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Index

Note: Page numbers in italics indicate maps.

1920 coup, failure of, 33–34

1929 revolts, 122–32

Acheson, Dean, 242–43

Alsop, Joseph, 251–52

Anhui, 59–60, 72–73, 74–75, 78, 89–90,

98–99, 133, 136, 168–69, 189–90

Anqing, 91

Anshun, 32–33

anti-communism, 80–81, 82, 251–52, 260,

273–74

anti-imperialism, 30, 52, 79–80

anti-Qing activities, 18–19

April 1927 purge, 76–86

Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 215–17

Atcheson, George, 233

Atkinson, Brooks, 193, 230

Australia, 238–39

Autumn Harvest Uprising, 92–93

Bai Chongxi, 71–72, 73–75, 76–77,

78–79, 80–81, 82–84, 85, 87,

93–96, 97–99, 106, 107, 108, 109,

115–16, 211, 243, 253, 261–62,

264–66, 270–71

Battle at Longtan and, 99–100, 102–05

Central Plains War and, 133–35

civil war with CCP and, 269

commands Second Route Army, 88–89

demands Chiang Kai-shek’s resignation,

128, 276–77

in Nanjing and Shanghai, 85–86

secessionist movement and, 142–43,

159–60

temporary exile in Hong Kong, 128

Bai River, 152–53

Baiyunshan, 50

Ballantine, Joseph, 236

bandit suppression, 118, 168–69

Baoding, 14–15, 157–59, 160, 161, 179

Baoding Academy, 17, 24–25, 37

baojia officials, 194–97, 198, 200–01,

202–03

Bao Shuya, 48

Bao Wenyue, 163, 164–65

Baozhang, 194–95, 196–97

Barr, David, 257–58

Bay of Bengal, 215–17

Beijing, 22–24, 27, 59, 76–77, 111–12. See

also Beiping

government in, 30

political protests in 1919, 29, 30

Beiping, 111–12, 148–50, 151–54, 155,

156–57, 158, 163–64, 166–67,

175–76, 178–79, 268, 273, 275–76.

See also Beijing

peace talks with CCP in, 267–68

PLA capture of, 260–61

Beiping Branch of Military Affairs

Commission (BMAC), 137,

144–48, 154, 155–56, 157–58, 159,

160, 162–63, 165–66, 167–68,

179–80

Beiping Branch of the Political Affairs

Council (BPAC; Beiping zhengwu

zhengli weiyuanhui), 150–51,

164–65

Beiping–Hankou railroad, 178–79

Bei River, 130

Beiyang Army, 20

Belgium, 147–48

Bengbu, 269–70

Bergin, William, 215

Bhamo, 215–17

Bihar province, 214–15

Biographical Dictionary of Republican China

(Boorman), 4–5

Bi Shucheng, 75

Blue Shirt organization, 157–58,

161

295

www.cambridge.org/9781107144637www.cambridge.org



296 Index

Blyukher, Vasily, 48

Boorman, Howard, Biographical Dictionary

of Republican China, 4–5

Borodin, Mikhail, 76, 79

Britain, 51, 75–76, 207–08, 211, 218,

223–24, 248, 250–51

Burma operation and, 215–17

Cairo Conference and, 221

Japanese military aggression and,

149–50

Lend-Lease Aid and, 227–29

Pacific War and, 206–08, 209–10,

211–12

British Labour Party, 246

Buchman, Frank, 110, 251

Bureau of Investigation and Statistics,

221–22

Burma, 10, 207–12, 214–17, 218–19,

225–26, 227, 228–29, 235–37

Burma Campaign, The (McLynn), 224

Burma Road, 209–10, 213–14, 235–36

see also Stilwell Road; Yunnan–Burma

Road

bushido spirit, 20–21

Butterworth, W. Walton, 251–53, 257–58

Byrnes, James, 237–38

Cairo Conference, 220–22

Cai Tingkai, 133–35, 144

Cai Wenzhi, 263–64, 269

Cai Yuanpei, 80–81

Canada, 238–39

Cao Wanshun, 61–64, 66, 68, 70, 73, 91,

93

Catholicism, 32–33, 110

Center Army, 71, 72–73, 74–75

Central Air Force Academy, 182–83

Central Army, 68–69, 112, 121–22,

124–25, 127–29, 132, 133, 137,

147, 151–52, 160, 161–62, 163,

170, 179, 263

centralization, 119–20, 122

Central Military Academy (CMA), 69, 82,

238–39

Central Plains, 155, 260–61

Central Plains War, 8–9, 113–14, 125,

132–36, 137–39, 185, 274–76

Central Political Council, 168–69, 182–83

Central Radio Broadcast Station, 121

Chaha’er, 156–57, 160–62, 163, 165–67,

178–79

Chang, Carson, 253, 256–57

Changchun, 258–59, 260–61

Changsha, 122, 123, 124, 130–31,

133–35, 234–35, 270–71

Changxindian, 161

Changzhou, 36–37, 74–75, 100

Chao’an, 55

Chaozhou, 60, 61, 63–64, 65–66

Chase, Augustus, 229–30

Chen Bulei, 93–94

Chen Cheng, 140, 175, 202–03, 221–22,

229–33, 234, 242–43, 250–51,

271

Chen Chenguang, 68

Chen Diaoyuan, 110–11, 124–25

Chen Duxiu, 79

Chengde, 145–47

Cheng Qian, 72–73, 74–76, 78–79, 81,

83–85

Chen Guofu, 250

Cheng Zerun, 191, 202–04

Chen Jincheng, 271

Chen Jiongming, 41–43, 46, 47–49,

52–54, 56, 62–63

Chen Jitang, 142–43, 155, 159–60

Chen Lifu, 250

Chennault, Claire, 211, 236–37

Chen Qimei, 19–20, 36

Chen Shaokuan, 238–39

Chen Tingce, 32

Chen Yanzhen, 210–11, 217

Chen Yi, 65–66, 70–71, 152

Cherepanov, Alexander, 40–41, 43, 44–46,

47–48, 61–62, 73

Chiang Kai-shek, 10, 19, 18–19, 20,

37–38, 40–41, 46, 47–48, 53–55,

56, 59–60, 61–65, 66–68, 70–72,

74–75, 76, 78–79, 81–82, 89, 91,

111–12, 163–64, 196–97, 206–07,

258, 264–65, 274–75

agreement for return as commander in

chief of NRA, 105

American views of, 225–26, 246

anniversary of victory at Mianhu and,

48

announces resignation, 262

appoints He Yingqin military

representative to United Nations,

244

appoints He Yingqin chair of strategic

advisory committee, 251–52

appoints Yan Xishan commander of all

land, air, and naval forces, 129

attack on Wuhan, 123–24

authority of, 112


CCP and, 138–39, 144, 167–69,

171–72, 178–79, 251–53, 258–59,

261–62, 269




Index 297

Central Plains War and, 132–36, 138–39

central policy of, 143–44

chairs GMD Central Political Council

(CPC), 110–11

chairs Military Affairs Commission

(MAC), 144

chairs National Defense meeting,

181–82

as commander in chief of GMD military

forces, 53–54

commanding Fifth Regiment of

Shanghai Army, 19–20

concerns about unity of military forces,

182

conscription practices and, 177, 197,

201–03, 204

counterattack on Xuzhou, 92–93

criticism of, 82–83, 124–25, 155–56,

166–67

at Danshui, 43–46

demands Stilwell’s recall, 228–30,

232–33

denounced by Tang Shengzhi, 130

during Eastern Expeditions, 48–49

elected president, 255–56

expansion of territorial base, 136

Feng Yuxiang and, 90–91

Hunan Incident and, 123–25

inability to let go of authority, 271–72

influence post-resignation, 263, 266–67,

270–72

Japan and, 111–12, 238

marriage to Song Meiling, 105

meets with Mao Zedong in Chongqing,

240–41

in Nanjing, 84–85

new government established under,

58

nominates Sun Ke to be premier, 261

NRA and, 52–53, 56–57, 58–60, 63,

68–69, 79, 82, 85–86, 99–100,

104–05, 106–07, 113–36

Operation Alpha and, 234

Pacific War and, 208, 209–10, 211–12,

218–19

as party leader, 53–54

plan to attack Wuhan, 93–94

plan to capture Shanghai and Nanjing,

76–77

policy toward Japanese aggression,

137–38, 143–44, 148–54, 155–57,

161–62, 163–64, 166–69, 178–81

pressured to resign, 261–62

purge of CCP members, 77–78, 81–84,

87

relationship with He Yingqin, 1–2, 3–5,

7, 8–9, 11, 58–59, 69, 71, 79–81,

85–86, 87–89, 93–95, 96, 97,

104–05, 108, 112, 113–14, 128,

131–32, 135–36, 184, 185, 221,

234–35, 236, 245, 252–53, 255–58,

259–60, 263–65, 266, 271–72,

275–77, 278

letter to He Yingqin in hospital,

261–62

persuades He Yingqin to serve as

premier, 265–66

recommends He Yingqin as temporary

governor of Hebei, 159–60

removes He Yingqin as chief of staff,

242–43

replaces He Yingqin with Chen

Cheng as minister of military

administration, 230–34

requests that He Yingqin return to

China, 254–55

rift with He Yingqin, 106–12

relieved of position as commander in

chief of NRA, 77–78

reorganization and demobilization

plan and, 127–28, 129

reputation as accomplished military

commander, 135–36

requests for more soldiers, 191–92

resistance to authority of, 50–51

resumes command of NRA, 106–07,

110–11

return after Xi’an Incident,

173–75

revolts against, 130–31

rise as commander in chief of National

Revolutionary Army (NRA), 35–36

rise to power, 2

route armies (lujun) and, 88–90

rumored bribery of Feng Yuxiang,

123–24

scholarship on, 5

in secret talks with CCP leaders about

united front agreement, 171–72

in Shanghai Army, 19–20

Shanghai business community and,

99–100

in Sichuan, 159–60

Sino-Japanese War and, 177–84, 205

steps down as commander in chief of

the NRA, 87, 92–98

Stilwell and, 219–21, 226, 227–30,

232–33

Sun Ke and, 264

Tanggu Truce and, 155–56




298 Index

Chiang Kai-shek (cont.)

