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Cambridge University Press978-1-107-00252-4 - The Cambridge Companion to Modern Russian CultureEdited by Nicholas RzhevskyFrontmatterMore information

The Cambridge Companion toModern Russian Culture

Russia’s size, the diversity of its peoples, and its unique geographicalposition straddling East and West have created a culture that is bothinward- and outward-looking. Its history reflects the tension betweenvery different approaches to what culture can and should be, and thistension shapes the vibrancy of its arts today. The highly successful firstedition of this Companion has been updated to include post-Soviettrends and new developments in the twenty-first century. It bringstogether leading authorities writing on Russian cultural identity, itsWestern and Asian connections, popular culture, and the uniqueRussian contributions to the arts. Each of the twelve chapters has beenrevised or entirely rewritten to take account of current culturalconditions, and the “further reading” list brought up to date. The bookreveals, for students, academic researchers, and all those interested inRussia, the dilemmas, strengths, and complexities of the Russiancultural experience.

nicholas rzhevsky is Professor and Chairman of the Department ofEuropean Languages, Literatures, and Cultures at Stony BrookUniversity, State University of New York.

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The Cambridge Companion to

Modern Russian Culture

edited by

Nicholas Rzhevsky






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Contents

List of illustrations viiList of contributors ixChronology xiiiNote on names and transliteration xlv

1 Russian cultural history: introduction 1nicholas rzhevsky

part i cultural identity

2 Language 19dean s. worth and michael s. flier

3 Religion: Russian Orthodoxy 44dmitry s. likhachev

† and nicholas rzhevsky

4 Asia 65mark bassin

5 The West 94timothy westphalen

6 Ideological structures 113abbott gleason

7 Popular culture 135catriona kelly






vi Contents

part ii literature and the arts

8 Literature 169david m. bethea

9 Art 213john e. bowlt

10 Music 250harlow robinson

11 Theatre 279laurence senelick

12 Film 316nikita lary

Further reading 347Index 368






Illustrations

4.1 Vasily Ivanovich Surikov: Yermak’s Conquest of Siberia in 1582,1895, oil on canvas. By permission of the State RussianMuseum, St. Petersburg. 71

7.1 Girls using kacheli, a Russian swing, and a seesaw, both popularamusements since medieval times. Russian lithograph, c. 1850.Kelly collection. 142

7.2 “The sirin-bird”: Old Believer watercolor in the style of anengraved lubok, probably early nineteenth century. From Iu.Ovsiannikov, The Lubok (Moscow, 1968). Taylor Institution,Oxford. 148

7.3 Refrigerator magnets, with inscriptions, c. 2009. Rzhevskycollection. 163

9.1 Mikhail Vrubel: Illustration to “Demon,” in MikhailLermontov, Sobranie Sochinenii (Moscow, 1891), pp. 14–15. 219

9.2 Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism (Supremus No. 58), 1916, oil oncanvas, 79.5 × 70.5 cm. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg. 227

9.3 Vladimir Tatlin: Line drawing of design for the model ofMonument to the III International, c. 1920. First published inNikolai Punin, Pamiatnik III Internatsionala (Petrograd, 1920),unpaginated. 228

9.4 Pavel Filonov: Formula of the Petrograd Proletariat, 1920–1, oil oncanvas, 154 × 117 cm. State Russian Museum, St. Petersburg. 231

9.5 Anonymous designer: Crest of the Union of Soviet SocialistRepublics manufactured for a railroad car, c. 1950, paintedmetal, 13 × 10 cm. Ferris Collection, Institute of ModernRussian Culture, Los Angeles. 236

9.6 Vladimir Ovchinnikov: Basketball, 1978, oil on canvas,60 × 75 cm. Rzhevsky collection. 242






viii List of illustrations

9.7 Francisco Infante: Artefact: Suprematist Games, 1968, cardboard,tempera, snow. Artist’s collection, Moscow. 246

11.1 Griboedov’s Woe from Wit at the Moscow Maly Theatre in the1850s: L. V. Samarin as Chatsky, Mikhail Shchepkin asFamusov, and G. S. Olgin as Skalozub. Phototype by Panov.Laurence Senelick collection. 283

11.2 Korsh’s Theatre, Moscow, designed by the architect M. N.Chichagov. Laurence Senelick collection. 284

11.3 The last act of Chekhov’s The Three Sisters at the Moscow ArtTheatre, directed by Stanislavsky in the setting by ViktorSimov (1903). Laurence Senelick collection. 286

11.4 Michael Chekhov as Hamlet. Laurence Senelick collection. 29411.5 A Blue Blouse troupe demonstrating “Fordism in the factory.”

Laurence Senelick collection. 29911.6 Act 2 of Armored Train 14–69 at the Moscow Art Theatre (1927).

