campaign finance laws fail as corporate money floods judicial races

7/30/2019 Campaign Finance Laws Fail as Corporate Money Floods Judicial Races

1/128

Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbghbq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`q

Ky`gagbh VbaiqFghhw Alvvgoiv Kbdybvw 6>21

SSS$BEIVGABD^VLCVIQQ$L


2/128


3/128

Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbghbq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`qKy`gagbh Vbaiq

Fghhw Alvvgoiv Kbdybvw 6>21


4/128


5/128

2 Gdpvl`yapgld bd` qyeebvw

1 Poi Eghhgld @lhhbv Ky`ciq lj 6>26

7 Fgc Fyqgdiqq Pbmgdc lziv Qpbpi Qy~viei Alyvpq

09 @gqahlqyvi Hbsq Dii`i` pl Idqyvi Pvbdq~bvidaw gd Ky`ga

Ihiapgldq

97 ^bvpgqbd Ky`gagbh Ihiapgldq bd` poi @gqplvpgdc Gdjhyidai

Abe~bgcd Abqo

32 Eivgp Qihiapgld bd` Vipidpgld Ihiapgldq Mii~ Ky`ciq Ly

^lhgpgaq

72 Qpvldc Viayqbh Vyhiq Bvi Avyagbh pl Ky`gagbh Gdpicvgpw

2>1 ^yfhga Jgdbdagdc lj Ky`gagbh Vbaiq Abd Cgzi Qebhh @ldlv

@iagqgzi Vlhi

227 Bflyp poi Bypolv bd` bamdlshi`cieidpq

Aldpidpq


6/128


7/128

Gdpvl`yapgld bd` qyeebvw sssbeivgabd~vlcviqq

Gdpvl`yapgld bd` qyeebvw

Pi qii~ vgqi gd abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq lv ky`gagbh ihiagldq obq fiid sihh

`layeidi` Abd`g`biq gd qbi qy~viei alyv vbaiq vbgqi` bvlyd` $622 eghhgld

vle 6>>> l 6>>7sl bd` b obh geiq elvi obd gd oi ~vizglyq ìabì Fy

oi 6>26 ihiagldq qbs q~id`gdc vialv`q qobpivi` bq oi ydhgegi` abe~bgcd abqo

ydhibqoi` fwAgg{idq Ydgi` bd` loiv iìvbh alyv abqiq ydì` fghhgldq l `lh%

hbvq gd gdì~idìd ix~id`gyviq B vialv` $673 eghhgld sbq q~id ld ihizgqgld

b`q gd qbi qy~viei alyv vbaiq ogq wibv( bd` elvi obd obh l ogq eldiw abei

gd oi lve l gdì~idìd ix~id`gyviq( baalv`gdc l Kyqgai b Qbmi bd` oiFviddbd Aidiv lv Kyqgai( sl cvly~q ob vbam eldiw gd ky`gagbh ihiagldq2

Pgq ll` l abe~bgcd abqo abei vle alv~lvbgldq( hbswivq( bd` loivq sgo b

qbmi gd ols oiqi alyvq vyhi Izid gd lqidqgfhw dld~bvgqbd vbaiq( ~lhggabh ~bvgiq

q~id eghhgldq l `lhhbvq ld abd`g`biq lv alyvq ayvvidhw aldqgìvgdc hbsqygq lziv

vi`gqvgagdc eb~q Piqi ~ivaigzi` aldgaq l gdiviq sghh yvoiv ivlì ~yfhga

aldìdai gd bd ge~bvgbh ky`gagbvw( sogao gq bhvib`w b bd bhbvegdc hls6

Pi Aidiv lv Beivgabd ^vlcviqq obq ale~ghi` gq viaid vi~lvq ìqavgfgdc oi

`gqlvgdc gdyidai l abe~bgcd abqo bd` qycciqgdc ~lhgaw qlhygldq l eggcbi

oiqi ~vlfhieq Pi vq vi~lv( Eghhgld @lhhbv Ky`ciq( ogcohgcoq qizivbh 6>26

ky`gagbh ihiagldq ghhyqvbgdc ols abe~bgcd dbdai hbsq obzi fvlmid `lsd gd oi

bai l ydhgegi` gdì~idìd q~id`gdc Pi dix vi~lv( Fgc Fyqgdiqq bmgdc

Lziv Qbi Qy~viei Alyvq( bmiq b fvlbìv zgis bd` ghhyqvbiq ols abe~bgcd

abqo obq biai` ky`ciq bd` oi hbs lziv oi ~bq sl ìabìq Pgq ale~ghbgld

gdahyìq oi ix l oi hbpiv vi~lv bd` b qyeebvw l oi `bb vle gq b~~id`gx

Pi ale~ghbgld aldahyìq sgo b qivgiq l vi~lvq ld `givid ~lhgagiq ob alyh`

oih~ eggcbi oi gdyidai l alv~lvbi abe~bgcd abqo gd ky`gagbh ihiagldq Piqivi~lvq bvi gdidì` lv b`zlabiq lv hicgqhblvq sol sbd l idqyvi ob lyv kyq%

gai qwqie slvmq lv izivwldi( dl kyq lv olqi sgo idlyco eldiw l `ldbi

Ibao vi~lv gq ~vibai` fw b ldi%~bci qyeebvw Id`dliq bd` agbgldq bvi bzbgh%

bfhi gd oi hldciv zivqgldq ob lhhls oi qyeebvgiq


8/128

6 Aidpiv lv Beivgabd vlcviqq Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbgh bq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`q Ky`gagbh Vbaiq

Id`dlpiq

2 Fviddbd Aidpiv lv Kyqpgai bd` Kyqpgai bp Qpbmi( Dis@bpb Qolsq Ky`gagbh Ihiapgld B` Q~id`gdc Fvibmq Vi%alv` bp $673 eghhgld( viqq vihibqi( @iaiefiv 23( 6>26(bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssfviddbdaidpivlvc,aldpidp,vi%qlyvai,dis\`bpb\qolsq\ky`gagbh\ihiapgld\b`\q~id`%gdc\fvibmq\vialv`\bp\673\eghhgld

6 B 6>2> ~lhh vle Kyqpgai bp Qpbmi lyd` pobp 32 ~ivaidp

l viq~ldìdpq qbg` pobp poiw fihgizi abe~bgcdix~id`gpyviq obzi b qgcdgabdp ge~bap ld alyvpvlleìagqgldq Kyqpgai bp Qpbmi( Qlhg` Fg~bvpgqbd EbklvgpgiqFihgizi Ky`ciq Gdyidai` fw Abe~bgcd Aldpvgfypgldq(

^viqq vihibqi( Qi~piefiv ?( 6>2>( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,ssskyqpgaibpqpbmilvc,disqvlle,~viqq\vihibqiqae,7?2>\qlhg`\fg~bvpgqbd\ebklvgpgiq\fihgizi\ky`c%iq\gdyidai`\fw\abe~bgcd\aldpvgfypgldq>7 Cbhhy~,YQB Pl`bw~lhhlyd` pobp ?7 ~ivaidp l viq~ldìdpq qbg` poiw fihgizipoi gdyidai l abe~bgcd aldpvgfypgldq ld ky`ciqvyhgdcq gq b ~vlfhie Klbd Fgqmy~ga( Qy~viei Alyvp

Abqi sgpo poi iih l b fiqp qihhiv( YQB Pl`bw( Jifvybvw2:( 6>>7( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssyqbpl`bwale,disq,sbqogdcpld,6>>7%>6%2:%cvgqobe%alyvp\Dope


9/128

@gqahlqyvi Hbsq Diiì` pl Idqyvi Pvbdq~bvidaw gd Ky`gagbh Ihiapgldq sssbeivgabd~vlcviqq

Poi Eghhgld @lhhbv Ky`ciq lj 6>26

Lvgcgdbhhw ~yfhgqoi`; Kbdybvw 29( 6>21

Qyeebvw

Gdì~idìd q~id`gdc svibmi` obzla ld ky`gagbh ihiagldq bd` iqi` abe~bgcd

dbdai hbsq gd 6>26( bq gdiviq cvly~q izbì` aldvgfygld hgegq bd` q~id egh%

hgldq l ihia oigv ~viivvi` ky`ciq Pi Aidiv lv Beivgabd ^vlcviqq alhhiai`

gdlvebgld ld bhh ky`ciq sol sld ihiagldq gd 6>26 soghi vbgqgdc vlycohw $2 egh%

hgld lv elvi( bq sihh bq olqi sol ob` elvi obd $2 eghhgld q~id ld oigv fiobh fwgdì~idìd cvly~q2 Pi abe~bgcdq l oi eghhgld `lhhbv ky`ciq l 6>26 ìe%

ldqvbi ob gdì~idìd q~id`gdc ~hbwq bd gdavibqgdchw avyagbh vlhi Ydhiqq qbiq

ge~hieid vilveq( izid elvi eldiw sghh ll` ky`gagbh vbaiq( bd` oi gdyidai

ob alv~lvbgldq bd` q~iagbh gdiviqq ixivagqi lziv ky`ciq sghh aldgdyi ydbfbi`

Kyqpgai ^byh Disfw( Dlvpo Abvlhgdb Qy~viei Alyvp

Dlvo Abvlhgdb Qy~viei Alyv Kyqgai ^byh Disfw sbq vi%ihiai` sgo oi oih~

l elvi obd $69 eghhgld gd gdì~idìd q~id`gdc6 Pi qbiq ~yfhga dbda%

gdc ~vlcvbehldc b elìh lv qbiq qiimgdc l mii~ eldiw ly l ky`gagbh

vbaiqsbq lzivsoihei` fw eldiw vle gdiviq cvly~q hgmi oi qbi Aobefiv

l Aleeivai bd` Beivgabdq lv ^vlq~ivgw( b cvly~ bhgbi` sgo oi fghhgldbgvi

gd`yqvgbhgq Mlao fvloivq Dlvo Abvlhgdb lfbaal ale~bdgiq aog~~i` gd oyd%

`vi`q l olyqbd`q l `lhhbvq bjiv oiw fidii` vle b 6>>7 vyhgdc(1 byolvi` fw

Disfw( gd b `gq~yi sgo lfbaal bveivq

Pi hbvciq `ldbgld fw bv sbq oi elvi obd $2 eghhgld vle oi Vi~yfhgabd Qbi

Hibìvqog~ Aleegpii( b cvly~ ob oih~i` oi qbiq Vi~yfhgabd hicgqhbyvi vbjgq viaid vi`gqvgagdc eb~q0 Agzgh vgcoq cvly~q hi` b hbsqyg bhhicgdc ob oi eb~

`gqidvbdaogqiq egdlvgw zlivq( bd` oi abqi gq ayvvidhw filvi oi qbi qy~viei

alyv9 Pgq eldiw sbq gdqvyeidbh gd mii~gdc b 0%1 aldqivzbgzi ebklvgw ld oi

fidao Dlvo Abvlhgdbq iogaq vyhiq qbw ob b ky`ci qolyh` dl oibv b abqi g ogq lv

Disfw


10/128


oiv ge~bvgbhgw egco vibqldbfhw fi ryiqgldi`(: fy Kyqgai Disfw sghh oibv oi

vi`gqvgagdc abqi ìq~gi oi ba ob oi sbq vi%ihiai` obdmq l eghhgldq l `lhhbvq

vle Vi~yfhgabd cvly~q ob obzi b qbmi gd oi lyalei3

Kyqpgaiq Qpi~oid Ebvmebd( Fvgbd [bovb( bd` Fvg`cip EaAlvebam(Egaogcbd Qy~viei Alyvp

Kyqgaiq Qi~oid Ebvmebd bd` Fvgbd [bovb( flo aldqivzbgziq( ibao vbgqi`

bvlyd` $?>>(>>> lv oigv vi%ihiagld fg`q( fy baalv`gdc l oi Egaogcbd

Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Dislvm( oi yd`gqahlqi` gdì~idìd q~id`gdc sbq qizivbh

geiq ob cyvi Pi qbi Vi~yfhgabd ^bvw q~id $09 eghhgld ld b`q lv Kyqgaiq

Ebvmebd bd` [bovb( bq sihh bq bd ydqyaaiqqyh ogco alyv abd`g`bi( sgoly

`gqahlqgdc oi qlyvai l bdw l ob eldiw? L oi q~id`gdc sogao sbq vi~lvi`(

oi Egaogcbd Bqqlagbgld l Vibhlvq q~id $0>>(>>> ld b`q lv oi aldqivzbgzi

abd`g`biq bjiv oiw klgdi` b 6>22 l~gdgld ob ebì g ibqgiv lv elvcbci ale%~bdgiq l lviahlqi ld oleilsdivq7

Kyqgai Fvg`ci Ebvw EaAlvebam sld b qib ld oi Egaogcbd Qy~viei Alyv

bjiv oi @ielavbga ^bvw q~id $9 eghhgld gd yd`gqahlqi` q~id`gdc ld b`q

qy~~lvgdc oiv bd` sl loiv abd`g`biq2> Oiv abe~bgcd alhhiai` elvi obd

$:>>(>>> sgo oi oih~ l hbvci `ldbgldq vle ydgldq22

Kyqpgai @ld Sghhipp( Pixbq Qy~viei Alyvp

Pi ixbq Qy~viei Alyv gq ale~lqi` idgvihw l aldqivzbgzi Vi~yfhgabdq( bd`

Kyqgai @ld Sghhip avygqi` l vi%ihiagld( vbgqgdc $23 eghhgld lv b ~vgebvw ald%

iq Pgq oijw qye gdahyìq bhelq $2>>(>>> vle idivcw ale~bdgiq bd` hbvci

aldvgfygldq vle oi gd`yqvwq l~ hbs veq26 Kyqgai Sghhip obq viaigzi` elvi

obd $69>(>>> vle idivcw ale~bdgiq lziv oi wibvq( baalv`gdc l oi Dbgldbh

Gdqgyi ld Eldiw gd Qbi lhggaq 21

Kyqgai Sghhip obq diziv ei bd lgh ale~bdw hggcbd ob oi `g` dl hgmi Pi

ixbq Qy~viei Alyv vyhi` gd 6>>3 ob aldvba ie~hlwiiq( qyao bq lgh%vgc slvm%ivq( abddl qyi oigv ie~hlwivq lv ld%oi%klf gdkyvgiq20 Jlv wibvq oi idivcw

gd`yqvw ob` ydqyaaiqqyhhw hlffgi` oi qbi hicgqhbyvi lv qyao b aobdci29 Gd b

6>>? hbsqyg gdzlhzgdc ow`vbyhga vbayvgdc( lv vbamgdc( Kyqgai Sghhip fhbbdhw

gdzlmi` ~lhgaw vibqldq gd vyhgdc lv oi idivcw ale~bdw; L~id%idì` hgbfghgw

Ebvmebd

[bovb

EaAlvebam

Sghhipp


11/128


Alhiebd

ovibidq l gdga cvbzi bd` ydeggcbfhi obve( idqyvgdc ob eyao l lyv Qbiq

ydìzihl~i` idivcw qy~~hgiq slyh` qbw ob sbwydìzihl~i`Beg` qlbvgdc

ìebd` bd` qbccgdc qy~~hw( ixbq aleeld hbs eyq baaleel`bi aypgdc%i`ci

iaodlhlcgiq bfhi l ixvba ydlh` viqivziq vle ydaldzidgldbh ih`q2:

Kyqpgai Ebvw Kbdi Poigq( Ghhgdlgq Qy~viei Alyvp

Kyqgai Ebvw Kbdi Pigq l oi Ghhgdlgq Qy~viei Alyv ibqghw sld oi vbai lv aogi

kyqgai gd oi cidivbh ihiagld Hgmi Kyqgai Sghhip gd ixbq( olsiziv( qoi bai` b

~vgebvw aobhhidci bd` vbgqi` bvlyd` $29 eghhgld( sgo elvi obd $0>>(>>> l oiv

abe~bgcd yd`q alegdc vle hbswivq23 Kyqgai Pigq bhql viaigzi` $2?(9>> vle

~yfhga%qialv ydgldq(2? gdahy`gdc b aob~iv l oi Beivgabd Jiìvbgld l Qbi(

Alydw( bd` Eydgag~bh Ie~hlwiiq( sogao lyco oi ahlqyvi l aivbgd qbi baghg%

giq gd b abqi filvi oi ogco alyv Kyqgai Pigq `gqqidi` vle b viaid Ghhgdlgq

Qy~viei Alyv vyhgdc bcbgdq oi ydgld27 Oiv ~vgebvw abe~bgcd bhql fidii`vle dibvhw $6>>(>>> gd gdì~idìd q~id`gdc vle îvqldbh ^BA( Gda( b cvly~

qy~~lvgdc vi~vl`yagzi oibho abvi lv sleid6>

Kyqpgai Klqgbo Alhiebd( Egqqgqqg~~g Qy~viei Alyvp

Kyqgai Klqgbo Alhiebd sld b qib ld oi Egqqgqqg~~g Qy~viei Alyv sgo vlycohw

$2 eghhgld gd gdì~idìd q~id`gdc Dibvhw obh l ob eldiw abei vle b qob`%

lsw Zgvcgdgb%fbqi` lvcbdg{bgld( oi Hbs Idlvaieid Bhhgbdai l Beivgab62 Pi

cvly~ obq fiid bagzi gd ky`gagbh vbaiq bavlqq oi alydvw( bd` bholyco g viyqiq

l `gqahlqi gq `ldlvq(66 g obq fiid bqqlagbi` sgo oi Dbgldbh Vgi Bqqlagbgld

bd` oi YQ Aobefiv l Aleeivai61 Pi viebgdìv l oi gdì~idìd q~id`%

gdc abei vle Ge~vlzi Egqqgqqg~~g BA( sogao viaigzi` hbvci ldbgldq vle

alv~lvbi%ydì` cvly~q( gdahy`gdc dbgldbh lv vilve b`zlabiq bd` ~lhggabh

bagld aleegpiiq vi~viqidgdc oi gdqyvbdai( dbdai( bd` idivcw gd`yqvgiq60

Kyqpgai Qobvld Middi`w( Logl Qy~viei Alyvp

@iq~gi b vbvi dl vialeeidì` vbgdc fw oi Logl Qbi Fbv Bqqlagbgld(69

Kyqgai Qobvld Middi`w ìibi` bd gdayefid kyqgai lv b qib ld oi qbi

qy~viei alyv Middi`w sbq bgì` fw abe~bgcd `ldbgldq vle idivcw ale%

~bdgiq bd` oi gdqyvbdai gd`yqvw( bq sihh bq gdì~idìd q~id`gdc fw oi Logl

Poigq

Middi`w


12/128

: Aidpiv lv Beivgabd vlcviqq Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbgh bq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`q Ky`gagbh Vbaiq