telegram war and, 133

waning authority of, 256

Wanping and, 178–79

Whampoa Clique and, 264–65

at Whampoa Military Academy,

35–36, 37–41, 46, 56–57, 69,

276

withdrawal to Xikou, 94–95

Wuhan authorities and, 76–77

Xi’an Incident and, 4–5, 137–38,

167–75, 176, 246–47, 273, 275–76,

277–78

Zhongshan Boat Incident and, 79–80

China

advantages in potential Sino-Japanese

War, 180–81

American historiography on, 278

American view of, 244–45, 278

democratization of, 240, 252–53,

256–57

infrastructure of, 183–84

modernization of, 12–13

need for unification, 80–81, 113–16,

117, 118, 119–20, 125, 127–28,

130–31, 138–39, 143–44, 167, 182,

187, 241–42

nominal unification of, 111–12

population of, 180–81

student activism in, 26–27, 28–29,

30

territorial expanse of, 180–81

war effort by, 225–26, 228–29, 236–38,

254–55

China-centered history, 278

China Expeditionary Force, 21

China Lobby, 246

Chinese Army, 4–5, 231–35, 239, 241–42,

243, 248–49, 250, 252–53, 260

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 4–5,

8–9, 10, 11, 47–48, 51, 58, 76, 77,

79, 81–82, 85, 115–16, 150–51,

157, 166–67, 173–74, 178–80, 182,

224–25, 243, 258–59, 273–74,

276–78. See also People’s Liberation

Army (PLA)

American views of, 246

attacks on members, 77–78

Autumn Harvest Uprising, 92–93

base in Hunan, 141

break with GMD, 85–86, 88–89

campaign against, 9, 138–39, 141–42,

144, 148–49, 159–60, 167–69,

175–76, 275–76, 277–78

CCP–GMD united front and, 76

civil war with GMD, 240–43, 246–47,

250–55, 256–57, 258–63, 264–69,

272, 275–76

expulsion from Wuhan, 91–92

issues ultimatum, 268, 269

list of war criminals, 262

military force of, 222–23, 226–27

Nanjing branch of, 84–85

peace talks with, 261–63

propaganda of, 228–29, 254–55

purge of CCP members, 77–78, 79–81,

82–86, 87–89, 91–93

rural base in Jiangxi, 118, 137–44, 147,

148–49, 167–68, 175–76, 275–76,

277–78

in Shaanxi, 158–59

Soviet Union and, 248

strategy of protracted war against,

269–70

survival of, 87–88

triumph in civil war, 271–72

uprisings by, 87–88

Wuhan faction, 275–76

Xi’an Incident and, 171–72

Chinese Expeditionary Force (CEF;

Zhongguo yuanzheng jun), 209–10,

211–12, 236–37

Chinese force in India (X Force), 215–17,

221

Chinese Foreign Ministry, 238

Chinese Veterans Committee, 245

Chishui, 172

Chongqing, 9–10, 191, 202–03, 206,

207–08, 210–12, 215, 217, 218–19,

221–22, 225–26, 227–28

government in, 201, 218, 219–20

Joint Military Council in, 208, 209–10

meeting between Chiang Kai-shek and

Mao Zedong in, 240–41

move of government to, 186–87

Operation Ichigo and, 233–34

Twelfth Plenum of Fifth GMD National

Congress, 223–24

Christianity, 251

Christian Movement, 110

Churchill, Winston, 221, 228–29

civil war with CCP, 240–43, 246–47,

250–55, 256–57, 258–61, 264–72,

275–76

CCP victory in, 271–72

end of, 260–63, 269

peace talks, 261–63

ultimatum issued by CCP, 268,

269

Clark, Lewis, 269, 270




Index 299

cliques, 130

see also specific cliques

Coble, Parks, 143–44

Cohen, Paul, 278

“command switch,” 116

“common-letter formula,” 165–66

communications, 241–42, 249–50

communist movement, 81–82, 251–52

see also Chinese Communist Party

(CCP)

Confucian examination system, 15

Confucianism, 13, 241–42

conscription, 177–78, 205, 206–07,

214–15, 255, 258, 273, 275–76

attempts to improve, 199–205

Conscription Bureau, 177

conscription conferences, 199–200

Conscription Law, 189–91, 192

evasion of, 198

Japanese model of, 189–90

military service and, 187–98

New Life Movement and, 201

“Principle of the Three Equals in

Conscription” (bingyi sanping

yuanze), 190–91, 192, 197

treatment of recruits, 192, 200, 201–03,

204–05

Constitutional Preparation Society, 30–31

Control Yuan, 171, 266–67

courage, 20–21

Dagong bao, 203–04

Dai Li, 173–74, 221–22

Danshui, 52, 63

battle at, 42, 43, 44–46, 47–48, 54–55,

185

victory at, 276, 277–78

Danyang, 74–75

Dapu, 64

Datan, 156–57

Davies, John Paton, 215

Dazu county, 194

Democratic League, 252–53

Deng Yanda, 76, 82–83

Dennys, L. E., 208, 209

Department of the Navy, 182–83

Dill, John, 215–17

Ding Yizhong, 32

discipline, 18–19

Doihara Kenji, 160–61, 165–66

Donald, W. H., 172, 173–74

Dorn, Frank, 206, 213, 222–23

Walkout with Stilwell, 224

Dreyer, Edward, 42, 72, 90–91

Dryburgh, Marjorie, 163–64, 178–79

Duan Qirui, 22–24, 41, 48–49

Duara, Prasenjit, 197

Du Qiyun, 61–64, 66, 68

Du Yuming, 211–12

Eastern Expeditions, 7, 35–36, 48–49, 55,

56–57, 115–16, 185, 274–75

First Eastern Expedition, 41–48

Guangdong during, 45

Second Eastern Expedition, 48–57

Eastern Route Army (ERA: Donglujun),

5–6, 58–73, 74–75, 76–77, 78–80,

85–86, 93

Eastern Route Group Army, 172

Eastman, Lloyd, 3, 114, 193–95,

273–74

Seeds of Destruction, 192–93

Edelman, Jack, 245

education, 241–42

educational reform, 13, 14–15

entrance exams, 14–15

military, 14–15

modernization of schools, 13

Western Curricula, 13

Eighth Army, 75

Eisenhower, Dwight, 248

examinations, 15

Executive Yuan, 144, 150–51, 155–56,

166, 168–69, 255–56, 264,

265–66

Fairbank, John K., 240

Fairmont Hotel, 244–45

Fenby, Jonathan, 3–4

Feng county, 54

Fenghua Teahouse, 12, 33–34

Feng Yipei, 65–66

Feng Yuxiang, 8–9, 41, 59, 76–77, 90–91,

105, 106–07, 110–11, 123–27,

128–29, 136, 159–60, 168–69,

277–78

after Central Plains War, 138–39

announces command of new Northwest

Army, 124–25

Central Plains War and, 132, 133–34,

135–36

destruction of rail lines by, 124–25

expulsion from GMD, 125

military campaign against, 125

reorganization and demobilization plan

and, 117, 119, 120–22

resignation of, 133

resistance to national unification, 125

retirement of, 125–28

revolt by, 130–31, 141




300 Index

Fengtian forces, 59

Fifth Route Army, 140

First Burma Campaign, 207–12

First Eastern Expedition, 41–49, 50–51,

56–57

First Front Army, 235

First Group Army, 110–12, 114–15,

116–17, 118–19, 120–21, 124,

127–28

First Route Army, 88–90, 91, 98–99, 102,

105, 107, 110–11

First Training Regiment, 41–42, 43,

44–46, 47–49, 50–51, 56–57,

79

First United Front, 87

Five United Provinces, 89, 92

foreign imperialism, 52–53, 76, 79–81,

125, 127–28, 140–41, 241–42, 248,

253–54, 260

demonstrations against, 51

“Red” and “White,” 140–41

fortifications, 183–84

Four Big Families, 267

Fourteenth Air Force (US), 213–14,

215–17, 218, 223–24

Fourth Front Army, 235

Fourth Group Army, 110–12, 114–15,

118, 119, 120–21, 122, 124–25

Fourth War Zone, 181–82

French concession, 106–07

French Indochina see Indochina

Fujian, 53–54, 58–60, 61, 62, 63–65, 66,

70, 71–72, 73–74, 77–78, 181–82,

270–71

campaign in, 70–76

conscription offices in, 190–91

Guangdong–Fujian border, 58–63,

66–68, 70–71, 85–86

troops in, 52–53

Fuzhou, 183–84

Gansu, 90–91

Gauss, Clarence, 222–25

Gemingdang (Revolutionary Party), 22–24

General Order Number One, 238–39

Germany, 29, 114–15

Gerringer, Herman B., 246

Gibson, Michael Richard, 68–69, 85, 123,

132, 135–36

Gong Xilin, 194, 198

“Goodwill Mandate,” 162–63

Great Wall, 137–38, 144–45, 147–48, 149,

154, 157, 158, 160, 186

Green Gang, 85, 99–100

group armies, 114–15, 118, 119, 120–21.

