other participating
organizations.
This publication has been made possible by funding
from the European Union.
Published by: IUCN Asia Bangkok, Thailand
Copyright: © 2014 IUCN, International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources
Reproduction of this publication for educational or
other non-commercial purposes is authorized
without prior written permission from the copyright
holder provided the source is fully acknowledged.
Reproduction of this publication for resale or other
commercial purposes is prohibited without prior
written permission of the copyright holder.
Citation: Nguyen Thi Phuong, T., Tang Phuong,
G., and Le Thi Thanh, T. (2014). Cross-border
learning of community-based coastal resilience
building: Cambodia-Thailand study tour.
Thailand: IUCN. 46 pp.
Cover photo: © IUCN Viet Nam
Edited by: Ria Sen
Layout by: Ria Sen
Produced by: IUCN Southeast Asia Group
Available from: IUCN Asia Regional Office, 63
Soi Prompong, Sukhumvit 39, Wattana 10110
Bangkok, Thailand
Tel: +66 2 662 4029
www.iucn.org/building-coastal-resilience
http://www.iucn.org/vietnam
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to IUCN Cambodia and the
Sustainable Development Foundation (SDF) Thailand for helping to organize visits in Cambodia
and Thailand from 24 February to 2 March 2014. Special thanks are conveyed to Mr Sun Kong,
Mr Vanny Lou, Mr Sar Kimleong and Mr Jonathan Shott.
The authors are also grateful for the support from local authorities, partners and communities in
Kampot and Koh Kong provinces in Cambodia, and Trat and Chanthaburi provinces in Thailand.
They also thank all the participants who came for this trip.
The study tour greatly benefited from the inputs and supervision of Dr Robert Mather, Mr Jake
Brunner, Mr Andrew Wyatt, Mr Kong Kimsreng and Ms Ravadee Prasertcharoensuk. The
authors also gratefully acknowledge funding support from the European Union for the Building
Coastal Resilience to Climate Change Impacts in Southeast Asia (BCR) project.
Last, but in no way the least, the authors’ deepest thanks go to the IUCN Viet Nam team for
their enthusiastic assistance.
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Table of contents
I. Acknowledgements……………………………………………………………………………..........3
II. List of abbreviations .............................................................................................................. 5
III. List of images ........................................................................................................................ 6
IV. Executive summary .............................................................................................................. 7
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 9
2. Study tour approaches and methods ..........................................................................10
3. Observations and key findings....................................................................................11
3.1 Cambodia ....................................................................................................................11
3.1.1 Crab banks and marine fish culture in Chang Hon Village, Kampot Province ........11
3.1.2 Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community - Co-management mangrove rehabilitation
and a mangrove-based ecotourism model, Kampot Province .........................................14
3.1.3 Koh Kapik Community Protected Area, Koh Kong Province...................................16
3.1.4 Peam Krasop Protected Area – A community based ecotourism model.................18
3.2 Thailand .......................................................................................................................19
3.2.1 Traditional massage – An alternative livelihood for women’s groups in Mai Root
Sub-district, Trat Province ..............................................................................................19
3.2.2 The community’s blue swimming crab bank model in Ban Klong Yai, Mai Root Sub-
district .............................................................................................................................21
3.2.3 Community-based marine resource conservation activities in Laem Klad Sub-
district .............................................................................................................................22
3.2.4 T-fence sediment trap in Mou 5 Village, Bang Chan Sub-district ...........................23
3.2.5 Oyster farming along brackish water bodies ..........................................................23
3.2.6 Sustainable shrimp farming ...................................................................................24
3.2.7 Participatory community research on fixed set bag nets in Ban Rong Mai Village..25
4. Learning analysis .........................................................................................................26
4.1 Community-led natural resource conservation and management .................................26
4.2 Sustainable fisheries through crab banks .....................................................................28
4.3 Sustainable poly-culture under the mangrove canopy ..................................................30
4.4 Alternative livelihoods ..................................................................................................30
5. Recommendations and potential application in target provinces……………………32
IV. Conclusions .........................................................................................................................33
V. Annexes ...............................................................................................................................35
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List of abbreviations
ADB Asian Development Bank
BCR Building Coastal Resilience to Climate Change Impacts in Southeast Asia
Project
DANIDA Danish International Development Agency
DARD Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment
DPC District People’s Committee
FMB Forest Management Board
FPD Forest Protection Department
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
MCC Mangroves and Climate Change Project
MFF Mangroves for the Future
PKWS Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary
PPC Provincial People’s Committee
SA Situation Analysis
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
VASI Viet Nam Administration for Seas and Islands
VCA Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment
WU Women’s Union
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List of images
Photo 1: Chang Hon Village on the coast of Kampot Province, Cambodia ................................11
Photo 2: Meeting with local communities in Chang Hon Village ................................................12
Photo 3: Visiting the crab bank ..................................................................................................12
Photo 4: Solar drying house ......................................................................................................14
Photo 5: Processing dried shrimp .............................................................................................14
Photo 6: A mangrove restoration project in Trapeang Sangke Commune .................................14
Photo 7: Vietnamese delegates with the Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community .......................15
Photo 8: The Koh Kapik community ..........................................................................................16
Photo 9 : The eroded coastal area ............................................................................................17
Photo 10-12: Community Protected Area of Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary ..........................19
Photo 13: Meeting with local authorities in Mai Root, Trat Province ..........................................20
Photo 14: Participants visiting the blue swimming crab bank in Ban Klong Yai Village ..............21
Photo 15: A gravid crab with grey eggs; the optimal choice for crab banks ...............................21
Photo 16: Floating buoys to demarcate the conservation zone in Laem Klad Sub-district .........22
Photo 17: Adapting the T-fence model from Soc Trang Province, Viet Nam …………………….23
Photo 18-19: Re-using plastic bottles for oyster culture .............................................................23
Photo 20: The shrimp farm attracts eagles in Bang Chan in Chanthaburi Province ...................24
Photo 21: Meeting with the local community in the Koh Kapik Community Protected Area…….26
Photo 22: Mr Doan Van Phuc of Ben Tre’s DONRE ..................................................................26
Photo 23: Mr Nguyen Huu Be of Ben Tre’s DARD ....................................................................27
Photo 24: The crab bank in Kampot Province, Cambodia .........................................................29
Photo 25: Oyster culture in the Bang Chan mangrove forest in Chanthaburi Province ..............30
Photo 26: Thai traditional massage as a livelihood acitivity in Mairoot Sub-district……………...30
Photo 27: Participants discussing coastal erosion in Koh Kong Province, Cambodia ................32
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Executive summary
The study tour to Cambodia and Thailand was initiated as part of the capacity building activities
under the “Building Resilience to Climate Change Impacts in Coastal Southeast Asia” (BCR)
project. BCR is working to strengthen the ability of local governments and people to plan for,
and adapt to, future climate risks in eight coastal communities between Bangkok and Ho Chi
Minh City; including Kien Giang, Soc Trang, Ben Tre and Can Gio in Viet Nam.
Between 24 February and 2 March 2014, IUCN Viet Nam organized a six-day exposure visit for
30 local government and community officials; including staff from the Department of Natural
Resources and Environment (DONRE), the Department of Agriculture and Rural Development
(DARD), Women’s Union (WU), the Forest Management Board (FMB), the Provincial People’s
Committee (PPC), the District People’s Committee (DPC), farming community representatives
from Kien Giang, Soc Trang, Ben Tre and Can Gio District in Ho Chi Minh City.
