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OPPORTUNITYMaster ot human destinies am I;

Fame, love and fortune on my footsteps wait ;

Cities and fields I walk ; 1 penetrate

Deserts and seas remote, and passing byHovel, mart and palace, soon or late

I knock unbidden once at every gate.

If sleeping, wake ; if feasting, rise before

I turn away. It is the hour of fate,

And those who follow me reach every state

Mortals desire, and conquer every foe.

Save death ; but those who doubt or hesitate,

Condemned to failure, penury and woe,Seek me in vain and uselessly implore

—

I answer not and 1 return no more.

—lOHN J. INGALLS.

CAMPAIGNINGIN THE

"PHILIPPINESILLUSTRATED

V?* i?^ ir^ "T^ (^ v^ «/^ 'J^ t^ tP^ v** •/*•v^v^v^v^ t/^ iv^ t,^s^v^ '.(^ s/^ t<^ '.^ ^r^

BY

KARL LRVLNG FAUST

i^

SAN FRANCISCOTHE HICKS-JUDD COMPANY PUBLISHERS

1899

tm NEW YoaK

PmUC LlBilAM

345242BASTOR, tmO% AND

TWiDEN FOTODATIONS

9 1946 L

Copyright 1899 by

THE HICKS-JUDD COMPANY

San Francisco, Cal.

Preface.

WHEN the idea of compiling an historical account of the operations of the American forces

in the Philippine Islands was conceived, the war clouds had nearly all disappeared from

the horizon, and all that remained were those caused by the prospect of trouble with the

insurgents, which, however, were not supposed to be serious. It was expected that the volun-

teer regiments would be speedily replaced b}- regulars, who would only be needed for policing

the islands.

It was intended, therefore, to give iu this book an accurate description of the campaign,

from Dewey's great victory to the return of the volunteers, and, in addition, a brief description

of the islands. It was also proposed to publish special editions of the book for each of the

volunteer regiments, which would contain, in addition to the foregoing, a detailed account of

the experience of the regiments from date of mustering into service as volunteers to their

return to the United States. In order to obtain this information, it was found necessary to go

to Manila, and consequent!}- on December 24, 1898, Mr. Kari/ Irving Faust, to whom is due

the credit of having conceived and carried into execution this work, sailed from San Francisco

on the steamer Gaelic, bound for Manila via Hongkong, with plans and prospectus for com-

piling such a book.

Arriving at Manila on February 2, 1899, it soon became apparent that the plans must be

changed. Dark foreboding clouds were hanging over the city, and for more than a monththere had been ominous rumors of an outbreak of hostilities. Two days later the expected

happened, and the real campaign of the Eighth Army Corps commenced in dead earnest.

It at once became evident that there would be great deeds to be recorded on many fields,

involving time and labor far exceeding that which had been anticipated and provided for.

Mr. Faust at once set about organizing a competent staff of writers who would follow up the

troops and be eye-witnesses to whatever happened. The data thus collected must be collated,

condensed and arranged. Fortunately the volunteer regiments furnished abundant material

for doing this most important work.

The commanding officer of each regiment was visited with the object of securing his co-

operation in compiling an accurate account of the operations of his regiment. A man was

found in each of these regiments competent to write the story, and the official records of the

regiments were placed at his disposal. From first to last we enjoyed the hearty and effective

co-operation of all the division, brigade, and regimental commanders, who placed at our com-

mand all facilities, records and information so far as military regulations would permit.

We were fortunate in securing the services of Mr. Peter MacQuEEN, the Boston clergyman

and journalist, who had come fresh from the battles about Santiago, where he had become

associated in a non-official way with the famous '' Rough Riders," among whom his conduct

had been such as to win the distinction of being one of the two civilians to be decorated with

the medal of the regiment, and formally adopted as one of its members. He had also rendered,

during the Cuban campaign, important services to the government, which were recognized

when he came to Manila by letters from the Secretary- of War, which gave him ready access,

for the purpose of obtaining information, to all commanding and other officers in the govern-

ment service. Mr. MacOueen at once entered heartily into the spirit of the enterprise, and

from the time of his joining the staff assumed the direct charge of the collection of official data

from general, division and brigade headquarters.

As it was intended that the book should be profusely illustrated, photographers were em-

ployed to go with the different expeditions, and the many pictures secured of troops in action

speak more plainly than w-ords the danger and difficulties under which they were taken. Theold Spanish galleries of Manila were ransacked for views of the interior of Luzon and beyond

the lines occupied by our troops. A canvass was also made of the members of the different

iv Campaigniug in the Philippines.

regiments who had cameras in the fiekl. and some very fine views of troops in action were

obtained in this wav. The views which appear in this book are those selected from more than

fifteen hundred photographs collected by our staff.

Maps of all the battlefields and movements of the expeditions are shown in the book.