See also specific group armies

Guangdong, 35–36, 41, 42, 48–49, 50–51,

52–53, 56, 58–59, 60, 61, 62,

63–66, 68, 69, 79–80, 82–83,

85–86, 128–29, 181–82



defense of, 276

during Eastern Expeditions, 45

forces in, 42, 43, 47, 52–53, 54, 142–43

Guangdong–Fujian border, 58–63,

66–68, 70–71, 85–86

Japanese attacks against, 218–19


secessionist movement in, 142–43

tax revenues in, 53–54

Guangxi, 50–51, 78–79, 88–89, 110–11,

122, 128–29, 130, 133, 134–35,

227, 235–36



conscription in, 189–90

forces in, 48–49, 50–51, 93, 123, 124,

128–29, 133–35, 142–43

isolation of, 124

Japanese attacks against, 228–30,

233–34

local defense units in, 191

Operation Ichigo and, 224–25, 233–34

revolt in, 113–14

Guangxi Clique, 88–89, 94, 95–96,

107–08, 109, 113–14, 115–16, 122,

123, 128, 261–62,

264–65

Central Plains War and, 133

defeat of, 127–28

Guangzhou, 18–19, 36, 41, 48–54, 60,

62–63, 66–68, 82–83, 110–11, 121,

182–83

field headquarters in, 130, 131–32,

136

move of government to, 269–70

offices of Executive Yuan in, 264

secessionist movement in, 159–60,

163–64

separatist movement in, 144, 155

US consulate in, 269

Guangzhou–Jiulong railroad, 42, 50

Guan Zhong, 48

Guanzhou, 59–60

Gubeikou, 147–48, 152, 161–62

Gui Baizhu, 32

Guilin, 130, 217, 227, 233–34, 235–36




Index 301

Guiyang, 12–13, 29, 30, 32–33, 227,

233–35

assassinations in, 32, 33

coup in, 32–33

Guiyang Army Primary School, 14–17

Guizhou, 7–8, 13, 14–15, 21, 22, 24–25,

31–32, 33–34, 35–36, 50, 98, 110,

115–16, 123–24, 128–29, 140–41,

227

government of, 30–31

Guizhou Army, 22–32, 33, 95, 109–10

Japanese attacks against, 233–34, 235

military conflict in, 12–13

Minjiu Incident, 31–34

Operation Ichigo and, 224–25, 233–34,

235

student activism in, 26–27, 28–29,

30–31

warlord politics in, 12–13

Guizhou Gongbao, 29

Guizhou Military Academy, 8, 22–25,

31–34, 36–37, 56–57, 79–80, 95,

274–75

Guizhou National People’s Assembly,

30

Guo Chongguang, 32

Guomindang (GMD), 48–51, 52–54, 56,

76, 77–78, 79–80, 84–85, 91–92,

111–12, 128–29, 151–52, 160,

161–62, 174–75, 224–25, 242–43

break with CCP, 85–86

CCP–GMD united front and, 76

Central Executive Committee (CEC),

48, 106–07, 118–19, 120, 168–69,

172, 186–87

Central Political Council (CPC),

110–11

expulsion of Feng Yuxiang, 125

factions within, 87

lifts martial law in Taiwan, 273

Nanjing faction, 87–88

new government established under, 58

protests against, 255

split within, 58–59

Wuhan faction, 87–88, 122, 275–76

Guo Tingyi, 75–76

Gu Weijun, 248

Gu Zhenglun, 31–32, 271

Gu Zhutong, 107, 172, 238–39, 258,

265–66, 269

Hai River, 152–53

Haizhou, 90

Han Fuju, 124, 125–27, 171

Hangzhou, 70, 71, 72–75, 77–78, 79–80,

96, 182–83, 265–66, 269–70

Hankou, 123

Hanyang arsenal, 123

Hearn, Thomas, 222–23

Hebei, 149–50, 153–54, 157–60, 161–62,

163–65, 166–67, 168–69, 178–80

demilitarized zone in, 156, 157, 158,

165–66

Japanese military action in, 158

Hebei Incident, 160–61, 165–66, 175–76

He family, 13

see also specific family members

He Huizu, 110–11

He Jian, 122, 124, 133–35

He Jiwu, 80, 171

He Linshu, 32

Henan, 90–91, 110–11, 124–25, 127–29,

130–31, 132, 136, 162, 168–69



Hengyang, 134–35, 227

He Qimin, 13–14

ceremony for, 128–29

death of, 128–29

He–Umezu Agreement (Hemei xieding), 9,

156–67, 246–47

He Yingqin, 60, 61, 64, 71–72, 80, 81–82,

88, 89, 92, 269

in 1920 coup, 8

1930 as turning point in career of,

277–78

absence from Beiping, 163–66

accepts position as premier, 265–67

accused of pro-Japan sympathies, 273,

277–78

admitted to Japanese military school,

16–17

advocates three steps to protect China in

peacetime, 241–42

American views of, 257–58, 273–74

as anti-American, 223–24

as ineffective, 225–26, 229–30,

232–34, 236–37, 273–74, 277–78

as reactionary, 251–52

anniversary of victory at Mianhu and, 48

anti-communist stance of, 80–81,

242–43, 251–52, 260, 273–74

anti-imperialism and, 52, 79–80

appointed chair of Beiping Branch of

Military Affairs Commission

(BMAC), 147–48

appointed chief of instruction at

Whampoa Military Academy, 37–39




302 Index

He Yingqin (cont.)

appointed chief of staff to commander of

NRA, 109, 113–14

appointed commander of a Punitive

Expeditionary Force, 172

appointed commander of Eastern Route

Army (ERA; Donglujun), 70

appointed minister of military

administration, 113–14, 131–32,

136

appointed minister of national defense,

256–60, 269

April 1927 purge and, 76–86

assassination attempt on, 8, 12–13,

33–34

background of, 1–2, 4–5

battle at Longtan and, 87, 98–105, 106

biographies about, 6

blamed for failing conscription system,

193–94

campaign against CCP in Jiangxi,

138–39, 144, 167–68

candidacy as instructor at Whampoa

Military Academy, 35

capabilities as a combat commander,

55–56, 68

Central Plains War and, 132–36,

138–39, 274–75

central role of, 275–76, 278

chairs Beiping Branch of Military Affairs

Commission (MAC), 5–6, 94–95,

97, 137, 142–43, 144–45, 147–48,

162, 167–68, 179–80

chairs demobilization committee and

supervisor of military training and

education, 124–25

chairs president’s strategic advisory

committee, 251–52

characterized as pro-Japanese by Soviets,

236

as chief of staff to Chiang Kai-shek, 4–5,

273

childhood of, 7–8

Chinese-language sources about, 5–7,

11

as commander at Guizhou Military

Academy, 8, 24–25, 31–34, 95,

274–75

as commander at Whampoa Military

Acadmey, 95

as commander in Eastern and Northern

Expeditions, 274–75

as commander of Chinese Army in

Sino-Japanese War, 4–5, 231–38,

239

as commander of Eastern Route Army,

5–6

as commander of field troops in

Wuhan, Guangzhou, and Kaifeng,

131–32

as commander of First Training

Regiment, 41–46, 47–48, 56–57

as commander of fourth regiment of first

division, 24

as commander of Fourth War Zone,

181–82

as commander of Guangzhou field

headquarters, 130

as commander of Kaifeng field

headquarters, 128–29

as commander of NRA’s First Corps,

274–75

as commander of Wuhan field

headquarters, 125, 127–28

commands company in third regiment of

Shanghai Army, 19–20

commands First Route Army, 88–89

commemoration of his ninety-fifth

birthday, 5–6

competence of, 6–7

concerns about unity of military forces,

182

conscription practices and, 177–205

core values of, 16

coup targeting, 221–22

criticism of, 1, 6–7, 155–56, 166–67,

177–78, 193–94, 221, 222–24,

229–30, 232–34, 236–37, 245,

246–47, 273–74

death of, 1

death of father, 128–29

death of mother, 19–20

defended by Utley, 246–47

delivers report at Twelfth Plenum of the

Fifth GMD National Congress,

223–24

development as an officer, 18–19

discipline of, 21–22

on eastern front, 58–59

education of, 4–5, 7–8, 13–22, 274–75

embrace of Catholicism, 110

ends career in Guizhou, 33–34

enters Shikan Gakko, 20–21

family of see He family

as field commander in campaigns against

Li and Feng, 128

as field commander in Wuhan,

Guangzhou, and Kaifeng, 136

First Route Army and, 98–99

flees to Yunnan province, 8




Index 303

as focal point for study of Nationalist

military, 4–5

as forceful advocate of demobilization

and centralization, 130–31

formal military education of, 15–16

given rear-area responsibilities, 110–11

gives keynote address at Guizhou

National People’s Assembly, 30

graduation from military school, 16

graduation from Shikan Gakko, 22

as Guizhou Army officer, 22

heads military delegation to United

States and UN Military Staff

Committee, 4–5, 10, 249–50,

276–77

hobbies of, 110

as informal spokesperson for Nationalist

military, 5–6

instructor at Yunnan Military Academy,

33

interest in revolutionary politics, 18–19

invited to succeed Sun Ke as premier,

264–65, 266

in Japan, 7–8, 16–17, 18–19, 20, 21–22,

274–75

in Japanese military, 7–8, 20, 274–75

lack of control over unit commanders,

270–71

leading first brigade of Party Army, 50

leave of absence in Shanghai, 110–11

listed as war criminal by CCP, 262

marries Wang Wenxiang, 24–25

medical treatment, 261

in military campaigns of 1925–26, 69

as military instructor, 18–19

as military representative to United

Nations, 243, 244–55

as minister of military administration

(junzheng shiwu nian), 4–7, 8–10,

113–14, 131–32, 136, 143–44, 149,

152, 174–75, 176, 193, 206–07,

213, 219–20, 221, 237–38, 243,

248–49, 273, 275–76, 277–78

as minister of national defense and

premier, 4–5, 11, 256–60, 269,

270–71

mischaracterizations of, 1, 6–7, 246–47,

273, 274–75, 277–78

as a model cadet, 16

named commander of Eastern Route

Army, 79–80

named to Military Affairs Commission

(MAC), 91

near-fatal wounding in Kunming,

109–10

negative descriptions of, 1, 6–7

news conference on damage caused by

Feng’s troops, 125

nicknames of, 21–22

obituary in New York Times, 1, 273

occupation of Shanghai and Nanjing

and, 78

peace talks with CCP and, 267–68

personality of, 15–16, 21–22, 40–41,

69

as premier, 270–71

primary sources available, 5–6

principle of “proceeding steadily, step by

step,” 139

proclaimed “Defender of the Party and

Nation” (hanwei dangguo), 104–05

promoted to commander of NRA First

Corps, 56

proposal to reorganize NRA, 226–27

provincial politics and, 8

purge of CCP members and, 79–80,

82–84, 87

radio broadcasts of, 5–6, 113, 121,

201–02, 207–08, 239, 241–42, 251,

260

as reactionary, 6–7, 10, 80–81, 251–52,

277–78

reassessment of, 6–7, 274–75

refusal to take position as premier,

256–57

regarded by Stilwell as a “yes man,”

