camels.equines & chickens transboundary diseases

Camels. Equines & Chickens Transboundary Diseases

Diseases in camels and equines

Generalized camel poxRabid camel

Trachea – camel poxGeneralized camel pox

Camel with nasal dischargeLung – camel pox

Probing samplingFMD – Tongue injection

By dr.khaled environment ministry1


Melanesia lungLung Tb

Sarcoptes femaleMange in camels

Hydatid cystE. granulosus camel lung

AHS African Horse Sickness eye swelling



AHS lung oedemaAHS African Horse Sickness eye swelling

Farcy legs

Glanders noseFarcy face



Glanders spleenGlanders lung

Babesia caballi in bloodBabesia equi in blood

African Horse SicknessAfrican Horse Sickness (AHS) is an acute or Subacute, often fatal, arthropod-borne viral

disease of horses and other equineHorses > Mules > Donkeys > Zebras

►Virus family: Reoviridae►Virus genus: Orb virus

►Number of types: 9Other members of genus:

•Bluetongue►Main Vector: Culicoides spp

►Incubation Period:3 days to 3 weeks►Duration of Illness:1 - 2 weeks

►Morbidity: Variable but can be high►Case Fatality Rate :

Horses: 70 to 95%Mules: approx. 50%

Donkeys: approx. 10%►Carriers:

(?)Dogs, Zebras, Elephants

Clinical Signs►High fever 40-41*c

►Depression►Discomfort and colic



►Bulging of supraorbital fossae►Sudden death

►Froth through nostrils after death

Respiratory distress + nasal dischargeBulging of supraorbital fossae +

conjunctivitis

Bulging of supraorbital fossaeconjunctivitis

Pulmonary odema that lead to respiratory distress+ nasal discharge + subcutaneous odema involve the whole head , neck &

brisket

Pulmonary odema that lead to respiratory distress+ nasal discharge

Post-Mortem Examination

القلبي الجلد : الشكل تحت أوديما وجودجيالتينية سوائل عن عبارة وهي العضالت وفي

subcutaneous odema (anasarca) involve the whole head , neck & brisket



القلبي جيالتينية : الشكل سوائل عن عبارة وهي العضالت وفي الجلد تحت أوديما وجود

Hydropericardium, endocardial hemorrhage + myocardial degeneration

الرئوي و :الشكل الرئة في سوائل وجوداإلبرة رأس بحجم نزيف مع الصدري التجويف

للقلب المغلفة األغشية في

: للمرض القلبي حرارة درجةالشكلتكون . 41- 39الخيول هنالك يكون مئوية درجة

, العين وجفون الصدغية فوق الحفرة في تورم . , يموت, األكتاف منطقة و الصدر الرقبة الوجه

. أسبوع خالل الحيوان

1.: الحاد التنفسي درجة الشكلتكون الحيوان درجة 41- 40حرارة

, , توسع, كحة التنفس في صعوبة مئويةسا خروج مع األنف رغوي ئلفتحتي

الموت, ويكون العين احمرار منهمامن أسبوع خالل األكسجين نقص من

. األعراض بدء



Hemorrhage may be found on the mucosal surface of the intestine

►Control of importation of animals, particularly zebras ►Vector control programs ►Vaccination campaigns

Live multivalentKilled monovalent products

►condemnation of clinically affected animals

Contagious Equine MetritisContagious equine Metritis (CEM) is a venereal disease of horses characterized by

mucopurulent endometritis in the mare•Taylorella equigenitalis–Gram negative coccobacillus

Transmission

•Stallions can remain infected carriers for YEARS•Foals born to infected mares may themselves be infected and transmit it when they

become sexually mature

Clinical signs•In mares:

–10-14 days after breeding, mucopurulent vaginal discharge

–InfertilityThe lesions of contagious equine Metritis are not pathognomic. Lesions are most severe in the uterus, but salpingitis, cervicitis, and vaginitis also occur. The most severe lesions occur about 14



days postinfection and gradually decrease in severity over the next several weeks as the disease becomes chronic. The cervix is edematous and hyperemic, and covered with a mucopurulent exudates

EQUINE PIROPLASMOSIS

Babesia spp. are transmitted by vector ticks Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-borne protozoal disease

characterized by an acute hemolytic anemia.

Babesia caballiBabesia equi

LIFE CYCLE

15 species of ticks will transmit



Clinical signs•Acute cases - depression, anorexia, fever, pallor, icterus .

•hepatosplenomegaly and petechial hemorrhage in the mucous membranes•anemia

•Chronic cases – weight loss, reduced performance

•Horses with babesiosis develop normochromic normocytic

Chronic formsPallor, icterus

Enlarged spleenDark red-black kidneysTreatment



BerenilImizol

Control and Prevention•There are no vaccines

•Drug therapy•Tick control

•PREVENT ENTRY

Import Requirements – U.S.A•Testing at quarantine

•If positive for B. caballi, treatment until negative•If positive for B. equi, export back to country or condemnation

Dourine and Surra

DOURINEHost range Equines (horse, donkey, mule)

Clinical signs fever, anaemia, genital oedema,staggering movements, paralysis, death

Variations: host, environment...Transmission Sexual

Diagnosis Complement fixation test (CFT)

Treatment None

Clinical signs



“staggering” movementSwelling of genitaelia



Parasitology–Difficult to find parasites

Wet blood filmSerology:Complement Fixation Test (CFT),

SURRAHost range horses, camel

Clinical signs fever, anaemia, ventral oedema,paralysis, deathvariations according to host,Environment.