The trip aimed to enhance the knowledge and capacity of local government officials and
communities on climate change adaptation along different parts of the coastline; from the Gulf of
Thailand to Ho Chi Minh City. This BCR study tour concentrated on specific topics that urgently
require attention in order to tackle climate change impacts in the coastal zone; such as
mangrove management and restoration, erosion control, spatial planning along the coast,
livelihood diversification, and community rights for natural resource management.
The study tour consisted of three days in Kampot and Koh Kong provinces in Cambodia and
another three days in Trat and Chanthaburi provinces in Thailand. During the trip, participants
visited BCR project sites, met with local communities and government officials, and participated
in the question-and-answer sessions which followed these discussions. A wrap-up meeting was
conducted at the end of each day, so that all participants could share what they learned and
discuss the feasibility of applying those lessons to their hometowns. Evaluation sheets were
distributed to participants in order to document their ideas and opinions.
The overall impressions conveyed by most participants from the study tour were the high
awareness and active participation of local communities in natural resource protection and
rehabilitation. In contrast, people’s awareness is still low in Viet Nam. This makes it very
challenging to make the communities willing to protect natural resources and to cooperate
toward this objective.
There were several climate change adaptation models that the Viet Nam team visited and
witnessed. These models can be grouped into four themes as follows:
Community-based marine resource restoration: Crab banks, marine cultivation and
artificial seagrass
Mangroves and community-based ecotourism
Livelihood diversification: Traditional massages, dry shrimp processing, sustainable
shrimp farming and oyster farming
Coastal erosion control: Through mangrove plantation and bamboo T-fences
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Most local government officials saw the potential to apply similar models to their areas of
governance. The crab bank and sustainable shrimp farming attracted almost all the participants,
because Viet Nam has similar coastal conditions. Participants also suggested that IUCN should
provide further technical assistance or disseminate guidelines to support the respective
provinces in setting up such models, at least during its first stages. Moreover, participants also
suggested that IUCN should diversify the adaptation models rather than just focus on
aquaculture and marine resource restoration in the BCR project sites in Cambodia and
Thailand. For the next trip, participants recommended that IUCN should select different sites
and models to avoid repeating activities that are already in an advanced stage in Viet Nam. The
second BCR study tour is scheduled in June 2014.
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1. Introduction
Nature-based solutions and community-based approaches have been acknowledged as being
key for climate change adaptation in the coastal zones of Viet Nam; particularly in Ben Tre, Soc
Trang, Kien Giang provinces and Can Gio District of Ho Chi Minh City. Therefore, exposure
visits to provinces with similar contexts are vital for sharing experiences and strengthening the
capacity of local government officials and community members. This capacity-building will
enable the exchange of new knowledge on climate change adaptation which is urgently needed
for target BCR provinces in Viet Nam.
To seek the best practices that are being developed and implemented by local communities
along other parts of the coastline, under the BCR project, IUCN organized a six-day study tour
for 30 provincial participants from target provinces in the Mekong Delta. This trip lasted from 24
February to 1 March 2014. The information gathered during this study trip can be used as inputs
for the climate change adaptation action plans at the local level in the Mekong Delta.
Study tour objectives
The study tour aimed at:
1. Strengthening the capacity of local government officials and community members in
climate change adaptation and the sharing of knowledge on this theme;
2. Bringing coastal communities of the three BCR countries—Thailand, Cambodia and Viet
Nam— together to exchange ideas, share experiences, and learn from each other
regarding climate change adaptation models.
Rationale for the study tour
The purpose of this study trip was to learn from coastal communities in two neighboring
countries, namely Cambodia and Thailand, under the BCR project. Eight coastal communities
located between Ho Chi Minh City and Bangkok face difficulties in dealing with and also living
with unavoidable climate change impacts. Cambodia and Thailand already have experience in
developing adaptation models and implementing demonstration projects in four provinces of
Kampot, Koh Kong, Trat and Chanthaburi since 2012. However, these processes have recently
started in Viet Nam since August 2013.
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2. Study tour approaches and methods
Based on the Situation Analysis (SA) and Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment (VCA) results
that IUCN Viet Nam conducted in four provinces in 2011 and 2012, several adaptation models
may fit the needs of the target provinces. The proposed topics covered the following aspects:
Mud crab banks
Mangrove polyculture
A mangrove multi-species model
Livelihood diversification for coastal communities
Mangrove-based ecotourism
Women and climate change adaptation models: Benefits from the mangrove forest; such
as food from the mangroves, education and raising awareness in conservation through
sourcing food products from mangroves thereby empowering women by involving them
in natural resource conservation and management activities.
Mangrove management; particularly exploring community models/co-management: The
role of community members in mangrove plantation, restoration and management.
Erosion control models
Near shore fishery and marine resource conservation: How community members
manage marine resources due to the lack of alternative livelihoods
A needs assessment was completed by asking the focal provincial departments such as the
Provincial Administration for Sea and Islands Agency (under DONRE), the Capture Fisheries
and Resources Protection Agency (under DARD), FMB and WU amongst others to suggest
what they would like to learn based on their needs and the reality of the situations in their
respective provinces.
A final list of climate change adaptation models was sent to the BCR Project Manager of
Cambodia and Thailand, in order to identify appropriate sites for Viet Nam exposure visits.
The study tour employed the following steps:
1. Field visits to selected sites in order to observe and acquire an overview of the model.
2. Meeting with local authorities and community members to learn “how” and “why” they
apply that model.
3. Discussions and a question-and-answer session with community members to know their
situations in-depth and also to exchange ideas and learning.
4. A wrap-up session in order to provide a summary and capture information exchanged
within the day. Participants were encouraged to provide suggestions and
recommendations that helped the organizers to improve the quality of the study tour on a
daily basis.
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3. Observations and key findings
3.1 Cambodia
3.1.1 Crab Bank and Marine Fish Culture in Chang Hon Village, Kampot Province
Background information
Photo 1: Chang Hon Village on the coastline of Kampot Province, Cambodia
Chang Hon is located in Preak Thnot Commune, Teuk Chhou District in Kampot Province.
Chang Hon Fishery Community was established since 2001 by the Cambodian Government
that enacted reforms in natural resource management with the participation of the local
community in conservation activities.
The government encourages and promotes local community members to establish fishery
communities in their own villages for participating in better marine resource management. There
are more than 200 households who have joined as members of the Chang Hon Fishery
Community since 2002, under the initiative of the Kampot Fishery Administration Cantonment
as well as the UK Department for International Development (DFID) and Danish International
Development Assistance (DANIDA). This was a five-year long project, with a proposal written by
the Fisheries Administration (FiA) at the national level to DANIDA suggesting the establishment
of fishery communities throughout the country. Since 2002, FiA and DANIDA have supported
Chang Hon to:
1. Establish the Chang Hon Fishery Committee.
2. Establish the conservation zone of Chang Hon Fishery Community.
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When it was first initiated, the Fishery Community did not receive any support from NGOs or
development partners. CORIN-Asia Cambodia, a Wetlands Alliance partner, started to provide
funding support since 2007. There are seven members in the Chang Hon Fishery Committee
Board, including two women. This Committee Board consists of five functional groups
responsible for the following:
Group 1: Patrolling
Group 2: Crab banks and marine fish culture
Group 3: Integrated farming systems
Group 4: Dried shrimp processing
Group 5: The Secretariat The above two underlined functional groups are topics that the IUCN Viet Nam team was
focusing on.