212

relationship with Chiang Kai-shek, 7,

8–9, 11, 35–36, 37–39, 48, 56–57,

58–59, 62–65, 69, 71, 79–81,

85–86, 87–89, 93–95, 96, 97,

104–05, 108, 112, 113–14, 128,

131–32, 135–36, 221, 234–35, 236,

252–53, 255–58, 259–60, 265,

263–65, 266, 276–77, 278

characterized as a “yes man,” 184,

185

emergence as Chiang Kai-shek’s

protégé, 36–37, 40–41

rejection of Chiang’s appeals to take

over as governer of Hebei, 163–64

rift with Chiang, 106–12

role as “right-hand man,” 95, 109–11,

136, 245, 271–72, 275–76

Xi’an Incident, 167–76, 246–47,

277–78

reliability of, 115–16

removed as chief of staff, 242–43

removed from command of First Route

Army, 107–08




304 Index

He Yingqin (cont.)

Reorganization and Demobilization

Conference II and, 127–28


and, 127–28, 129, 130

as representative to UN Military Staff

Committe, 276–77

reputation of, 5–7, 8–10, 137–76,

193–94, 206–07, 209–10,

273–75

requests leave of absence to attend

father’s funeral, 128–29

resigns as chief of staff, 242–43

resigns as commander of Chinese Army,

243

resigns as minister of military

administration, 203–04, 230–31,

232–34, 276–77

resigns as minister of national defense,

261

resigns as premier and minister of

national defense, 271–72

return to China, 254–64

return to former role, 113–14

rise to power, 2, 56–57, 85–86, 112

rise within Chinese army, 35–36

role in NRA, 1–2, 3–4, 5, 7, 11, 56–57,

85–86, 110–11, 112

rumored return to China, 253

scholarship on, 2–4, 6, 11 (see also

specific scholars and titles)

in Shanghai, 36

in Shanghai Army, 19–21

Sino-Japanese War and, 10, 177–205,

238–39

skills as military officer, 274–75

Sun Ke and, 264

as supreme commander, 270–71

at surrender ceremony at end of

Sino-Japanese War, 10, 238–39


ties to regional leaders in Guizhou,

Yunnan, and Sichuan, 115–16

in United States, 244–55, 259

victory at Yongding, 58

visit to India, 215–17

as vocal proponent of Chiang’s

demobilization and centralization

position, 128

Wanping and, 178–79

at Whampoa Military Academy, 4–5, 7,

8–9, 35–37, 40–41, 51–52, 56–57,

69, 79–80, 274–75, 276

withdrawal to Taiwan, 4–5, 271, 273

work ethic of, 274–75, 276

writings and speeches of, 5–6, 113, 121,

127–28, 129, 130–31, 143–44, 167,

201–02, 207–08, 228–29, 239,

241–42, 251, 256–57, 260

editorial in Shanghai Republican Daily

on nation-building, 119–20

letter of resignation, 81–82

letters to editor in New York Times,

240, 246, 254–55

“Proposal to Change the Conscription

System,” 187–90

reports by, 5–6, 260

“Resolute Faith in Victory and

National Construction,” 201

“Responsibility of News Reporters,

The,” 127–28

“Several Critical Problems in

Constructing New China,” 119–20

“Significance of Demobiliztion, The,”

121

Xi’an Incident and, 167–76, 246–47,

277–78

Zhu Shaoliang and, 98

He Yingqin jiangjun jiuwu jishi changbian (A

Record of General He Yingqin’s

Ninety-Five Years), 5–6

Himalayas, 213–14, 217

Hong Kong, 62–63

Hong Zhaolin, 43, 44–46

honor, 20–21

Ho Ying-ch’in, 203–04

see also He Yingqin

Hsi-sheng Ch’i, 85, 185

Huai-Hai campaign, 260–61

Huangfeng, 60

Huang Fu, 150–51, 152, 153–54, 155–56,

159–60, 164–65, 166–67

Huangqiao, 222–23

Huang, Ray, 135–36, 155–56

Huangshan, 211

Huang Shaohong, 145–47, 171, 268

Huaxian, 172

Huayang, 172

Hubei, 16, 58–60, 61, 62–63, 65, 66–69,

76, 78, 110–11, 122, 127–29,

134–35, 136, 270–71

after Hunan Incident, 124–25





reorganization of forces in, 124–25,

127–28

revolt in, 113–14

victories in, 85–86




Index 305

Hudson, Edward, 1

Hu Hanmin, 53–54, 84–85

Huicheng city, 54–55

Huizhou, 53–55, 56, 61–62, 276, 277–78

Hukawng Valley, 215–17

Hu Lian, 270–71

Hull, Cordell, 222–25

“Hump, the” see Himalayas

Hunan, 30, 50–51, 58–60, 68, 78, 110–11,

122, 123, 127–29, 151–52, 167–68,

183–84, 219, 227, 270–71

after Hunan Incident, 124–25


CCP base in, 141


135–36


counterattack on, 274–75

forces in, 52–53, 54, 124–25

Japanese attacks against, 218–19, 227,

228–30


revolt in, 113–14

victory over Japan in, 236–37, 238

Hunan Incident, 122, 124–25, 127–28,

132

Hurley, Patrick, 227–28

Hu Zongduo, 122, 123, 124

Hu Zongnan, 97–98, 170

Ichigaya, 20–21

imperialism see foreign imperialism

India, 207–08, 211–12, 214–17, 218–19,

221, 223–24, 235

Indochina, 224–25, 235, 238–39

industry, 183–84, 241–42, 249–50

Institute of Law and Politics in Guiyang,

30

Itagaki, Seishiro, 151–52

Italy, Japanese military aggression and,

147–48

Jacoby, Annalee, 193

Thunder out of China, 2–4

Japan, 7–8, 12–13, 19–20, 29, 80–81,

111–12, 114–16, 151–52, 157, 158,

164–65, 166, 167, 171–73, 177–78,

246–47, 273–75. See also

Sino-Japanese War

annexation of Korea, 18–19

anti-communist sentiment in, 179–80

anti-Japanese activities and, 157–58,

160, 161–63, 165–66

atomic bombings of, 238

attack on Gubeikou, 152

attack on Shanhaiguan, 144–45

capture of Chengde, 145–47

capture of Rangoon, 211

ceasefire with, 137, 149, 150–51,

152–54, 155–56

in Chahe’er, 156–57, 161–62

Chiang Kai-shek and, 111–12

Chinese students in, 18–19, 20–22

collaboration with, 179–80

conscription in, 189–90

defeated at Hunan, 236–37

diplomatic resolution with, 148–49

embargo of China coast, 193–94,

207–08

“Goodwill Mandate” and, 162–63

He Yingqin in, 16–17, 18–19, 20, 21–22

home islands bombing, 238

imperialism of, 21, 26–27, 30

Manchurian Incident and, 145, 147,

148–50, 153–54, 175–76, 186,

258–59

military aggression by, 8–9, 21, 143–54,

155–56, 158–59, 160–62, 163–64,

166–69, 172–73, 175–76, 178–81,

186, 218–19, 227, 228–29, 233–34,

246–47, 260, 276, 277–78 (see also

Sino-

Japanese War; specific incidents)