Laurence Senelick collection. 302






Contributors

Mark Bassin: Research Professor of the History of Ideas, Center for Balticand East European Studies, Sodertorn University, Stockholm. Authorof Imperial Visions: Nationalist Imagination and Geographical Expansion inthe Russian Far East; co-editor of Space, Place and Power in Modern Russia:Essays in theNew SpatialHistory; author of essays and articles on Russianperceptions of Asia, the history of geopolitics, and the history ofenvironmentalism in the Slavic Review, American Historical Review,Journal of Modern History, Geschichte und Gesellschaft, and Transactions ofthe Institute of British Geographers. Visiting Professor at the universitiesof Chicago, Copenhagen, and Pau. Former fellow in the Institute forEuropean History (Mainz), Kennan Institute, the Remarque Institute,and the American Academy in Berlin.

David M. Bethea: Vilas Research Professor of Slavic Languages at theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison and Professor of Russian Studies atOxford University. His numerous studies of Russian poetry, Russianliterary culture, and Russian thought have been recognized by theGuggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for theHumanities, the American Council of Learned Societies, and otherscholarly bodies. Publications include Khodasevich: His Life and Art; TheShape of Apocalypse in Modern Russian Fiction; Joseph Brodsky and theCreation of Exile; The Pushkin Handbook (editor); The Works ofPushkin/Sochineniia Pushkina (general editor), and The Superstitious Muse:Thinking Russian Literature Mythopoetically (selected essays).

John E. Bowlt: Professor of Slavic Languages and Literatures at theUniversity of Southern California, Los Angeles, where he is alsodirector of the Institute of Modern Russian Culture. He has writtenextensively on Russian visual culture, especially on the art ofSymbolism and the avant-garde, his latest book being Moscow, St.Petersburg. Art and Culture during the Russian Silver Age. Bowlt has also






x List of contributors

curated or co-curated numerous exhibitions of Russian art, including“A Feast of Wonders. Sergei Diaghilev and the Ballets Russes” at theNouveau Musee de Monte Carlo, Monaco, and the State TretiakovGallery, Moscow; and “El cosmos de la vanguardia rusa” at theFundacion Marcelino Botın, Santander, and the State Museum ofContemporary Art, Thessaloniki. In September, 2010, he received theOrder of Friendship from the Russian Federation for his promotion ofRussian culture in the USA.

Michael S. Flier: Oleksandr Potebnja Professor of Ukrainian Philology,Harvard University. Author of Aspects of Nominal Determination in OldChurch Slavic, essays, articles, and reviews on Slavic synchronic anddiachronic linguistics, and on the semiotics of medieval East Slavicculture. Editor of Slavic Forum: Essays in Slavic Linguistics and Literatureand Ukrainian Philology and Linguistics, co-editor of Medieval RussianCulture, vols. i–ii, Issues in RussianMorphosyntax, The Scope of Slavic Aspect,and The New Muscovite Cultural History. Chair, American Committee ofSlavists. Director, Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University.

Abbott Gleason: Keeney Professor of History Emeritus at BrownUniversity. Past President, American Association for theAdvancement of Slavic Studies. Author of Totalitarianism: The InnerHistory of the Cold War; Bolshevik Culture: Experiment and Order in theRussian Revolution; Young Russia: The Genesis of Russian Radicalism in the1860s; European and Muscovite: Ivan Kireevsky and the Origins ofSlavophilism; essays, articles, and reviews in Journal of InterdisciplinaryHistory, Contemporary European History, Russian Review, Slavic Review,American Quarterly, and The Journal of Modern History.

Catriona Kelly: Professor of Russian, University of Oxford. Author ofPetrushka, the Russian Carnival Puppet Theatre; A History of RussianWomen’s Writing, 1820–1992; Refining Russia: Advice Literature, PoliteCulture, and Gender from Catherine to Yeltsin, and Children’s World: GrowingUp in Russia, 1890–1991. Editor of AnAnthology of RussianWomen’sWriting,1777–1992, and co-editor of An Introduction to Russian Culture Studies, andConstructing Russian Culture in the Age of Revolution.

Nikita Lary: Emeritus Professor, York University, Toronto. Author ofDostoevsky and Soviet Film: Visions of Demonic Realism, and of Dostoevskyand Dickens: A Study of Literary Influence. Chief editor and translator ofThe Alexander Medvedkin Handbook (forthcoming). Author of essays,articles, and reviews in Slavic and East European Journal, Slavic Review,Slavic and East European Arts, Sight and Sound, Canadian Slavonic Papers,Kinovedcheskie zapiski, Eisenstein Rediscovered.

Dmitry S. Likhachev†: Academician, Institute of World Literature,

Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Head, Soviet Culture






List of contributors xi

Foundation and Deputy, Congress of Russian Deputies. Author andeditor of numerous works on Russian literature and language. Widelyregarded as the primary modern authority and conscience of Russianculture. Advisor on cultural matters to the Soviet and RussianFederation governments.