Transmission Mechanical

Diagnosis parasite detection and serological

Treatment ( Cymelarsan.Diminazene بارد (زمبور



Ventral oedemaScruffy furReduced hump

GlandersA contagious, acute or chronic disease Caused by (Pseudomonas mallei) .

Zoonotic diseaseGram negative, non-motile bacillus

Prolonged survival in contaminated environmentsKilled by most common disinfectants

HostDonkeys > mules > horses

►Herd infection usually related to introduction of asymptomatic animals►Poor condition animals more susceptible

Transmission►Ingestion

Nasal or cutaneous discharge from diseased or latently infected animals (contaminated feed or water)

►Inhalation Of agent- significant in humans,

►CutaneousPortal of Entry

►Skin►Respiratory

►Gastrointestinal tract►Incubation period: 1 to 8 weeks

►Duration of disease: Weeks to months

Morbidity

)generally low(

►Case fatality Rate :up to 95% in untreated cases

Clinical Signs►Fever

►Nasal discharge►Respiratory signs

►Septicemia

►Cutaneous –



Nodules in skin, subcutaneous tissues ;Ulcers and purulent exudates.Lymphatics thickened, firm and cord-like

Nasal Nasal discharge, nodules and ulcers in nasal mucosa, regional lymph node involvement

Pulmonary Range from Inapparent infection to mild dyspnea to severe coughing. Caseous or calcified lung nodules.



Mallein test•Intradermo-palpebral injection, or eye drop

•Swelling in 1-4 daysVaccines available

West Nile Virus Corrie Brown

West Nile virus is an arthropod—borne disease of humans, horses, birds, and some other animals, characterized by mild disease to severe encephalitis and death

CulexWest Nile virus, Genus Flavivirus

Transmission

Clinical Disease•Incubation period 3-12 days



•Most infections are asymptomatic!•20-40% of infected horses will develop clinical disease

•Very few animals become febrileSigns of encephalitis

paralysisWeaknessAtaxia

Postmortem findings•Not much to see

•Must do histology to see brain lesions

Control and PreventionMosquito eradication

Vaccination before mosquito season and then every 6-12 months



INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE)GUMBORO(

•More important manifestation is a severe, prolonged immunosuppression because chickens get infected at an early age

virus, Family BirnaviridaeVirus is quite hardy, fairly resistant to heat and disinfectants. Can persist in the housing environment for 3-4 months. It is not transmitted through the eggBirnaviruses are unusual viruses – they have two segments of double-stranded RNA

2 kinds of diseases

•Chickens infected older than 6 weeks of age – bursal disease and illness – very virulent strains can cause 90-

100% mortality!

•Chickens infected less than 3 weeks old – disease is subclinical but bursa

is damaged.

•Why the age difference? It may be due to immune complex disease. After 3 weeks old, chickens can respond immunological, lots of antigen, lots of antibody, Arthur

reaction.

Clinical Disease•Incubation period SHORT

Disease is very contagious. Clinical signs usually start within 2-3 days of exposure. One of the earliest signs of infection in a flock is that chickens may peck at their own vents.

•Morbidity is 100%Soiled vent, diarrhea, depression, ruffled feathers, and trembling, dehydrated, death.

•Period of illness is 5-7 days

Bursa is target organ – LYMPHOCYTESOther organs affected – cecal tonsils, thymus, spleen, bone marrow

Prevention and Control



Vaccination – TIMING is CRITICAL! -1•2 -Management – clean-up between

broods is very important

3 -Vaccination of chicks must be done at the time that maternal immunity wanes, and this is often

around 3-5 weeks.•4 -Be careful – some vaccines are “hot”

and can actually induce bursal atrophy.•5 -Killed vaccines can be used in breeder

flocks but they don’t really help the young growing chicken

NEWCASTLEDISEASE

A highly contagious disease of poultry caused by avian paramyxovirus-1 and resulting in significant mortality and visceral lesions.

NDV Terminology•Lentogen – embryos survive >90h•Mesogen – kills embryos 60-90h

•Velogen – kills embryos <60h

Incubation periodThe incubation period for ND after natural exposure varies from 2-15 days (average 5-6) .

Normal comp

Subcutaneous hemorrhage with cyanosis of comp

Birds are depressed and have ruffled feathers



conjunctival edema and reddening as the earliest prominent sign

Normal eyelid

Hemorrhage & Necrotic foci in preventriculus Normal preventriculus

Inflammation in larynx & trachea Normal neck

نكروزية نقط وعليه متضخم Normal spleenطحال

Bloody cloaca and dark colored skin Normal cloaca



kidney showing acute nephritis Normal kidney

Turkeys are more refractory to infection with both viscerotropic and neurotropic viruses than are chickens

neurologic signs muscular tremors, paralysis of legs or

wings torticollis

Inflammation involvement cercal tonsils

Control of NDV•1-Vaccination with low virulence live or inactivated oil emulsion vaccines,

•can markedly reduce the losses from ND in poultry flocks .•2-Preventing introduction of the disease

•3-housing management •example controlling traffic, feed sources, manure and litter management, and fly and

rodent control .


camels.equines & chickens transboundary diseases

Documents

equines rabid camel

camels sarcoptes female

mucopurulent vaginal

infected mares

infected carriers

venereal disease of

viral disease of horses

orb virus virus genus