military victory over Russia, 15

as a model of military strength, 15,

16–17, 18–19, 37–39

north China and, 160–61, 166–67,

175–76, 178–79, 184

Pacific War and, 207–12, 213–25

policy of resistance against, 179–81

strategy of protracted war against,

180–82, 184, 185, 186–87

study-abroad program in, 16–17

surrender of, 238–39, 242–43, 260

Tanggu Truce and, 137–38, 144–56,

157, 163–64, 166–67

victory over Russia, 18–19

withdrawal from Shandong, 124–25

Japanese military, 4–5, 9, 16–17, 20–21

Japanese Garrison Army, 160, 161, 166

Japanese Guandong Army (GDA),

111–12, 142–43, 144–45, 149,

151–54, 156, 158, 160–61

Japanese Imperial Army, 7–8, 17, 18–19,

31–34, 167, 178–79, 180–81,

240–41, 274–75

Japanese navy, 183–84

jia, 194–95

Jiande, 73–74

Jiang Dingwen, 140, 173–74




306 Index

Jiang Guangnai, 133–35

Jiang Jingguo, 203

Jiang Jinjiang, 76

Jiang Menglin, 149

Jiangsu, 20, 58–60, 70, 78, 82–83, 85–86,

89–90, 91, 92, 105

campaign in, 74–75, 78–79


Jiangsu Provincial GMD Party Office,

84–85

Jiangwan Army Hospital, 261

Jiang Weiguo, 202–03

Jiangxi, 13, 53–54, 59–60, 61–63, 64–65,

66–69, 70, 71–72, 76, 78, 82–83,

118, 127–28, 134–35, 147, 167–68,

179, 183–84, 270–71


encirclement and suppression in,

138–44, 148–49, 175–76

Jiangxi Soviet, 4–5, 140–42, 144

as rural base of CCP, 137–44, 175–76,

275–76, 277–78

victories in, 85–86

Jiangyin, 183–84

Jiang Zhiqing, 18–19

see also Chiang Kai-shek

jiaodaotuan, 42

Jiaxing, 74–75

Jiazhang, 194–95

Jinan, 111–12, 124–25, 135, 171

Jinan Incident, 111–12, 143–44

Jingzhi see He Yingqin

Jinhua, 71–72

Jin–Pu railroad, 240–41

Jinzhou, 258–59, 260–61

Jiujiang, 93–94

Jixian, 152

Ji Yiqiao, 253–54

Joint Military Council, 208, 209–10

Jordan, Donald, 73–74, 75–76,

85

Jurentang, 145–47

Kaifeng, 110–11, 124–25, 128–29,

131–32, 136

Kennard, J. Spencer, 246–47

Kita Seiichi, 179–80

Kobayashi Arasaburo, 238–39

Kohlberg, Alfred, 246–47

Kong Xiangxi, 168–70, 173–74,

226–27

Korea, 18–19, 30

Kunming, 12, 33–34, 109–10, 207–08,

209–10, 213–15, 217, 233–34, 235,

244–45

field headquarters in, 218–19

Kunming teahouse, 8

labor movement, 76–77, 84–85

labor unions, 51, 76, 77–78

Lake Tai, 74–75

land reform, 250–51, 252–53

Langdon, William R., 237–38

Lanxi, 73–74

Lattimore, Owen, 3, 80–81, 209

Law of Joint Responsibility (lianzuo fa),

38–39

Ledo Road, 214–15

Left-Wing Group Army, 140, 142–43

Legislative Yuan, 154, 256, 258, 261,

264–66, 268, 269–70

Lend-Lease aid, 207–08, 209, 213, 217,

218–19, 220–21, 223–24, 226,

227–29, 233–34, 236–37, 244–45

Lengkou, 147–48

Liao–Shen campaign, 260–61

Liao Zhongkai, 37, 53–54

Lien-ying, Julie, 81–82

Li Fengxiang, 61, 66

Li Fulin, 52–53

Li Jishen, 50–51, 52–53, 87–88, 105,

106–07, 110–11

Lin Biao, 267

Lin Boqu, 267

Lindsey, Michael, 246–47

Lin Hu, 46, 54–55

Lintong, 172

Lin Zhiyuan, 70–71

Li Qizhong, 55

Li Shaozi, 123–24

Li Shengchun, 70–71

Li Tsung-jen, 72

see also Li Zongren

Liu Dunwu, 33–34

Liu Fei, 264

Liu Jianqun, 132

Liu Jun, 65–66

Liu Kan, 137

Liu Xianqian, 25–26, 32–33

Liu Xianshi, 22–24, 25–29, 30–32, 33–34,

95

Liu Yuanchang, 33–34

Liu Zhenhuan, 48–51

Liu Zhi, 74, 81–82, 104, 107, 110–11,

124, 130–31, 170, 172

Liuzhou, 227, 233–34, 235–36

Li Weihan, 267

Li Zheng, 267

Li Zhonggong, 48, 79–80, 93–94, 106–08,

109




Index 307

Li Zongren, 8–9, 59–60, 68–69, 75–76,

78–79, 80–82, 87, 88, 91, 92,

93–96, 97–98, 99–100, 105,

106–07, 108, 109, 110–11, 115–16,

125, 128–29, 136, 192–93, 211,

261–62, 263, 264, 269, 271,

276–78

as acting president, 262–63


as architect of Hunan Incident, 122

battle at Longtan and, 99, 101–02,

104–05

campaign against, 123–25

Central Plains War and, 132, 133,

135–36

civil war with CCP and, 262, 268,

269

commands Third Route Army, 88–89

elected vice-president, 255–56

Hunan Incident and, 122, 123–25,

127–28

invites He Yingqin to serve as premier,

264–67

listed as war criminal by CCP, 262

memoir of, 101–02, 123–24

peace talks with CCP and, 263–65


and, 117, 119, 120–22

resignation of, 133

revolt by, 125–27, 130–31

secessionist movement and, 159–60

secessionist movement in Guangdong

and, 142–43

temporary exile in Hong Kong, 124,

128

Whampoa Clique and, 264–65, 266–67

withdrawal of, 124, 127–28

Long–Hai railroad, 89–90, 125, 128–29,

132, 133, 135–36, 240–41

“Long March,” 167–68

Longtan, 264–65

battle at, 87, 98–102, 105, 106, 115–16,

185

victory at, 104–05, 277–78

Longyantong, 50

Luanzhou, 152

Lu county, 54

Lu Diping, 122, 138–39

Lu Han, 235

Luo Longji, 252–53

Luo Wengan, 149

Luoyang, 132, 168–69, 171, 173, 182–83

Luo Zhuoying, 211–12

Lu Ping, 132

Lushan mountain retreat, 179

MacArthur, Douglas, 238–39, 244–45

McClure, Robert B., 235–37, 238

Mackinac Island, Michigan, 251

McLynn, Frank, 3–4

Burma Campaign, The, 224

Magruder, John, 40–41, 207–08,

209–10

Malaya, 207–08

Manchu government, 18–19, 20

Manchukuo, 142–43, 144–45, 156, 158,

260

Manchuria, 8–9, 111–12, 140–41, 143–45,

224–25, 242–43, 255, 260–61,

269–70

Manchurian Incident, 142–43, 145, 147,

148–50, 153–54, 175–76, 186,

258–59

Manchu rule, 15–16

Mandalay, 211, 215–17

Mao Bangchu, 253

Mao Zedong, 11, 118, 138–39, 166–68,

169–70, 171–72, 240–41, 262–63,

268

Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 180–81, 182,

186

Marshall, George C., 1, 209–10, 217,

219–20, 225–26, 229–31, 242–43,

245, 251–52, 255, 258–59

May Fourth Movement, 4–5, 8, 28

May Thirtieth Incident, 51

Mazzini, Giuseppe, 27

Mei county, 54

Meiji Japan, 18–19

Meiji Restoration, 114–15

Mei River, 65–66

Meixian, 53–54, 60, 63–64, 65–66

Meng Cao Park, 30

Mianhu, 75

battle at, 42, 46, 47, 48, 185

victory at, 276, 277–78

militarism, 50–51, 79–80

Japanese, 114–15

Military Affairs Commission (MAC),

52–53, 90–91, 94–95, 99–100,

116–17, 142–43, 144, 168–69,

182–83, 228–29

see also Beiping Branch of Military

Affairs Commission (BMAC)

military forces

importance of national, 129, 130

military strength, 131–32

military unification, 77–78

in nineteenth and early twentieth

centuries, 187

private, 129, 187




308 Index

military forces (cont.)