Harlow Robinson: Matthews Distinguished University Professor,Department of History, Northeastern University. Author of Russians inHollywood, Hollywood’s Russians: Biography of an Image; The Last Impresario:The Life, Times and Legacy of Sol Hurok; Sergei Prokofiev: A Biography; SelectedLetters of Sergei Prokofiev (editor/translator); essays and reviews forRussian Review, Slavic and East European Journal, Slavic Review, MusicalQuarterly, Opera News, Dance Magazine, New York Times, Boston Globe.Radio and television commentator on Russian music and culture.

Nicholas Rzhevsky: Professor and Chair, Department of EuropeanLanguages, Literatures, and Cultures, Stony Brook University, StateUniversity of New York. Author of Russian Literature and Ideology;Modern Russian Theater: A Literary and CulturalHistory; articles and essaysin Encounter, Nation, Modern Drama, Russian Review, Slavic Review, NewLiterary History, and (with Yury Liubimov) an English-language stageadaptation of Crime and Punishment. Editor of An Anthology of RussianLiterature: Introduction to a Culture, and co-editor of Media ><Media,Dramaturgs and Dramaturgy, and Slavic and East European Arts.

Laurence Senelick: Fletcher Professor of Drama and Oratory at TuftsUniversity. Recipient of the St. George medal of the Ministry ofCulture of the Russian Federation. His many books include TheChekhov Theatre: A Century of the Plays in Performance; Serf Actor: The Lifeand Art of Mikhail Shchepkin; Anton Chekhov; National Theatre in Northernand Eastern Europe, 1746–1900: A Documentary History; Gordon Craig’sMoscow Hamlet, and A Historical Dictionary of Russian Theater. He hasedited and translated Russian Dramatic Theory from Pushkin to theSymbolists; Cabaret Performance: Europe 1890–1940; Russian Satiric Comedy;Russian Comedy of the Nikolaian Era, and The Complete Plays of AntonChekhov. His dramatic adaptation of Dead Souls was staged in Boston.

Timothy Westphalen: Associate Professor of Russian and Director ofSlavic and European programs, Department of European Languages,Literatures, and Cultures, Stony Brook University, State University ofNew York. Author of Lyric Incarnate: The Dramas of Aleksandr Blok andeditor and translator of Aleksandr Blok’s Trilogy of Lyric Dramas.Publications include essays and articles in the leading Slavic journalsand The Moscow Times.

Dean S. Worth: Professor, University of California, Los Angeles. PastChair, American Committee of Slavists, member Academic Council of






xii List of contributors

the Kennan Institute for Advanced Russian Studies. President,Western Slavic Association and Vice President, InternationalCommittee of Slavists. Author of fifty-plus publications on Russianculture and approximately 160 on linguistics, Paleosiberianlanguages, and Russian folk poetics.






Chronology

Performing Arts, Art,History Literature Architecture

Third to eighth centuriesTribal migrations

Ninth century Ninth centuryc. 750–800 Vikings reach

central Volgac. 862–79 Slavs invite

Riurik, Sineus, Truvor;beg. reign Kiev GreatPrinces

c. 863 Sts. Cyril,Methodius, Glagoliticalphabet

2nd half ninth centuryGreek Teacher’s Gospel

Late ninth century firsttrans. Bible

882 Oleg unites Kiev,Novgorod

Tenth century Tenth century Tenth century907 Oleg attacks

Constantinoplec. tenth century church of

Ilia, Kievc. 955 Olga baptized

Christian faithc. 962 beg. reign Sviatoslavc. 968 Sviatoslav defeats

Bulgarians969 Kiev besieged by

Pechenegs978 Beg. reign Vladimir988 Vladimir accepts

Byzantine Christianity988 Trans. Bible,

liturgical texts, saints’lives

991–6 Assumptionchurch (Tithe); Kiev

(cont.)






xiv Chronology

(cont.)


Eleventh century Eleventh century Eleventh century1015 d. Sts. Boris and Gleb c. 1017 beg. Novgorod First

Chroniclec. eleventh century

znamenny raspev (choralsinging)

1019–54 Reign Yaroslav(“the Wise”)

1036 Sermon of LukaZhidyata

1036 TransfigurationCathedral, Chernigov

1037 Victory overPechenegs

1037–41 St. Sophia, Kiev

c. 1040 first chroniclesKievan Rus’

1045–50 St. Sophia,Novgorod

1046–67 St. SophiaRusso-Byzantinemosaics

c. 1050 Hilarion’s Sermonon Law and Grace

1051 Hilarion, firstMetropolitan Russianorigin

1051–4 Russian Pravda

1056–7 Gospel of Ostromir1061 Kiev troops defeat

Polovtsy (Kumans)1070–88 Archangel

Michael Cathedral,Vydubetsky monastery,Kiev

1073–8 Monastery ofCaves Russo-Byzantinemosaics

1074 d. St. Theodosius(founderKiev-Pecherskymonastery)

1078–93 Reign Vsevolod 1079–85 Boris and Glebc. 1088 Nestor’s Life of

Theodosius1089 Ioann’s Church

Regulation1089–90 Church St.