Vi~yfhgabd ^bvw6: Oiv abe~bgcd vi~lvi` vbgqgdc elvi obd $79>(>>>( gdahy`gdc

oyd`vi`q l olyqbd`q l `lhhbvq vle oi qbi Vi~yfhgabd ^bvw( alv~lvbi gdiv%

iq cvly~q( bd` hbs veq ob b~~ibv filvi oi alyv63

Kyqpgaiq Jvi` V$ Hisgq( Fbvfbvb ^bvgidpi( bd` îccw Rygdai( Jhlvg`bQy~viei Alyvp

Jbagdc bd yd~viaiìdi` eyhgeghhgld `lhhbv l~~lqggld abe~bgcd( ovii Jhlvg`b

Qy~viei Alyv Kyqgaiq vbgqi` obh b eghhgld `lhhbvq ibao bd` fidii` vle $11

eghhgld gd q~id`gdc fw bd gdì~idìd cvly~ B cvly~ abhhi` @iid` Kyqgai vle

^lhggaq q~id eghhgldq l `lhhbvq l ìid` oi ovii abd`g`biq gd oi 6>26 viid%

gld ihiagld( bd` g viaigzi` elq l gq eldiw vle Jhlvg`b bplvdiwq 6? Pi abe%

~bgcd bcbgdq mii~gdc oi kyqgaiq ld oi fidao sbq ydì` fw oi qbi Vi~yfhgabd

^bvw bd` ~vl%alv~lvbi cvly~q hgmi oi Mlao fvloivq Beivgabdq lv ^vlq~ivgw67

Hisgq

^bvgidpi

Rygdai


13/128


Id`dlpiq

2 B abd`g`bpi gd Siqp Zgvcgdgb q~idp elvi pobd $2 egh%hgld( fyp qoi q~idp oiv lsd eldiw gdqpib` l vbgqgdcabe~bgcd yd`q Abd`g`bpi Qyeebvw; @bzgq( VlfgdKibd( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,ssslhhlspoieldiwlvc,`bpbfbqi,QpbpiChbdai,abd`g`bpi~opeh>1/hbqp baaiqqi` Kbdybvw 6>21' Povii abd`g`bpiq lv poi

Jhlvg`b Qy~viei Alyvp vbgqi` bvlyd` obh b eghhgld lh%hbvq ibao( bd` bd lypqgì cvly~ q~idp $20 eghhgld ldpoigv fiobh( lv bd bzivbci belydp pobp gq kyqp ydìv$2 eghhgld Fviddbd Aidpiv lv Kyqpgai( 6>26 ky`gagbhabe~bgcd q~id`gdc ixaii`q 21 eghhgld( qyv~bqqiq6>2> q~id`gdc( viqq vihibqi( Laplfiv 6:( 6>26(bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssfviddbdaidpivlvc,aldpidp,viqlyvai,6>26\ky`gagbh\abe~bgcd\q~id`gdc\ix%aii`q\21\eghhgld\qyv~bqqiq\6>2>\q~id`gdc,

6 Avbgc Kbvzgq( Elvi pobd $69 eghhgld vbgqi` ql bv fwlypqgì cvly~q gd qpbpi Qy~viei Alyvp vbai( DisqLfqivziv( Laplfiv 1>( 6>26( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssdisqlfqivzivale,6>26,2>,1>,609>:33,elvi%pobd%69%eghhgld%vbgqi`%qlopeh

1 Dlvpo Abvlhgdb z oghhg~ Elvvgq YQB( Gda( Dl 6B>9%0/DA Dlz :( 6>>7' /yd~yfhgqoi` iagqgld'( bzbghbfhibp opp~;,,sssblaqpbpidayq,sss,~yfhga,qa,l~gd%

gldq,6>>7,~`,6%>9%0%0~`

0 Dlvpo Abvlhgdb @i~bvpeidp l Qpbpi( 0?%Olyv Dlpgai;Kyqpgai lv Bhh DA( Dlziefiv 9( 6>26( bzbghbfhi bpopp~;,,sssb~~qfliqpbpidayq,sifb~~q,a\v~p\qibvao\lvc,a\vi~lvp\gebcibq~x26( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,s ssdisqlfqivzivale,6>26,26,23,699>7?:,da%qy~viei%alyvp%disfw%abd%~bvpgag~bpiopeh

: DA Alì l Ky`gagbh Ald`yap Abdld 1/A'/2'

3 Flddiv bd` Fhwpoi( DA Qy~viei Alyvp; Disfw abd~bvpgag~bpi gd vi`gqpvgapgdc abqi

? Egaogcbd Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Dipslvm( Ydvi~lvpi`

Egaogcbd Qy~viei Alyvp Pihizgqgld B`zivpgqgdc( 6>26Ihiapgld Awahi /6>26'( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,ssseadlvc,~`q,vi~lvpq,EQA\PZ~`

7 Viqgìdpgbh Jyd`gdc Al z Qbyvebd( ?>9 DS6` 2?1/Egao 6>22'

2> Egaogcbd Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Dipslvm( Ydvi~lvpiÈgaogcbd Qy~viei Alyvp Pihizgqgld B`zivpgqgdc( 6>26Ihiapgld Awahi

22 Egaogcbd @i~bvpeidp l Qpbpi( ^lqp%Cidivbh AQ(Fvg`cip Ebvw EaAlvebam lv Kyqpgai( @iaiefiv :(6>26

26 Abd`g`bpi Qyeebvw; Sghhipp( @ld( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,ssslhhlspoieldiwlvc,`bpbfbqi,ydgryiabd`g`bpi~opeh21'

21 Gfg`

20 Idpivcw Cyh Qpbpiq( Gda z Qyeeivq( 6?6 QS1` 011/Pix 6>>7'

29 Hii Dgaolhq( Kyqpgai bd` Slvmiv Qbipw( ByqpgdAovldgahi( @ia 62( 6>>3( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssbyqpgdaovldgahiale,disq,6>>3%26%62,9302:7,

2: Albqpbh Lgh bd` Cbq Alv~( z Cbv{b Idivcw Pvyqp( 6:?QS1` 2 /Pix 6>>?'

23 Abd`g`bpi Qyeebvw; Poigq( Ebvw Kbdi( bzbghbfhibp opp~;,,ssslhhlspoieldiwlvc,`bpbfbqi,Qpbp%iChbdai,abd`g`bpi~opeh21'

2? Gfg`

27 Qy~ivzgqlvw Lvìv( Siieq z B~~ihhbpi Alyvp( Jgpo@gqpvgap bd` Beivgabd Jiìvbpgld l Qpbpi( Alydpw( bdÈydgag~bh Ie~hlwiiq( Dl 22960> /Ghh @ia 22( 6>26' (bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssqpbpighyq,alyvp,qy~vieialyvp,Bddlydai,6>26,262226\6~`

6> Ydallv`gdbpi` Q~id`gdc; Ydallv`gdbpi` q~id`gdclv poi 6>26 vyddgdc l 2QP QY^VIEI % JGP[CIV%BH@ ZBABDAW( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,ghhgdlgqqydqogdilvc,qydqogdi,ydallv`gdbpi`Q~id`gdcQibvao~o~26*lai52QP-QY^VIEI-%-JGP[CIVBH@-ZBABDAW /hbqp baaiqqi` @iaiefiv6>26'

62 Pogq cyvi gq fbqi` ld Hicbh ^vlcviqq bdbhwqgq l Mbdpbv

Ei`gbq AEBC bpb Poi Hbs Idlvaieidp Bhhgbdai lBeivgab q~idp bd iqpgebpi` $007(2:> ld pihizgqgld b`qgd pogq vbai( bd` poi Ge~vlzi Egqqgqqg~~g ^BA q~idp bdiqpgebpi` $:6:(>>> gd pogq vbai

66 Gd vi Hbs Idlvaieidp Bhhgbdai l Beivgab( Gda( DL >1%22%>>:10%AZ( 6>22 Pix B~~ Hixgq 7:9: / Pix B~~ @ia7( 6>22'

61 Mdlsd Jydìvq l; Hbs Idlvaieidp Bhhgbdai lBeivgab /HIBB'( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssqpibhpo~baqlvc,ydìvae26'

60 Pogq cyvi gq fbqi` ld Hicbh ^vlcviqq bdbhwqgq l MbdpbvEi`gbq AEBC `bpb Poi Ge~vlzi Egqqgqqg~~g ^BA q~idpbd iqpgebpi` $:6:(>>>( lv b plpbh l $2>3 eghhgld

69 Logl alyvp ol~iyh cipq hlsiqp vbpgdc( Plhi`l Fhbì(

Kydi 3( 6>26( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssplhi`lfhbìale,Alyvpq,6>26,>:,>3,Logl%alyvp%ol~iyh%cipq%hlsiqp%vbpgdcopeh

6: Fywgdc Pgei 6>26Logl( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssfviddbdaidpivlvc,aldpidp,viqlyvai,fywgdc\pgei6>26\logl

63 Aldpvgfypgld gdlvebpgld lv Kyqpgai Middi`wqabe~bgcd gq bzbghbfhi povlyco poi Logl @ i~bvpeidpl Qpbpiq ldhgdi abe~bgcd dbdai bpbfbqi Qii;Aldpvgfypgldq Qibvao( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sss6qlqqpbpiloyq,~hq,aldhgdi,;;DL;6;;

6? Jhlvg`b @i~bvpeidp l Qpbpi bd` @iid` Kyqpgai vle^lhgpgaq( Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Bapgzgpw= GVQ Jlve ??36(^lqp%Cidivbh Ihiapgld Vi~lvp( @iaiefiv :( 6>26

67 CL^q Ydsbvvbdpi` Bqqbyhp( Egbeg Oivbh`( Laplfiv

3( 6>26( bzbghbfhi bp opp~;,,sssegbegoivbh ale,6>26,2>,>3,1>1:023,cl~q%ydsbvvbdpi`%bqqbyhpopeh


14/128


15/128

Fgc Fyqgdiqq Pbmgdc lziv Qpbpi Qy~viei Alyvpq sssbeivgabd~vlcviqq

Fgc Fyqgdiqq Pbmgdc lziv Qpbpi

Qy~viei Alyvpq

Lvgcgdbhhw ~yfhgqoi`; Bycyqp 6>26

Gdpvl`yapgld bd` qyeebvw

Gd qbi alyvq bavlqq lyv alydvw( alv~lvbi q~iagbh gdiviqq bvi `ldbgdc eldiw

l oi abe~bgcdq l ky`ciq sol gdiv~vi oi hbs gd b ebddiv ob fidiq oigv

aldvgfylvq vboiv obd agg{idq qiimgdc kyqgai Beivgabdq bvi qbvgdc l sbmi y~

l ogq `bdciv( baalv`gdc l viaid ~lhhq( bd` bvi slvvgi` ob gd`gzg`ybhq sgolyeldiw l aldvgfyi ebw dl viaigzi b bgv oibvgdc gd qbi alyvq Gd b viaid ~lhh

?7 ~ivaid l viq~ldìdq qbg` oiw fihgizi oi gdyidai l abe~bgcd aldvgfy%

gldq ld ky`ciq vyhgdcq gq b ~vlfhie2

Ky`ciq qsibv bd lbo ob oiw sghh bdqsiv l oi hbs( dl abe~bgcd aldvgfylvq

G b ~ivqld gq svldci`( oi lv qoi abd ol~i l d` ge~bvgbh kyqgai gd b alyv(

soivi izivwldivgao lv ~llv( sibm lv ~lsivyhgq irybh gd oi iwiq l oi hbs

Fy ogq ~vgdag~hi gq hiqq bd` hiqq vyi sgo ibao ~bqqgdc ky`gagbh ihiagld

Pgvw%igco qbiq ihia oigv ogco alyv ky`ciq(6 bd` idlvelyq belydq l eldiw

bvi ~lyvgdc gdl ky`ciq abe~bgcd sbv aoiqq Jyihi` fw eldiw vle alv~lvbi

gdiviqq bd` hlffwgqq( q~id`gdc ld ky`gagbh abe~bgcdq obq ix~hlì` gd oi hbq

sl ìabìq Gd 277> abd`g`biq lv qbi qy~viei alyvq ldhw vbgqi` bvlyd` $1

eghhgld( fy fw oi eg`%277>q( abe~bgcdq sivi vbmgdc gd elvi obd zi geiq ob

belyd( yihi` fw ixvieihw alqhw vbaiq gd Bhbfbeb bd` ixbq1 Pi 6>>> vbai

qbs ogco%alyv abd`g`biq vbgqi elvi obd $09 eghhgld0

Qgdai oid( alv~lvbi Beivgabq gdyidai lziv oi ky`gagbvw obq cvlsd Pi YQ

Aobefiv l Aleeivai( gd ~bvgayhbv( obq fialei b ~lsivyh ~hbwiv gd ky`gagbh vbaiqJvle 6>>2 l 6>>1 gq ~viivvi` abd`g`biq sld 62 l 60 ihiagldq9 Baalv`gdc l

`bb vle oi Dbgldbh Gdqgyi ld Eldiw gd Qbi ^lhggaq( oi aobefiv q~id elvi

obd $2 eghhgld l bg` oi 6>>: abe~bgcdq l sl Logl Qy~viei Alyv kyqgaiq(:


16/128

2> Aidpiv lv Beivgabd vlcviqq Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbgh bq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`q Ky`gagbh Vbaiq

bd` gd oi elq viaid ogco alyv ihiagld gd Bhbfbeb( eldiw vle oi qbiq aobe%

fiv baalydi` lv 0> ~ivaid l bhh abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq3

Alv~lvbi gdiviq cvly~q bvi d`gdc elvi sbwq l agvayezid gqahlqyvi vyhiq

bd` hgegq ld abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq Q~id`gdc fw gdì~idìd cvly~q /dl

lagbhhw bhgbi` sgo oi abd`g`biq' obq gdavibqi` vbebgabhhw( qyv~bqqgdc ogcoalyv abd`g`biq q~id`gdc gd 6>>?? Baalv`gdc l Kyqgai b Qbmi( elvi obd 7>