Photo 2: Meeting with local communities in Chang Hon
Photo 3: Visiting the crab bank
The process of model establishment
The crab bank model has been established through several steps, elaborated below:
Disseminating project leaflets to households in the village, so that community knows
about the project’s aims, objectives and proposed activities.
Organizing internal commune meetings.
Selecting voluntary households who have crab capturing nets/boats, and setting up a
crab bank group.
Providing training for the crab bank group on how to collect and protect gravid crabs.
Organizing a crab bank study tour for fishers in Thailand.
Organizing consultation meetings with all stakeholders to find potential places for crab
bank installation.
Formulating regulations for the crab bank.
Monitoring and evaluation.
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Achievements
The crab bank committee has been set up with 35 members. Detailed regulations were
endorsed by all of the members. A local initiative fund was created to provide microcredit to
poor fishermen. It is a revolving fund and the value of loans range from US$37 to US$100. The
number of gravid crabs caught by one fisherman will be the key criterion for deciding the
amount of money s/he can borrow from the fund. The more crabs that are deposited, the higher
the loan s/he can avail. In order to receive a loan and become a member of the group, local
people have to sign a binding commitment with a witness and the approval of the Head of the
Commune Council.
Every two days, one member needs to donate at least one mother crab to the bank, so that the
total crabs per month should be at least 15 in number. If someone does not meet this
benchmark, s/he has to donate the balance by the next month or in the following months. If
small-scale fishermen have difficulty catching gravid crabs near the shore, they can exchange
these normal crabs for gravid crabs with other members of the village. The crab only has to
carry eggs, irrespective of size, only then is the fisherman eligible for a loan. The interest for the
loans are paid in gravid crab.
After releasing their eggs, the crabs will be fattened in two weeks’ time and the community is
allowed to sell or eat these crabs. Around 80% of the income from selling the crabs are
allocated for the operation cost of the model (buying nets, food, maintenance, etc.) and another
20% accumulates with the group’s capital. Due to the support of CORIN-Asia Cambodia and the
cooperation of the crab bank committee members, there were 2,228 gravid crabs that were
donated by 2013. Local people also observe the increasing of crab yield by four times as
compared to the past.
Shortcuts to success
Create good mechanisms and tools as well as reasonable and flexible procedures.
Provide skills training for local community members to strengthen their capacity.
Engage all stakeholders at every level in the project’s work plan and activities.
Ensure the “ownership” of the local community.
Collaborate with other projects and donors such as UNDP and ADB to link and seek
support, where possible.
Dried shrimp processing
The idea of dried shrimp processing came about because local villagers are faced with the
pressure of interest from the loans they take from middlemen. As a result, they have to sell their
fishery products at a lower price. Inspired by the success of the integrated farming system
model (same as the ‘garden-pond-barn’ model from Viet Nam; where a cycle of reusable
agricultural wastes and materials act as input flows for other agricultural activities), the dried
shrimp processing model started with a group of 15 women.
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Photo 4: The solar shrimp drying house Photo 5: Processing dried shrimp
Unlike the crab bank and the integrated farming system, CORIN-Asia Cambodia did not provide
funding for this group. Group members have to contribute their own money to be shareholders.
So far, there are 15 shareholders and the total collected capital is valued at US$750.
There are two buildings for processing dried shrimp; one for drying the shrimp and another for
boiling shrimp. The solar drying house is supported by a private company called SHARE. The
drying house does not just use solar power as the main energy source, but also utilizes natural
gas from domestic livestock such as pigs, chickens, cows etc. The group produces
approximately 12-15 kg dried shrimp every day. The benefits that local people receive from this
are:
Collecting raw materials directly from fishermen at a higher price.
Reducing debt and dependence on middlemen.
Local people can acquire skills in managing their own funds to avoid money flowing into
middlemen’s pockets.
Free to choose their markets and decide the price for products at their own discretion.
Creating alternative livelihoods for women of the commune.
3.1.2 Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community – Co-management mangrove
rehabilitation and a mangrove-based ecotourism model, Kampot Province
The Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community was founded in July 2009 based on local initiative,
due to illegal mangrove forest destruction for investment in salt fields and personal land titles.
Local community members recognized the important role mangrove forests play in their daily
lives. Therefore, they established a Committee Board and sought support from the Kampot
Fisheries Cantonment and local authorities.
The Fisheries Committee has nine members (two of which are women), who are responsible for
management activities such as ecotourism, patrolling, finance, administration, education and
training etc. There are 734 members in the fishery community amongst 5,000 residents
(consisting of more than 1,000 households) of the commune.
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The Fisheries Committee members have been working on a voluntary basis without
compensation. Supported by many stakeholders, this Committee has developed specific
regulations and working mechanisms for each group. Ecotourism is one of solutions that the
Committee has suggested for
mangrove forest management
and protection as well as
income generation for the local
community.
For eco-tourism activities; there
are six groups for operating
boat services, guest houses,
cooking, environment groups,
as well as those providing
guided tours and security. The
human resources which
constitute each group are
fishermen, who do their fishing
jobs on a daily basis and
participate in eco-tourism work
on a voluntary basis. Photo 6: The Mangrove Restoration Project in Trapeang Sangke commune
The income from ecotourism will be allocated for patrol cost (10%), emergency budgeting (5%),
administration (5%), community development (40%), capital building (35%), and other aspects
(5%).
Photo 7: Vietnamese delegates with the Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community
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The strengths of the Fisheries Communities are 1) The high level of community participation
(active; with significant levels of responsibility), 2) They develop their own monthly plans and
conduct monthly meetings with the participation of commune councillors. However, there are
still many challenges that the community has to overcome. These include the limited education
of committee members, a small number of villagers have not as yet participated in the group,
the limited participation of high-level stakeholders, illegal fishing from outsiders, increasing
private sector investment for salt production, the enforcement of the fishery and mangrove
management law requires improvement, and the survival rate of species from mangrove
rehabilitation activities is low.
The proposed next steps from the community for tackling the above mentioned challenges are
to continue developing mangrove nursery gardens to provide seeds for mangrove plantation,
increase the participation of the community as much as possible in mangrove forest patrolling,
update and revise the Fisheries Community regulations, raising awareness within the
community about fishing laws especially regarding illegal fishing gears, and seeking support
from NGOs as well as the government.
3.1.3 Koh Kapik Community Protected Area, Koh Kong Province
Photo 8: The Koh Kapik community
Before the year 2000, the Koh Kapik community faced many issues related to mangrove
deforestation for investing in shrimp farms and charcoal production. In 2001, this community
cooperated with concerned authorities and the Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary (PKWS)
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rangers, lead by the Ministry of Environment (MoE), to stop all illegal activities in PKWS
confines.
The Koh Kapik Community Protected Area (CPA) was established on 23 March 2005, with eight
community members acting as the board of community leaders. This activity was supported by
the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Coastal Zone Management funded by
1997, and the Ministry of Environment (MoE). There are 332 households with1,603 people
(including 822 women). The total area of the community land is 1,580 hectares; with the land
divided into three main parts covering:
Mangrove forest area : 1,215 hectares
Water surface area: 135 hectares
Settlement area: 230 hectares
Livelihoods: 7% are civil servants, 9% are traders/sellers, and 84% are fishermen.
Photo 9 : Eroded coastal area
The village is isolated from the mainland and it can be accessed in two ways by the community.