Michael, Pereslavl’1093–1113 Reign

Sviatopolk, Iziaslav’sson

c. 1093–5 PrimaryCompilation; PrimaryChronicle

1095 Novgorod MonthlyReadings






Chronology xv


1096 Polovtsy occupy Kiev 1096–1117 Instructions ofVladimir Monomakh

c. eleventh to twelfthcenturies kriukovye noty(musical notation)

Twelfth century Twelfth century Twelfth centuryc. first half twelfth

century VladimirMother of God icon

1103 Annunciationchurch, Novgorod

1113–25 Reign VladimirMonomakh

c. 1110–13 Nestor’s PrimaryChronicle (Tale of BygoneYears)

1114 d. Monk Alipy1115–23 Cathedral Sts.

Boris and Gleb,Chernigov

c. 1117 Silvester’s secondredaction PrimaryChronicle

1117–19 CathedralNativity of Virgin,Antoniev monastery

1119–20 Cathedral St.George, Yurievmonastery

1136 Novgorod breaksaway from Kiev

1128–57 Synodal copyNovgorod First Chronicle

1128 Spassky monastery,Polotsk

1135–44 ChurchDormition, Kanevo

1140 Kirillovskymonastery beg. nearKiev

1145 Church Sts. Boris andGleb, Smolensk

c. 1150 Church Sts. Borisand Gleb, Kideksh

1152 Church of Savior,Pereslavl’-Zalessky

c. 1152 St. Olaf ’s church,Novgorod

1154–7 Kiev reign YuryDolgoruky, founderMoscow

c. 1158 UspenskyCathedral, Vladimir

1165 Church Intercessionof Virgin on Nerli

1169 Andrei Bogoliubsky,Prince of Vladimir,sacks Kiev

(cont.)






xvi Chronology

(cont.)


1170 Novgorod forcesdefeat Suzdal

1174–1212 Vsevolod (“BigNest”) Great Prince ofVladimir

1179 ChurchAnnunciation,Miachino

1185 Igor’s unsuccessfulcampaign againstPolovtsy

1185–92 Church Sts. Peterand Paul, Sinichia hill

c. 1187 Tale of Igor’sCampaign

1190–2 Church St. Basil,Ovruch

c. late twelfth–earlythirteenth centurySupplication of Daniil theExile

1194–7 Cathedral St.Dmitry, Vladimir

1198 Church of Savior,Novgorod

Thirteenth century Thirteenth century Thirteenth century1202–6 Birth of Mother of

God monastery,Vladimir

1216–24 CathedralTransfiguration ofSavior, Yaroslavl’

1222–5 CathedralsNativity of Virgin,St. George,Vladimir-Suzdal

1223 Mongol victory,Kalka river

c. 1223–before 1246 Tale ofRuin Russian Land

1237–40 Mongol invasion.Cities devastated

1237–40 Tale of Battle onRiver Kalka

c. 1239 Tale of Batu’sInvasion

1240 Kiev taken; beg.Mongol “Yoke”;Aleksandr Nevskydefeats Swedes, Nevariver

1242 Aleksandr Nevsky’s“Battle on the Ice”

1252–63 Reign AleksandrNevsky

mid thirteenth centurytrans. Greek Aleksandriia

1263–72 Yaroslav reign inVladimir

1263 Life of Aleksandr Nevsky

1270 Novgorod treatyHanseatic League






Chronology xvii


1292 Church St. Nicholason Lipna, Novgorod

Fourteenth century Fourteenth century Fourteenth century1317–22 Reign Yury of

Moscow1326 Metropolitan Peter

moves see to Moscow1326 Uspensky Cathedral,

Moscow Kremlin1328–40 Ivan I (“Kalita”)

1330 Church Savior inForest, MoscowKremlin

1333 Archangel Cathedral,Moscow Kremlin

c. 1335 Sergius ofRadonezh’sTrinity-Sergiusmonastery

1340s Tale of Battle Novgorodwith Suzdal

c. 1340 Birth ofTheophanes the Greek

c. 1350 Icon Savior of FieryEye; AssumptionCathedral, Moscow

1359–89 Reign MoscowPrince Dmitry (“of theDon”)

1361 Church St. TheodoreStratilates, Novgorod

1366 Fire destroys muchof Moscow

1367 Kremlin stone walls,Moscow

1373 Mamai devastatesRiazan

1370–80 Assumptionchurch, Volotovo Field,Novgorod

1374 Church Savior onElijah Street, Novgorod

1377 Laurentian Chronicle1378 Theophanes’s icons

and frescoes, ChurchTransfiguration,Novgorod

1379 Church Nativity ofVirgin, Mikhailitsa

1380 Dmitry defeatsMongols, KulikovoField

1382 Toqtamysh sacksMoscow 1383–4 Church St. John

the Divine,Radokovitsi, Vitka river

(cont.)






xviii Chronology

(cont.)