~ivaid l q~iagbh gdiviq Z b`q gd 6>>: sivi ~bg` lv fw ~vl%fyqgdiqq gdiviq

cvly~q7 Aldqivzbgzi cvly~q q~id $?7 eghhgld gd ogco alyv ihiagldq gd 6>2>(

ale~bvi` l kyq $69 eghhgld vle ~vlcviqqgzi cvly~q2> Piqi q~id`gdc cyviq

bvi gdale~hii fiabyqi oi `gqahlqyvi vyhiq lv lyqgì q~id`gdc zbvw( ql oi

qlyvai l oi eldiw gd qbi alyv ihiagldq gq ljid obv` l `gqaivd

Pi ~yfhga abd ix~ia izid elvi eldiw l ll` ogq wibvq ky`gagbh ihiagldq

Qgdai oi 6>2> YQ Qy~viei Alyv ìagqgld gd Agg{idq Ydgi` z$ Jiìvbh Ihiagld

Aleegqqgld( alv~lvbgldq( ydgldq( bd` gd`gzg`ybhq bvi dls vii vle hgegq ldabe~bgcd q~id`gdc22 Dlvo Abvlhgdb gq oi ldhw qbi sgo b vlfyq ~yfhga dbda%

gdc qwqie lv ky`gagbh ihiagldq( bd` g gq bhql oi vq qbi l qii b qy~iv ~lhgg%

abh bagld aleegpii( lv qy~iv ^BAbd idgw q~bsdi` fwAgg{idq Ydgi` ob

bhhlsq lv ydhgegi` abe~bgcd q~id`gdciqbfhgqoi` l qy~~lv b ~vl%alv~lvbi

ky`ci gd ogq wibvq ihiagld26 Pi YQ Qy~viei Alyv obq bhql ebì g obvìv lv

~yfhga dbdagdc qwqieq l viebgd zgbfhi fw vyhgdc ob ebaogdc yd`q( `gq%

vgfyi` l ~yfhgahw ydì` abd`g`biq soid oigv l~~ldidq q~id`gdc ixaii`q b

aivbgd hizih( bvi b zglhbgld l vii q~iiao vgcoq21

G viaid ogqlvw gq bdw cygì( oi vid`q bvi legdlyq lv gd`gzg`ybhq qygdc alv~l%

vbgldq Pi qbiq ob obzi qiid oi elq eldiw gd ky`gagbh ihiagldq dls obzi

qy~viei alyvq ob bvi `legdbi` fw ~vl%alv~lvbi ky`ciq Pi B~~id`gx l ogq

vi~lv hgqq bhh ogco alyv vyhgdcq ld abqiq soivi bd gd`gzg`ybh qyiq b alv~lvbgld

vle 2776 l 6>2> gd oi qgx qbiq ob obzi qiid oi elq ky`gagbh abe~bgcd abqo

gd ob gei ~ivgl`Bhbfbeb( ixbq( Logl( iddqwhzbdgb( Ghhgdlgq( bd` Egaogcbd

Pi `bb gdahyìq 0>1 abqiq vle 6>>> l 6>2>( bd` gd olqi abqiq oi alyvq vyhi`

gd bzlv l alv~lvbgldq 32 ~ivaid l oi gei20 Pi ogco alyvq ob obzi qiid oi

elq abe~bgcd q~id`gdc bvi eyao elvi hgmihw l vyhi gd bzlv l fgc fyqgdiqqiq bd`

bcbgdq gd`gzg`ybhq sol obzi fiid gdkyvi`( qabeei`( lv qyfkiai` l `gqavgegdbgld

Sgo eldiw ~hbwgdc qyao b hbvci vlhi gd ky`gagbh ihiagldq( oi gdiviq cvly~q sgo

oi elq eldiw gdavibqgdchw obzi bd b`zbdbci Gd alyvvlleq bavlqq lyv alyd%

vw( fgc alv~lvbgldq bd` loiv q~iagbh gdiviqq bvi ghgdc oi ~hbwgdc ih` gd oigv


17/128

Fgc Fyqgdiqq Pbmgdc lziv Qpbpi Qy~viei Alyvpq sssbeivgabd~vlcviqql

bzlv Ebdw Beivgabdq ~ivaigzi lyv clzivdeid bd` alv~lvbi gdqgygldq bq

gdivì~idìd ale~ldidq l b qwqie gd sogao ~lsivyh ihgiq ~hbw fw b `giv%

id qi l vyhiq obd lv`gdbvw agg{idq Qlei iih ob ldhw olqi `ldbgdc eldiw

abd ~hbw b vlhi gd clzivdgdc Pi al{w vihbgldqog~ fisiid clzivdeid bd` fgc

fyqgdiqq obq fialei gdavibqgdchw ahibv gd lyv ky`gagbh ihiagldq

Pgq vi~lv `gqayqqiq ols oi qlbvgdc alq l ky`gagbh ihiagldq hi` l qbi

qy~viei alyv ìagqgldq ob bzlv alv~lvbi hggcbdq lziv gd`gzg`ybhq qiimgdc

l olh` oie baalydbfhi Pi vi~lv ~vlzgìq ghhyqvbgldq vle qgx qbiq

Bhbfbeb( ixbq( Logl( Dizb`b( Sgqaldqgd( bd` Egaogcbdl ols alv~lvbi

gdiviq cvly~q ob ìqgvi b aivbgd lyalei obzi `ldbi` eldiw l ky`ciq( bd`

oi qbei ky`ciq obzi oid gdiv~vii` oi hbs gd b ebddiv ob baogiziq oigv

alv~lvbi ldlvq iqgvi` lyalei

Jlv qlei qbiq( oi vi~lv `gqayqqiq ols( bjiv bd gdyx l eldiw vle alv~l%

vbi gdiviq cvly~q( ky`ciq obzi bfvy~hw aobdci` oi hbs fw lzivvyhgdc viaid~viaiìd Gd Logl( lv ixbe~hi( oi gdqyvbdai gd`yqvw `ldbi` eldiw l ky`ciq

sol oid zli` l lzivyvd viaid abqiq ob oi gd`yqvw `gqbzlvi` Gd loiv

qbiq( qyao bq ixbq( oi alv~lvbi%ydì` ogco alyv obq gdiv~vii` oi hbs l

vibao aivbgd viqyhq ob oi qbi hicgqhbyvi vikiai` Pgq ky`gagbh ~lhgawebmgdc

fw oi ixbq alyv obq viqyhi` gd abqi hbs ob bzlvq idivcw ale~bdgiq yd`gdc

oi ky`ciq abe~bgcdq

Pgq ~vlfhie gq q~vib`gdc l qbiq ob obzi diziv filvi qiid ix~idqgzi ky`gagbh

vbaiq( qyao bq Sgqaldqgd( soivi gdì~idìd q~id`gdc fw gdiviq cvly~q lziv%

soihei` oi qbiq ~yfhga dbdagdc qwqie gd oi 6>22 ihiagld Pgq vid` gq

ovibidgdc b yd`beidbh bq~ia l lyv ìelavbaw; oi vgco l Beivgabdq l b

bgv vgbh Soid ky`ciq l~ivbi hgmi ~lhggagbdq( olqi sol hbam ~lhggabh gdyidai

abddl ix~ia bgvdiqq

Pi zbq ebklvgw l hicbh `gq~yiq gd oi Ydgi` Qbiq 79 ~ivaidbvi qiphi`

gd qbi alyvq29 Plqi sol obzi fiid obvei` fw bd ydqbi ~vl`ya lv bd ld%oi%

klf gdkyvw slyh` elq hgmihw hllm l qbi alyvq lv kyqgai Sgo ky`ciq fbami` fw

fgc fyqgdiqq bmgdc lziv lyv alyvq( bvi oivi bdw viebgdgdc gdqgygldq ob abd

olh` ~lsivyh alv~lvbgldq baalydbfhi22 ~lhh( 7> ~ivaid l

olqi qyvziwi` qbg` ky`ciq qolyh` viayqi oieqihziq vle abqiq gdzlhzgdc abe%

~bgcd aldvgfylvq(2: fy viayqbh gq ixvieihw vbvi

B ~bvw l b hbsqyg gd Siq Zgvcgdgb vi~ibi`hw bqmi` b qbi qy~viei alyv kyqgai

l viayqi ogeqih bjiv bd ixiaygzi sgo oi l~~lqgdc ~bvw( b albh ale~bdw( q~id

elvi obd $1 eghhgld ovlyco bd gdì~idìd idgw l qy~~lv oi ky`ciq ihia%

gld Pi ky`ci viyqi` bd` abq oi ìag`gdc zli lzivyvdgdc b $9> eghhgld ziv%

`ga bcbgdq oi albh ale~bdw 23 Gd 6>>7 oi YQ Qy~viei Alyv vyhi` oi ky`ciqolyh` obzi viayqi` ogeqih Pi alyv dli` ob oi ixiaygziq aldvgfygld

sbq ovii geiq elvi obd oi q~id`gdc fw oi kyqgaiq lsd abe~bgcd Pi YQ

Qy~viei Alyv qbi`( Kyq bq dl ebd gq bhhlsi` l fi b ky`ci gd ogq lsd abyqi(

qgeghbv ibvq l fgbq abd bvgqi soid b ebd aollqiq oi ky`ci gd ogq lsd abyqi2?

Izid ky`ciq bvi bhbvei` b oi cvlsgdc gdyidai l eldiw ld alyvq B 6>>6

qyvziw lyd` ob ?0 ~ivaid l qbi ky`ciq bvi aldaivdi` bfly gdiviq cvly~q

q~id`gdc eldiw ld ky`gagbh abe~bgcdq27 Pi Sgqaldqgd Qy~viei Alyv viaidhw

sbvdi` l bd gdoivid vgqm ob oi ~yfhga ebw gdbaayvbihw ~ivaigzi b kyqgai bq

fiolhìd l gd`gzg`ybhq lv cvly~q ob aldvgfyi l ogq lv oiv abe~bgcd6> Kyqgai

^byh îgiv( b Vi~yfhgabd ld oi Logl Qy~viei Alyv( obq avggag{i` oi eldiw

lsgdc gdl ogq qbiq ky`gagbh abe~bgcdq Izivwldi gdiviqi` gd aldvgfy%

gdc obq zivw q~iaga gdiviqq( îgiv qbg` Piw eibd l fi fywgdc b zli

soioiv oiw qyaaii` lv dl( gq obv` l qbw62

Filvi oi ll` l alv~lvbi eldiw ficbd( ei`gb vi~lvq layqi` ld ky`ciq

figdc gdyidai` fw abe~bgcd `ldbgldq vle vgbh hbswivq sgo abqiq ~id`gdc

filvi oie66 Alv~lvbi gdiviqq sivi aldaivdi` ob ldbgldq vle vgbh hbs%

wivq viqyhi` gd alyvq ob bzlvi` gd`gzg`ybhq qygdc alv~lvbgldq Fyqgdiqqiq obsivi oi viryid bvci l hbsqygq( qyao bq gdqyvbdai bd` lfbaal ale~bdgiq(

~yqoi` hicgqhbgld l hgeg hggcbgld61 Pgq ~oidleidld bhql q~yvvi` fgc fyqgdiqq

l idiv oi vbw l ky`gagbh ~lhggaq60


19/128


Bq ogq vi~lv qolsq( ogq ilv obq fiid zivw qyaaiqqyh Izid g oi ~vbagai l vgbh

hbswivq `ldbgdc l ky`gagbh abe~bgcd l gdyidai ky`ciq sbq b ~vlfhie( oi alv%

~lvbi gdiviqq obzi elvi obd ale~idqbi` lv bdw ~ivaigzi` gqb`zbdbci oiw

bai` @ldbgldq vle alv~lvbi Beivgab bvi dls lzivsoihegdc `ldbgldq vle

vgbh hbswivq( hbflv ydgldq( bd` cvly~q ob qy~~lv ~vlcviqqgzi ky`gagbh abd`g`biq69

Qlei ~viqq vi~lvq bd` babìega qy`giq ld ogq qyfkia ie~obqg{i ob b alv%

vihbgld fisiid `ldbgldq bd` b ky`ciq vyhgdcq `liq dl diaiqqbvghw ~vlzi ob

oi `ldbgldq abyqi` oi ky`ci l vyhi b aivbgd sbw Jlveiv Logl Aogi Kyqgai

Plebq Elwiv( b qy~~lviv l ~yfhga dbdagdc bd` lyco viayqbh vyhiq( qycciqi`

ob gdiviq cvly~q `ldbi fbqi` ld zlgdc ~bpivdq l oi ky`ciq( dl l gdy%

idai b zli gd b ~bvgayhbv abqi6: Gd loiv slv`q( qlei bvcyi q~iagbh gdiviqq bvi

`ldbgdc l lfbgd b ky`ci sgo b aivbgd ~oghlql~ow( dl b viqyh gd b ~bvgayhbv

abqi Pgq `gqgdagld( olsiziv( egqqiq oi ~lgd

Sibhow q~iagbh gdiviqq qolyh` dl fi bfhi l qob~i oi hbs( soioiv ovlycofywgdc b zli lv fywgdc b aivbgd ky`gagbh ~oghlql~ow Gd oi ~bciq ob lhhls( oi

vi~lv ìbghq ols ogq gq ob~~idgdc gd qgx ge~lvbd qbiq bd` ~viqidq b is via%

leeid`bgldq l b``viqq ogq ~vlfhie l ~vizid oi b~~ibvbdai l alvvy~gld(

qbiq abd ge~hieid qvldc viayqbh vyhiq l idqyvi ~bvgiq filvi oi alyv `l dl

`ldbi eldiw l ky`gagbh abe~bgcdq l gdyidai q~iaga abqiq Qbi hicgqhbyviq

bhql qolyh` ~bqq qvldc `gqahlqyvi vyhiq( ql ob agg{idq mdls sol gq yd`gdc

~lhggabh b`q lv ky`ciq

Fgc fyqgdiqq gq gcoidgdc gq cvg~ ld lyv alyvq Gdqib` l qivzgdc bq b hbq viqlv

lv Beivgabdq qiimgdc kyqgai( ky`ciq bvi fid`gdc oi hbs l qbgqw oi aldaivdq l

oigv alv~lvbi `ldlvq

Bhbfbeb

Aldqyeivq mgami` lyp lj alyvp fw qpbpi ky`ciq jydì` fw fgc fyqgdiqq

Gd Ebw 6>>7 Mgefivhw Sogi flvvlsi` $2(3>> vle Bhbfbeb ghi Hlbdq( liv%gdc oiv abv bq alhhbivbh Qoi ebì sl gdiviq ~bweidqoi irygzbhid l b

1>> ~ivaid bddybh gdiviq vbiibao gei qoi vlhhi` lziv oi eldohw hlbd

Qoi oid ~bg` l oi hlbd bd` cl oiv ghi fbam Bhbfbeb ghi Hlbdq dizivoi%

hiqq vi~lqqiqqi` oiv abv b is eldoq hbiv Bq qoi obdì` oi ls%vyam `vgziv


20/128


oi `layeidbgld l oiv vi~bweid( qoi ahbgeq oi ~yqoi` oi cbq bd` dibvhw vbd

lziv oiv Qoi cvbffi` oi `llv l oi vyam( bd` b ~bqqidciv bhhici`hw ~yhhi` oiv

gdqgì( lvagdc oiv gdl oi fbamqib Qoi qyi` oi `vgziv bd` oi hidìv lv bqqbyh

bd` svldcyh vi~lqqiqqgld Sogi ~vl`yai` izgìdai qycciqgdc oi hidìv

lvci` oiv qgcdbyvi ld b hlbd bcviieid63

Sogi sghh diziv qii oiv `bw gd alyv Gd Kyhw 6>22 oi Bhbfbeb Qy~viei Alyv

vizivqi` oi vgbh alyvq bd` oih` ob bd bvfgvbgld ahbyqi gd oiv aldvbaq sgo

oi hidìv viebgdi` gd iia( izid bjiv oi hlbd sbq ~bg` l6? Sogi sbq lvai`

l bvfgvbi oiv ahbgeq

Pi Bhbfbeb ky`gagbvw obq fialei b avyagbh fbphicvlyd` gd b ~lhggabh sbv

fisiid fgc fyqgdiqq bd` aldqyeivq Fgc fyqgdiqq gq sgddgdc( bd` lv`gdbvw

agg{idq hgmi Sogi bvi oi abqybhgiq Pi `bb gd oi B~~id`gx gdahyì 31 vyhgdcq

vle 277? l 6>2> gd sogao oi Bhbfbeb Qy~viei Alyv vyhi` ld soioiv l

ale~ih bvfgvbgld Gd 96 l olqi abqiq( oi alyv qgì` sgo ìid`bdq qiimgdcl ale~ih bvfgvbgld Fgd`gdc bvfgvbgld ahbyqiq obzi ~vlhgivbi` gd aldqyeiv

vbdqbagldq Bdwldi sol lsdq b aihh ~oldi( avi`g abv`( lv b olei obq bhelq

aivbgdhw qgcdi` b aldvba sgo qyao b ahbyqi67

@yi l b rygvm gd Bhbfbeb hbs( b `gq~vl~lvgldbi dyefiv l oi alyvq bvfgvb%

gld abqiq gdzlhzi fywivq l yqi` abvq bd` ebdybayvi` oleiq /vbghivq'1> Pi

yqi l bvfgvbgld ahbyqiq gd oiqi vbdqbagldq obq ix~hlì` Qgdai 6>>>( soid

byl ìbhivq bd` elfghi olei ebdybayvivq `ldbi` $:>>(>>> l ky`gagbh

abd`g`biq(12 oiqi gdiviq cvly~q obzi q~id bd idlvelyq belyd l eldiw ld

Bhbfbebq ky`gagbh vbaiq Pi qbei ky`ciq sol viaigzi` ogq eldiw obzi zli` l

hgeg aldqyeivq vgco l b kyvw vgbh

Ebdw bvcyi ob bvfgvbgld gq gdoividhw fgbqi` lsbv` alv~lvbi ìid`bdq(

fiabyqi oi bvfgvblvq `l dl ci ~bg` ydhiqq alv~lvbgldq aollqi l yqi oigv

qivzgaiq16 B qy`w l ldi gqavi`gi` bvfgvbgld veq iagqgldq gd Abhglvdgb

vizibhi` ob g vyhi` bcbgdq aldqyeivq gd 70 ~ivaid l gq abqiq11 Alv~lvbgldq(

sogao yqybhhw bzlv bvfgvbgld lziv hggcbgld gd aldqyeiv abqiq(10 obzi q~id

idlvelyq qyeq l eldiw l ihia ~vl%alv~lvbi ky`ciq l oi Bhbfbeb Qy~viei

Alyv( bd` oiw obzi yd`lyfi`hw fidii` vle oi alyvq gdavibqgdc sghhgdc%diqq l lvai aldqyeivq gdl bvfgvbgld

Ihiagldq lv oi Bhbfbeb Qy~viei Alyv obzi fiid lzivvyd fw eldiw vle

alv~lvbi ~lhggabh bagld aleegpiiq( oi Bhbfbeb bhgbi l oi YQ Aobefiv l


21/128


Aleeivai( bd` alv~lvbi%ydì` cvly~q qy~~lvgdc lv vilve Gd viaid wibvq

oiqi ihiagldq obzi fiid beldc oi elq ix~idqgzi gd oi alydvw B b gei soid

Bhbfbebq ~iv ab~gb gdalei sbq $1>(>>>(19 abd`g`biq gd oi 6>>: vbai q~id $219

eghhgld1: Pb cyvi belydq l dibvhw obh l bhh oi eldiw q~id ld ogco alyv

vbaiq dbgldsgì gd 6>>:13 Gd oi elq viaid ihiagld( eldiw vle Bhbfbebq

Aobefiv l Aleeivai aldqgyi` 0> ~ivaid l bhh abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq1?