The first is the connection to the open sea and the second is through a small channel. Because
this channel was too shallow, the BCR project supported the dredging of the channel bed,
covering a length of 2,160 m. This will enable the community to access and transport fresh
water, to conduct business, and to escape from the village when there are severe storms.
Marine resources in the area have been seriously exploited by outsiders, overfishing, and the
increase in population. The village also lacks public infrastructure such as schools and medical
facilities etc. This has resulted in the community becoming more vulnerable to the impacts of
climate change.
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Since the Livelihoods and Landscape Strategy (LLS) finished in 2011, BCR has started to build
upon that for supporting its activities within the community. The community members have
opportunities to build their capacity and have participated in many BCR-led events.
After the Koh Kapik Protected Area, the group visited a coastal erosion site. This used to be a
village and a mangrove forest, but is now disappearing due to erosion. While there are
Rhizophora and Casuarina species in the eroded area, the loss of the former is thought to be
much worse.
3.1.4 Peam Krasop Community Protected Area – A community-based ecotourism
model
There are 1,326 hectares of mangrove forest in Peam Krasop Community Protected Area
(CPA), which is a protected area. Peam Krasop commune has 302 households, including two
villages. Amongst them, 288 households (1,067 people; with 528 women) are members of the
Peam Krasop Community who participate in the protected area. Around 228 households are
CPA members, and they participate in the protection of mangroves (e.g., patrolling, together
with the CPA Committee), and also have the right to exploit natural resources in their CPA as
long as they meet CPA regulations. The livelihoods of local people are distributed as follows:
60% are fishermen, 15% are boat drivers for ecotourism, 8% are traders/sellers, 2% drive
motorbike taxis, 5% are workers, and 5% are government officers.
Before the year 2000, PKWS faced many challenges:
Migration into the village rose, leading to greater population pressure on natural
resources.
Most mangrove areas were cut down for charcoal production and to make way for
shrimp ponds.
Low levels of education, as only a primary school facility was available.
The lack of land and farms for subsistence of the local people.
The lack of knowledge on sanitation and environmental protection.
The previously located village in Peam Krasop was impacted by sea level rise and
coastal erosion, so the community moved to the mainland in 2004.
Finding ways to solve these problems, the local community set up the PKWS Community
Protected Area with support from local authorities and DANIDA. The areas that are being
focused on in PKWS are: zoning for a natural resource exploitation area, mangrove forest
plantation, patrolling, ecotourism activities, as well as education and training to raise awareness
of the local community.
The Peam Krasop mangrove-based ecotourism model follows an approach of mangrove
protection with the vital participation of the local community. The tourism activities engage the
community at every step of its operation. The income from tourism will be used for community
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social work, community development activities, public security, environment sustainability and
administration costs.
There are 11 members (consisting of 2 women) in the Community Committee in charge of
management tasks; such as providing boat services, patrols, ticketing, sanitation, education,
security and other aspects.
3.2 Thailand
3.2.1 Traditional massage – An alternative livelihood for women’s groups in Mai Root Sub-district, Trat Province
Background information
Mai Root is a sub-district in Trat
Province, located between the Gulf of
Thailand and the border of Cambodia.
The total population is 4,692 with 1,373
households. The local communities in
Mai Root are heavily dependent on
fishery exploitation for daily income
generation. Around 80% of the
population is engaged in small-scale
fishery, 10% in agriculture, and 10% in
small businesses. Photo 13: Meeting with local authorities in Mai Root Sub-district
Photo 10-12: Community Protected Area of Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary
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There are several problems that the local community faces; including poor livelihood security,
the lack of alternative livelihoods, and the decline of fisheries resources due to overexploitation
from a large number of fishermen. Moreover, the communities also face the limitations in
accessing public information; such as the plan for the nuclear power plant construction that is
ongoing in their vicinity and the knowledge that sand mining (carried out for glass production)
can lead to more coastal erosion etc.
For seeking solutions to the above mentioned problems, local people and authorities are
working together focusing on spatial planning, building the capacity of the community, as well as
encouraging the involvement of each individual of Mai Root, especially the women. So far, there
have been many activities that Mai Root has been involved in, such as:
Natural resource management: A crab bank model, conservation of the coastal zone,
conservation of endangered species, and mangrove protection.
Livelihood improvement and diversification: Traditional massage, bakery, ecotourism
etc.
Promoting the participation of children and women in awareness-raising activities within
their commune as communication ambassadors.
Reviewing the current land use situation of the commune, coming up with their own
spatial planning suggestions, and seeking support from outside stakeholders (at the
district and provincial levels) to complete this plan.
Traditional massage initiative
Recognizing that sand mining exploitation could lead to the worsening of coastal erosion, the
women’s group of Mai Root suggested protecting the beaches from private mining companies.
The women actively proposed providing traditional massages in their beauty salon and spa as
an alternative livelihood activity. The massages use sand mixed with yogurt. With support from
the community authorities, a doctor from the provincial hospital was invited to provide a
massage skills training course for the women’s group. After the course, all women received a
certificate and they could operate the beauty shop and spa.
Any woman who would like to participate in this activity has to contribute 100 Baht to be a
shareholder. Currently, this model has attracted 70 women and their capital has gone up by
80,000 Baht. During the first year of its operation, this salon did not make any profits. But in the
second year, each invested 100 Baht received 8 Baht as revenue. Besides the traditional
massage activity, there is also a bakery group and a shrimp paste manufacturing group which
have been established under the strategic priority of livelihood diversification for the community.
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3.2.2 The community’s blue swimming crab bank model in Ban Klong Yai, Mai
Root Sub-district
Mai Root Sub-district is home to large blue swimming crab populations that provide high
economic returns to the community. However, a large proportion of the community relies heavily
on crab fishing for their daily income. Therefore, this marine resource has diminished
significantly.
The initiative of the crab bank came about with the simple step of taking the caught gravid crabs
and putting them into plastic containers until they release their eggs. Oxygen is supplied to each
container through an air aerator.
The eggs are then released back into the sea, and the mother crabs are sold in the market. The
money from selling the mother crab will be used to finance the electricity consumption from
operating the air aerator and for the community’s budget to support administrative work in the
village.
By following this crab bank model, Ban Klong Yai Village have been able to continue fishing for
juvenile crabs using this sustainable approach. The community confirmed that for each pregnant
crab there are one and a half millions eggs that can be returned to the ocean. The expected
survival ratio is about one third of the released eggs.
In order to operate this model, local pioneers have faced many difficulties, especially in
convincing the community to participate, the lack of finances, as well as limited technical
knowledge. However, the model has been established and has demonstrated its effectiveness
in increasing the crab population, so much so that people have voluntarily started contributing
gravid crabs to the bank.
Currently, there are several crab bank models that have been set up in the communes and
approximately 2,000 pregnant crabs have been released to the sea. This has been of
remarkable value to the community.
Photo 14: Vietnamese participants learnt about the blue
swimming crab bank in Ban Klong Yai Village
Photo 15: Gravid crab with grey eggs - the optimal
choice for this crab bank
22
3.2.3 Community-based marine resource conservation activities in Laem Klad
Sub-district
Similar to the many communities living along the coastline, communities in Laem Klad Sub-
district are heavily reliant on aquatic resource exploitation for their incomes. The increase in
fishing boats using illegal fishing gears that travel near-shore and off-shore to capture fish
(mostly blue swimming crab), combined with climate change effects, have resulted in a
significant degradation of these marine resources
Photo 16: Floating buoys to demarcate the conservation zone in Laem Klad Sub-district
The fishery conservation group in Village #1 in Laem Klad was founded by a group of fisherman
in June 2010, aiming to increasing the crab population. Following this, the group focused on
conservation and rehabilitation of natural resources and livelihoods as well as food security. The
conservation work that the fishery conservation group has been pursuing so far includes: 1)
Developing artificial seagrass to create habitats for marine resources, 2) raising shrimp and fish,
3) establishing saving groups to fix fishing gears, and 4) establishing the women’s conservation
group.