1389–95 Tamerlaneattacks Golden Horde c. 1393 Zadonshchina

(Beyond the Don)1389–1425 Reign Vasily I

Moscow1391 Sergei of Radonezh

dies 1396 d. Stefan of Perm1397 Kirillo-Belozersk

monastery founded1399 Theophanes and

craftsmen decorateCathedral of ArchangelMichael in MoscowKremlin

Fifteenth century Fifteenth century Fifteenth centuryc. 1400 Tale of Battle with

Mamaic. 1400 Uspensky

Cathedral, Zvenigorod1405 Rublev, Theophanes,

Prokhor icons Nativity,Baptism, Transfiguration

1406 Arsenian Editionsaints’ lives

1406 Church Sts. Peter andPaul Kozhevniki,Novgorod

c. 1408 Rublev and Danielthe Black’s Christ inMajesty

c. 1410–22 Rublev’s OldTestament Trinity

1413 Church St. Basil onHillock, Pskov

1415 Epiphanius the Wiseletter to ArchimandriteKiril

c. 1420 Hypatian Chronicle;d. Epiphanius the Wise

1420 Rublev interiorcathedral,Trinity-Sergiusmonastery

1421–2 Church St. John theCompassionate, LakeMiachino

1425–62 Vasily II (“theDark”) 1433 b. Nil Sorsky c. 1430 d. Rublev

1439 Council of Florence1441 First mention

demestvennyi formsinging






Chronology xix


1442 PachomiusLogothetes’s RussianChronograph

1448 Russian Churchautocephalous

1450 Icon Battle Suzdal andNovgorod

1453 Fall ofConstantinople

1462–1505 Ivan III (“theGreat”)

1469 Ivan III fails to takeKazan

1470 “Judaizers” heresy,Novgorod

1471 Ivan III attacksNovgorod

1472 Ivan m. SophiaPaleologue

1472–85 Moscow rulesPerm, Rostov,Novgorod, Tver

c. 1474 d. Afanasy Nikitinauthor, Journey beyondThree Seas

c. 1475–1556 Maksim Grek 1475–9 Fioravanti’sAssumption Cathedral,Moscow Kremlin

1480s Catalog ofKirillo-Belozerskliturgical bookscompiled

1484–9 Annunciationchurch rebuilt, MoscowKremlin

1484–90 Ivan III’sNovgorod citadel

1485–1516 MoscowKremlin reconstruction

1491 Ivan III and CrimeanTatars defeat SaraiTatars

1487–91 ArmouryChambers, MoscowKremlin

1496 War with Sweden1497 Code of Ivan III

(Sudebnik)

Sixteenth century Sixteenth century Sixteenth century1500–2 Dionisius and

sons’ frescoes, Ferapontmonastery

(cont.)






xx Chronology

(cont.)


1503 Church council;“Possessors”–“Non-Possessors”debate

1505–33 Reign Vasily III 1505 Novy’s newArchangel MichaelCathedral in MoscowKremlin

1508 d. Nil Sorsky1510–14 Cathedral

Intercession Mother ofGod, Suzdal

1515 d. Joseph ofVolokolamsk

1515 TransfigurationCathedral, Khutynmonastery

1518 Maksim Grek arrivesin Moscow

1525 Trial of Maksim Grekfor heresy

1524–5 CathedralSmolensk Mother ofGod; Novodevichyconvent

1529 Church St. Prokopy1530–2 Vasily III’s Trinity

Cathedral,Trinity-Danilovmonastery

1532 Ascension church,Kolomenskoe

1533–8 Regency ElenaGlinskaya

1533–84 Reign Ivan IV(“the Terrible”) 1535–7 Church St.

Nicholas rebuilt, Pskov1536 Church Sts. Boris

and Gleb, Plotnikic. 1540s Macarius’s Chet’i

Minei1547 Sylvestr’s Domostroy 1547 Church Decapitation

John the Baptist,Moscow

c. 1548 Morality plays,Novgorod

1550–1 Hundred ChaptersCouncil (Stoglav)

1550 Peresvetov’s Tale ofSultan Mahmed; Sudebnikissued

1551 Stoglav1552 Kazan taken






Chronology xxi


1555 English MoscowTrade Company

c. 1553–1600 CathedralVirgin of Intercessionon Moat (St. Basil’s theBlessed), Red Square,Moscow

1558–83 Livonian War1557 Trinity church, Holy

Ghost monastery,Novgorod

1559–85 DormitionCathedral,Trinity-Sergiusmonastery

1560–3 Athanasius’s Bookof Generations

1560s–70sCorrespondence Ivan IVand Kurbsky

1564 Andrei Kurbskydefects

1564 Fedorov,Mstislavets’s Apostolfirst printed book inMoscow

1565 Ivan introducesOprichnina

1566 Philip becomesMetropolitan

1568 Synod deposesMetropolitan Philip

1568 Psalter printed

1569 Philip strangled1570 Oprichnina overruns

Novgorod1571 Crimean Tatars raid

Moscow1571 Skomorokhi

mentioned NovgorodChronicles

1572 Ivan IV abolishesOprichnina

1575 War with Sweden1580 Swedes invadeNarva;

Ivan kills son Ivan;Poles march to Pskov

1581 Ostrog Bible1582 Yermak conquers

Khanate Siberia1583 End of Livonian War1584–98 Reign Fedor I,

Boris Gudunov regent1589 First Patriarch Iov 1589 Code Tsar Fedor

Ivanovich, regulationskomorokhi

(cont.)






xxii Chronology

(cont.)