Sgo ldi ixai~gld(17 oi Bhbfbeb Qy~viei Alyv gq dls ale~lqi` idgvihw l

ky`ciq solqi abe~bgcdq sivi ydì` fw fgc fyqgdiqq( bd` oi alyv gq gdavibq%

gdchw gdahgdi` l vyhi lv ~lsivyh fyqgdiqqiq lziv lv`gdbvw agg{idq0> Bhbfbeb

alyvq ldai ob` b vi~ybgld lv viqgqgdc bvfgvbgld bd` qgamgdc y~ lv aldqye%

ivq Pi YQ Qy~viei Alyv( qbvgdc gd oi 27?>q( ix~bdì` oi qal~i l oi

Jiìvbh Bvfgvbgld Ba l virygvi qbi alyvq l oldlv bvfgvbgld ahbyqiq02 Pi

YQ Qy~viei Alyv vi~ibi`hw ovis ly qbi aldqyeiv ~vliagld hbsq ob

hgegi` oi vibao l bvfgvbgld ahbyqiq06 Pi Bhbfbeb ogco alyv viqgqi` oiqi

ilvq lv wibvq( hib`gdc oi YQ Qy~viei Alyv l lzivvyhi g sgai01

Pi alv~lvbi eldiw qbvi` lsgdc l oi Bhbfbeb ky`gagbvw gd oi eg`%277>q(

soid Mbvh Vlzi lvaoiqvbi` oi abe~bgcdq l qizivbh ky`gagbh abd g`biq00

Abd`g`biq gd oi 6>>> vbai q~id bd bqldgqogdc $26 eghhgld( bv elvi obd bdw loiv

qbi Pi Bhbfbeb aob~iv l oi Aobefiv l Aleeivai `ldbi` $23 eghhgld l oi

~vl%alv~lvbi abd`g`biq09 B qy`w l oi alyvq ìagqgldq fisiid 2779 bd` 2777

aldahyì` ob( bjiv aldqivzbgziq lfbgdi` b ebklvgw gd 277?( bvfgvbgld hbs ficbd

l gh qobv~hw bcbgdq aldqyeivq Pi qy`w lyd` b viebvmbfhw ahlqi alvvihbgld

fisiid b kyqgaiq zliq gd bzlv l bvfgvbgld bd` abe~bgcd `ldbgldq vle fgc fyqg%

diqq0: Pi alyv gd 6>>> bfvy~hw vizivqi` alyvqi ld oi gqqyi l soioiv b sbvvbdw

ahbge ydìv b iìvbh qbyi gq qyfkia l bvfgvbgld03 Pi alyv bhql hlsivi` oi

qbd`bv` lv ~vlzgdc ob b aldqyeiv bcvii` l bvfgvbgld0?

Ky cgdc fw oi ogco alyvq viaid bvfgvbgld abqiq( g gq obv` l idw ob alv~lvbi

abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq obzi fiid b cll` gdziqeid Gd oi hbq sl wibvq( oi

alyvq `lami obq gdahyì` 21 abqiq gd sogao g vizgisi` b hlsiv alyvq ìagqgld ld

qid`gdc b abqi l bvfgvbgld( bd` g obq ldhw vyhi` l vikia bvfgvbgld lyv geiq07

Fw ix~bd`gdc oi vibao l ebd`blvw bvfgvbgld ahbyqiq( oi alyv obq ahlqi` oialyvolyqi `llvq l elvi bd` elvi aldqyeivq Plebq Migo( aldqyeiv b`zlabaw

`gvialv lv Bhbfbeb Hicbh Qivzgaiq( qbg` fgd`gdc bvfgvbgld gq ivvgfhi lv aldqye%

ivq Pi vid` lsbv` bvfgvbgld obq ebì g obvìv lv aldqyeivq l d` hicbh oih~

Piviq dl b ~vgzbi hbswiv gd lsd ob sghh bmi b yqi` abv abqi( Migo qbg`9>


22/128

2: Aidpiv lv Beivgabd vlcviqq Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbgh bq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`q Ky`gagbh Vbaiq

Pi byl ìbhivq bvi bhvib`w kye~gdc gd l qy~~lv abd`g`biq gd ogq wibvq

ky`gagbh ihiagld( obzgdc aldvgfyi` elvi l ldi kyqgai obd bdw loiv cvly~ l

`ldlvq92 Aogi Kyqgai Aobvhiq Ebhldi viaigzi` eldiw vle byl ìbhivq soghi

aldqgìvgdc b abqi gd sogao oi alyv yhgebihw cvbdi` bd bvfgvblv fvlb`

byolvgw l ìagì soioiv b zbhg` bvfgvbgld bcviieid izid ixgqi`96 Pi

`gqqidgdc ky`ci bvcyi` oivi sbq dl hicbh fbqgq lv oi ìagqgld Pi ebklv%gw l~gdgld sbq svgpid fw Ebhldi( sol viaigzi` $19(>>> vle oi byl ìbhiv

^BAq lv ogq viaid ~vgebvw abe~bgcd91 Ebhldi idì` y~ hlqgdc oi ~vgebvw

ihiagld l b qlagbhhw aldqivzbgzi ky`ci90

Loiv ky`ciq obzi gqqyi` qgeghbv sbvdgdcq bfly oi YQ Qy~viei Alyvq fvlb`

gdiv~vibgld l oi Jiìvbh Bvfgvbgld Ba Gd b 2770 aldayvvidai Eldbdb

Qy~viei Alyv Kyqgai ivvw vgisgihiv qbg` iìvbh ky`ciq ~viividai lv bvfgvb%

gld bq b viei`w lv avlsì` lamiq ieldqvbiq b lbh hbam l aldqgìv%

bgld lv oi vgcoq l gd`gzg`ybhq vgisgihiv qbg` oi fvlb` gdiv~vibgldq l

oi Jiìvbh Bvfgvbgld Ba ~iveg b is ebklv alv~lvbgldq l `vbj aldvbaqvicbv`gdc oigv vihbgldqog~ sgo loivq ob geeydg{iq oie vle baalydbfgh%

gw ydìv oi hbsq l oi qbiq soivi oiw `l fyqgdiqq99 Aldqyeiv b`zlabi

^byh Fhbd` qbwq oi gdavibqgdc yqi l bvfgvbgld fidiq oi sibhogiq bd` elq

~lsivyh gd lyv qlagiw9: Pi elzi lsbv`q bvfgvbgld gq b elzi lsbv`q bd

ialdlew ob qbvq l viqiefhi Pi Oydciv Cbeiq( Fhbd` qbg`93

Pi Bhbfbeb Qy~viei Alyvq viaid bvfgvbgld ìagqgldq obzi ebì g obvìv lv

aldqyeivq l olh` baalydbfhi ~bw`bw hidìvq( yqi` abv ìbhivq( bd` loiv ydqavy~y%

hlyq fyqgdiqqiq Pi ge~ba gq cvibiq ld hls%gdalei aldqyeivq bd` hiqq%i`yabi`

agg{idq sol egco dl ydìvqbd` oi di ~vgd B 6>>? qyvziw vizibhi` ob 0?

~ivaid l hls%gdalei Bhbfbebdq qyvziwi` qbg` oiw ix~ivgidai` b hicbh ~vlfhie gd

oi ~bq wibv( bd` dibvhw obh l olqi hicbh ~vlfhieq gdzlhzi` aldqyeiv gqqyiq 9?

Piqi qbei agg{idq( olsiziv( bvi dls b b vibh `gqb`zbdbci gd Bhbfbeb alyvq

Ale~bdgiq ob vg~ l aldqyeivq obzi idlvelyq belydq l eldiw l q~id`

gdyidagdc oi ky`gagbvw Bhbfbebdq abd ldhw ol~i qbi hicgqhblvq sghh ayvf

oi gdyidai l eldiw ld ky`gagbh ihiagldq Jiìvbh vicyhblvq alyh` qlld fbd

bvfgvbgld ahbyqiq gd qlei aldvbaq97 Ydgh oid( Bhbfbeb aldqyeivq abd ix~ia

hgphi ~vliagld vle oigv ky`gagbh qwqie


23/128


Pixbq

Alyvp qogih`q lgh ale~bdw `ldlvq jvle hgbfghgpw jlv slvmiv gdkyvgiq

Soid Klqi Oivvivb bvvgzi` lv slvm b oi Agcl vidivw gd Alv~yq Aovgqg ld

Jifvybvw 66( 6>>?( oi ob` dl gìb g slyh` fi ogq hbq `bw ld oi klf Oivvivb

qyivi` b olvvga baagìd Oi sbq vb~~i` gd b qbiw obvdiqq soghi 99>%ìcvii

~ivlhiye ~lyvi` bhh lziv ogq fl`w lv qizivbh egdyiq:> Oivvivb qyvzgzi` sgo

qizivi fyvdq bd` ~ivebdid gdkyvgiq Ogq sgi qbi`( Si abd oyc oge fiabyqi

oi oyvq bhh lziv oi abd oyc ei lv oyc ew hgphi flw:2 Fy fiabyqi l b viaid

ixbq Qy~viei Alyv vyhgdc( oi abddl qyi ogq ie~hlwiv lv dichgcidai

Bjiv viaigzgdc eghhgldq gd abe~bgcd abqo vle oi lgh gd`yqvw( oi kyqgaiq ld

oi ixbq Qy~viei Alyv vyhi` ob aldvba ie~hlwiiq abddl qyi oigv ie~hlw%

ivq lv ld%oi%klf gdkyvgiq Pigv viei`giq bvi hgegi` l slvmivq ale~idqbgld

Oivvivb qbwq slvmivq ale~idqbgld ldhw livq( b elq( b is olyqbd` `lhhbvq

~iv eldo Ogq ei`gabh fghhq bhldi ixaiiì` $6>>(>>> gd oi ovii wibvq bjiv oi

baagìd( bd` Oivvivb sghh viaigzi dl ale~idqbgld lv oi ydgebcgdbfhi belydl ~bgd oi obq id`yvi`:6

Pi lgh gd`yqvw ebmiq sgìq~vib` yqi l aldvba slvmivq(:1 bd` g q~id wibvq

hlffwgdc oi qbi hicgqhbyvi l gdahyì aldvba ie~hlwiiq gd oi slvmivq

Pl~ q~idìvq( 6>>>>7Abd`g`bpi

aldpvgfypgldq

Gdì~idìdp

ix~id`gpyviqPlpbh

Bhbfbeb @ielavbpga bvpw $9(0:>(223 $> $9(0:>(223

Fyqgdiqq Alydagh lj Bhbfbeb $0(:11(910 $> $0(:11(910

Bhbfbeb Agzgh Kyqpgai Vijlve Aleegppii $6(030(0>9 $660(::1 $6(:77(9:?

Beivgabd Pbx~bwivq Bhhgbdai $> $2(113(600 $2(113(600

Hbsqygp Vijlve ^BA lj Bhbfbeb $2(162(69> $> $2(162(69>

> $6(>>>(>>> $0(>>>(>>> $:(>>>(>>> $?(>>>(>>> $2>(>>>(>>>

$7(772(97:

$9(0:>(223

Qlyvai; opp~;,,fviddbd1a`ddip,`>72à722f`:331f\>7e:wz~cz~`^vl%gd`gzg`ybh ^vl%alv~lvbpi


24/128

2? Aidpiv lv Beivgabd vlcviqq Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbgh bq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`q Ky`gagbh Vbaiq

ale~idqbgld qwqie( sogao ~ivegq ie~hlwivq l gdqyhbi oieqihziq vle

hgbfghgw lv ld%oi%klf gdkyvgiq fw ~yvaobqgdc slvmivq ale~idqbgld gdqyvbdai

Pi hicgqhbyvi zli` l vikia ogq gìb qizivbh geiq:0 Pi ixbq Qy~viei Alyv(

gd b 6>>3 abqi( cbzi oi gd`yqvw sob oi hicgqhbyvi slyh` dl( olh`gdc ob

aldvba ie~hlwiiq bvi alzivi` fw slvmivq

ale~idqbgld:9

Gd oi qgx wibvq filvi oi ìagqgld( oi kyqgaiq

ob` baai~i` elvi obd $3>>(>>> vle idivcw

ale~bdgiq:: Kyqgai @ld Sghhip( oi byolv

l oi l~gdgld( ob` viaigzi` bhelq $6>>(>>>

vle oi gd`yqvw( elvi obd bdw loiv kyqgai:3

Piqi abe~bgcd ldbgldq ebw obzi fiid

sihh slvo g( cgzid oi eldiw oiqi ale~b%

dgiq alyh` qbzi gd qiphieidq sgo gdkyvi`

ie~hlwiiq

Pi lgh%bd`%cbq gd`yqvw ie~hlwq ebdw ~il~hi

gd ixbq( bd` g gq beldc oi hbvciq `ldlvq l

abd`g`biq lv oi ixbq Qy~viei Alyv Gd viaid wibvq oi alyvq ìagqgldq

obzi bzlvi` ie~hlwivq lziv gdkyvi` ie~hlwiiq Pi B~~id`gx l ogq vi~lv

gdahyìq 2? abqiq gd sogao bd gdkyvi` ie~hlwii qyi` ogq ie~hlwiv lv gq gdqyviv

lv gdkyvgiq qyqbgdi` ld oi klf( bd` oi alyv vyhi` lv oi ie~hlwiv gd 20 l

olqi abqiq:?

Pi 6>>3 ìagqgld ld aldvba ie~hlwiiq sbq obvqohw avggag{i` lv ix~bd`gdc

oi hbs gd b ebddiv ob sbq vi~ibi`hw vikiai` fw oi hicgqhbyvi Pi ogco

alyv( vihidgdc l ~yfhga ~viqqyvi( vioibv` oi abqi fy vibaoi` oi qbei ald%

ahyqgld:7 B `gqqidgdc ky`ci aobvci` oi ebklvgw sgo ebmgdc b ~lhgaw aolgai

si bvi dl b hgfivw l ebmi

Pi alyv bai` qgeghbv avggagqe gd b `gqqid vle b viaid abqi bflhgqogdc b ale%

eld hbs ahbge lv gdkyvi` slvmivq Gd 27?? oi ogco alyv iqbfhgqoi` b ahbge

ob bhhlsi` gdkyvi` slvmivq l qyi gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq lv ydkyqgbfhw viyq%

gdc l ~bw ahbgeq3>

Pi hicgqhbyvi lzivobyhi` oi slvmivq ale~idqbgld qwqieoi dix wibv bd` g aldqgìvi` bflhgqogdc oi ahbge fy aolqi l b`l~ loiv

vilveq gdqib` Pi alyv dizivoihiqq vyhi` ob oi vilveq ebì oi aleeld

hbs ahbge yddiaiqqbvw( bd` oi `gqqid aobvci` oi ebklvgw sgo vi~hbagdc oi

Hicgqhbyviq ky`ceid sgo gq lsd32

BQQLAGBPI@ ^VIQQ ÔLPL,KBAM ^HYDMIPP

Klqi Oivvivb( b fyvdi` qyvzgzlvl poi Jifvybvw 6>>? Agpcl avyìlgh fhbqp gd Alv~yq Aovgqp g( Pixbq(bppid`q b Ab~gplh ~viqq aldividaild hgbfghgpw hbsqygpq ld B~vgh 6?(6>>? Oivvivb idalyvbci` hbsebm%ivq pl yd`l b Pixbq Qy~viei Alyvpvyhgdc pobp alyh` ~vizidp gdkyvi`slvmivq vle hgdc hbsqygpq


25/128


Pi alyv gd 6>>? sbq bai` sgo b hbsqyg gdzlhzgdc ow`vbyhga vbayvgdc( lv vbam%

gdc Soghi oi ebklvgw ìahgdi` l vyhi ld soioiv vbamgdc abd cgzi vgqi l b viq%

~bqq hbsqyg( Kyqgai Sghhipq aldayvvgdc l~gdgld gdzlmi` ~lhgaw vibqldq lv gdqgqgdc

oi alyv qolyh` obzi ale~hiihw lviahlqi` b vgco l qyi lv vbamgdc Lyv bq%

cvlsgdc Qbi aldvldq bq%cvlsgdc idivcw dii`q( bd` ixbq abd ghh blv` gq dgi

viqlyvaiq( lv gq hbs( l viebgd qyam gd oi cvlyd`( Sghhip qbi` L~id%idì`hgbfghgw ovibidq l gdga cvbzi bd` ydeggcbfhi obve( idqyvgdc ob eyao l lyv