The maps were made by Mr. P. E. Lamar, C. E., the official map-maker of the Second Division,

Eight Arm}- Corps, who personally accompanied each expedition with a company of survej-ors,

and the maps made by him have been endorsed as officially correct bj' the commanding generals.

These maps have been cop^-righted by Mr. Lamar, who has published a large map, 6-4x46 inches,

and permission has been secured at considerable expense to use the map in sections in this book,

We desire to acknowledge our great obligations to Admiral Dewey and Lieutenant-Com-

mander Colvocoresses of the Olynipia, Major-Generals Lawton, Mac.\rthur and Anderson and

Brigadier-Generals King, Ovenshine, Hale, Wheaton, H. G. Otis, Hall, Funston, Summers and

Smith for facilities, suggestions, and such information as military regulations permitted them

to give. This history will be found accurate, so far as earnest zeal and industry on the part of

those best informed can make it so. The narrative in the first chapter, describing the naval

battle of Manila Bay, was written by Lieutenant-Commander G. P. Colvocoresses of the

Olympia, an old schoolmate of Admiral Dewey. The other chapters were prepared in the office

from data collected as above stated in the field and from official records. While this method

prevents a certain uniformity of expression and literary finish which would appear in the work

of one writer, the fact that many thousands of the book have been sold in advance of publica-

tion makes it imperative to complete the work at the earliest possible date, consistent with

accuracy, and it would be the work of at least two j-ears for one person to digest the immense

quantity of original data which we have collected, and prepare a narrative therefrom.

Special editions containing about one hundred pages additional matter giving a complete

history of the regiment from date of muster-in to muster-out are published for sale in States

which sent volunteer regiments to the Philippine Islands. Each of these editions contain the

name, rank, postoffice address, and occupation of everj' man in the regiment ; a list of killed

and wounded ; all deaths, with date and cause ; all discharges, promotions, etc. A certificate

from the commanding officer of the regiment verifies the history as officially correct. Cuts of

each company, the field and staff officers, band and hospital corps are shown. Many of these

company pictures were taken in view of the enemy, while the regiment was entrenched, and in

several cases the company was fired upon while being photographed.

THE HICKS-JUDD PUBLISHING COMPANY.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter. Page.

I. The American Fleet at M.\xii,a 1

The Battle of Manila Bay, 3 ; A Spanish Version of the Battle, 8 ; Disputed

Points, 10; The Actions of the German Fleet, 13; Impressions of Admiral

Dewe}', 15

II. Events Leading to the War with Spain 17

The Cuban Atrocities, 17 ; Senator Proctor's Report, 18 ; The Destruction

of the Maine, 21 ; Report of the Court of Inquiry, 22 ; The President's

Message, 25 ; Further Official Acts, 27 ; Congress Recognizes the Indepen-

dence of Cuba, 29 ; War Declared Between the United Stales and

Spain, 30.

III. After the Battle of Manila Bay 33

American Policj' Undetermined, 33 ; Conditions Under Spanish Rule, 34;

Society of the Katipunan, 35 ; Rebellion of 1896, 35 ; Aguinaldo Appears,

36 ; Changes in the Governor Generalship, 37 ; The " Pact of Peace," 38;

Money Paid by the Spanish to the Insurgents, 39 ; The Tragedy of the

Calle de Camba, 41 ; Allocution by the Archbishop of Madrid, 42

;

Aguinaldo Meets the American Consul-General, 42; The Terms of an

Alleged Agreement, 44; Proclamation of the Philippine Junta, 46;

Constitution Proclaimed by Aguinaldo, 49 ; Aguinaldo's Message to his

People, 52.

IV. The Reenforcement of Dewev 55

The Strength of the Reenforcement Determined, 55; General Merritt

Assigned to Command, 56; Departure of First Expedition, 56; The Capture

of Guam, 57 ; Naval Reenforcenients, 58 ; IMore Reenforcements Arrive,

58 ; Difficulties of Rapid Mobilization, 59 ; The Troops in San Fran-

cisco, 60 ; Supply and Transportation System Organized, 60 ; TheTransport System, 61; Cost of Transport »Service and Charters, 62;

Troops Sent to Manila, 63-70.

V. The Capture of Manila 71

The Fortifications of Manila, 71 ; The Spanish Dungeons, 72 ; The Gates,

Forts and Barricades, 72; The Spanish Block-houses, 73 ; Construction

of Spanish Trenches, 74 ; The Filipino Insurgents, 75 ; Filipinos not

to Share in the Attack, 76 ; Camp Dewey Established, 76 ; Position of

the American Troops, 77 ; Embarrassments of the American Com-manders, 78 ; Misconduct of German Admiral 78; Rumored Coming of

Camara's Fleet, 79 ; The Plan of Attack, 81 ; Organization of the

American Forces, 82 ; The Nature of the Ground, 82 ; Difficulties in

Landing Troops, 84 ; The Health of the Command, 84 ; Aguinaldo

Addresses the Powers, 85 ; Growing Antagonism between the Amer-icans and Filipinos, 85 ; W^ork of Troops before Fall of Manila, 86