In the start, the fishery conservation group faced challenges because the local community did
not understand the purposes of conservation. Therefore, they refused to cooperate with all
activities of the group. However, the fishery conservation group leader shared that its members
should be the village seniors, who have experience and the respect of the local people. “Take
action to demonstrate, instead of convincing or advocacy” is the approach that the fishery
conservation group has followed during the operation of the model. The increase in the
population of marine resources has illustrated the effectiveness of fishery conservation group’s
23
work to commune members, and has received support from the government as well as the local
community.
3.2.4 T-fence sediment trap in Mou 5, Bang Chan Sub-district, Chanthaburi
Province
The local community in Bang Chan learned of
the T-fence sediment trap from their visit to
Soc Trang Province during the Second BCR
Coastal Forum held in 2013. This
demonstration model has been installed with
the local people’s efforts (including the
finances, provision of labour etc.), to test the
conformity of the T-fence model in the coastal
area of Bang Chan. Although this model has
just been installed in February 2014, it is
proving to be effective.
3.2.5 Oyster farming along brackish water bodies
Photo 18-19: Utilizing reused plastic bottles for oyster culture
On the way to the T-fence, there are many oyster cultivation farms along the water leading to
the open sea. Communities use a very simple technique to cultivate small-sized oysters along
the banks of the water body. Lots of reused plastic bottles are hung on a bamboo stick (each 1-
2 m long) as a substrate spot for oysters to attach themselves to and grow. The Vietnamese
participants said that this model is not popular in the Mekong Delta, but a large number of
households in Can Gio have applied the cement sheeting method. The approach using bottles
can be used to decrease the energy of waves leading to the reduction of erosion in estuaries.
Photo 11: T-fences adapted from Soc Trang, Viet Nam
24
Can Gio participants stressed that oysters should be cultivated in deep water to prevent the
accumulation of sediment, otherwise the waterway will become too shallow.
3.2.6 Sustainable shrimp farming
Photo 20: The shrimp farm attracts many eagles in Bang Chan Sub-district. Chanthaburi in Thailand
A 36-hectare natural mangrove-shrimp farm of uncle Hao, a villager from hamlet Mou 2 in Bang
Chan Sub-district, is an illustration of sustainable shrimp farming that most impressed the
Vietnamese participants.
Uncle Hao has dedicated almost his whole life to the integrated shrimp farm located next to a
waterway connected to the open sea. A 32-year long experience with mangrove shrimp farming
has strengthened his capacity in raising shrimp with low risks, so that he can earn a stable
monthly income.
The mangrove trees in his shrimp farm have been thinning line-by-line. The mangrove strips are
designed in consonance with the direction of the wind, so that the wind can travel along them
and collect mangrove leaves on the banks of the pond. The concern raised by participants
during the discussion was whether the decomposition of mangrove leaves can impact the water
quality. Responding to this, the farm owner explained that he designed his shrimp farm with
three sluice gates and thinning mangroves in order to collect waste and leaves so as to
minimize water pollution.
Every month, water is pumped into the pond at high tide and the trapped shrimp flows out to the
water body during low tide. This pumping activity is carried out six times for one hour every
25
month. The pumping of water also allows natural shrimp seeds to be disseminated and to clean
out the farm. The ratio of mangrove to water surface area is 40%:60%. The mangrove trees
inside the pond were more than 30 years old when uncle Hao moved to start this shrimp farm in
Bang Chan.
Every month, uncle Hao earns around US$1,300 – US$1,600 from selling shrimp, crab and fish.
The farm produces about 60 kg of shrimp sized at 100 gm/piece. Smaller shrimp can be made
into dried shrimp and sold at US$50 a kg. A crab weighing 700 gm/piece sells at US$21 a kg,
and a crab weighing 500 gm sells at US$15 a kg.
Uncle Hao confirmed that his integrated shrimp farm has not incurred any losses from disease,
while the opposite has happened everywhere outside of Bang Chan. The reasons for this are: 1)
The farm uses a completely natural system with small wild aquatic species and there is no
stock of fish, crab or shrimp in the pond; 2) the duration of pumping water in and out of the pond
is just 1 hour/time and 6 times/month; 3) the proper land designation of his farm with mangrove
cover creates a habitat for species; and 4) no dredging activities take place in the shrimp pond,
because this is believed to contribute to the acidification of the soil and cause water pollution.
3.2.7 Community participatory research on fixed set bag nets in Ban Rong Mai
The fixed set bag net is an effective fishing gear used for capturing a large number of aquatic
species from big to small size. The mouth of the bag net is stuck to a line of 4-8 fixed wooden
columns which are placed in the middle of water bodies and the net is dependent on tidal flows
to harvest fish. This type of fishing gear is considered illegal in Bang Chan Sub-district as well
as in other coastal areas of Thailand.
Communities in Bang Rong Mai are heavily reliant on near-shore fishing for their livelihoods,
especially the use of fixed set bag nets to harvest fish. This fishing practice has existed for a
long time, since the Chinese migrated to Bang Chan for settlement around 200 years ago. To
stop this illegal practice, the government has enacted law enforcement measures to remove and
destroy these fishing gears with the support of a police taskforce. However, by forcing the local
people to stop using fixed set bag nets without any advice for alternative livelihoods, this illegal
fishing practice is still existent in the area.
The local community, together with the Sustainable Development Foundation in Thailand (SDF),
has been working on developing research to learn about the impacts of fixed set bag nets on
the marine environment. This is a jointly conducted activity, with active participation of
communities, in order to seek academic information on their fishing practices. The results of this
study will be referred to, in order to find better approaches for sustainable fishing practices in
Bang Rong Mai and Bang Chan.
26
4. Learning Analysis
Photo 21: Meeting with local community in Koh Kapik Community Protected Area
At the end of each day, written evaluation sheets revealed lessons learned and the impressions
of the Vietnamese delegation about climate change adaptation activities in Cambodia and
Thailand. The participants were asked to self-assess the efficiency of the models they saw as
well as their feasibility when applying them in Viet Nam. The following conveys a summary of
these assessments.
4.1 Community led natural resource
conservation and management
The first impression that the local communities in
Cambodia and Thailand gave to Vietnamese
participants is their active participation and
dedication to natural resource conservation and
management; especially for mangrove protection
and marine resource rehabilitation. In most of the
sites that were visited, all conservation activities—
ranging from establishing a conservation zone,
creating alternative livelihoods to mangrove-based Photo 22: Mr Doan Van Phuc of Ben Tre’s
DONRE
27
ecotourism and conducting research—were initiated by the people.
Mr Doan Van Phuc, the Vice-Director of DONRE in Ben Tre said, “I was most impressed with
the high level of participation from the Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community Committee,
because they have been working on a voluntary basis without any requests for remuneration.
They are fishermen, but they think big and dedicate their work to the future generations. I take
this as an important lesson which we, as Viet Nam officers, have to consider in our work.”