Qbiq ydìzihl~i` idivcw qy~~hgiq slyh` qbw ob sbwydìzihl~i`36

Pi ixbq Qy~viei Alyv obq b ogqlvw l abe~bgcd abqo qabd`bhq Gd oi hbi 27?>q

b :> Egdyiq disq qiceidKyqgai lv Qbhiavggag{i` oi kyqgaiq baai~bdai

l abe~bgcd yd`q vle ~hbgdgq vgbh hbswivq sgo abqiq filvi oi alyv Alv~lvbi

gdiviqq lvcbdg{i` gd oi sbmi l oi qabd`bh bd` fw oi eg`%277>q oi alyv sbq

`legdbi` fw ky`ciq ydì` fw fgc fyqgdiqq( hlffwgqq( bd` alv~lvbi hbswivq31 B

qy`w l oiqi kyqgaiq zlgdc fiobzglvq lyd` ob oiw bzlvi` alv~lvbi ìid`bdq

gd hbsqygq bcbgdq oie( fy ~hbgdgq alyh` ge~vlzi oigv hyam sgo oi alyv fw`ldbgdc l oi kyqgaiq abe~bgcdq Pi qy`w lyd` oi qyaaiqq vbi lv ~hbgdgq

aldvgfygdc eldiw sbq elvi obd `lyfhi oi qyaaiqq vbi lv ~hbgdgq gd cidivbh30

Ldi l oi kyqgaiq vle ob ivb( ^vgqaghhb Lsid( sbq dlegdbi` l oi Jgjo

Agvayg fw ^viqgìd Cilvci S Fyqo gd 6>>9( fvgdcgdc l hgco qlei ydqiiehw

abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq Bjiv oiv abe~bgcd baai~i` idq l olyqbd`q l `lhhbvq

gd `ldbgldq vle oi lveivhw ogco%wgdc Idvld Alv~( Lsid svli bd l~gdgld

ob vi`yai` oi alv~lvbgldq bxiq bd` ìdgi` b hlabh qaollh `gqvga b``ggldbh

vizidyi39 Idvld sbq zivw cidivlyq l ~vl%alv~lvbi abd`g`biq lv oi ogco

alyv( `ldbgdc oyd`vi`q l olyqbd`q l `lhhbvq gd oi eg`%277>q @yvgdc ogq

~ivgl` oi alyv baai~i` sl ly l ovii ~iggldq vle Idvld( vyhgdc gd gq bzlv

flo geiq(3: bd` vikiai` bhh ovii ~iggldq vle ~bvgiq l~~lqgdc oi ale~bdw33

Bjiv Idvld sid fbdmvy~ gd 6>>2 bd` qizivbh l gq ixiaygziq sivi qididai` l

kbgh gei( loiv idivcw alv~lvbgldq ~gami` y~ soivi g hij l Lgh%bd`%cbq ale%

~bdgiq( bq sihh bq oi hbs veq ob vi~viqid oie( bvi beldc oi hbvciq `ldlvq

l oi ixbq Qy~viei Alyv Pi alyv zivw vbvihw vyhiq bcbgdq gq fidibalvq

Pi `bb gd oi B~~id`gx gdahyìq igco abqiq gd sogao oi dbei` ìid`bd gq bd

idivcw ale~bdw( bd` oi alyv vyhi` lv oi ìid`bdq gd bhh l olqi abqiq3?

Piie~hlwiiq l oiqi ale~bdgiq slvm gd `bdcivlyq qipgdcq( gd ahlqi ~vlxgegw l

alefyqgfhi ebivgbhq G oiw bvi gdkyvi`( oiw sghh obzi b obv` gei olh`gdc oigv

ie~hlwivq baalydbfhi gd alyvq sgo ahlqi giq l lgh ale~bdgiq37


26/128


Logl

Gdqyvivq pbmi dl vgqmq sgpo qpbpi qy~viei alyvp

Logl obq qiid qlei l oi elq ix~idqgzi ky`gagbh vbaiq gd oi alydvw( sgo ogco

alyv abd`g`biq vbgqgdc elvi obd $69 eghhgld vle 6>>> l 6>2> Pi qyvci gd

`ldbgldq sbq yihi` fw eldiw vle alv~lvbgldq bd` gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq Bq

oi eldiw lsi` gd( oi alyv bfvy~hw vizivqi` alyvqi ld b vbdci l gqqyiq l

vyhi gd bzlv l fgc fyqgdiqq PiDis Wlvm geiq ~yfhgqoi` bd bvgahi gd 6>>: ld

oi alyvq idìdaw l vyhi gd bzlv l abe~bgcd aldvgfylvq Pi disq~b~iv

ale~bvi` abqiq gqqyi` fisiid 2770 bd` 6>>: sgo gdiviq cvly~q `ldbgdc l

oi ky`ciq abe~bgcdq Pi bvgahi aldahyì` ob oi kyqgaiq zli` gd bzlv l

aldvgfylvq 3> ~ivaid l oi gei( sgo ldi ky`ci( Kyqgai ivvidai L@lddihh(

zlgdc lv ogq aldvgfylvq gd 72 ~ivaid l oi abqiq?> Soid ky`ciq zli gd bzlv

l `ldlvq( agg{idq sgoly eldiw l `ldbi bai b vibh `gqb`zbdbci gd alyv

Pi gdqyvbdai gd`yqvw ficbd cgzgdc cidivlyqhw l ~vl%alv~lvbi abd`g`biq

bjiv qizivbh vyhgdcq bcbgdq gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq gd oi hbi 277>q(?2

gdahy`gdc b2777 ìagqgld ob ix~bdì` ie~hlwivq ydgdqyvi` ellvgq alzivbci l gdahyì

ie~hlwiiq sol sivi dl ld oi klf?6 Logl ky`gagbh ihiagldq ob` hldc fiid

beldc oi elq ix~idqgzi gd oi alydvw( fy flo oi 6>>6 bd` 6>>0 vbaiq qbs

abd`g`biq q~id`gdc $: eghhgld`lyfhi oi belyd q~id gd oi 6>>> ihiagld?1


aldpvgfypgldq

Gdì~idìdp

ix~id`gpyviqPlpbh

Pixbq @ielavbpga ^bvpw $1:(>>> $7>0(73? $70>(73?

Zgdqld * Ihmgdq $0:3(3:? $> $0:3(3:?

Pixbdq jlv Hbsqygp Vijlve $6?0(>09 $> $6?0(>09

Obwdiq * Flldi $60?(0:0 $> $60?(0:0

Jyhfvgcop * Kbslvqmg $60>(?0? $> $60>(?0?

> $6>>(>>> $0>>(>>> $:>>(>>> $?>>(>>> $2(>>>(>>> $2(6>>(>>> $2(0>>(>>>

$70>(73?

$2(60>(?69

Qlyvai; opp~;,,fviddbd1a`ddip,`>72à722f`:331f\>7e:wz~cz~ ^vl%gd`gzg`ybh ^vl%alv~lvbpi


27/128


Gd 6>>0 oi gdqyvbdai gd`yqvw cbzi abd`g`biq lv oi Logl Qy~viei Alyv elvi

obd $:9>(>>> bd` `ldbi` bvlyd` $2 eghhgld l bd gdì~idìd cvly~ vyddgdc

b`q ob oih~i` sl ~vl%alv~lvbi abd`g`biq sgd oigv qibq?0

Pi alyv gd 6>>1 lzivyvdi` oi 2777 ìagqgld ld ie~hlwivq ydgdqyvi` ellvgq

alzivbci ob q~yvvi` oi gdqyvbdai gd`yqvw l `ldbi l ky`gagbh abd`g`biq(?9

fyoi eldiwi` gdiviqq `g`d ql~ oivi Pi 6>>: abe~bgcdq l Kyqgaiq L@lddihh

bd` Vlfiv Ay~~ sivi bgì` fw $21 eghhgld vle bd bhgbi l oi Logl Aobefiv

l Aleeivai?: Pi Logl Qy~viei Alyv gq dls `legdbi` fw ky`ciq ob bzlv

alv~lvbgldq bd` gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq Pi `bb gd oi B~~id`gx gdahyì 1: abqiq

vle 6>>1 l 6>2>( bd` oi ogco alyv vyhi` lv oi gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq lv loiv

alv~lvbi ìid`bdq gd bhh fy lyv l oie?3 Qgdai oi alv~lvbi%ydì` kyqgaiq

llm lziv( oi alyv obq bfvy~hw lzivvyhi` viaid ~viaiìd l vyhi gd bzlv l gdqyv%

bdai ale~bdgiq Pi alyv gq b lyco zidyi lv gdkyvi` ~hbgdgq

Pi Fbvfii beghw l Hlvbgd Alydw( Logl( hibvdi` ob oi obv` sbw Pi beghwsbq b ~bvw l b 6>22 abqi qieegdc vle gdkyvgiq oiw qyivi` soghi ld zbab%

gld Pi Fbvfiiq sivi vbzihgdc ovlyco Sgqaldqgd soid sl abvq alhhgì` soghi

vbzihgdc gd oi l~~lqgi `gviagld Pi abvq abviidi` lziv oi ei`gbd bd` qvyam

oi Fbvfiiq ziogahiq( mghhgdc ldi l oi loiv `vgzivq bd` qivglyqhw gdkyvgdc oi

Fbvfiiq Pi beghw qlyco l ahbge fidiq vle gq ydgdqyvi` ellvgq ~lhgaw

sgo Dbgldsgì Gdqyvbdai Pi Fbvfiiq vq qyi` oi loiv `vgzivq bd` vialzivi`

1> ~ivaid l oigv hlqqiq Pigv ~lhgaw qbg` Dbgldsgì slyh` dl ~bw bdw ahbgeq

ydgh loiv gdqyvbdai ~bweidq sivi ixobyqi`( ql oi Fbvfiiq `g` dl hi bd

ydgdqyvi` ellvgq ahbge sgo Dbgldsgì ydgh oi vq qyg aldahyì`( olyco g

`g` dlgw oi ale~bdw l b ~lidgbh ahbge??

Pi Logl Qy~viei Alyv ovis ly oi Fbvfiiq hbsqyg( vihwgdc ld bdloiv

~vlzgqgld l oi gdqyvbdai ~lhgaw ob virygvi` ahbgebdq l fvgdc qyg sgogd ovii

wibvq Pi alyv qbg` oi sl ~vlzgqgldq `g` dl ebmi oi ~lhgaw befgcylyq B

`gqqidgdc ky`ci bvcyi` oi ovii%wibv ìb`hgdi qolyh` obzi fiid lhhi` soghi oi

loiv ahbgeq sivi ~yvqyi`; Gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq bvi ixvieihw viqlyvaiyh b

alhhiagdc ~viegyeq bd` ixaii`gdchw vihyabd l ~bw ahbgeqizid soid bd baag%

ìd gq mdlsd l oie bd` oi ahbge gq eivglvglyq?7 Dbgldsgì obq aldvgf%

yi` elvi eldiw l oi 6>26 abd`g`biq obd bdw loiv `ldlv ql bv7>

Pi alyv obq gqqyi` qizivbh viaid ìagqgldq ob hgeg oi hgbfghgw l ie~hlwivq(

sogao bvi hgmihw l obzi bdw ky`ceidq bcbgdq oie ~bg fw gdqyvbdai ale~b%

dgiq Pi alyv gd 6>2> gqqyi` sl vyhgdcq ob qizivihw ayvbghi` oi vgco l


28/128


qyi bd ie~hlwiv lv ld%oi%klf gdkyvgiq72 Pi abqiq y~oih` b hbs qbwgdc ob bd

gdkyvi` ie~hlwii abd ldhw qyi g ogq lv oiv ie~hlwiv baybhhwgdidì` l gdkyvi

oi ie~hlwii Pgq 6>>9 qbyi sbq oi hicgqhbyviq ogv` bpie~ l hgeg hbsqygq

bcbgdq ie~hlwivq gd ogq ebddiv( fy oi loiv sl qbyiq sivi vyhi` ydaldqg%

ygldbh Sgo b dis ~vl%gdqyvbdai hgdiy~ b oi

alyv( oi ogv` gei sbq oi aobve Kyqgai ^byhîgiv `gqqidi` bd` bvcyi` ob oi hicgqhb%

yviq ~vizglyq qbyiq bvi bq `gqgdcygqobfhi

vle oi ayvvid zivqgld bq b ~gc sgo hg~qgam gq

`gqgdcygqobfhi vle b ~gc sgoly76

Gd 6>>? oi Logl Qy~viei Alyv y~oih` b qb%

yi ob ovis ly b sg`lsq hbsqyg bcbgdq oiv

oyqfbd`q ie~hlwiv lv ogq ìbo vle bqfiqlq

~lgqldgdc Pi fghh b~~hgi` vivlbagzihw bd`

virygvi` aivbgd ei`gabh izgìdai( sogao sbqdl hldciv bzbghbfhi qgdai oi ie~hlwii sbq

ìaibqi` Pi Logl aldqgygld qbwq oi qbi

hicgqhbyvi qobhh obzi dl ~lsiv l ~bqq vivlba%

gzi hbsq( fy oi alyv y~oih` oi qbyi bdwsbw71 Pi ìid`bdq bd` oigv

bplvdiwq ldbi` elvi obd $69(>>> l Kyqgaiq Qvbpld bd` LAlddlv soghi oi

abqi sbq ~id`gdc70

îvob~q oi elq vbqga ixbe~hi l oi bfvy~ qogj gd oi alyvq kyvgq~vyìdai sbq

b wlydc slebdq hbsqyg bcbgdq oi ebmivq l oi Lvol Izvb Fgvo Aldvlh ^bao

Pi ~hbgdg bhhici` oi vyc abyqi` fhll` ahlq( fy oi Logl Qy~viei Alyv hge%

gi` oi viei`w bzbghbfhi l oiv fw y~olh`gdc b lv vilve qbyi ob ab~~i` ~ydg%

gzi bd` dldialdlega `bebciq Pi 6>>9 qbyi sbq( gd oi alyvq slv`q( qgeghbv gd

hbdcybci bd` ~yv~lqi l ~vizglyq hbsq Pi loiv qbyiq ob` fiid ovlsd ly lv

zglhbgdc qizivbh ~vlzgqgldq l oi Logl aldqgygld( elq viaidhw gd 277779

Kyqgai îgiv( gd `gqqid( qbg` oi ebklvgw ~bg` eivi hg~ qivzgai l oi vgco l

b kyvw vgbh( sogao gdahyìq oi vgco l obzi b kyvw bqqiqq `bebciq Ydìv ogq

alyvq vibqldgdc( oivi gq dlogdc gd oi Logl Aldqgygld l viqvbgd oi Cidivbh

Bqqiefhw vle hgeggdc dldialdlega bebciq l $2( îgiv bvcyi` Oi b`ì ;

G fihgizi ob oi Aldqgygld l Logl gq oi yd beidbh layeid ob ~vliaq

bhh Loglbdq( dl kyq olqi sgo oi elq hlffwgdc ~lsiv$ l`bw gq b bw l

yhhhi` ix~iabgldq lv gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq bd` ebdybayvivq l ìiagzi( `bd%

BQQLAGBPI@ ^VIQQ ÔLPL,SGHH QOGHHGDC

Logl Kyqpgai ^byh îgiv hgqpidqpl lvbh bvcyeidpq gd poi LoglQy~viei Alyvp gd Alhyefyq( Loglîgiv gq lpid poi hlbd `gqqidpivpl poi gdavibqgdchw ~vl%alv~lbvpiìagqgldq l poi Logl Qy~vieiAlyvp


29/128


civlyq( lv lxga ~vl`yaq ob abyqi gdkyvw l qleildi gd Logl$ Fy ogq gq b qb` `bw

lv lyv Aldqgygld bd` ogq alyv$ Bd ogq gq b vbcga `bw lv Loglbdq( sol dl

hldciv obzi bdw bqqyvbdai ob oigv Aldqgygld ~vliaq oi vgcoq oiw aoivgqo$7:

Gd viaid wibvq Kyqgai îgiv obq ljid fiid oi hldi `gqqidiv l oi gdavibqgdchw

~vl%alv~lvbi ìagqgldq l oi Logl Qy~viei Alyv(73

bd` oi gq b qobv~ avgga loi qwqie ob fvlyco Loglbdq ogq alyv Gd oiDis Wlvm geiq ~giai( igiv

qbi`( G diziv ih ql eyao hgmi b ollmiv `lsd fw oi fyq qbgld gd bdw vbai Gzi

iziv fiid gd bq G `g` gd b ky`gagbh vbai 7?