;

Arrangements with Aguinaldo, 87 ; Americans Occupy Filipino

Trenches, 88; The Battle in the Rain, 89; Good Conduct of the

Volunteers, 93 ; The Americans Ready to Attack Manila, 94 ; The Pleet

Takes Position, 95 ; Efforts to Induce Surrender, 95 ; Alleged Arrange-

ment for a Sham Battle, 96 ; The Fleet Begins the Attack, 96 ; General

INIerritt Orders an Attack, 97 ; The Alleged Peaceful Program ^liscarries,

98; The Fall of the City, 100 ; Articles of Capitulation, 101.

vi Caififia!\<^nhi<^ in the Philippines.

CHAPTER. PAGE.

VI.- From the Ca.pturk of M.\nii..\ to Revolt ok the Filipinos 103

Proclamation of General Merritt, 103: Filipinos in Control of the Country,

105; Complications with the Filipinos, 105; General Merritt Consults

Admiral Dewey, 107 ; The President Gives Instructions, 108 ; General

Merritt Reports on Aguinaldo, 108 ; Otis Succeeds Merritt, 109; The Fili-

pinos Ordered to Remove, 109; The Filipinos Evacuate, 110; The Mili-

tary Government, 111 ; The Filipinos Object to Cleanliness, 111 ; News

of the Coming Peace, 112; The Filipinos Accumulate Arms, 113 ; Sanitary

Regulations Enforced, 113 ; The Spanish Prison-Houses Opened, 114 ; The

Fiscal Administration, 114; A Commission Appointed, 115; The Treaty

of Peace Signed, 115; The President Declares the United States Sovereign

in the Philippines, 117 ; Aguinaldo Replies to the President, 118 ; ^lilitary

Government in the Philippines, 120.

VII. The Revolt of the Filipinos 125

The Military Situation, 125 ; The Disposition of our Troops, 12t); A Period

of Suspense, 127; Otis' Brigade of MacArthur's Division, 129; Hale's Bri-

gade of MacArthur's Division, 131 ; Operations South of Pasig River,

135 ; The Troops of the Provost Guard, 139 ; Operation of the Fleet, 140;

The Filipinos Plan a Massacre, 143; The Attempt to Loot Manila, 144;

Great Destruction of Property by Fire, 145; The Attempted Massacre

Fails, 145 ; The Insurrectos Ask a Conference, 147 ; Renewed Attacks on

the Water-Works, 147 ; Wheaton's Flying Column, 148 ; Reorganization

of Army Corps, 151 ; The Philippine Commission, 152.

VIII. The March on Malolos 155

Position of Opposing Armies, 155 ; Reorganization of MacArthur's Division,

156 ; The Nature of the Country, 156 ; No General Engagement, 157;

Operations of Hale's Brigade, 158; Operations of Otis' Brigade, 165;

Operations of Wheaton's Brigade, 169 ; The Gilmore Incident, 173.

IX. MacArthur's March on San Fernando 175

Wheaton's Operations Along the Railroad, 175; Hale's Operations from

Malolos to Calumpit, 177 ; Operations of Wheaton's Brigade to Calumpit,

184 ; Hale's Brigade from Calumpit to San Fernando, 187 ; Operations of

Wheaton's Brigade, Calumpit to San Fernando, 192 ; General Funston

Succeeds General Wheaton, 193 ; Hall's Move on Morong, 194.

X. Lawton's Lake Expedition 197

Object of the Expedition, 197 ; Detail for the Expedition, 198 ; The Com-

mand Begins the Move, 200 ; The Expedition Landed, 201 ; The Loss on

Both Sides, 202 ; The Work of the Gunboats, 202 ; Movements After the

Fight, 202 ; Heroism of the Wounded, 204 ; Return to Manila, 206.

XL Lawton's Northern Expedition 207

Organization of the Command, 207 ; Purposes of the Expedition, 207;

Novaliches Occupied, 208 ; The Column Reaches San Jose, 210 ; Partial

Burning of Angat, 211; General Lawton Reports Progress, 212; Com-munications Disturbed, 213 ; Gallant Behavior of Wm. H. Young, 214

;

The Command Occupies San Rafael, 214 ; Young's Scouts Organized, 215;

San Rafael Captured Again, 215; The Column Reaches Baliuag, 216

;

Natives Fed from Captured Stores ; 217 ; Maasini Occupied, 218 ; Large

Amounts of Stores Captured, 218 ; A Mythical Insurgent Army, 220 ; ACivil Government Established at Baliuag, 220 ; A Concerted MovementPlanned, 222 ; Remarkable Gallantry of Young's Scouts, 223 ; Chief

Scout Young Mortally Wounded, 225 ; San Miguel Occupied, 225 ; Lieu-

tenant Thornton Succeeds Chief Scout Young, 227 ; Scout Harrington

Caifipdii^fitfi^ in the /'/lilippiiies. vii

CHAPTER. I'AGE.