training in, 188–89

transitions in, 14–15

unity of, 182

volunteers in, 187–88

see also specific organizations

military schools, 14–15

Chinese, 17

Japanese, 16–17, 24–25

military service, 15, 187–98. See also

conscription; soldiers

Military Staff College, 221–22

militia, 191

Min Bao, 15–16

Ministry of Communications, 106–07

Ministry of Conscription (bingyibu),

203–04

Ministry of Finance, 256

Ministry of Military Administration, 177,

179–80, 181–84, 191, 199, 203–05,

215, 237–38, 243, 248–49

conscription bureau (bingyishu), 191,

194–95, 202–05

conscription section (bingyike), 189–91

Ministry of Military Orders, 182–83

Ministry of Military Training, 182–83

Ministry of National Defense (Guofangbu),

242–43, 253, 256–60, 263, 268,

269

Ministry of Political Affairs, 182–83

Ministry of the Interior, 189–90

Minjiu Incident, 31–32, 34, 95

Mitter, Rana, 224, 273–74

Miyun, 152, 153–54

modernization, 113

Mongolia, 140–41

moral character, deveopment of, 20–21

Moral Re-Armament (MRA) meeting,

251, 253–54

Mukden, 142–43

Mukden Incident see Manchurian Incident

Myitkina, 215–17, 228–29

Nagatsu Sahie, 153–54

Nanchang, 58–59, 61, 62–63, 65, 66–68,

76–77, 79–80, 140, 145, 147,

182–83, 270–71

field headquarters in, 139

Provisional Central Political Council in,

77

Nanfeng, 140

Nanjing, 70, 71–73, 74–78, 79, 81, 82,

83–84, 87, 88–93, 97–99, 101–02,

105, 106–08, 109, 114–15, 122,

125, 151–52, 162, 164–65, 182–84,

240–41, 251–52, 254–55, 261

capture of, 58, 74–75, 85–86


“days of terror” in, 84–85

defense of, 266–67, 269

fall of, 186–87, 190–91

formal Japanese surrender ceremony in,

238–39

National Defense Council in, 153–54

Nationalist regime driven from, 260–61

occupation of, 78–79

PLA attack on, 269

proclaimed capital of Republic of China,

87

pro-Japanese regime in, 179–80, 260

proposed withdrawal from, 263–64

purge of CCP members at, 79–80


withdrawal from, 269–70

Nanjing government, 8–9, 11, 123–24,

129, 262–63, 274–75, 276

abolishment of branch political councils,

123

authority of, 7, 118–19, 122, 127–28,

138–39, 147, 167, 240–41, 275–76


138–39

challenges to, 138–39

elections in 1948, 254–55

eroded public confidence in, 255

establishment of, 187

establishment of new government in,

113

expansion of territorial base, 121–22

internal divisions within, 141

Japan and, 156–58, 160, 161–64,

166–67, 171–73

move to Chongqing, 186–87

new constitution of, 254–55

policy of “three parts military, seven

parts political,” 141–42

return of, 241–42

revolts against, 124–25, 128–29,

130–31, 132, 141

“southerners” from, 159–60

threat of action against, 128–29

two-pronged approach to threat of Li

Zongren’s revolt, 125–27

Xi’an Incident and, 167–76

Nanjing Incident, 75–76, 80–81

Nanjing–Shanghai railroad line, 74–75, 81,

84–85, 87, 98–99

Nanning, 130, 235–36

National Assembly, 255–56

National Defense Council, 153–54,

182–83

national guard, 191




Index 309

nationalism, 18–19

Nationalist regime, 3–5, 7, 10, 85–86,

186–87, 227

CCP and, 240–43, 246–47, 250–54,

258–59, 268

dominant narrative of, 273–74, 277–78

driven from Nanjing, 260–61

financial problems of, 270

internal divisions within, 141

occupation of Vietnam, 4

reassessment of, 6–7, 11

scholarship on, 5, 11

Sino-Japanese War and, 5

traditional assessments of, 273–74

Western interpretations of, 6–7

withdrawal to Taiwan, 273–74

see also Nanjing government

Nationalist Revolution, 2, 35–36, 58–59,

68–69

National Military Council, 258

National Pacification Army (anguojun), 59,

111–12

National People’s Army (guominjun),

91

national revitalization, 113

National Revolutionary Army (NRA), 1–2,

3–6, 8–9, 10, 35–36, 50–51, 53–54,

55, 56, 61–62, 63–64, 65, 66,

70–71, 72–73, 75–77, 78, 81–82,

84–85, 91, 92, 98–99, 109, 113–14,

227, 258–59, 261

CCP members in, 77–78, 79–86, 87–89,

91–93

Chiang Kai-shek and, 52–53, 56–57,

58–60, 63, 68–69, 77, 79, 82,

85–86, 87, 92–98, 99–100, 104–05,

106–07, 110–11, 113–19, 136

communist infiltration of, 81–82

conscription practices of, 9–10, 177–205

disorder within, 98–99

dissension in, 82, 109

dominant narrative of, 273–74, 277–78

Eighth Corps, 59–60, 68–69, 87–88,

89–90

Fifth Corps, 52–53, 68–69, 211–12

Fifty-First Corps, 160, 161

First Corps, 52–53, 54, 58–60, 62–63,

65–69, 71, 74, 78–80, 81–84, 86,

87–88, 94, 95, 96, 97–98, 99–100,

101–02, 104–05, 106, 107–08,

110–11, 112, 274–75

First Training Regiment, 70, 84–85

fissures within, 86

Fourteenth Corps, 70, 118

Fourth Corps, 52–53, 68–69, 82–83,

87–88

growth of, 78

He Yingqin appointed chief of staff to

commander of NRA, 109–10

integration of local militia and

self-defense forces into, 191

at Longtan, 98–105

negative descriptions of, 6–7

ninth regiment, 65–66

in Northern Expedition, 58

as patchwork of forces, 78

preservation of, 87

proposal to reorganize into “field” army

and “garrison” army, 226–27

reorganization and demobilization of,

113–14, 122, 127–28, 167

reorganization of, 88–89, 94, 110–11,

113, 136, 258

Second Corps, 52–53, 68–69, 78–79,

83–84, 87–88

Seventeenth Corps, 70

Seventh Corps, 59–60, 68–69, 78–79,

87–89, 91, 94, 99, 101–02,

104–05

Sino-Japanese War and, 181–82

Sixth Corps, 56, 68–69, 75–76, 78–79,

81, 83–85, 211–12

Sixty-Sixth Corps, 211

Soviet advisors to, 52–53

split with CCP and Wuhan, 88–89

Third Corps, 52–53, 68–69, 70,

79

training of, 118–19

Twenty-Ninth Corps, 156–57, 165–66,

179

Twenty-Sixth Corps, 71–72, 78–79,

83–84, 89–90

National Salvation Association,

30

National Student Alliance (NSA),

30

nation-building, 113–15, 119–20

Netherlands, 238–39, 250–51

New Culture Movement, 8, 26–28

New Fourth Army, 222–23

New Life Movement, 201

newspapers, 26–27

New York, 244–45, 246, 255

New York Times, 240, 246–47, 254–55,

273

New Youth, 26–27

Nidang, 13

Nineteenth Route Army, 144

Ningbo, 77–78

Ningdu county, 140

Ni Tuanji, 32

North Chahe’er Incident, 160–61, 165–66




310 Index

north China, 8–9, 145, 149–50, 151–53,

156–57, 159–60, 162, 163, 164–65,

167, 171, 172–73, 246–47

in 1930s, 146

defense of, 179

Japan and, 178–79, 184

north China Provisional Government,

179–80



Northeast Army, 145, 147

Northern China Incident, 166–67

Northern Expedition, 4–6, 7, 8–9, 67,

76–77, 79–80, 82–83, 84–85,

87–92, 115–16, 232–33, 274–75

beginning of, 59–60

combat on eastern front, 58–59

eastern front of, 85–86

Eastern Route Army in, 58–86

final campaigns of, 110–12, 121–22

first phase of, 85

history of, 85–86

importance of, 58–59

nominal completion of, 114–15

political aspects of, 85

resumption of, 87–92

success of, 66–68

Northwest Army, 91, 110–11, 128–29

Northwest Army for the Protection of the

Party and National Salvation,

124–25

Okamura Yasuji, 21, 238–39

Operation Alpha, 234

Operation Ichigo, 21, 224–26, 233–34,

235–36, 276

Pacific War, 207–08, 213–25, 235–36,

238, 239

Pakula, Hannah, 3–4

pan-Asianism, 17

Panyukov, V. N., 73, 74–75

Party Army (dangjun), 48–51, 52, 79

Peace Faction (zhuhepai), 169–70, 172–73

Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 206–08

peasant associations, 76

peasant unrest, 76–77

Peking University, Nationalist attacks on

students and faculty at, 240

People’s Liberation Army (PLA), 258–59,

260–62, 268. See also Chinese

Communist Party (CCP)

People’s Political Council, 223–24

People’s Republic of China (PRC), 6, 11

pingchong, 190–91

pingdeng, 190–91

Pinggu, 152

Ping–Han (Beiping–Hankou) railroad,

125, 130, 132, 240–41

Pinghe, 63–64, 66

Pinghu, 47–48

Ping–Jin campaign, 260–61

pingjun, 190–91

Plan for Military Reorganization, 117,

118

politics, 18–19, 28–29

press, the, 147–49, 154, 164–65, 182, 243.