Ky`ci Fghh LDighh obq ydqyaaiqqyhhw vyd lv b qib ld oi alyv qizivbh geiq( soghi

viyqgdc l vbgqi eldiw vle bdwldi; @l wly sbd wlyv abqi ìagì` fw b ky`ci sol

llm oyd`vi`q l `lhhbvq vle oi l~~lqgdc hbswiv b b alambgh ~bvw> Ldi viaid abd`g`bi ~vl~lqièbd`blvw viayqbh vyhiq(2>2 fy oi hlq l Kyqgai LAlddlvq eghhgld%`lhhbv abe~bgcd

Dizb`b

Abqgdlq qpbam poi ìam gd qpbpi qy~viei alyvp

Pi abqgdl bd` lyvgqe gd`yqvgiq obzi hldc sgihì` idlvelyq gdyidai gd

Dizb`bq qbi clzivdeid( bd` oi alyvq bvi dl ixai~gld Ale~bdgiq bhgbi`

sgo ECE Viqlvq Gdivdbgldbh obzi `ldbi` elvi obd $29>(>>> l oi ayv%

vid kyqgaiq lziv oi wibvq2>6 Abqgdlq bvi beldc oi fgcciq ~hbwivq gd b qwqie

oiHlq Bdcihiq geiq ìqavgfi` bq b cll`%lh`%flw ayhyvi l avldwgqe bd` aoye%

egdiqq ob baai~i` aldgaq l gdiviq bq fyqgdiqq bq yqybh Gd b 6>>: bvgahi

ld alvvy~gld gd Dizb`b alyvq( oi disq~b~iv dli` ob ldi ky`ci sbq mgami`

ly l lai bjiv oi iogaq aleegqqgld lyd` ob oi lh` bd bplvdiw ob oi

sbq %%%i` fiabyqi oi ob`d aldvgfyi` soghi loivq ob`2>1

Gd viaid wibvq oi abqgdl bd` lyvgqe gd`yqvgiq obzi qleigeiq lyd` oieqihziqgd alyv l co bpie~q l bx oie Pi qbi bai` b oyci fy`ci ìag gd 6>>1(

bd` fiabyqi l b aldqgygldbh virygvieid ob b qy~ivebklvgw /sl%ogv`q' l

oi qbi hicgqhbyvi b~~vlzi bdw gdavibqi gd bx vizidyi( oi qbi alyh` dl yd` gq

qaollhq Pi ogco alyv vyhi` oi qy~ivebklvgw virygvieid sbq vye~i` fw oi


30/128


hicgqhbyviq aldqgygldbh `yw l yd` qaollhq( bd` g bhhlsi` hicgqhblvq l b~~vlzi

b bx gdavibqi ld fgc fyqgdiqqiq bd` abqgdlq sgo bd lv`gdbvw ebklvgw zli2>0

Pi ìagqgld idcidìvi` aldvlzivqw bq ebdw baayqi` oi alyv l gcdlvgdc oi

hicgqhbgzi virygvieidq hbg` ly gd oi qbi aldqgygld Aldqivzbgziq ovib%

idi` oi kyqgaiq sgo b viabhh ihiagld2>9

Q~id`gdc ld Dizb`b Qy~viei Alyvvbaiq qmwvlamii` Abd`g`biq gd 6>>0 q~id elvi obd $1 eghhgldovii geiq

oi belyd q~id gd oi ~vizglyq ihiagld2>: Gd 6>>: `ldbgldq vle abqgdlq

baalydi` lv $1>>(>>> l oi $6 eghhgld vbgqi`

fw abd`g`biq lv oi Dizb`b Qy~viei Alyv2>3

ECE abqgdlq cbzi oi abd`g`biq $26>(>>>

ob wibv2>? Bhelq bhh l oi kyqgaiq gdzlhzi`

gd oi 6>>1 ìagqgld( ebdw l sole ob` qivzi`

lv ìabìq( sivi vi~hbai` fw 6>>: Pi dis

alyv rygihw lzivvyhi` oi 6>>1 ìagqgld bd`

vige~lqi` oi qy~ivebklvgw virygvieidlv bx gdavibqiq( izid soid g gdivivi` sgo

oi aldqgygldbh `yw l bìrybihw yd`

qaollhq2>7

Dizb`b agg{idq( vii vle oi hicgqhbyviq

qy~ivebklvgw virygvieid( obzi viaidhw q~ld%

qlvi` viivid`b ob slyh` cidivbi vizidyi

vle cbegdc( lyvgqe( bd` loiv qlyvaiq l yd` oi qbiq dichiai` i`yabgld

qwqie Gd 6>>? oi qbi qy~viei alyv ovis ly sl gdggbgziq ob slyh` obzi

vbdqivvi` eldiw vle ~vlelgdc lyvgqe l yd`gdc i`yabgld Pi alyv vyhi`

ob izid olyco ~vl~ldidq ob` vihgi` ld qgcdbyvi lveq ~vlzgì` fw oi qbi(

oi lveq `g` dl gdahyì qlei gdlvebgld virygvi` fw qbi hbs22> Pi alyv

bhql oih` ob qbi bxiq `l dl b~~hw l eibhq ob bvi ale~i` fw abqgdlq ydhiqq

oi ~bvldq cbzi qleiogdc lv oi eibhq222 Pgq ìagqgld sbq lzivvyhi` fw oi

qbi bx bcidaw( sogao lyd` ob ayqleivq alyh` ldhw viaigzi oi eibhq g oiw

q~id eldiw ld cbegdc( fy bd b~~ibh l oi qbi qy~viei alyv gq ix~iai`226

Abqgdl eldiw ficbd ~lyvgdc gdl Dizb`b Qy~viei Alyv ihiagldq bjiv oi 6>>1

ìagqgld bhhlsgdc b bx fghh l agvayezid oi qy~ivebklvgw virygvieid( bd` qgdaioid oi ogco alyv obq gqqyi` qizivbh ìagqgldq ob viqyh gd abqgdlq bzlg`gdc bxiq

ob slyh` yd` oi qbiq fvlmid i`yabgld qwqie Dizb`bq i`yabgld qwqie gq

~llvhw ydì`(221 bd` gq bx qwqie gq ldi l oi elq vicviqqgzi gd oi dbgld220 Pi

^vlcviqqgzi Hibìvqog~ Bhhgbdai l Dizb`b( b qlagbh kyqgai cvly~( gq ol~gdc l ~hbai b

BQQLAGBPI@ ^VIQQ ÔLPL,MGD AOIYDC

Hbq Zicbq abqgdl elcyh QpiziSwddq ale~bdgiq obzi ldbpi`polyqbd`q pl Dizb`b ky`ciq solqy~~lvp fgc pbx fvibmq lv abqgdlq


31/128


viivid`ye ld oi 6>20 fbhhl ob slyh` gdavibqi vizidyi vle sibhow Dizb`bdq(

bq sihh bq oi olih( cbegdc( bd` egdgdc gd`yqvgiq Pi cvly~ dliq ob oi qbiq

ayvvid bx ld egdgdc bhhlsq lv b qhis l ì`yagfhi ix~idqiq( viqyhgdc gd sl clh`

egdiq ob vi~lv {ivl bxbfhi zbhyiq `yvgdc wibvq soid oiw obzi ~vl`yai` clh`

slvo b obh fghhgld `lhhbvq lv elvi229

Gd viaid wibvq abqgdlq obzi aobhhidci` qgeghbv vizidyi gdggbgziq gd alyv( bd`

oiw bvi yd`gdc oi abe~bgcdq l ky`ciq sol vyhi ld oi hbsqygq22: ^vl~ldidq

l oiqi gdggbgziq hbam oi qbei ~lhggabh gdyidai bq oi sibhow abqgdl ixiay%

gziq Abqgdl elcyh Qizi Swdd obq fiid b oi lvivld l oi l~~lqggld(223 bd`

ogq ale~bdgiq obzi ldbi` olyqbd`q l Dizb`b ky`ciq22?

Swdd obq bhql lyd` ogeqih iefvlghi` gd b fgpiv hbflv gq~yi sgo ogq ie~hlwiiq

Ogq abqgdlq gdqgyi` b ~lhgaw virygvgdc gq ìbhivq l qobvi g~q sgo ebdbcivq( bd`

oi ìbhivq lvcbdg{i` b ydgld l co fbam227 Pi Dizb`b Aleegqqgldiv l Hbflv

vyhi` gd 6>2> ob oi ~lhgaw `g` dl zglhbi qbi hbflv hbsq26> Hbq Dlziefiv bqbi alyv `gqbcvii`( fy oi ogco alyv gq ix~iai` l vizgis oi ìagqgld262

L oi ayvvid eiefivq l oi alyv( ldhw Kyqgai Dbdaw Qbgpb obq dl viaigzi`

abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq vle abqgdlq Qbgpb sbq( olsiziv( ibyvi` gd oi 6>>:Hlq

Bdcihiq geiq bvgahi ld alvvy~gld gd Dizb`b alyvq @iqavgfgdc ldi l Qbgpq yd%

`vbgqivq( oi geiq qbg`( Bhh 99 hbswivq l hbs veq cgzgdc $9>> lv elvi ob` abqiq

bqqgcdi` l oiv alyvvlle lv ~id`gdc filvi oiv Ldi ve sgo b ~vl`ya hgbfghgw

abqi ~id`gdc filvi oiv oih` b yd`vbgqiv ob dipi` oi ky`ci $6>(>>>( bd` Qbgpb

ob` vyhi` gd oi veq bzlv b hibq lyv geiq gd oi :> `bwq filvi oi yd`vbgqiv266

Pi ix~lq `g` dl ìiv oi kyqgai Qbgpb vbgqi` $01(>>>bhelq bhh l g vle

hbswivqgd 6>>?( izid olyco qoi `g` dl bai viihiagld ydgh ogq wibv Gd

@iaiefiv 6>>7 oi kyqgaiq b`l~i` b dis Alì l Ky`gagbh Ald`ya( sogao qbwq

oiw sghh viayqi oieqihziq g oigv ge~bvgbhgw egco vibqldbfhw fi ryiqgldi`(

fy oiw vikiai` sl ~vl~lqbhq l q~iagw soid abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq virygvi

viayqbh261 Izid bjiv oiHlq Bdcihiq geiq ghhyqvbi` ols abe~bgcd eldiw alv%

vy~q kyqgai( :? ~ivaid l Dizb`b zlivq vikiai` b 6>2> viivid`ye l obzi oi

clzivdlv b~~lgd ky`ciq bd` q~bvi oie vle oi `gvw fyqgdiqq l ~lhggaq260


32/128


Sgqaldqgd

Alv~lvbpi%jydì` ky`ciq qoyp lv`gdbvw Sgqaldqgdgpiq lyp lj agzga

~bvpgag~bpgld

Gd viaid wibvq Sgqaldqgd ~lhggaq obq fiid aobvbaivg{i` fw fgpiv ~bvgqbdqog~

bd` `gzgqgzidiqq Pi Sgqaldqgd Qy~viei Alyv gq dl ixai~gld Kyqgai Bdd

Sbhqo Fvb`hiw qbwq oi ogco alyv gq gd oi avlqqvi l oi fbphi figdc lyco

fisiid q~iagbh gdiviq cvly~q Fvb`hiw bvcyiq oi fgc eldiw ~lyvgdc gdl

viaid ihiagldq obq hi` l ow~iv~bvgqbdqog~ ld oi fidao Pi alyv obq qiid

bavgeldglyq gdcogdc bd` qizivbh iogaq gdziqgcbgldq Kyqgai @bzg` vlqqiv

gq baayqi` l ~ypgdc Fvb`hiw gd b aolmiolh`(269 bd` oi obq bègpi` viivvgdc l

bdloiv alhhibcyi bq b lbh fgao26:

Pgq vbdalvlyq belq~oivi cvis slvqi bjiv bd ix~idqgzi 6>22 ihiagld( sogao

sbq sgìhw zgisi` bq b viivid`ye ld Clz Qalp Sbhmivq bdgydgld ~lhgagiq263

Clz Sbhmivq bdg%alhhiagzi fbvcbgdgdc hbs cidivbi` zioieid l~~lqggld vle

lvcbdg{i` hbflv Pi fghh dibvhw ihgegdbi` ~yfhga ie~hlwiiq alhhiagzi fbvcbgdgdcvgcoq bd` qvbdchi` oigv ydgldq fw hgeggdc oi alhhiagld l `yiq26? ^vl%hbflv

bagzgqq laay~gi` oi qbiolyqi lv siimq Lyvbci` @ielavbq i` oi qbi l

bzlg` b rylvye bjiv oi clzivdlv bqmi` ~lhgai l lvai oie l oi hicgqhbyvi267


aldpvgfypgldq

Gdì~idìdp

ix~id`gpyviqPlpbh

ECE Egvbci $29:(>>> $> $29:(>>>

Flw` Cbegdc $7>(>>> $> $7>(>>>

Qpbpgld Abqgdlq $3:(910 $> $3:(910

Albqp Olpihq * Abqgdlq $32(>>> $> $32(>>>

Ebgdlv Ichip Alpphi $3>(>>> $> $3>(>>>

> $2>>(>>> $6>>(>>> $1>>(>>> $0>>(>>>

$171(910

$3>(>>>

Qlyvai; opp~;,,fviddbd1a`ddip,`>72à722f`:331f\>7e:wz~cz~Àbqgdl eldiw^vl%gd`gzg`ybh


33/128


l agvayezid rylvye virygvieidq( Vi~yfhgabdq abvzi` ly b qi~bvbi fghh lv oi

alhhiagzi fbvcbgdgdc ~vlzgqgldq Kyq bjiv 0;>> ~e ld Ebvao 7( 6>22( Vi~yfhgabdq

bddlydai` b :;>> ~e eiigdc ld oi vizgqi` fghh21> Cgzid oi qolv dlgai oi

ei`gb bd` oi ~yfhga sivi dl qyvi sob sbq bmgdc ~hbai Pi qbmiq sivi idlv%

elyq fy Vi~yfhgabdq iqqidgbhhw ~bqqi` ogq aldvlzivqgbh fghh ly l oi ~yfhga iwi

Bjivsbv ( flo qgìq yvdi` oigv bpidgld l oi Sgqaldqgd ogco alyv( ~lyvgdceldiw gdl oi vbai lv oi l~id qib Pi ogco alyv sbq dbvvlshw `gzgì` bhldc

gìlhlcgabh hgdiq bd` g sbq ix~iai` l vyhi ld oi aldqgygldbhgw l oi fghh

G qiieq oi kyqgaiq ebw obzi qiid ogq alegdc Gd 6>>3 oi idgvi alyv

qgcdi` b hiiv abhhgdc lv ~yfhga gdbdagdc lv ogco alyv abd`g`biq( sbvdgdc

ob oi ~yfhga ebw gdbaayvbihw ~ivaigzi b kyqgai bq fiolhìd l gd`gzg`ybhq

lv cvly~q ob aldvgfyi l ogq lv oiv abe~bgcd212 oi hicgqhbyvi ale%

~hgi` fw ~bqqgdc oi Ge~bvgbh Kyqgai Ba gd

6>>7( sogao ~vlzgì` ~yfhga gdbdagdc lv

abd`g`biq sol alhhiai` b aivbgd belyd gdqebhh ~vgzbi `ldbgldq Fy izid sgo ~yfhga

gdbdagdc( oi 6>22 ihiagld qbs b`q ydì`

fw gdì~idìd q~iagbh gdiviq cvly~q

hll`gdc oi bgvsbziq

Pi abd`g`biq vbgqi` b is oyd`vi` olyqbd`

`lhhbvq( elqhw vle ~yfhga dbdagdc Q~iagbh

gdiviq cvly~q( olsiziv( q~id b hibq $19 egh%

hgld ld ihizgqgld b`q216 ^vlqqiv sbq qy~~lvi`

fw elvi obd $6 eghhgld vle fgc fyqgdiqq

cvly~q( oi ib ^bvw l Sgqaldqgd( bd` oi

Sgqaldqgd Ahyf lv Cvlso Dibvhw obh l ogq

eldiw abei vle Agg{idq lv b Qvldc Beivgab( b qob`lsw cvly~ bhgbi` sgo

oi Mlao fvloivq Beivgabdq lv vlq~ivgw211 Pi cvly~ vbd egqhib`gdc bpbam

b`q bcbgdq Sgqaldqgd Bqqgqbd Qbi Bplvdiw Cidivbh KlBddi Mhl~~idfyvc(

^vlqqivq l~~ldid Mhl~~idfyvc sbq qy~~lvi` fw elvi obd $2 eghhgld vle

cvly~q bhgbi` sgo Sgqaldqgd hbflv ydgldq210 ^vlqqiv oih` ldl ogq qib fw b

vb{lv%ogd ebvcgd

Pi alv~lvbi gdiviqq qy~~lvgdc ^vlqqiv aoiivi` soid oi alyvq aldqivzb%

gzi ebklvgw y~oih` Sbhmivq bdg%alhhiagzi fbvcbgdgdc hbs gd oi sbmi l oi

ihiagld219 B vgbh alyv ob` fhlami` oi hbs fiabyqi hicgqhblvq zglhbi` oi

qbiq L~id Eiigdcq Hbs( sogao virygviq 60%olyv dlgai l hicgqhbgzi eiigdcq

BQQLAGBPI@ ^VIQQ ÔLPL,KLOD OBVP

Sgqaldqgd Qy~viei Alyvp K@bzg` ^vlqqiv ~lqiq b ryiq`yvgdc b oibvgdc pl aldqgìsoipoiv poi qpbpi alyvp qolixivagqi kyvgq`gapgld lziv evihbpgdc pl poi ~bqqbci l 6Bap 2>( aleeldhw viivvi` poi fy`cip vi~bgv fghh( ld Ky6>22 Poi aldpvlzivqgbh fghh ihgegdbpiq poi alhhiapgzi fbgdc vgcopq l ~yfhga ie~hlw