Killed ; The Coluiiui Reaches San Isidro, 22S ; The Filij^ino Peace Com-mission, 228 ; An Engagement near San Fernando, 22'.*

; The Expedition

Breaks np at Candaba, 280.

XII. Lawton'.s Par.\x.\que Camp.\ign 233

The Click of the Gnns, 233 ; The Signal Corps at Work, 234 ; The Work of

the Expedition, 235 ; Paranaque Occupied, 23G ; The Fighting Continued,

237 ; Result of the Operations, 240.

XIII. EXPEOITION.S TO THE SOUTHERN LSLANDS 241

Operations on Panay, 241 ; Operations in Cebu, 245 ; Occupation of Xegros,

247 ; The Sulu Archipelago, 249.

XIV, The Gunboat Flotilla 253

The Lagitna de Bay, 254 ; Various Fights on the Rivers, 255 ; Captures

bj' the Flotilla, 257; Later Events in the Islands, 257; Character of the

Campaign now Opening, 258.

XV. The Philippine Islands and Their People 259

Physical Aspects, 259 ; Early History Unknown, 260 ; Political Subdivisions,

261 ; The Visayas, 263 ; The Sulu Archipelago, 265 ; An Early Account

of the Islands, 266 ; The Visayans in Early Times, 269 ; Ancient Fonn of

Government, 270 ; The System of Slavery, 271 ; Marriage Institutions,

272 ; Deterioration of the Filipino, 272 ; A British Opinion of the

Filipinos, 275 ; Business Capacity of the Natives, 276 ; Climatic Conditions,

277 ; The Typhoons, 279 ; The Oceanic Currents, 280 ; The Unhealth fulness

of Manila, 281 ; Commerce of the Islands, 282 ; Natural Products, 283;

Mining Industries, 286.

The Voyage from Sax Franclsco to Manila 289

Supplement 301

The Staff Department of the Army, 301 ; The Engineer Corps, 301 ; The Battalion

of Engineers, 301; The Engineer Corps in the Philippines, 302 ; The Quarter-

master's Department, 302; Operating a Railroad, 302; The Subsistence Depart-

ment, 303; Rations on the Transports, 304; Rations in the Field, 304 ; The Travel

Ration, 304 ; The Medical Department, 304 ; The Supply and Ambulance Service,

305 ; Medical Department of the 8th Army Corps, 305 ; Victims of War in the

Philippines, 306 ; Noble Work of the Volunteer Lady Physicians, 307 ; The RedCross Work, 307 ; The Signal Corps, 308; The Chaplains in the Army, 309;

Sketches of some Chaplains, 313 ; A Deserved Acknowledgment, 314.

Regimental History, following page 314

CHAPTER I.

THE AMERICAN FLEET AT MANILA.

NE ot the most woiulerful events of histor}' is the American

occupation of the Philippines. When the Spanish-American

war began, these islands were hardly thought of in the prob-

lem. The archipelago was to most of us simply a few

blotches on our geographies; and Admiral Dewey was a Com-modore at the close of an honorable but obscure career. Thebig headlines were all about Santiago and Havana, Ponce and

Porto Rico, Sampson, Schley and the Rough Riders. Sud-

denly from a clear sky and an unvisited sea, rose clouds and constellations; nations

were confused; American patriotism and glory were put on pinnacles; and the

deeds of a simple, quiet gentleman with a company of American Jacktars were

placed in the pantheon of history along with those of Farragut and mighty Nelson.

It was expected by the civilized world that this war would keep its limits in

the West Indies. In fact one of the great nations made a move to have the

United States understand that the trade of the world was not to be interfered with

outside the zone affected by the principles at .stake in the island of Cuba. Thetheater of war has changed. The West Indies are no more interesting than

\'an Diemen's land; and the focus of American history and the cynosure

of statesmen is the remote archipelago, lying in the China Sea, .seven

thousand miles from our western coast; nor was the change in scene the onh'

miracle. The change in the attitude of the nation was greater than the distance

that separates Havana from Manila. The war began in the sacred name of libera-

tion for a fettered people, dragging their chains in pain and sweat. To-day in

jungles of lyuzon, by the rivers of Panay, and along the shores of Cebu a sullen

people dispute us inch by inch, straining every human effort to be free from the

governance of the liberators. To the Filipinos in their long contest for liberty, weappear as the European oppressor appeared to our forefathers who wrought out

human rights at Vallej' Forge and Bunker Hill. Flying with their wives andchildren to the hills, burning their homes with their own hands; killed by the

thousand in the rice-fields and the cane-brakes; driven like wild bea.sts back to

mountain lair—the mightiest nation in the world can not but dread the audacity

of their despair.