See also specific publications

American, 230, 236–37, 240, 244–45,

246–47, 251–52, 273

pro-Japanese, 157–59, 160

responsibilities of, 127–28

“Principle of the Three Equals in

Conscription” (bingyi sanping

yuanze), 190–91, 192, 197

“Proposal to Change the Conscription

System,” 187–90

protests, 51–52, 245, 246

protracted war, strategy of, 180–82, 184,

185, 186–87, 269–70

Provisional Joint Council, 82–83

public service, spirit of, 249–50

Punitive Faction (taofapai), 169–70,

172–74

Puyi, 142–43, 260

Qian Dajun, 46, 60

Qin Dechun, 165–66

Qin–Doihara Agreement (Qintu xieding),

166–67

Qingdao, 124–25

Qing dynasty, 142–43, 260

end of, 58

military of, 15–16

Qing government, 14–15, 18–20

Qing military, 20

Qixia, 99, 102

Quanzhou, 70–71

Quzhou, 71–72, 73

rail lines, 124–25, 224–25, 258–59. See

also specific lines

Ramgarh, 214–15, 217, 221

Rangoon, 209, 211

Raoping, 63–64, 66

Reader’s Digest, 246–47

Red Army, 138–39, 140, 141–42, 159–60,

167–68, 175–76, 178–79, 277–78

regional factions and forces, 123–25, 130,

151–52, 182, 241–42




Index 311

authority over, 113–14, 115–16,

118–20, 124–25, 167, 182

in Central Plains War, 132

Rehe province, 145

Ren Kecheng, 30–31, 32–33


Conference, 114–17, 119, 120–21,

122

failure of, 121–22

opening of, 119–20

speeches following, 121


Conference II, 127–28, 129,

130

Republic of China, 20

Republic of China Patriotic Students

Association (PSA), 28–29, 30–31

revolutionary ideas, 15–16, 18–19, 26–27

Revolution of 1911, 4–5, 18–19, 21,

241–42

Rikugun Shikan Gakko military academy,

19–21, 24, 31–33, 34, 39–40, 98

Chinese students in, 17, 18–19

graduation from, 22

rules at, 21–22

Roosevelt, Franklin, 206, 209–10, 215–17,

219–21, 225–31, 232–33, 239

route armies (lujun), 88–90, 98–99,

110–11, 139, 140, 144

see also specifc route armies

Roy, M. N., 91–92

rule of law, 249–50

Russia, Japanese victory over, 15, 18–19

see also Soviet Union

Sakai Takashi, 160, 161–63, 166

Salween River, 211–12

San Francisco, 244–45

Sanhe, 152

Sanheba, 64

Second Burma Operation, 213–21,

222–23, 224, 235

Second Eastern Expedition, 48–57

Second Front Army, 235

Second Group Army, 110–12, 114–15,

118, 119, 120–21, 123–24

“Second Revolution,” 20

Second Route Army, 88–90, 91, 92,

98–99

Second Training Regiment, 41–42, 43,

44–46, 47, 48–49, 52–53, 79

Second War Zone, 181–82

Seeds of Destruction (Eastman), 192–93

self-defense forces, 191

Service, John, 221–22

Shaanxi, 90–91, 110–11, 123–27, 128–29,

158–59, 167–68, 183–84,

218–19

Shaji Massacre, 51–53

Shamian

British concession at, 50, 51–52

French concession at, 51–52

Shandong, 29, 30, 89, 90, 91, 111–12,

123–25, 133, 171

Shandong Army, 71–72, 73–74, 75,

105

Shanghai, 8, 19–20, 26–27, 31–34, 51, 70,

71–73, 74, 75, 76–79, 80–81,

82–84, 88–90, 97–100, 106–07,

109–11, 118, 144, 149, 151–52,

162, 240–41, 261, 265

capture of, 58, 74–75, 85–86

communist movement in, 81–82

defense of, 184, 185, 186, 263, 266–67,

269

establishment as “free city,” 261–62

fall of, 186–87, 190–91

occupation of, 78

withdrawal from, 269–70

Shanghai Army, 19–20, 22

Shanghai Republican Daily, 119–20

Shanghai War, 144

Shanghang, 63–64

Shang Zhen, 147, 159–60, 207–08,

222–23, 247–48

Shanhaiguan, 144–45, 161–62

Shantou, 55, 60, 61–62, 63–64, 79–80

Shanxi, 90–91, 110–11

Shaobo, 90

Shao Lizi, 264

Shenyang, 142–44, 258–59, 260–61

Shen Yingshi, 46

Sheridan, James, 123–24

Shijiazhuang, 147, 179

Shikan Gakko see Rikugun Shikan Gakko

military academy

Shimbu Gakko, 17, 18–21, 31–34

Shi Yousan, 125–27

shogun, 114–15

Shougouling, 50

Sichuan, 31–32, 77–78, 115–16, 123–24,

159–60, 162, 194


reorganization of forces in, 178–79

Sino-American relations, 206, 215–17,

218–19, 224–33, 235–38, 240,

244–45

crisis in, 225–31, 232–33

improvement in, 233

Pacific War and, 206–12, 213–24




312 Index

Sino-Japanese War, 4–5, 6–7, 9–10,

137–38, 149–50, 175–76, 177–78,

205, 206–07, 216, 213–16, 224,

232–39, 246–47, 271–72, 273,

275–76, 277–78

conclusion of, 240–41

conditions of, 186

first phase of, 186–87

Japan’s surrender, 238–39, 241–42

Nationalist regime and, 5

preparations for, 178–87

US role in, 236–38, 239, 244–45

Sixth Route Army, 140

Sixth War Zone, 219

Smith, Steve A., 81–82

soldiers, 214–15, 221

conscription of, 177–205, 258, 275–76

reservists, 187–88

training of, 177–89, 205, 217, 258,

275–76

volunteer, 187–88

Somervell, John, 215–17, 220–21

Song Ailing, 219–21

Songkou, battle at, 63–69

Songjiang, 75

Songkou, 61–62, 63–68

Song Meiling, 3–4, 9, 105, 169–70,

173–75, 219–22

Song Siyi, 234–35

Song Xilian, 270–71

Song Zheyuan, 147, 156–57, 160–61, 163,

165–66, 179

Song Ziwen (T. V. Soong), 76, 120,

173–74, 215–17, 219–20

Soong, T. V. see Song Ziwen (T. V. Soong)

South Manchurian Railroad, 142–43

southwestern China, 23

Soviet Union, 48, 76, 77, 79–80, 91–93,

138–39, 140–41, 171–72, 184, 218,

223–25, 236, 238, 248, 251

advisors from, 52–53, 61–62, 73, 74–75,

76–77, 78, 79–81

CCP and, 248

Feng Yuxiang and, 125

imperialism of, 140–41

influence of, 79–80

Lend-Lease aid and, 227–28

“spirit-building,” 241–42

Stalin, Joseph, 91–92

Stilwell, Joseph, 1, 6–7, 10, 198, 206–07,

209–12, 213, 224, 233, 236–38,

239, 245, 246–47, 254–55, 276,

277–78

Stilwell and the American Experience in

China (Tuchman), 3, 224

Stilwell Incident, 224, 233

Stilwell Road, 235–36

Stilwell–White Paradigm, 6–7, 273–74

strategic regions, 183–84

strikes, 51, 76

Stuart, John Leighton, 251–52, 256,

257–58, 263–64, 266–67

student activism, 26–27, 28–29, 30–31,

84–85

Suiying xuexiao, 25–26

Sun Chuanfang, 59–60, 61–63, 66–68,

70–75, 78–79, 83–84, 87–88, 89,

90, 91, 92–94, 97–99, 277–78

counterattack by, 92

at Longtan, 98–105

at Shandong, 111–12

Sun Ke, 76, 261, 264

Sun Liren, 212

Sun Yat-sen, 8, 15–16, 18–19, 20, 22–24,

36–38, 50–51, 53–54, 117, 261,

274–75

in Beijing, 41

during Eastern Expeditions, 48–49

on his death bed, 56

revolutionary government in

Guangzhou, 18–19

revolutionary movement of, 48–49

Soviet military advisors and, 36, 37

speech commemorating his birthday,

129

Sun Yat-sen Study Society, 84–85

Sun Yongqin, 157–59, 160

Sun Youli, 163–64

Sun Yunfeng, 66

Sun Zi, 180–81

“supplemental regiments” (buchongtuan),

97

supply routes, 207–12, 213–19, 224,

233–34, 235–36

Supreme National Defense Council

(SNDC), 182–84

surrender zones, 238

Sutton, Donald, 50–51

Taiwan, 6, 266–67, 271, 273

cessation of Japanese aggression in,

238–39

Ministry of National Defense

(Guofangbu), 5–6

withdrawal to, 4–5

Taiyuan, 110–11, 125–27, 129, 157, 171,

174–75

Takahashi Tan, 156, 157–58, 160, 161–63,

164–65

Tang Enbo, 235, 263, 265–66, 269




Index 313

Tanggu Truce, 137–38, 144–56, 157,

166–67

criticism of, 155–56

reaction to, 163–64

signing of, 154, 155

Tang Jiyao, 22–24, 25, 31–32, 48–49,

60

Tangshan, 117, 118, 152

Tang Shengzhi, 8–9, 59–60, 68–69, 87–88,

89–90, 91, 92–94, 122, 130–31,

141

Tang Yulin, 145–47

Tan Shuqing, 65–66, 70

Tan Yankai, 50–51, 52–53, 76, 78–79,

83–85, 87–88, 122

Tao Jun, 122, 124

Taylor, Jay, 93, 135–36, 178–79, 220–21,

273–74

telegram war, 133

Tenney, Parker, 114

Third Front Army, 235

Third GMD Congress, 124

Third Group Army, 110–12, 114–15, 118,

119, 120–21

Third Route Army, 89–90, 92, 98–99, 105

First Corps, 92

Tenth Corps, 92

Three Character Classic, 13

Thunder out of China (White and Jacoby),

2–4, 250

Tianjin, 137, 145–47, 148–54, 155, 156,

157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 166–67,

175–76, 178–80, 273, 275–76

Japanese concession in, 158–59


Tianjin–Shanghai railroad, 74–75, 89–90

Tien Chen-ya, 38–39

Tokyo, 20–21, 244–45

Tongmenghui (Revolutionary Alliance),

15–16, 18–19, 21

Tongguan, 171

Tonglu, 74

Toungoo, 211–12

traditional values, 16, 241–42, 251

duty, 18–19

loyalty, 20–21

obedience, 18–19, 20–21

see also Confucianism

training regiments, 42, 43, 44–46, 48–49,

79. See also specific regiments

transportation, 241–42, 249–50

Truman, Harry, 239, 248

Tuchman, Barbara, 214–15

Stilwell and the American Experience in

China, 3, 224

Twelfth Group Army, 270–71

Twelfth Plenum of the Fifth GMD

National Congress, 223–24

Twenty-One Demands, 21, 26–27,

30

Twenty-Sixth Route Army, 140

Umezu Yoshijiro, 21, 161, 166

United Nations, 254–55, 256–57

charter of, 247–48

Security Council, 247–48, 253

see also United Nations Military Staff

Committee (MSC)