34/128

6? Aidpiv lv Beivgabd vlcviqq Abe~bgcd Jgdbdai Hbsq Jbgh bq Alv~lvbpi Eldiw Jhll`q Ky`gagbh Vbaiq

/Hicgqhblvq ~lqi` b dlgai hiqq obd sl olyvq filvi oi eiigdc' Gd y~olh`%

gdc oi qbyi( oi ogco alyv aobvbaivg{i` oi L~id Eiigdcq Hbs bq b vyhi l

hicgqhbgzi ~vlai`yvi bd` ìivvi` l oi hicgqhbyvi21:

Pi ebklvgw ale~hiihw bf`gabi` gq viq~ldqgfghgw l idqyvi oi ~yfhga abd ~bv%

gag~bi gd oi hicgqhbgzi ~vlaiqq Gd oiv `gqqid Aogi Kyqgai Qogvhiw Bfvbobeqldqbg` oi L~id Eiigdcq Hbs ge~hgabiq oi ~yfhgaq aldqgygldbh vgco l baaiqq

hicgqhbgzi ~vlaii`gdcq( bd` qoi bvcyi` oi ebklvgw q vibqldgdc sbq ahibvhw

`gqgdcidylyq( fbqi` ld `gqgdlvebgld vlqqivq l~gdgld aldayvvgdc sgo oi

ebklvgw( soghi gdqgqgdc oi alyv eyq fi bflzi ~lhggaq( sid l cvib hidcoq l

ìqavgfi oi yvfyhid ~lhggabh geiq ob ~viqidhw aldqyei Sgqaldqgd213

Pi alyvq ~vl%alv~lvbi ebklvgw obq bhql bai` l idqyvi sibhow q~iagbh

gdiviqq abd `vlsd ly oi zlgaiq l lv`gdbvw agg{idq gd oi ky`gagbh bvidb Pi

alyv zli`bhldc gìlhlcgabh hgdiql sibmid gq viayqbh vyhi bd` b`l~

oi qbd`bv` qycciqi` fw oi Sgqaldqgd Vibhlvq Bqqlagbgld bd` SgqaldqgdqEbdybayvivq bd` Aleeivai(21? b cvly~ sogao `ldbi` dibvhw $2 eghhgld l

qy~~lv vlqqivq viihiagld gd 6>22217 Pi dis vyhi qbiq ob abe~bgcd `ldb%

gldq abd diziv fi oi qlhi fbqgq lv viayqbh Gd `gqqid( Kyqgai Fvb`hiw ix~viqqi`

bhbve ob ky`ciq abe~bgcdq abd dls bqm ~bvgiq filvi oi alyv lv abe~bgcd

aldvgfygldq Ky`ciq eyq fi ~ivaigzi` bq fiwld` ~vgai( Fvb`hiw qbi` Qoi

avggag{i` oi ebklvgw lv b`l~gdc slv`%lv%slv` oi qavg~ l q~iagbh gdiv%

iqq ob ebw sbd l qsbw oi viqyhq l yyvi ky`gagbh abe~bgcdq20> Pi alyv

qiieq gdid ld ebmgdc g ibqgiv lv fgc eldiw l gdyidai oi ky`gagbvw( b oi

ix~idqi l hggcbdq sgoly zbq viqlyvaiq

Pi ~vl%alv~lvbi ebklvgw ieivci` bjiv b zgaglyq 6>>? ihiagld gd sogao b

agvayg alyv ky`ci( Egaobih Cbfhiebd( iibi gdayefid Kyqgai Hlygq Fyhiv

Bjiv Kyqgai Fyhiv zli` l ix~bd` hgbfghgw lv ebdybayvivq l hib` ~bgd( fgc

fyqgdiqq q~id eghhgldq l ìib oge fw vyddgdc vbagbhhw gdci` b`q ob ibyvi`

legdlyq bd` vgcoidgdc gebciq l avgegdbhq Kyqgai Cbfhiebd sbq aobvci` sgo

iogaq zglhbgldq lv b Z q~l ob aobvci` ob Kyqgai Fyhiv ob lyd` b hll~%

olhi sogao bhhlsi` b aogh` vb~gq l cl vii bd` bqqbyh bdloiv aogh`202 Kyqgai

Fyhiv( oi vq fhbam kyqgai ld oi ogco alyv( ~vliqi` ob oi vi~viqidi` oi

ìid`bd bq b ~yfhga ìidìv bd` ob oi baybhhw hlq oi abqi Pi ìid`bdldhw vb~i` bdloiv aogh` bjiv qivzgdc ogq qididai

Kyqgai Cbfhiebd obq fiid avggag{i` lv baai~gdc elvi obd $2>(>>> slvo

l vii hicbh qivzgaiq l co oi iogaq aobvciq206 Oi viaigzi` oi qivzgaiq vle


35/128


Egaobih Fiq * Jvgi`vgao( oi qbei hbs ve ob ìidì` Clz Sbhmivq bdg%

ydgld fghh Pvii l oi lyv eiefivq l oi aldqivzbgzi ebklvgw obzi fiid

aobvci` sgo iogaq zglhbgldq( bd` oi alyv viaidhw zli`bhldc gìlhlcgabh

hgdiqdl l vib~~lgd oi iogaq gdziqgcblv201 ^vlqqiv qiieq l obzi qayphi`

oi gdziqgcbgld gdl oi bhhici` aolmiolh`( sogao laayvvi` `yvgdc oi ìhgfivb%

gld l oi bdgydgld fghh abqi200

Pi alyv obq fiid bd iefbvvbqqeid l Sgqaldqgd agg{idq bd` l ky`ciq izivw%

soivi B Kyhw 6>22 ~lhh lyd` ob ldhw 11 ~ivaid l Sgqaldqgdgiq ob` ald%

ìdai gd oigv ogco alyv209 Pi kyqgaiq bvi ahibvhw ydbfhi l ~lhgai oieqihziq ld

iogabh gqqyiq bd` aldgaq l gdiviq Kyqgai Fvb`hiw obq avggag{i` oi vihbxbgld

l iogaq qbd`bv`q Si qolyh`d fi bflzi oi hbs( qoi qbg`20:

Sgo oi alyv ahlqihw `gzgì`( oi ky`gagbh ihiagld dix wibv ~vlegqiq l fi kyq

bq aldidglyq Pi qbiq ~yfhga dbdagdc alyh` dl mii~ y~ sgo oi lyqgì

alv~lvbi eldiw gd oi 6>22 vbai( fy dls ob Vi~yfhgabdq gd oi hicgqhbyviobzi ihgegdbi` ~yfhga dbdagdc gd b 6>22 fy`ci fghh(203 agg{idq abd ix~ia izid

elvi alv~lvbi eldiw gd ky`gagbh ihiagldq Pgq gei( olsiziv( oi `ldbgldq abd

cl `gviahw l oi abd`g`biq( bd` oi dis viayqbh qbd`bv` sghh idqyvi ob `ldlvq

eldiw sghh fi b cll` gdziqeid


aldpvgfypgldq

Gdì~idìdp

ix~id`gpyviqPlpbh

Sgqaldqgd Ebdyjbapyvivq * Aleeivai $7(:>> $6(>26(30? $6(>66(10?

Cvibpiv Sgqaldqgd Aleegppii $> $2(31:(919 $2(31:(919

Ahyf jlv Cvlspo $> $:22(6:2 $:22(6:2

Albhgpgld jlv Beivgabq Jbeghgiq $> $17?(>3? $17?(>3?

Sgqaldqgd I`yabpgld Bqqlagbpgld $> $0?(162 $0?(162

> $9>>(>>> $2(>>>(>>> $2(9>>(>>> $6(>>>(>>> $6(9>>(>>> $1(>>>(>>> $1(9>>(>>>

$2(3?0(?9:

$1(>12(:?3

Qlyvai; opp~;,,fviddbd1a`ddip,`>72à722f`:331f\>7e:wz~cz~`^vl%gd`gzg`ybh ^vl%alv~lvbpi


36/128


Egaogcbd

Eldiw jhll`gdc qpbpi alyvpq gd plvp vijlve fbpphiq

Bjiv Ebpgi Olsbv` sbq olq~gbhg{i` lv b qvlmi gd 2776( qoi ficbd viaigzgdcvibeid b Pi Sihhdiqq Aidiv gd Dis Fybhl( Egaogcbd Olsbv` ob` b ogq%

lvw l ow~ividqgld( oibv `gqibqi( bd` vidbh ~vlfhieq Pi aidivq ~owqgagbd

eldglvi` oiv fhll` ~viqqyvi bd` vibi` oiv ow~ividqgld Gd hbi 2771 Olsbv`q

~owqgagbd viivvi` oiv l b di~ovlhlcgq( sol ficbd `gbhwqgq vibeid gd Ebw

2770 Olsbv` sbq bègpi` l oi olq~gbh gd Dlziefiv 2779 bd` oiv ald`ggld

ìivglvbi` Qoi ~bqqi` bsbw bd` oiv qizid aogh`vid bd` qizid qgfhgdcq qyi` oiv

oibho abvi ~vlzgìvq lv dichgcidai gd vibgdc oiv ald`ggldq20? Piw qyi` oi

oibho abvi ~vlzgìvq lv svldcyh ìbo bd` oi kyvw bsbvì` oie $2> eghhgld

gd dldialdlega `bebciq @yi l Egaogcbdq ab~ ld dldialdlega `bebciq( ols%

iziv( oi ky`ci vi`yai` ob belyd l $9>>(>>>207

Pi Egaogcbd hicgqhbyvi obq ~bqqi` lv vilve hicgqhbgld sgo qlei l oi

qvgaiq hgegq ld hbsqygq Ydhgmi alyvq gd loiv qbiq( oi Egaogcbd ogco alyv

obq dl bai` l qvgmi `lsd oiqi hgegq bq ydaldqgygldbh Soid oi Ghhgdlgq

Qy~viei Alyv qvyam `lsd b hgeg ld `bebciq gd 6>2>( g bamdlshi`ci` ob

hgegq ld `bebciq ìdw oi elq qizivihw gdkyvi` ~ivqldq oigv yhh eibqyvi l

kyqgai29> /qii flx ld lhhlsgdc ~bci' lv vilve b`zlabiq bqqiv ob vgzlhlyq

hbsqygq bvi oyvgdc oi ialdlew(292 fy b ab~ ld `bebciq ldhw biaq ~hbgdgq

ob obzi ebì g ovlyco b vgbh bd` ob` b kyvw bsbv` oie qyfqbdgbh `bebciq296

Jbai sgo b ìhyci l alv~lvbi eldiw gd gq ihiagldq( oi Egaogcbd Qy~viei

Alyv obq bf`gabi` gq viq~ldqgfghgw l ~vlia olqi sgo oi elq qizivi gdky%

vgiq Pi ogco alyv( sgo b ~vl%alv~lvbi ebklvgw lv bvlyd` 26 wibvq( y~oih`

qlei l oi qbiq egdlv lv vilve eibqyviq Gd 6>>0 oi alyv vyhi` ob b hbs

ab~~gdc `bebciq lv ~hbgdgq sol hibqi vidbh abvq b $6>(>>> `liq dl zglhbi

oi vgco l kyvw vgbh ~vliai` fw oi qbi aldqgygld Pi `gqqid bvcyi`( Pi

vgco l b kyvw vgbh gq ghhyqlvw gd oi elq qizivi abqiq( olqi gd sogao oi belyd

l `bebciq ixaii`q $6>(>>> oi vgco l b kyvw vgbh gq dl qbgqi` fw ~vl%

zg`gdc kyvlvq oi l~~lvydgw l bddlydai bd bsbv` bd` oid obzi g bvfgvbvghwgcdlvi` sgo dl vicbv` lv oi baq l oi abqi29: Gd loiv abqiq oi alyv qge~hw

vivbgdi` vle vizgisgdc b hlsiv alyvq ìagqgld gd bzlv l lv vilve Pi

Egaogcbd Alyv l B~~ibhq( vihwgdc ld oi ogco alyvq vidbh abv abqi( y~oih` b

qbyi ob hgegq dldialdlega `bebciq gd ei`gabh ebh~vbagai bagldq293


37/128


@yvgdc oi ihiagldq ob cbzi aldqivzbgziq b ebklvgw277? bd` 6>>>`ldbgldq

vle oi oibho abvi gd`yqvw gdavibqi` qobv~hw( l kyq hiqq obd $1>>(>>> ibao wibv29?

Sgo ~vl%alv~lvbi kyqgaiq gd oi ebklvgw lv oi dix 2> wibvq( oi ogco alyv ldhw

vyhi` gd bzlv l gd`gzg`ybhq qygdc gdqyvbdai ale~bdgiq( olq~gbhq( lv loiv alv~lvbi

ìid`bdq ld zivw vbvi laabqgldq297 Pi B~~id`gx l ogq vi~lv qolsq ob soid

~vl%alv~lvbi kyqgaiq aldvlhhi` oi fidao( oi zbq ebklvgw l vyhgdcq gdzlhzgdc bd

gd`gzg`ybh qygdc b alv~lvbgld viqyhi` gd b 9%6 vyhgdc lv oi alv~lvbgld2:>

Bjiv aldqivzbgzi ky`ciq hlq oigv ebklvgw gd 6>>?( oi dis alyv vihbxi` oi fyv%

ìd l ~vll gd ei`gabh ebh~vbagai abqiq2:2 Pi oibho abvi gd`yqvw qlydì` bhbve

fihhq bd` gdavibqi` ldbgldq l ~vl%alv~lvbi kyqgaiq bd` oi Egaogcbd Vi~yfhgabd

^bvw2:6 Pi gdqyvbdai gd`yqvw cbzi elvi obd sgai oi belyd bq gd oi ~vizglyq

ihiagld Gd`yqvw cvly~q bd` oi Vi~yfhgabd bvw q~id kyq hiqq obd $2 eghhgld

ibao ld b`q qy~~lvgdc Kyqgai Vlfiv Wlydc bd` aobhhidciv Ebvw Mihhw gd 6>2>(

baalv`gdc l `bb vle oi Dbgldbh Gdqgyi l Eldiw gd Qbi ^lhggaq2:1 Wlydcq

l~~ldid viaigzi` kyq elvi obd $9>(>>> vle qbi @ielavbq2:0 Pi sl ~vl%

alv~lvbi kyqgaiq sld( bd` oi oibho abvi gd`yqvw fviboi` b qgco l vihgi2:9

B fg~bvgqbd bqmlvai( sogao gdahyì` Kyqgai Ebvghwd Mihhw( ixbegdi oi ~vlfhieq

qyvvlyd`gdc Egaogcbdq ky`gagbh ihiagldq bd` viaidhw gqqyi` b qabogdc vi~lv Pi

bqmlvai dli` ob oi zbq ebklvgw l abqiq filvi oi ogco alyv gdzlhzi abe~bgcd

Zivdld Fiqp `vlzi b lvmhgp Ldi `bw gd 2779( poi ebqp l ogq lvmhgp

alhhb~qi` soghi elzgdc qhbfq l olp qpiih Ow`vbyhga yg` gd poi eb%

aogdi gcdgpi` bd` idcyhi` Fiqp gd b vifbhh Oi qyvzgzi` sgpo qizivi

fyvdq ld 0> ~ivaidp l ogq fl`w Fiqp qyi` poi ebdybapyvivq l poi

lvmhgp bd` poi ow`vbyhga yg` Ydìv b plvp vilve qpbpypi( polyco( oi

alyh` ldhw vialziv $9>>(>>> lv dldialdlega `bebciq

Poi Ghhgdlgq Qy~viei Alyvp( olsiziv( vyhi` poi hgegp ydaldqpgpypgldbh(

d`gdc gp sbq dlp kyqpgi` fw poi clbh l vi`yagdc poi alqp l oibhpo

abvi Poi qpbpi aldqpgpypgld liq dlp ~ivegp poi idpgvi fyvìd l poi

bdpgag~bpi` alqp qbzgdcq pl viqp ld ldi ahbqq l gdkyvi` ~hbgdpgq291

Fiqp alyh` yhhw vialziv vle ogq gdkyvgiq Poi Ghhgdlgq ogco alyvp obq

povlsd lyp qizivbh qpbpyplvw ab~q ld `bebciq290 Gp obq vialcdg{i`

pobp fiabyqi ab~q ldhw alei gdpl ~hbw soid b kyvw bsbv`q `

bflzi b aivpbgd poviqolh`( qyao hicgqhbpgld obveq ~hbgdpgq s

elqp qizivi gdkyvgiq 299

Poi Ghhgdlgq Qy~viei Alyvp( ydhgmi poi lpoiv alyvpq gd pogq vi~

vi~viqidp aivpbgd `gqpvgapq gd poi qpbpi Pogq obq hi` pl b vihbpgz

qgqpidp gìlhlcgabh ebmiy~ l poi alyvp( fiabyqi hgfivbh abd`

obzi yqybhhw ~vizbghi` gd yvfbd `gqpvgapq( bd` aldqivzbpgzi ab

gd vyvbh `gqpvgapq Ldai ky`ciq bvi ihiapi` pl poi ogco alyvp( po

ydaldpiqpi` vipidpgld ihiapgldq Pogq qwqpie obq viqyhpi` gd

alyvp pobp gq dlp bq ~lhgpgag{i` bq gd lpoiv qpbpiq( bq poi `bpb l

alyvp abqiq gd poi b~~id`gx qolsq

Ghhgdlgq Qy~viei Alyvp jgcopq plvp vijlve


38/128


aldvgfylvq Egaogcbd zlivq bhvib`w fihgizi ob abe~bgcd q~id`gdc obq gdiai`

oi ìagqgld%ebmgdc l oigv ky`gagbvw2:: Egaogcbdq `gqahlqyvi hbsq lv gdì~idìd

q~id`gdc bvi dllvglyqhw sibm(2:3 bd` q~id`gdc obq cvlsd l bhbvegdc hizihq2:?