The problem is as grave as any that ever put swordcuts of thought on humanorows. These islands lie in fair summer seas. Thev are rich in furrowed field

Caiiipai^iiuiii in the /','ii/ippincs.

and forest height; in the river beds that gleam and tlie hills that are crowded with

waiting metals. Yet their history has been and is to-day a history of blackness

and darkness; a history of work and want, of ignorance and fear. No star, no

hope as yet shines out for them. In the ruthless game of nations where the

pawns are men, the Filipinos must play a losing game. The chains of Spain

must l)e exchanged for the strong government which America, however unwil-

lingly, in the evolution of history, must place upon these islands. The history of

how this has come about is one of the romances of the nineteenth century.

There was a time when England trembled at Philip the Tyrant, called the

Second of Spain. He was a supreme bigot and thief. He stole, among his manythefts, 11 4,000 square miles of island real estate in the Malay archipelago, and called

them the Philippines. Spain never conquered them; Luzon, the largest, was never

colonized; Mindanao, the second largest, was never explored. Some

ofthefloraand fauna of these islands are at this moment

no better known than

tidious gentleman in

said to a friend that

and would like

more before he

m a n was ap-

rather obscure

Pacific. The

large, and the

might have

one of its manyhad a small

well equipped.

great deal about

sailor. He had been

and had tied a certain

top of the Hartford. At

turned up at Hongkong with

those of Mars. A fas-

the American navy

he was getting old

just one voyage

retired. Thispointed to a

post in thePacific is quite

old gentleman

been lost in

monsoons. Hefleet, but it was

Nobody knew a

this A m e r i c a u

in the Civil War,

Farragut to the main

last the fastidious sailor

about twenty dress suits. He was

a perfect gentleman. Very difficult to snub this man. A German prince tried it

once, but was severely taken down. A message of import having arrived

shortly after our sailor reached China, he sailed away towards the Malay

archipelago. The next heard from him was a story so astonishing that the

world was shaken. It was said that this American gentleman, with his slini

fleet, had entered a defended harbor at night, silenced its guns, and destroyed

utterly and beyond remedy the fleet which guarded the entrance. Wilder

than all was the incredible story that he had not lost a single man in the action.

The man of many suits had played well. King Philip's real estate suff'ered a

considerable jar. America had long been a sinister omen for Spain. In 1788 the

United States were declared free; in that year Bolivar was born. By the

time Bolivar died, Spain had lost South America. The Antilles alone were

left her in the west. She could not reform. On February 15, 18^)8, the Maine

was destroyed at Havana, and the war was on.

Cauip:j:-:;iiiii'^ in the I'liilippiua.

INTKRIOR FT. SAN ANTONIO.

THK BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.

On the 24th of x\pril, 18i)8, the Secretary of the Navy of the United States

sent the following cablegram:

Dewev, Hongkong, China.

War has commenced between the United States and ,S])ain. Proceed at once to the Philip-

pine Islands. Commence operations at once, particnlarly against the Spanish fleet. Youmust capture vessels or destroy them.

That same day the British Commander of Hongkong, owing to the fact that

his government had declared its netitrality, gave notice to the American sqtiadron

that it wotild have to clear port inside of twenty-four hours.

The American fleet left Hongkong, China, ttnder the com-

mand of Commodore Dewey in the flagship Olympia on

Friday, April 2r)th, bound for the Philippine Islands,

ftilly eqtiipped as to ammunition, coal and provisions, and

with an extra supply carried along in the transports

Nayishan and Zafiro, recently ptit under the American flag.

After a short stop at Mirs Bay the fleet got under way for

the seat of ftittire operations in the following formation:

Olvnipia, Baltimore, Raleigh, Concord, Petrel and Boston,

and after arriving off" the Island of lyUzon steamed slowly

in the direction of Man.ila Bay. On the afternoon of

Saturday, April 8()th, the Boston, Concord, and later the

Baltimore^ were sent ahead to reconnoiter Point Subig.

Finding no sign of the enemy, otir ships again assembled in the original forma-

tion, with the transports convoyed by the despatch boat McCulloch, forming a

separate coltimn to the right. For the ftirther operations of the fleet in the battle

of Manila Bay, we quote from an article prepared for Campaigning in thePhilippines, by lyietitenant-Commander G. P. Colvocoresses, executive officer of

the Olympia.

"When the United States squadron was off" Subig Bay on the afternoon of

April .")Oth the captains were assembled on board the flagship, and on returning

to their vessels it was learned that we go immediately to Manila Bay, anchor and

be prepared to bombard the

arsenal at eight o'clock in the

morning. We proceeded at a

speed of eight knots in the

following formation, singlecolumn, four hundred yards

distance: Olympia (flying the

broad pennant of GeorgeDewey), Baltimore, Raleigh,

Petrel, Concord -b^vl^. the Boston,

the despatch boat McCnlloch

and the transports Nanshan and Zafiro. The ships were cleared for action andthe crews were at their guns. The entrance to Manila Bay was made at

midnight. There were known to be batteries there, and it was probable that

KFFECT OF SHF.I.I.S ON FORT SAN ANTONIO.