1591 d. Ivan’s son DmitryUglich

1592–7 Restrictions onpeasant mobility on St.George’s Day

1598 d. Fedor; end Houseof Riurik

c. 1598 Trinity church,Moscow

1598–1605 Reign BorisGudunov

Seventeenth century Seventeenth century Seventeenth century1601–3 Drought, famine,

plague1600 Chudovsky Chet’i

Minei1604 False Dmitry I

invades Russia1605 d. Boris Gudunov;

beg. “Time of Trouble”;reign Fedor Gudunov;killed same year

1605–6 Reign FalseDmitry I

1606–10 Reign VasilyShuisky

1607–10 False Dmitry II1610 Polish forces occupy

Moscow1610–13 Vladislav of

Poland, Tsar elect1611 Swedes occupy

Novgorod1611–12 Armed resistance,

Minin and Pozharsky1613 Beg. Romanov

dynasty, LandedAssembly choosesMikhail

1613 Performancechambers, Moscowcourt

1613–45 Reign Mikhail 1614 Moscow PrintingHouse founded

1615 Kiev religiouspuppet shows

1619–33 Filaret (Mikhail’sfather) patriarch

1628 Dormition church,Uglich

1632 Kiev Academy 1632 Peter Mohyla opensschool in Kiev

1632–4 War with Poland






Chronology xxiii


1634–5 Intercessionchurch, Moscow

1635–6 Kremlin TeremPalace

1635–7 Church Sts.Zosima and Savvatii,Zagorsk

1637 Don Cossacks seizeAzov

1639 Moskvitinexpedition reachesPacific

1640 Mohyla publishesPravoslavnoe ispovedanie

1643 Holy Trinity church,Nikitinki, Moscow

1645–76 Reign Aleksei 1645 Mohyla publishescatechism

1646 Census1647 Russian–Polish

alliance against Turks1647–50 Church Prophet

Elijah, Yaroslavl’1648 Ukrainian liberation

war, BoghdanKhmelnitsky

1648 Tsar Aleksei forbidsskomorokhi

1649 Ulozhenie, code oflaws; d. Mohyla

1649–52 Church Nativityof Virgin, Putinki,Moscow

1652 Nikon patriarch1653 Avvakum exiled

1650 Publication ofKormchaia kniga,collection ofecclesiastical law

1649–54 Church IoanZlatoust, Korovniki,Yaroslavl’

1653 Nikon reforms,Nomokanon; psalterpublished by PrintingOffice; Patriarch Nikonheads Printing Office

1654 Beg. Schism (Raskol);Old Believers;Ukrainian Radadeclares allegiance toRussian Tsar

1654 Russians travel toMt. Athos to purchasebooks

1654–7 Russo-Polish War 1654–5 Churchundertakes revision ofChurch texts

1656–61 Russo-SwedishWar

1658 Vasily Likhachev onItalian theatre

(cont.)






xxiv Chronology

(cont.)


1659 Pan-Slavist YuryKrizhanich in Moscow

1664 S. Polotsky’s Latinschool (Moscow);Avvakum returns fromexile

1665 Mail serviceestablished

1666–7 Church councildeposes Nikon

1669–71 Stenka Razinrebellions

1669–76 Avvakum’s Life

1672 Birth of Peter (I) 1672 Pastor Gregorystages adaptation Bookof Esther

1673 Ballet Orpheus andEurydice; Tsar Alekseifunds theatre

1676–82 Reign Fedor III,regent Prince VasilyGolitsin

1676 Tsar Fedor evictstheatre from court

1677–8 Polotsky’sMany-Flowered Garden

1678 Ushakov’s Savior NotDone by Hands

1678–83 Potekhin’sTrinity church,Ostankino, Moscow

1680 Polotsky’s RhymedPsalter; Rifmologion

late seventeenth centuryMisery–Luckless–Plight;Shemyaka’s Judgment;Frol Skobeev; SavvaGrudtsyn. d. Polotsky

1679–82 Church St.Nicholas, Kamovniki,Moscow

1682–1725 Reign Peter I“the Great” (initiallywith brother Ivan)

1682 Avvakum burned atstake

1684–93 Epiphanychurch, Yaroslavl’

1687 Greek–Latin–Slavonic Academyopens in Moscow

1687–95 ChurchResurrection inKadashi, Moscow

1690–1704 Church Icon ofSign at Petrovo,Moscow

1695 War withTurkey/Crimean Tatars

1695 Church ofAscension, Suzdal






Chronology xxv


1696 Naval fleet; Turkssurrender Azov

1697 First Kamchatkaexpedition

1697–8 Peter travels to theWest

1697–1703 Nativitychurch, Bell Tower,Nizhny-Novgorod

1698 Streltsy revolt 1698–1704 Church St.Anne, Uzkoe, Moscow

1699 Trading companiesformed; Julian calendar

Eighteenth century Eighteenth century Eighteenth century1700 Beg. Northern War

with Sweden1701–3 Foundation St.