United Nations Military Staff Committee

(MSC), 4–5, 10, 243, 244–55,

276–77

United States, 4–5, 10, 75–76, 155–56,

206, 209–10, 217, 218, 223–24,

242–43, 248, 251–52, 262, 263–64,

266–67. See also Sino-American

relations


Cairo Conference and, 221

emergency aid requested from, 270

at formal Japanese surrender ceremony,

238–39

He Yingqin in, 244–55

Japanese military aggression and,

147–48, 149

Lend-Lease aid, 207–08, 209, 213, 217,

218–19, 220–21, 223–24, 226,

227–29, 233–34, 236–37, 244–45

Pacific War and, 206–12, 213–25, 234,

235–36, 238, 239

Stilwell Incident and, 224–33

US Air Force, 213–14, 215–17, 218,

223–24

US Congress, 270

US Department of State, 266–67

US Military Mission to the Nationalist

regime, 257–58

USS Tulsa, 209

Utley, Freda, 246–47

Utsunomiya, Japan, 20

Van de Ven, Hans, 6–7, 11, 66–68, 77–78,

135–36, 193–94, 204–05, 220–21,

273–74

War and Nationalism in China,

1920–1945, 5, 224

Versailles Peace Conference, 29, 30

Vietnam, 4, 30

village leadership, changes in, 197

Vincent, John Carter, 229–30, 233

Von Faulkenhausen, Alexander, 178–79




314 Index

Wakeman, Frederic, 151

Waldorf Astoria Hotel, 245

Walkout with Stilwell (Dorn), 224

Wanding, 235–36

Wang Boling, 18–19, 33, 35, 36, 39–40,

41–42, 43–46, 63, 69

Wang Boqun, 24, 34, 36, 106–08,

109

Wang Dongmei, 204–05

Wang Jingwei, 53–54, 76, 84–85, 87–88,

91–93, 94, 110–11, 132, 144,

148–49, 150–51, 152–54, 155–56,

158–60, 166, 174–75, 240–41

criticism of, 166–67

Japan and, 162, 163–64

pro-Japan Nanjing government of,

179–80, 260

secessionist movement in Guangdong

and, 142–43

Wang Kemin, 179–80

Wang Longji, 271

Wang Shengwu, 235

Wang Tianpei, 92

Wang Wenhua, 22–29, 30–32, 33–34,

37–38, 56–57, 95, 98, 109–10

Wang Wenxiang, 24–25, 107–08, 110

Wang Yongyu, 12

Wanping, 178–79

War and Nationalism in China, 1920–1945

(Van de Ven), 5, 224

war crimes, 262–63, 268

War History Bureau, Ministry of National

Defense, 50–51, 55–56

warlordism, 12–13, 50–51, 59, 76–77,

80–81, 85–86, 110–12, 124, 185,

187, 277–78. See also regional

factions and forces


foreign imperialism and, 127–28

Warring States era, 48

war zones, 181–82

Washington, DC, 248–49

Wavell, Archibald, 209, 215–17

“way of the warrior,” indoctrination in,

20–21

Wedemeyer, Albert, 230–31, 234–36, 239,

245

Weekly Critic, 26–27

Wei Lihuang, 140, 221

Weinan, 172

Weng Wenhao, 256–57, 261, 264

Wenshi ziliao series, 6

Wenzhou, 71–72

Western Route Army, 71

Western Route Group Army, 172

Whampoa Clique, 252–53, 263, 264–65,

266–67

Whampoa Military Academy, 4–5, 7, 8–9,

35, 36–37, 41, 42–43, 47–49,

51–52, 56–57, 59–60, 68–69,

71–72, 78, 79–80, 82–83, 95, 96,

109–10, 112, 115–16, 170, 274–75,

276

Chaozhou branch, 56, 61

at Danshui, 46

establishment of, 36–37

officers from, 88–89, 93, 96, 97–98,

102, 106, 110–11 (see also

Whampoa Clique)

Soviet advisors at, 36, 37, 40–41, 42–44,

46, 47–48, 79–80

troops from, 41, 114

Whampoa Military Academy Alumni

Association (WMAAA; huangpu

tongxuehi), 96, 98

“Whampoa spirit,” 71–72, 95–96, 185,

248–49

White, Theodore, 6–7, 193

Thunder out of China, 2–4, 250

Wilbur, C. Martin, 81–82

women, 21–22

World War I, 29

Wuchang, 7–8, 12–13, 58, 61, 62–63, 65,

66–68, 69

revolt in, 19, 58, 65

Wuchang Army Number Three Military

School, 16–17

Wuhan, 58–59, 76–86, 87–88, 89, 90–92,

110–11, 124–27

attack on, 122, 123–24

capture of, 76



fall of, 186–87

field headquarters in, 125, 127–28,

131–32, 136, 190–91

Provisional Joint Council in, 77

seeks reconciliation with Nanjing, 91–92

split with, 88–89

strategic value of, 123

Tang Shengzhi’s threat to attack, 130

Wuhan Branch of the Political Council,

122, 123

Wuhan faction, 92–94, 105, 275–76

Wuhu, 91

Wuhua, 53–54

Wulongshan, 99, 102

Wu Peifu, 59–60, 61, 62–63

Wusong, 183–84

Wu Tiecheng, 250




Index 315

Wu T’ien-wei, 169–70, 175, 232–33

Wu Xingye, 180–81

Wu Zhihui, 80–81

Wu Zhongxin, 265–66

Wuzhou, 130

Xiamen, 183–84

Xi’an, 125–27, 167–68

Xi’an Incident, 3–5, 9, 137–38, 167–76,

178–79, 219–20, 232–33, 246–47,

273, 275–76, 277–78

Xia Wei, 101, 102–04, 122, 123, 124

Xie Boyuan, 231–32

Xikang, 178–79

Xikou, 263, 264–65

Xingning, 53–54

Xingyi, 13, 18–20, 32–33

Xingyi County Primary School, 13–14

Xiong Bin, 154

Xiong Fanyu, 32

Xiong Kewu, 31–32

Xiong Zongren, 32, 76

Xuchang, 128–29, 132

Xu Chongzhi, 42, 52–54

Xue Yue, 79, 81, 82–83, 271

Xu Qian, 76

Xu Tingzhong, 29

Xu Yanmou, 154

Xuzhou, 90–91, 92–93, 105, 107–08, 109,

133, 190–91, 260–61, 269–70

Yang Hucheng, 167–69, 176, 277–78

Yang Shuzhuang, 75, 100

Yang Tianshi, 184

Yang Ximin, 48–51

Yangzhou, 91

Yangzi River, 58, 59, 70, 74–75, 76–77,

87, 88–89, 90–91, 98–99, 183–84,

261, 263–64

Yangzi River region, 77–79, 85–86, 123,

155, 162, 186, 266–67

battle at Longtan and, 102

defense of, 269

Yan Xishan, 59, 90–91, 105, 106–07,

110–11, 125–27, 128–29, 136, 147,

151–52, 157, 159–60, 171, 174–75,

271, 277–78


appointed commander of all land, air,

and naval forces, 129

Central Plains War and, 132, 133,

135–36

as commander of anti-Chiang force, 129

as commander of Second War Zone,

181–82


and, 117, 119, 120–22

resignation of, 133

revolt by, 141

telegram war and, 133

Yan Zhong, 81, 82–83

Yeh, George, 269

Ye Jianying, 264

Yellow River, 111–12, 155

YGA Daily, 28–29

Yihe Yuan, 149

Yong’an, 70

Yongding, 58, 61–62, 63–68

battle at, 63–69

victory at, 277–78

Yongding River, 152–53

Young China Morning News, 245

Young China Students Association, 27

Young Guizhou Association (YGA),

27–29, 30–31, 79–80, 140–41

Young Italy Movement, 27

Young Officers Plot, 221–22

Young Soldiers Alliance, 82

youth organizations, 27

Yuan Shikai, 20, 21

Yu Feipeng, 209, 220–21

Yunnan, 8, 22–24, 25–26, 31–33, 35–36,

50–51, 52–53, 115–16, 123–24,

211–12, 214–15, 228–29

forces in, 48–49, 215–17, 219, 235–36


local defense units in, 191


Yunnan–Burma border, 215–17

Yunnan–Burma Road, 207–08. See also

Burma Road

Yunnan force (Y Force), 215–17, 219,

235–36

Yunnan Military Academy, 24–25, 39–40

Yutian, 152

Yu Xuezhong, 149–50, 157–60,

161

Yu Youren, 171

Zeng Guofan, 39–40

Zeng Kuoqing, 82–83, 158, 159

Zhabei, 144

Zhang Fakui, 8–9, 91, 92–93, 128–29,

130–31, 132, 133–35, 235, 271

Zhang Houwan, 158–60

Zhangjiakou, 156–57

Zhang Jingyao, 151, 152

Zhang Junmai (Carson Chang), 253,

256–57

Zhang Mingda, 43–44, 46




316 Index

Zhang Pengnian, 31–32

Zhang Qun, 171–72, 255–56, 271

Zhang Shizhao, 267

Zhang Tingmeng, 238–39

Zhang Xianlin, 261

Zhang Xiaoxian, 158–59

Zhang Xueliang, 111–12, 132, 135–36,

145–47, 159–60, 167–69, 172–73,

175, 176, 277–78

Zhang Yi, 70

Zhang Zhizhong, 234–35, 264–65, 266

Zhangzhou, 66, 70

Zhang Zongchang, 59, 71–72, 73–74, 75,

83–84, 87–88, 89, 91, 92–94,

97–99, 105

Zhang Zuobin, 156–57

Zhang Zuolin, 41, 59, 76–77, 91,

111–12

Zhao Suisheng, 93

Zhejiang, 58–60, 70–73, 74, 76–77,

78–79, 82–83, 85–86

campaign in, 70, 72–73, 78–79



Zhengzhou, 90–91, 130, 132

Zhenjiang, 75–76, 90, 91, 98–99, 100,

183–84

Zhijiang, 235–36

Zhongnanhai complex, 137, 145–47

Zhongshan Boat Incident, 79–80

Zhongyang Ribao, 170

Zhou Enlai, 79–80, 171–72, 173–74

Zhou Fengqi, 70–72, 78–79, 83–84,

89–90, 93

Zhou Hongbin, 32–33

Zhou Yinren, 61, 62–68, 70–71, 74, 93

Zhou Zhirou, 263

Zhu De, 138–39

Zhu Guangdong, 12

Zhu Peide, 50–51, 52–53, 79, 84–85,

124

Zhu Shaoliang, 96–98

Zhu Weiling, 190–91

Zunyi, 32

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