Visiting the Koh Kapik CPA, members of the Can Gio Mangrove Management Board saw
similarities with their work in channel dredging, mangrove rehabilitation and mangrove-based
ecotourism. They also felt a deep admiration for the community volunteering their time and
efforts to collaborate with all stakeholders for management and protection of mangrove forests.
Similarly, the Ben Tre participants considered PKWS community-based ecotourism akin to the
co-management scheme applied in their province. Local communities participate in every step
of this model; from developing operations regulations to starting tourist services. However, the
capacity of local people to formulate guidelines and regulations by themselves is still limited.
The group from Ben Tre said, “This co-management benchmark should be applied not only for
tourism but also for mangroves, white clam seed beds and fisheries in Thanh Phu District”. They
added, “The eco-tourism model in Thanh Phong will be successful if local people of the
commune agree to participate consistently and receive support from all stakeholders. Currently,
local people in Thanh Phong still lack professional skills, the experience and the finances to
sustain such initiatives.” Mr Cao Van Viet from DARD in Ben Tre also mentioned an ongoing
establishment of a community-based ecotourism model in Thanh Phong commune, which has
been funded by Mangroves for the Future initiative (MFF) and the Mangroves and Climate
Change Project (MCC).
Mr Tran Thien Hien, a DARD officer
from Soc Trang, said this model can
only be successful if the local
communities are empowered in
marine resources management and
are engaged in the integrated coastal
management strategy of the province;
especially for the current mangrove-
based ecotourism plans in coastal
zones of Soc Trang. In other words,
natural resource management should
be a bottom-up rather than a top-down
approach. Sharing the same point of
view, Ms Tran Truong Nhu Y, Vice-
Head of Kien Giang Sub-Viet Nam
Administration of Seas and Islands
stated, “The model of mangrove-
based ecotourism is not new in Viet Photo 12: Mr Nguyen Huu Be of DARD in Ben Tre
28
Nam, but the approach of a bottom-up or community-based establishment requires the
development of operations regulations by the local people. This has been exhibited well by
communities we have visited.”
All participants agreed that mangrove management and conservation and community-based
marine resource management in Cambodia and Thailand will be good references for applying to
their provinces in the near future. However, they also pointed out several limitations of these
models.
Mr Cao Van Viet commented on the roles of local government and other stakeholders such as
private companies, academic agencies, NGOs, international organizations in supporting the
conservation and livelihood activities at Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community. Such kind of
cooperation and external support will help sustain the project outcomes.
The lack of seedlings, labour and funds as well as unsuitable topography for planting
Rhizophora species are some of the challenges facing communities in Trapeang Sangke. The
suggestion from the Forest Protection Department (FPD) in Ben Tre and the Forest
Management Board (FMB) in Can Gio for mangrove plantation in Trapeang Sangke is that
communities should coordinate with local authorities and academic agencies to conduct studies
on coastal topography and dynamics in order to identify appropriate mangrove species for
cultivation. “Kien Giang is a good place located nearby to buy mangrove seeds”, said Nguyen
Huu Be of the FPD in Ben Tre.
In response to PKWS, based on their own experiences, the Can Gio FMB and Ben Tre FPD
proposed that the PKWS Management Board should consider thinning the mangrove forest strip
in order to create greater space for trees to grow better. Shrimp mangrove polyculture should be
considered for application in a good mangrove ecosystem such as PKWS. To reduce the
erosion in the area next to PKWS, Ben Tre participants shared that the Casuarina tree is an
appropriate species which can grow in the sandy area. However, Beach Morning Glory species
have to be planted first to stabilize the soil layers, and this will help Casuarina to stay strong
afterwards.
4.2 Sustainable fishing practices through crab banks
The crab bank is a model that generated considerable interest during the study tour, because
community members reported this has resulted in an increase in crab yield by four times in
Chang Hon village case. The Vietnamese participants believed that this model has high
potential for application in Viet Nam, and could be used for other gravid species besides crab in
coastal zones of Can Gio, Soc Trang and Kien Giang.
“This is a very good initiative which can be up-scaled to other parts of the coastline because of
its effectiveness in terms of economic and marine resource conservation”, said Mr Le Thanh
Sang of the FMB in Can Gio. He showed a great interest in the blue swimming crab
bank in Ban Klong Yai Village in Chanthaburi, Thailand.
29
Ben Tre participants stressed the importance of outputs from the blue swimming crab
demonstration model. The evidence of DNA testing results and the increase in crab population
are the best ways to prove the benefits of this model to communities. “Through the proof of
benefits from conservation activities, local people will be inspired and happy to volunteer for
donating pregnant crabs”, commented Nguyen Huu Be of the FPD in Ben Tre.
Another participant from DARD Ben Tre added “This blue swimming crab model can be applied
to Ben Tre, but it can be used for giant freshwater prawn and mud crab because they are high
value species. The availability of pregnant mother crabs from August to October every year is
suitable for this model.”
Photo 134: Crab bank in Kampot, Cambodia
It has also been thought that the blue swimming crab bank in Chanthaburi, Thailand is more
efficient than that which is in Kampot, Cambodia in terms of the high survival rate of species
after the release of crab eggs into the sea. While participants saw the potential of applying the
same model, they also identified several challenges that may arise. According to participants
from Can Gio; budget limitations, different tidal dynamics, the lack of technical information, and
most importantly the low level of local people’s participation due to poor awareness will hinder
the success of this model. They commented, “The communities are not well qualified and they
lack ownership. They catch fish for their daily incomes, so it is hard to convince them to donate
pregnant crabs.” There is also no seagrass habitat for blue swimming crab in the coastal areas
of Ben Tre, Soc Trang and Can Gio.
Participants from DARD in Soc Trang added, “Currently, Soc Trang has three conservation
models; covering mud crab, giant freshwater prawn, and blue swimming crab banks operating in
the river mouths of Tran De and Cu Lao Dung districts. However, a cost-benefit study should be
undertaken to demonstrate economic efficiency, then these models can be upscaled to coastal
regions of Soc Trang.”
Participants also suggested that for increasing the survival rate of young crabs, crab eggs
should be reared for around 10-20 days in order for the baby crabs to become stronger, before
releasing them into seagrass beds.
30
4.3 Sustainable polyculture under a mangrove canopy
Photo 145: Oyster culture in a mangrove forest in Bang Chan, Chanthaburi
After visiting a shrimp farm in Bang Chan Village in Chanthaburi, Thailand, participants
expressed their excitement on seeing a high eagle population and raised many questions about
the cultivation methods that the farmer uncle Hao applied in his shrimp farm. Soc Trang
participants shared that the most interested aspect was the farmer’s knowledge on growing
shrimp together with the mangrove forest, through the process of learning-by-doing. They were
particularly impressed that the farmer knew the optimal ratio between the mangrove and surface
water, and how mangrove strips should be designed to easily collect wastes and allow the wind
to come through.
Participants from Ben Tre mentioned that oyster farming and mangrove shrimp polyculture can
both be applied in their province. However, there will be difficulties to exactly copy the witnessed
models in Ben Tre, because of tidal characteristics as well as the shortage of small aquatic
species naturally found in the coastal area. Moreover, there is a policy enforcement of
maintaining 3:7 ratio of surface water to the mangrove area, therefore it is difficult to increase
the area under mangrove cultivation in shrimp farms.
4.4 Alternative livelihoods
Traditional massages and dried shrimp processing can be good examples of alternative
livelihoods for local communities.