Egaogcbd obq dlegdbhhw dld~bvgqbd ky`gagbh ihiagldq( fy oi hbfih `liq dl

eibd eyao Abd`g`biq bvi aolqid fw ~bvw hibìvq b qbi aldzidgldq( bdòi qbi ~bvgiq bvi ljid oi fgcciq abe~bgcd q~idìvq Ql soghi oi ~bvgiq bvi

gdzlhzi` b izivw qbci l oi abe~bgcdq( zlivq `l dl qii ~bvw bhgbgld hgqi`

ld oi fbhhl Kyqgai Ebvghwd Mihhw qbg` Egaogcbdq dlegdbgdc ~vlaiqq gdiaq

oi ~vlaiqq sgo b ~bvgqbd ale~ldid ob gq obv` l ìdw2:7 B 6>2> Ydgzivqgw

l Aogabcl qy`w ixbegdi` ~bvgqbdqog~ beldc ogco alyv ky`ciq bd` vbdmi` oi

Egaogcbd Qy~viei Alyv ib` hbq23>

Hgmi loiv ky`gagbvgiq bvlyd` oi alydvw( oi Egaogcbd ogco alyv obq fialei b

~lhggabh fbphiih` lv cvly~q ob qy~~lv bd` l~~lqi hicgqhbgzi bpie~q l ab~

`bebciq lv gdkyvi` ~hbgdgq Pi qbi ~lhggabh ~bvgiq co ld fiobh l oigvqy~~lvivq fw ~ye~gdc eldiw gdl ky`gagbh ihiagldq Pi ryiqgld l soioiv

ab~~gdc bebciq lv gdkyvi` ~hbgdgq zglhbiq b hggcbdq aldqgygldbh vgcoq

qiieq l ì~id` qlhihw ld sogao ~lhggabh ~bvw obq b ebklvgw ld oi alyv

Soid oi hbs qogjq sgo oi ~lhggabh sgd`q( oi ~yfhga ryiqgldq oi gdicvgw l

oi ky`gagbvw Pi alyvq qiie l fi wi bdloiv ~lhggabh fvbdao l clzivdeid(

soivi oi zlgaiq l agg{idq sgoly eldiw l aldvgfyi ljid cl ydoibv`


aldpvgfypgldq

Gdì~idìdp

ix~id`gpyviq+Plpbh

Egaogcbd Aobefiv lj Aleeivai $2:0(20> $6(?69(699 $6(7?7(179

Egaogcbd @ielavbpga bvpw $627(206 $6(0:3(262 $6(:?:(6:1

Egaogcbd Vi~yfhgabd ^bvpw $623(611 $6(06>(16? $6(:13(9:2

Agpg{idq jlv Ky`gagbh Vijlve $> $136(>70 $136(>70

Bdd Bvflv ^BA $2>6(>>> $6>?(>>> $12>(>>>

> $2(>>>(>>> $6(>>>(>>> $1(>>>(>>> $0(>>>(>>> $9(>>>(>>> $:(>>>(>>> $3(>>>(>>>

$6(:?:(6:1

$:(1>7(>9>

Qlyvai; opp~;,,fviddbd1a`ddip,`>72à722f :331f\>7e:wz~cz~`^vl%gd`gzg`ybh ^vl%alv~lvbpi


39/128


Aldahyqgld

Pi gdì~idìdai l lyv ky`gagbvw gq ydìv bpbam Alv~lvbi gdiviq cvly~q

bvi q~id`gdc idlvelyq belydq l eldiw l ihia ky`ciq qwe~boiga l oigv

abyqiq Pi ll` l eldiw gdl qbi alyvq obq viqyhi` gd alv~lvbi%vgid`hw

alyvq ob bvi dl ~vliagdc gd`gzg`ybh vgcoq232

Ky`ciq egco slvvw ob vyhgdcbcbgdq sibhow alv~lvbgldq alyh` obve oigv bfghgw l sgd viihiagld( qgdai oi

abd`g`bi sgo oi elq eldiw yqybhhw sgdq236

^vlcviqqgziq bvi hbvcihw qgpgdc ld oi qgìhgdiq bq alv~lvbi gdiviqq bvi bmgdc

lziv oi fidao Hbflv ydgldq bd` vgbh hbswivq yqi` l cgzi cidivlyqhw l hgfivbh

abd`g`biq( fy oiqi cvly~q bvi figdc lzivsoihei` fw alv~lvbi eldiw Ldi

vi~lv lyd` ob kyq ovii alv~lvbi gdiviq cvly~q q~id 21 geiq oi belyd

ob ydgldq q~id gd oi elq viaid ky`gagbh ihiagld awahi231 Gd Bhbfbeb vgbh

hbswivq bvi dls `ldbgdc l qlagbhhw aldqivzbgzi Vi~yfhgabd abd`g`biq(230

fy gd loiv qbiq( oiw zi cgzid y~ bhlcioiv Eibqyviq hgmi lv vilve bd`Sgqaldqgdq bdghbflv fg hh ebmi g obvìv lv vgbh hbswivq bd` hbflv ydgldq l

qyvzgzi( hi bhldi ebvqobh oigv viqlyvaiq l qy~~lv ~vlcviqqgzi ky`ciq Piqi

cvly~q abddl ol~i l ebao oi viqlyvaiq l fgc fyqgdiqq G eldiw mii~q

lzivsoihegdc ky`gagbh ihiagldq( Beivgabdq sghh obzi elvi bd` elvi ky`ciq

sol bzlv alv~lvbgldq lziv gd`gzg`ybhq

G `liq dl obzi l fi ogq sbw Gd ba( g sbq dl bhsbwq ogq sbw Soid Beivgab

sbq lydì`( ogco alyvq sivi dl ihiai Jiìvbh ky`ciq obzi diziv fiid

ihiai` Pi eg`%27o aidyvw qbs oi ~l~yhgq sbzi yqoivi` gd fw ^viqgìd

Bd`vis Kbamqld( bd` qbiq ficbd l beid` oigv aldqgygldq l ihia ogco alyv

ky`ciq239 B oi gei( agg{idq zgisi` ihiagldq bq b eibdq l vii ky`ciq vle oi

gdyidai l oi ~lhggabh fvbdaoiq l clzivdeid( sogao sivi aldvlhhi` fw q~i%

agbh gdiviqq Fy dls( oi qbei q~iagbh gdiviqq obzi bmid lziv ky`gagbh ihiagldq

Ky`ciq b~~ibv l fi kyq bdloiv ~lhggabh fvbdao( qyfkia l oi qbei alvvy~gdc

gdyidai l abe~bgcd abqo Ols abd agg{idq sol hbam ~lhggabh gdyidai ~ivaigzi

oi alyvvlle bq b hizih ~hbwgdc ih`26 Ky`gagbh Vbaiq Fvibm Q~id`gdc Vialv`

Pi ~vbagai l ihiagdc ky`ciq gq oivi l qbw fy oivi bvi qi~q si abd bmi l

ebmi oi qwqie slvm lv izivwldi( dl kyq sibhow q~iagbh gdiviqq Agg{idq

eyq gdlve oieqihziq l abd`g`biq rybhgabgldq bd` ~lqggldq gdqib` l

vihwgdc ld egqhib`gdc b`q vle q~iagbh gdiviq cvly~q Beivgabdq qolyh` ìebd`

lyco viayqbh qbd`bv`q l idqyvi ~bvgiq l hbsqygq abddl yqi eldiw l gdy%

idai ky`ciq Bd` bhh qbiq qolyh`( b oi zivw hibq( ge~hieid qvldc `gqahlqyvivyhiq Pgq sghh bhhls agg{idq l mdls oi qlyvai l b ~lhggabh b` bd` ìagì

soioiv l vyq gq zivbagw

Gd 6>22 YQ Qy~viei Alyv Kyqgai Qbd`vb @bw LAlddlv( b gvihiqq b`zlabi lv

ky`gagbh abe~bgcd dbdai vilve qgdai hibzgdc oi YQ Qy~viei Alyv( svli;

Si bhh ix~ia ky`ciq l fi baalydbfhi l oi hbs vboiv obd ~lhggabh qy~%

~lvivq lv q~iagbh gdiviqq$ Fy ihiai` ky`ciq gd ebdw qbiq bvi ale~ihhi` l

qlhgag eldiw lv oigv ihiagld abe~bgcdq( qleigeiq le hbswivq bd` ~bvgiq

b~~ibvgdc filvi oie$ Soioiv lv dl oiqi aldvgfygldq baybhhw gh oi qabhiql kyqgaiq( ovii ly l izivw lyv Beivgabdq fihgizi ob abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq

bia alyvvlle iagqgldq$ Pgq avgqgq l aldìdai gd oi ge~bvgbhgw l oi

ky`gagbvw gq vibh bd` cvlsgdc$ Hi ydb``viqqi`( oi ~ivai~gld ob kyqgai gq lv

qbhi sghh ydìvegdi oi vyhi l hbs ob oi alyvq bvi qy~~lqi` l y~olh`$237

Lyv aldqgygldbh zbhyiq bvi ydìv bpbam fw ~lsivyh alv~lvbi gdiviqq bd` si

eyq co l ~viqivzi oie G si sbd l viyvd oi ky`gagbvw l gq vgcoyh vlhi l

~vliagdc gd`gzg`ybhq vle oi bfyqiq l ~lsivyh gdqgygldq( oid Beivgabdq eyq

ìebd` ob ky`ciq bd` hicgqhblvq ql~ oi ll` l eldiw gdl ky`gagbh ihiagldq

B~~id`gx

l ghhyqvbi oi ge~ba l ky`gagbh abe~bgcd aldvgfygldq ld oi hbs( oi Aidiv

lv Beivgabd ^vlcviqq ixbegdi` ogco%alyv vyhgdcq lv oi qgx qbiq ob obzi

qiid oi elq eldiw q~id gd ky`gagbh ihiagldq vle 2776 l 6>22 Pi vyhgdcq

gd ogq `bb qi gdahyì abqiq gd sogao bd gd`gzg`ybh gq oi ~hbgdg( bd` oi dbei`

ìid`bd gq b alv~lvbgld( ~vgzbi ie~hlwiv( gdqgygldbh oibho abvi ~vlzgìv(

lv loiv fyqgdiqq Pi `bb bhql gdahyì abqiq gd sogao bd gd`gzg`ybh gq qiimgdcslvmivq ale~idqbgld fidiq lv fidiq vle bd gdqyviv

Gd oi elìvd ìfbi lziv lv vilve( ky`gagbh bagzgqe( bd` oi vlhi l oi

ky`gagbvw( b qbi ky`ciq gìlhlcw ljid viivq l oi idìdaw l zli lv igoiv


41/128


alv~lvbgldq lv gd`gzg`ybhq gd oiqi abqiq Pi `bb ldhw gdahyìq abqiq sgo b

`gqqidgdc l~gdgld fiabyqi oiqi abqiq ghhyqvbi b alyvq gìlhlcgabh `gzgì

Ydbdgelyq abqiq bvi lqidqgfhw ydaldvlzivqgbh

Gd qlei qbiq( oi `bb lv qlei wibvq gq qabd( ~viqyebfhw fiabyqi oi alyv

gqqyi` ebdw ydbdgelyq vyhgdcq Gd ixbq( lv ixbe~hi( oi alyv obq gqqyi` qizivbhydbdgelyq vyhgdcq gdzlhzgdc lv vilve bd` ie~hlwiv hgbfghgw ob bzlv alv~lvb%

gldq( bd` qyao ìagqgldq slyh` ~vlfbfhw dl obzi fiid ydbdgelyq ob` oi alyv

dl ob` qyao b qvldc idìdaw l bzlv alv~lvbgldq lziv gd`gzg`ybhq2

Pi `bb ixahyìq abqiq gd sogao ky`ciq vle loiv alyvq bvi qgpgdc( abqiq gdzlhz%

gdc ~vlai`yvbh gqqyiq( hicbh iogaq vyhgdcq( bd` abqiq ìagì` sgoly bd l~gdgld

Pi vibqld; Qyao abqiq `l dl qoi` hgco ld b alyvq gìlhlcgabh hibdgdc Pi `bb

bhql ixahyìq abqiq ld viebd` vle oi YQ Qy~viei Alyv bd` abqiq vioibv`

gd hgco l abqi hbs obdì` `lsd soghi oi b~~ibh sbq ~id`gdc Gd olqi agvaye%

qbdaiq( kyqgaiq ljid zli l b~~hw ~viaiìd izid olyco oiw `gqbcvii sgooi ydìvhwgdc ìagqgld Qgeghbv l loiv qy`giq l kyqgaiq gìlhlcgiq( oi `bb

layqiq ld lv bd` ie~hlweid abqiq bd` `liq dl gdahyì beghw hbs( ~vl~ivw(

lv sghhq bd` vyq gqqyiq

Hgqi` gd aovldlhlcgabh lvìv fw wibv( oi abqiq gd sogao oi alyv qgìq sgo oi

~hbgdg bvi gd fhyi( bd` oi abqiq ìagì` lv oi ìid`bd bvi gd vi` Pi `bbqi

gdahyìq b lbh l 9:2 abqiq Gd 279 l olqi abqiq( oi ogco alyvq vyhi` gd bzlv

l bd gd`gzg`ybh ~hbgdg Pi alyvq vyhi` gd bzlv l alv~lvbi ìid`bdq gd 1::

l oi 9:2 abqiq Jlv oi elq ix~idqgzi qbiq( oivi gq bd lfzglyq qogj gd bzlv l

~vl%alv~lvbi ìagqgldq bjiv oi ll` l q~iagbh gdiviq eldiw ficbd6

Bhbfbeb

Pi Bhbfbeb Qy~viei Alyv gq dls `legdbi` fw ky`ciq sol bzlv alv~lvbgldq

lziv gd`gzg`ybhq Jvle 2776 l 277? oi alyv vyhi` gd bzlv l ~hbgdgq lziv

alv~lvbi ìid`bdq gd 30 l oi 262 abqiq gd oi `bb qi Jvle 2777 l 6>2>(

olsiziv( oi alyv vyhi` lv alv~lvbi ìid`bdq gd 211 l 276 abqiq qy`gi`


42/128


Pixbq

Pi vid` l gdavibqgdc alv~lvbi abe~bgcd `ldbgldq ebw obzi qbvi` sgo oi

ixbq alyvq Fw oi eg`%277>q( ~vlalv~lvbi ky`ciq legdbi` oi fidao bd`

vlygdihw vyhi` gd bzlv l alv~lvbi gdiviqq L oi 2>> abqiq gd oi `bb qi( oi

alyv vyhi` lv alv~lvbi ìid`bdq bd` bcbgdq gd`gzg`ybh ~hbgdgq gd :7 l oiabqiq Bq dli` bflzi( `bb gq qabd lv oi elq viaid wibvq qy`gi` fiabyqi oi

alyv vibaoi` ebdw ydbdgelyq iagqgldq

Logl

Logl obq hldc qiid qlei l oi elq ix~idqgzi ky`gagbh ihiagldq gd oi alydvw

Pi bfvy~ bd` ahibv aobdci gd oi gìlhlcw l oi alyv gq bhbvegdc Jvle 2776

l 6>>6( oi alyv vyhi` lv gd`gzg`ybh ~hbgdgq gd 9: l oi :? abqiq qy`gi`

Jvle 6>>6 l 6>2>( olsiziv( oi alyv vyhi` lv alv~lvbi ìid`bdq gd 16 lyl 1: abqiq qy`gi`

Egaogcbd

Pi Egaogcbd ogco alyv qolsq b ahibv idìdaw l vyhi lv alv~lvbgldq lziv

gd`gzg`ybh ~hbgdgq Bholyco gq kyvgq~vyìdai sbq qleisob fbhbdai` gd oi

ibvhw 277>q( oi abqiq qy`gi` lzivsoihegdchw bzlv ìid`bdq Ly l oi 210

abqiq gd oi `bb qi( 2>9 viqyhi` gd b vyhgdc lv oi alv~lvbi ìid`bd

Ghhgdlgq

Pi zbq ebklvgw l ky`gagbh ihiagldq gd Ghhgdlgq obzi hbvcihw bzlgì` oi ll` l

q~iagbh%gdiviq eldiw Gd 6>>> bd` 6>>0( olsiziv( abd`g`biq lv oi ogco alyv

q~id $? eghhgld bd`

campaign finance laws fail as corporate money floods judicial races

Documents