Cainpaigiiin}:; in the I'/ii/ippiiws.

SAN JI'AN' TiK AfSTRIA.

the cluumels had l^een mined. Corregidor Iskuid is at the mouth of the ba}',

and on either side of it are channels named Boca Chica and Boca Grande,

two and one-half and six miles wide respectively. It was a beautiful starlight

night. A gentle breeze tem-

pered the intense tropical

heat. A young moon, occas-

ionally veiled by clouds, was

in the zenith, and the sea

was smooth. Silently and in

perfect order the squadron

entered the Boca Grande, and

suddenlv a light gleamed from the summit of Corregidor, probabh- signaling our

approach. As we passed a large rock called Kl Fraile, a rocket was fired, followed

bv the boom of a gun over the still waters, and a shot hurtled between the main

and mizzen masts of the Concord. It was immediately replied to and the Raleigh

had the honor of firing the first shot. We had been fired upon b}' a battery of

four seven-inch guns on El Fraile. The squadron continued up the bay, the

stillness occasionally broken by the cry of the lookouts announcing a light upon

the distant shore.

" At the first break of d2,wn we could make out the shipping of the city of

Manila, apparently consisting only of merchant vessels. At o:05 A. m. a battery

near the city opened on the squadron, and immediately a number of shots were

exchanged with it. The Spanish range, however, proved too short. Our trans-

ports here left us in order to keep out of fire, and the increasing daylight disclosed

the shadowy forms of the Spanish men-of-war at Cavite on the ea.stern shore of

the bay about five miles distant—phantom-like they appeared gliding about in the

mist. The smoke w^as pouring from their stacks and it w^as evident that they

were forming in line of battle. This line extended from behind and beyond a

long low sandy spit known as Sangley Point, ^vhich partly

encloses the little bay of Canacao, in the rear of which

is Cavite, where the arsenal is situated. The point

Avas defended by batteries which protected the left

flank of the line. The vessels behind it were fairly

sheltered from fire, while the right flank was ex-

tended into .such shallow water that it could not • ^be turned. The Spanish vessels were in close

order, and as the mist lifted, the proud red

and yellow banners of Castile and Leon could

be seen grandly floating from each masthead.

"Our fleet in splendid order turned to the

right and went for the foe at full speed, the Stars

and Stripes fluttering in the breeze, and the signal

' Commence Action ' flying from the yards of the

Olympia; only one other signal, ' Close Up,' was made during the first part of

the combat. It w\as a grand moment, and as we advanced the Spaniards opened

fire. The zip-zip of their shells increased; soon a reply w^as given as each of our

ISL.-V DE CUBA.

Caiiipaii^itiia;- in //w I'liilippincs.

vessels came within range, and the steady booming of the guns became a

deafening roar. Kveryone was ahnost deaf, and altogether begrimed with

smoke before the action was over.

" A suppo.sed torpedo-])oat was seen, making for our leader, ])ut it was obliged

to turn back and was beached and abandoned. No torpedo-boat in the worldcould have passed that shell-swept interval of a mile and a half. Our sqtiadron

defiled before the Spanish line, pouring in its shower of death with terrible effect

from the port batter}^; and turning, it continued the same steady shower with the

starboard guns. Seven separate times our ships performed this evolution as if onparade, and the Spaniards met our fire with the greatest bravery. They had fully

a hundred guns playing upon us from their vessels and batteries; but their aim waspoor, and the power of their artillery was inferior to ours, although the}' had anumber of five-inch and six-inch breech-loading rifles. The effect was soonapparent; a large lead-colored cruiser which was taken to be the Reina Christiiia

presented the best target, and suffered terribly. Her ensign was shot away, but it

was soon rehoisted, and it was evident that she was on fire, as we could see the fire-

hose playing aloft. A Spanish vessel went to her relief and appeared to be taking

men from her. Twogunboats particu-

larly distin-

guished them-

selves, steam-

i n g up and

down behind

the point and

keeping a

steady fire up-

on us. These

vessels were the

Isla dc Cuba and

the Isla de Luzon." At 7:40 A. M, firing ceased by signal from the commander-in-chief, and we

withdrew from action, the men going to breakfast. They had stood at their gunsall night. The commanding officers were ordered to repair on board the flagship

and a council was held. Affairs looked grave; the extent of damage done the

enemy was not fully known; and the hot cannonade had expended a great quan-

tity of our ammunition. The spirit of men and officers was most admirable. For

two hours and a half they had served the guns with unflinching zeal and bravery,

and cheered at every telling shot, and now as their captains passed in their gigs,

they manned the rails and shout after shout rent the air. vSullenly the Spanish

guns joined in the uproar.