Petersburg1701–7 Church Archangel

Gabriel (MenshikovTower)

1702 Kunst’s theatretroupe arrives

1703 First Russiannewspaper Vedomosti(News)

1703 Peter and PaulFortress

1705 Military draftinstituted

1705 Peter I decree oncomedies;Prokopovich’s Vladimir

1706–10 Tsarevna Nataliastages plays

1708 Administrativereforms; provincescreated

1708 New “civil” alphabet

1709 Battle of Poltava;defeat of Swedish army

1710 War with Turkey1711 Senate replaces boyar

duma1712 St. Petersburg new

capital

1711–27 Five printingpresses open St.Petersburg

1711–14 Summer Palace

1712 Imperial court movesto St. Petersburg

1712–33 Trezzini’s Sts.Peter and PaulCathedral, St.Petersburg

1713 Conquest Finland1714 Kunstkammer;

ChurchTransfiguration, Kizhi

(cont.)






xxvi Chronology

(cont.)


1714–52 LeBlond,Braunstein, Michetti,Rastrelli’s Peterhof

1715 Aleksandr Nevskymonastery,St. Petersburg

1716–24 Second WinterPalace

1718 Poll tax; judicialreform

1720 Peter I hires Pragueactors

1721 Treaty Nystad; Peteremperor; patriarchateabolished

1722 War with Persia;Table of Ranksinstituted

1723 Treaty gives RussiaCaspian Sea’s southernshores

1722–6 Sts. Peter and PaulCathedral, Kazan

1722–41 Twelve Colleges,Vasilevsky Island,St. Petersburg

1725 Academy of Sciences1725–7 Reign Catherine I1727 Treaty with China;

Bering discovers straitc. 1727 Leshchinsky

theatre, Siberia1727–30 Reign Peter II 1729 b. Volkov, actor1730–40 Reign Anna I 1731–4 Church Sts.

Simeon and Anna1732–8 Admiralty,

St. Petersburg1733 b. Dmitrevsky

1734 Winter PalaceTheatre, St. Petersburg

1735–40 War with Turkey 1735 Trediakovsky’s Newand Brief Method forComposing Russian Verses

1735–9 Korobov’s church,St. Panteleimon

1738 Dance school,St. Petersburg

1739 Tatishchev proposesUrals Europe–Asiadivide

1740–1 Reign Ivan VI1741–61 Reign Elizabeth I 1741–3 Rastrelli’s Summer

Palace1741–50 Rastrelli,

Zemtsov’s AnichkovPalace






Chronology xxvii


1743 Lomonosov’s Ode onConquest of Khotina

1743 Musical Rose withoutThorns, St. Petersburgcourt

1744 Russia joins Warsawpact

1747 Sumarkov’s Khorev1748 Lomonosov’s Short

Guide to Rhetoric1748–64 Resurrection

Cathedral, Rastrelli’sSmolny convent

1749 Noblemen’s Corps’production Khorev

1750 Elizabethencourages Russianactors; Yaroslavtroupe’s About Penanceof Sinful Man

1752 Volkov’s Yaroslavperformances; formalactors’ training

1755 Moscow Universityfounded

1754–62 Rastrelli’sWinter Palace

1756 Opera Taniusha1757 Treaty with France,

Austria; Russia invadesPrussia

1757 Lomonosov’s RussianGrammar

1757 Academy of Arts,St. Petersburg

1759 Russian forcesoccupy Berlin

1761–2 Reign Peter III1762–96 Reign Catherine

II (“the Great”)1762 Actors given noble

rank1763 Correspondence

Voltaire–Catherine II1763 d. Volkov

1764 Government takesChurch lands andpeasants; SmolnyInstitute: beg. ofwomen’s education

1766 Trediakovsky’sTilemakhida

1767 Catherine’sLegislative Commission

1768–74 War with Turkey

1769–70 Novikov’s Trutenc. 1770 Fonvizin’s Brigadier

1768–82 Falconet’s BronzeHorseman

1768–85 Rinaldi’s MarblePalace, St. Petersburg

1772 First partitionPoland

1772 M. Popov’s Anyuta;synodal typographyprints znamennyi chants

(cont.)






xxviii Chronology

(cont.)