31
Ms Le Thi Mai of WU in Kien Giang really enjoyed the traditional massage services operated by
Mai Root’s women’s group in Trat, Thailand. She said, “I commend this model. It is one of the
most impressive alternative livelihood sources for women, because it does not just bring in an
income, but also contributes to natural resource protection by attempting to stop private sand
mining companies from operating in the commune.” Ms Mai added, “It is very important for the
local women to be empowered and to understand their rights as well as responsibilities. The
traditional massage model in Mai Root Sub-district is proof of integrated natural conservation
and livelihoods.”
Echoing Ms Mai’s thoughts, Ms Nguyen
Thi My Loan of the Soc Trang WU thought
that the traditional massage is a good
model for women’s alternative livelihoods.
However, she felt this is more suitable for
small-scale income generation. She also
shared her knowledge of the current
shrimp paste processing activities in Soc
Trang. While this is suitable for
communities in coastal areas, local
authorities or related stakeholders should
find ways to make this product acquire
greater visibility and popularity; such as
through advertisements and marketing
etc., and then upscale this to more coastal
communities.
The dried shrimp processing activity in Kampot also impressed participants. “This model is
suitable for small-scale production carried out by poor household groups at village-level,
because small fresh shrimps are available for processing. But the challenge is the lack of a
budget to build a solar drying house and a boiling house like the one in Chang Hon Village. We
need to seek support from the government, NGOs, or international organizations such as
IUCN”, said Mr Dao Xuan Nha, a District Officer from Hon Dat.
5. Recommendation and potential application in target provinces
The crab bank is a good model which can be applied not just to blue swimming crabs or crabs in
general, but also for other gravid species in coastal zones of Viet Nam. Currently, Soc Trang
has a giant freshwater prawn bank model which promises success. This model can be a
considered as a benchmark for observation for neighboring provinces.
Technical documents or guidelines on how to apply the crab bank and other marine raising
models should be provided to target provinces.
Photo 15: Mr Pham Huu Lai of DONRE in Soc Trang
enjoyed the traditional Thai massage.
32
IUCN should diversify its benchmark models in the next study tour or provide other opportunities
for exchange visits, rather than just focusing on natural resource conservation and aquaculture
activities. If the opportunity is available, the Payment for Ecosystem Services PES) model
should be considered in this respect.
Photo 167: Participants discuss coastal erosion in Koh Kong, Cambodia
Conclusions
Overall, the study tour provided an overview of climate change adaptation at community-level
through intensive but informative sessions. Vietnamese participants were most impressed with
the high participation and engagement of the local communities in natural resource conservation
projects; especially mangrove protection and marine resource rehabilitation initiatives.
Most of the field sites, the initiatives for establishing conservation zones, alternative livelihoods
and mangrove-based ecotourism have been proposed by the communities using a ‘bottom-up’
approach. Local governments and NGOs are providing technical and financial support to carry
out their activities sustainably. The opposite situation of top-down approaches have been
observed in Viet Nam for a considerable period of time, therefore the “ownership” of the local
community is still weak.
33
Most of the local people who participated in each model are volunteers. They have tried to attain
the involvement of stakeholders at all levels, such as local authorities and NGOs, in local
conservation activities with the vision to “do the best for future generations”.
The crab bank is a good model that most Vietnamese participants were interested in, because
local people confirmed that this led to the increase in crab yield by four times. This model can
be applied not just to crab, but also to other gravid species. The participants observed that dried
shrimp processing can potentially be applied at a smaller scale (for household groups) in the
coastal areas of Kien Giang, Soc Trang and Can Gio.
Combining mangrove protection with tourism is not a new concept. However, the ecotourism
initiative developed and run by local communities with limited technical knowledge and low
levels of education was a good lesson for the officers from Viet Nam.
It is very clear that strengthening local resilience for climate change impacts means reducing the
local community’s internal vulnerability. This is the key first step. In particular, looking for
alternative livelihoods can reduce the pressure on natural resources and provide solutions for
communities living along the coast. Linking the benefits of natural resource protection and
conservation to the actions of local people is an essential step for climate change adaptation.
Moreover, local communities in the Mekong Delta need to be empowered to manage and
protect natural resources, and this will in turn help to strengthen their ownership at local-level.
Community-based adaptation models in Cambodia and Thailand have inspired all the
Vietnamese delegates to generate new ideas and adapting these models to local contexts. After
this trip, the participants confirmed that adaptation activities should involve local communities as
the main actors using a bottom-up approach.
Amongst the number of lessons learned, these are some key points:
Natural resource conservation is not just the job of any particular organization, but it
should be carried out by every individual and stakeholder; ranging from the local people
to government agencies, NGOs, international organizations and religious groups.
Top-down and bottom-up approaches should be applied for any strategic planning such
as those which are climate change adaptation-related.
Strengthening local resilience through linking the community’s benefits to environmental
protection. In particular, local people can acquire benefits (improvement of their
livelihoods to strengthen resilience) from mangrove protection; such as mangrove-based
ecotourism combined with selling local products to tourists.
The shortcut to success in any local adaptation project is the cooperation and consensus
of the community, whereby the local people develop their own action plans and the
government provides support – a two way approach of combining both top-down and
bottom-up perspectives.
34
Communication and advocacy activities which involve children and women as
communication conveyers are important for awareness-raising.
Cost-benefit analysis should be conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of
adaptation models. This research can generate baseline data, which can then serve as
the foundation for up-scaling the activities to wider regions.