"No time was lost, and again our squadron stood in for the enemy and renewedthe contest with redoubled animation. The Spanish fire was slack. One of their

ships suffered an explosion and was wrapped in flames and smoke. The Balti-

more s fire told heavily against the remaining guns of the Sangley battery. TheConcord received orders to go inside the Spanish line and destroy a large

JiATTLp; OK ^^A:JILA kay.

Caiiif>iu,K'iii'iil' in llic I'/ii/ippiiics. 7

Steamer that was in shallow water, obstructed by fish weirs, an ideal place

for torpedoes and mines. At the first volley, which was opened at long range,

ten boats loaded with men were seen to leave the steamer and land upon the beach.

Our position was particularly favorable for enfilading two Spanish men-of-war

behind the mole at the arsenal, and this was improved to the best advantage byall the division, whose work was most excellent. Every shot seemed to tell;

stones and clouds of dust flew from the walls of houses, and the shells passed

through the roofs, bursting beyond.

"At 12:25 not a Spanish flag was seen in the Canacao Bay except from the

staff" of the sunken cruiser Don Antonio dc Ulloa submerged behind Sangley

Point. This vessel went down with her colors flying in the most gallant manner.

The Rci)ia Christina, that had so bravely borne the brunt of battle, was a mass

of fire, sinking near the bastion of Cavite, while the Castilla was burning rapidly

in Canacao Bay. The remainder of the Spanish fleet had sought shelter behind

the arsenal, and several of them were also on fire. The guns of the batteries at

Sangley Point were silent and a white flag appeared on the shee-s of the arsenal.

''^\i^ Concord continued to shell the steamer, and in

order to hasten operations, boats were hoisted out and

provided with combustibles for the purpose of burn-

ing; but before she had got any distance it was seen

that our shells had set her on fire.

"At 1:45 we were ordered to join the Petrel at -

Cavite, where she w^as destroying the vessels at the '

—

arsenal. As we neared her, she signaled, ' Havedestroyed eight vessels,' and she had six small ves-

sels, tugs and launches in tow as prizes. When weanchored, white flags were seen flying from various

points on shore and there was no longer any resistance.

The battle was won, and all the vessels of the Philippine

fleet had been destroyed.

" The Boston joined us at five o'clock, and we guarded the approach of CanacaoBay for the night, while the remainder of the squadron anchored near the city.

The sun went down upon a ' wide and woeful sight ;

' the beavitiful cruisers

Rci)ia Christina and Castilla were outlined from trucks to water line in flames

that burst out in great columns of rose-colored smoke as the fire reached some ex-

plosive. The Isla de Mindanao was a mass of fire on the shores of I^as Pinas,

while behind the arsenal tongues of flames shot high above the walls.

" All night the calm moon looked down upon this scene of devastation, silvering

alike the cross upon the quaint old church of Cavite, the grey walls of the fort

and the shattered hulks in the bay. Our crew remained at the guns all night,

and early in the morning a launch flying a flag of truce came out. In it were anaide-de-camp and his orderly, and they were taken to the flagship. Later in themorning the General commanding at Cavite and his staff" passed us in mournfulprocession. They had been to the flagship to surrender. Our men stood at atten-

tion as they neared, and saluted, which the Spanish officers returned with punc-tiliousness.

Caiiipaigmii,ii in the J'/nlippincs.

" The Spanish force at Cavite was about 2000 men belonging to the navy, with

a good many soldiers whose numbers we cannot ascertain. Their loss was esti-

mated from 900 to 1200 killed and wounded. The arsenal was abandoned in

great haste, only a few taking"1 time to get away their personal

effects, and large quantities of

stores, provisions and ammuni-

tion fell into our hands. Thechurch and hospitals of CaviteRKINA CHRISTINA.

were filled to overflowing with dead and wounded, and ten Spanish surgeons

and some Sisters of Mercy remained to take care of them. The following is

a list of the vessels destroyed or captured : Burned and sunk in action

:

Rcina Christina, flagship of Admiral Montejo; Castilla, cruiser; Don Antonio

de Ulloa, crui-ser; Isla dc Mindanao, mail steamer armed. Scuttled and burned

after the action: Don Juan dc Austria, cruiser; Is/a dc Cuba, gunboat;

Isla de Luzon, gunboat; Crcn. Lczo, gunboat; Marquis del Duero, gunboat;

Elcano, gunboat; Vtiasco, gunboat; Argos, hydrographical vessel. Captured

since the battle: Manila, armed transport; Callao, gunboat; also several tugs

and launches. All the batteries in the bay had been dismantled. Our casualties

consisted in four slightly wounded, on board the Baltimore. Some shots struck

our vessels, but without doing the least harm."

A SPANIvSH VERSION OF THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.

As General Otis said to one of the writers of this book: "All histories lie.

One man sees a battle and describes it ; another man sees it and describes it.

Their accounts differ entirely." Therefore, it may be interesting to know howthis battle seemed to the beaten foe. For this reason we quote from the Diario de

Manila of May 4, 1898, the following description of the great sea-fight as seen

by a Spaniard. The translation is by the chief officer of the Olynipia, G. P.