1773 Diderot visits Russia1773–5 Pugachev rebellion

1773 D. Levitsky’swomen’s portraits

1774 Journal MusicalEntertainments

1776 Bolshoi Theatre ofOpera and Ballet;Trutovsky’s collectionfolk songs

1779–89 Moscow News 1779 D. Bortniansky, dir.Imperial Chapel Choir;Dmitrevsky headdramatic school

1780–1801 Cameron’sarchitectural ensemble,Pavlovsk

1782 The Minor; “Felitsa” 1782–6 Cameron’sTemple of Friendship,Pavlovsk

1783 Crimea annexed;Dashkova headsAcademy

1783 Bolshoi KamennyiTheatre

1784 Alaska settled1785 Charter of Nobility

1786 Catherine II’s plays

1784–6 Bazhenov’sPashkov House,Moscow

1787 War with OttomanEmpire

1788 Sweden declares war 1788 b. Shchepkin1790 Radishchev’s Journey

from St. Petersburg toMoscow

1791 Moscow Journal1792 Karamzin’s “Poor

Liza”1794 Kosciusko rebellion1796 Prussian military

reforms1796–1801 Reign Paul I 1797 Karamzin beg. Letters

of Russian Traveler1797 V. L. Borovikovsky’s

Portrait of M. I. Lopukhina1799 b. Pushkin 1799 Kozlovsky’s Statue

of Suvorov, Field ofMars

Nineteenth century Nineteenth century Nineteenth century1800 b. Mochalov

1801–25 Reign Alexander I1802 Creation

government ministries1802–3 Herald of Europe;

A. N. Radishchev’ssuicide

1802 b. Karatygin






Chronology xxix


1803 Karamzin’s MarfaPosadnitsa; Discourse onOld and New Style inRussian Language

1804–6 ExpansionCaucasus

1804 b. Glinka1804–18 Martos’s

sculpture Minin andPozharsky, Red Square

1805–6 V. Kruzenshtern’sexpedition

1805 decree institutingimperial theatres

1806–12 War with Turkey 1806–23 Zacharov’sAdmiralty, St.Petersburg

1807 Battle Friedland;Treaty Tilsit

1808 A. ArakcheevDefense Minister

1808–9 War with Sweden,annexation Finland

1808 Zhukovsky’sLiudmila

1809 Krylov’s Fables

1808 Smolny Institute;Didelot’s Zephyr andFlora; Drama News

1810 Lyceum TsarskoeSelo founded

1810 Stock Exchangebuilding, St.Petersburg

1811–16 Collegium ofAmateurs of RussianWord

1811 Voronikhincompletes KazanCathedral

1812 Invasion ofNapoleon; battlesBorodino, Smolensk;Fort Ross, California,founded

1812 First Russianvaudeville,Shakhovskoy’s CossackPoet

1813 Battle Leipzig1814 Russian forces in

Paris1814–15 Vienna Congress1815 Holy Alliance signed 1815 “Arzamas” literary

circle1816 Karamzin’s History of

Russian State (completed1829)

1817 Batyushkov’s DyingTasso

1818 Fatherland Annals 1818 b. Sadovsky1818–58 Montferrand’s

St. Isaac’s Cathedral1819 St. Petersburg

University founded1819 Society of Lovers of

Russian Letters1819–29 Rossi’s General

Staff Building1819–21 Exploration

Antarctica(cont.)






xxx Chronology

(cont.)


1820 Ruslan and Liudmila1821 Pushkin’s Prisoner of

Caucasus; b. Dostoevsky1823 Society of Wisdom;

Polar Star1823 V. A. Tropinin’s

Lace-Maker1824 Mnemozyne; Woe from

Wit1824 Maly Theatre,

Moscow becomes statetheatre

1825 Decembrist Revolt1825–55 Reign Nicholas I

1825 Moscow Telegraph;Boris Godunov

1826–8 Russo-Persian War 1827 Moscow Herald 1827 Kiprensky’s Portraitof A. S. Pushkin

1828 b. Tolstoy 1828–32 Rossi’sAlexandrinsky Theatre

1829 Yury Miloslavsky orRussians in 1812

1829–37 Orlovsky’ssculptures of Kutuzovand Barclay de Tolly,St. Petersburg

1830–2 M. SperanskyRussian Code of Laws

1830 Belkin Tales; LittleTragedies

1830–3 Briullov’s Last Dayof Pompeii

1831 Evenings on Farm nearDikanka; Telescope

1832 Briullov’sHorsewoman

1833 S. Uvarov MinisterPublic Education

1833 Eugene Onegin; BronzeHorseman; “Queen ofSpades”

1833 b. Borodin

1834 Herzen-Ogarev circlearrested; KievUniversity founded

1834 Belinsky’s LiteraryReveries

1834–59 Shamil’ rebellionCaucasus

1835 Arabesques; Mirgorod;Masquerade

1836 Captain’s Daughter;Contemporary; InspectorGeneral; “Nose”

1836 Life for the Tsar;Inspector General

1837 d. Pushkin;Lermontov’s “Death ofPoet”; Chaadaev’sApology of Madman

1839 Fatherland Notes 1839 b. Mussorgsky1839–49 Ton’s Bolshoi

Kremlin Palace1840 Hero of Our Time;

Mtsyri; Aksakov’s FamilyChronicle

1840 b. Tchaikovsky

1841 d. Lermontov




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