35
Annexes
Annex 1: Study tour schedule
Working schedule (23 February – 2 March, 2014)
Day 1: 23 February Viet Nam - Kampot, Cambodia
7:00 - 17:30 Ben Tre and Can Gio participants travel from Ho Chi Minh City to Phnom Penh and Kampot Province via Moc Bai Border
Soc Trang and Kien Giang participants travel from Soc Trang and Kien Giang province to Prek Chak-Ha Tien Border to Kampot Province
Day 2: 24 February Visit BCR sites in Kampot Province
7:30 - 10:30 Visit Chang Hon Fishery Community in Prek Thnot Commune, Teuk Chhou District Meeting with the Chang Hon Fishery Community Visit blue swimming crab bank, marine fish culture and the seagrass bed
10:30 - 11:30 Visit the shrimp processing facility
11:30 - 18:00 Leaving for the Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community Meeting with the Trapeang Sangke Fishery Community Discuss the mangrove nursery and mangrove plantation Visit mangrove-based ecotourism and mangrove protection
Day 3: 25 February Travel to Koh Kong Province
Day 4: 26 February Visit BCR sites in Koh Kong Province
8:00 - 11:00 Visit the Koh Kapik Community Protected Area in Koh Kapik commune Meeting with the Koh Kapik Community Protected Area and the commune councillors to discuss livelihoods, climate change issues and their needs, and intervention from IUCN and other stakeholders
11:00 - 12:00 Visit the site where channel dredging has taken place
12:00 - 13:30 Visit the coastal erosion area on the way back to the Peam Krasop mangrove ecotourism site
13:30 - 17:30 Meeting with the Peam Krasop Community Protected Area Committee and commune councillor on mangrove ecotourism management and mangrove restoration
Day 5: 27 February Trat Province, Thailand
8:00 - 9:30 Leaving for Trat Province via the Cambodia-Thailand border
10:00 -13:00 Meeting with the Mai Root Administrative Organisation/ Tambon and their strategic plan on climate change adaptation Discussing alternative livelihoods of women’s groups
Orientation on the BCR project in Thailand and an introduction to the study visit/logistical information
36
14:00 - 20:00 Visit the traditional massage and spa – an alternative livelihood of the women’s group in Tambon Mai Root Visit the waste collection site and waste management approach in Mai Root Visit the community crab bank at Ban Klong Yai and see women’s alternative livelihood activities at Mou 3. Visit the mangrove-based ecotourism model (firefly tour by boat at night in Tambon Mai Root)
Day 6: 28 February Trat Province and Travel to Chanthaburi Province
6:30 - 11:00 Visit the community conservation activities by boat, including dolphin conservation and artificial seagrass
The Community Learning Centre at Tambon Leam Klad
Meeting with the women’s group to discuss their role in climate change adaptation
11:00 - 12:00 Leaving for Tambon Bang Chan, Chanthaburi province (By Boat at AUW Krapong)
13:00 - 18:00 Visit the T-fence sediment traps to address erosion in Mou 5
Visit the sustainable shrimp farm and discuss the benefit of the model with local communities
Day 7: 1 March Chanthaburi Province and Bangkok
8:30 - 12:00 Visit near-shore fishery and the conservation project addressing the conflict over fix trap fishing through participatory action research
Question-and-answer/wrap-up study trip visit in Thailand
13:00 - 19:00 Leaving for Bangkok and staying overnight in Bangkok
Day 8: 2 March Back Viet Nam
37
Annex 2: List of participants
Study tour – participant list
No. Full
name Organization Position Location Contact details
1 Doan Van Phuc
Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE)
Deputy Director Ben Tre Province
+84 918219151
2 Truong Van Em
DONRE
Deputy Manager, Environmental Protection Agency
Ben Tre Province
3 Nguyen Hong Minh
Can Gio Mangrove Forest Management Board (MFMB)
Head, Administration Unit
Can Gio District, HCMC
+84909225526
4 Pham Van Quy
Can Gio MFMB
Deputy Manager, Department of Natural Resources Management and Development
Can Gio District, HCMC
+84986568264
5
Nguyen Tien Hung
Can Gio MFMB Head Can Gio District, HCMC
+84969496868
6 Le Thanh Sang
Can Gio MFMB
Technical Officer, Department of Natural Resources Management and Development
Can Gio District, HCMC
+84979567258
7 Doan Tuan Duy
IUCN Volunteer
IUCN Ho Chi Minh Project Office
38
8 Pham Huu Lai
DONRE
Manager, Department of Marine Resources
Soc Trang Province
+84913983095
9 Luu Viet Son
Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (DARD)
Manager, Department of Planning
Soc Trang Province
10 Tran Thien Hien
DARD
Manager, Aquatic Resources Exploitation and Protection Agency
Soc Trang Province
+84908000035
11
Nguyen Thi My Loan
Women's Union Head, Education and Advocacy Unit
Soc Trang Province
+84974169416
12 Trinh Kieu Nhien
DARD
Head, Department of Aquatic Resources Management. Aquatic Resources Exploitation and Protection Agency
Soc Trang Province
+84949770053
13 Thach Son
Vo Thanh Van Commune
Community Representative
Soc Trang Province
+841698872258
14
Tang Van Be
Van Ho Commune Community Representative
Soc Trang Province
+84976393817
15
Dang Van Khoi
Mo O Hamlet, Trung Binh Commune People's Committee
Secretary of Mo O Hamlet
Soc Trang Province
+841688185422
16
Tran Tri Vien
DONRE Deputy Director Kien Giang Province
+84949 77 6868
39
17 Tran Truong Nhu Y
DONRE
Deputy Manager, Provincial Department of Viet Nam Administration Sea and Islands
Kien Giang Province
+84939 29 1001
18 Le Thi Mai
District’s Women’s Union
Head, District Women's Union
Hon Dat District, Kien Giang Province
+84913 17 6833
19 Nguyen Tin
DARD
Hon Dat-Kien Ha Forest Management Board
Kien Giang Province
+84919181649
20 Le Tien Commune People’s Committee
Chairman Kien Giang Province
+84918 00 6151
21 Dao Xuan Nha
District’s DARD Head, Agriculture Division
Hon Dat District, Kien Giang Province
+84919 0555 33
22
Nguyen Phuoc Hai
Provincial People’s Committee
Specialist Ben Tre
Province
979979265
23 Cao Van Viet
DARD
Deputy Director
Ben Tre Province
913125696
24
Tiet Kiem Chieu
DARD
Deputy Manager, Technical Department
Ben Tre Province
918618326
25
Nguyen Huu Be
Forest Protection Department
Deputy Manager Ben Tre
Province
913125682
26
Nguyen Thanh Lap
Forest Management Board
Deputy Director
Ben Tre Province
917458139
27
Hoang Quoc Minh
Aquaculture Department
Deputy Manager
Ben Tre Province
1253969799
28 Tran Tan Cong
Binh Dai District People’s Committee
Vice Chairman
Ben Tre Province
918217023
40
29
Nguyen Van Nghi
Ba Tri District People’s Committee
Vice Chairman Ben Tre
Province
918166671
30
Lam Van Tan
Thanh Phu District People’s Committee
Vice Chairman Ben Tre
Province
944075886
31
Tang Phuong Gian
IUCN BCR Field Coordinator
HCMC [email protected]
32
Nguyen Thu Trang
IUCN Administration and Finance Assistant
HCMC [email protected]
33
Nguyen Thi Phuong Thanh
IUCN BCR Field Coordinator
HCMC [email protected]
34
Le Thi Thanh Thuy
IUCN Programme Assistant
Ha Noi [email protected]
41
Annex 3: Evaluation Form
Cambodia – Thailand Study Tour: Cross-border Learning of
Community-based Coastal Resilience Building
Evaluation Report
Date: ……./……/2014 Location:
Full name:
Position/Organization:
1. Could you please briefly describe models you have visited and the content of
discussions with local communities?
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2. From your point of view, do you think those benchmark models are efficient in
term of economic aspects, improving local people income, supporting natural
resources protection as well as environmental sustainability? If yes, please
provide an explanation.
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3. What was most impressive during your day?
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4. Are there any new initiatives/models that you have learned? If yes, please
provide a short description.
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5. Do you have any ideas on applying these benchmarks in your province? If yes,
please share the feasibility, advantages and challenges that may arise when
implementing it in the area.
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6. Other recommendations and suggestions.
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Thank you!
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Annex 4: Photos
Pre-meeting to prepare for the trip
First meeting in Chang Hon Village in Kampot, Cambodia
The solar shrimp drying facility
The mangrove nursery garden in Trapeang Sangke
Presenting Viet Nam’s specialties to the community in
Trapeang Sangke
Meeting the community in Trapeang Sangke
Meeting in a local pagoda with the Koh Kapik Community in
Cambodia
Visiting the dredged channel in the Cambodian mangrove forest
Meeting with the community in Peam Krasop Wildlife Sanctuary
Presenting Viet Nam’s specialties to the local people
Meeting with local authorities in Mai Root, Trat
Visiting the landfill site in Mai Root
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Visiting the conservation zone by boat in Laem Klad
Meeting with the community in Laem Klad, Thailand
A homestay in Bang Chan, Chanthaburi, Thailand
Fisherman carrying out oyster culture
INTERNATIONAL UNION FOR
CONSERVATION OF NATURE
IUCN Asia Regional Office
63 Soi Prompong
Sukhumvit 39
Wattana - 10110,
Bangkok, Thailand
Tel: +66 2 662 4029
www.iucn.org/asia