Colvocoresses :

THE NAVAL COMBAT AT CAVITE.

As the sun rose above the mists and clouds that overhung our shores on the morning of

Mav 1st. the inhabitants of Manila' saw with surprise and disma}- the enemy's squadron in

well-ordered line of battle on the waters of the bay. Who could have imagined that they

would have had the rashness to stealthily approach our

shores, provoking our defenders to an unavailing display

of skill and valor, in which, alas! balls could not be

propelled by heart throbs, else the result might have

been different ?

The sound of shots from our batteries and those

from the enemy's ships, which awakened the citizens

of Manila at five o'clock on that May morning, trans-

formed the character of our usual peaceful and happy

surrounding. Frightened at the prospects of dangers

that seemed greater than they were, women and children ii.ali oi- execvtion, cavite.

in carriages, or by whatever means they could, sought refuge in the outskirts of the city,

while all the men, from the highest to the lowest, the merchant and the mechanic, the soldier

and the peasant, the dwellers of the mainland and those of the coast, repaired to their posts

and took up arms, confident that never, except by passing over their dead bodies, should the

Caiiipai^^iiiiiii' iii tlw riiilippuics.

soil of Manila be defiled by the enemy, notwithstanding that from the first it was apparent

that their armored ships and powerfnl guns were invulnerable to any effort at our command.The walls of the public square, the towers of the church, the upper stories of houses and

every place that commanded a view of the bay was thronged by citizens whose duties as regulars

or volunteers did not assign them to posts within the citj' or on the decks of our ships. All

were eager to observe the least detail of the enemy's vessels, which in perfect line of battle

advanced toward Cavite, parallel to the Manila shore, as if steaming out of the harbor. Shots

from the batteries and plaza produced no impression on the cruisers. The spectators on the

shore, with and without glasses continued to scan the advancing enemy ; they may have

been brave, but had no occasion to prove it since the range of their guns and the deficiencies

of our artiller}- enabled them to do us all the harm they wished with impunity.

Those who comprehended the undisturbed movements of the enemy, seemingly so inoffen-

sive, were filled with rage and desperation, realizing that there was no remedy, and only a

choice between honorable death or remaining in impassive cowardice.

A soldier of the first battalion of sharpshooters who saw a squad-

ron so far out of range of our batteries, said, glancing up to

heaven, " If Holy Mary would only transform that water into

land then the Yankees would see how we could fight;" and

a Mala}' squatting near by exclaimed, " Let them land

and we will crush them under heel." Meanwhile the

enemy proceeded with speed and safety in perfect

formation toward Cavite with a decision born of

security. At about 4:45 A. M. absolute silence reigned.

All was ready. Ideas of death and danger vanished

at approach of conflict, and the battle flags wavedproudly from the masts of the national vessels.

Majestically (for why should we not admit it), andin perfect order of battle the nine Yankee vessels

bore down on ovar line. The Olympia flying the

Admiral's flag led the way to Cavite at full speed and

behind her defiled the other vessels. As the enemy's

squadron approached Cavite the crew of the mail

steamer Isia de 3IiHda7iao heard on board the Spanish

vessels the order to clear ship for action, and the

three cheers for the king, for the queen and for

Spain, and responded with frantic enthusiasm.

\t 5:00 \. M. the Olympia opened fire, which

wa . instantly replied to by the battery mounted on

the angle of the works of the ports, and pursued her

way to Cavite, pointing her armored prow at the

Christina and the Cast ilia, and opening a murderous

fire upon both vessels. This was followed by the

broadsides of the six vessels that accompanied her.

The Baltimore's fire took particular eff-ect upon our effect of shell, church at cavitk.

ships, and this cannonade continued until 7:45 a. m. .\t this time we saw the Austria

advance against her enemies with the intention of boarding the Olympia and if a tremendousvolley had not checked her career of vengeance perhaps both vessels would now be at the

bottom of the bay.

The captain of the Christina seeing that the efforts of his consort had failed, started full

speed ahead to within two hundred meters of the Olympia, intending to engage her at close

quarters. A hail of grape-shot swept the deck and shelters, filling the ship with dead andwounded. Heroes and martyrs that the motherland will never forget as long as she exists! Athick column of smoke burst out of the forward store-room of the Christina indicating that

an incendiary projectile, of the kind prohibited by divine and human laws, had taken effect in

the cruiser. Without ceasing her fire she retired toward the shore and was scuttled. The

10 Caiiipaii^tmi^- in tiif Philippines.

indignation of the sailors of the ( hristina was raised to the highest piteli at seeing the

CastiUa on fire from the same ineendiary causes.

Our principal vessels were now out of the combat, and as several of the Yankees were badly

injured by our vessels and batteries, they withdrew toward Mariveles, ceased firing, and occu-

pied themselves in repairing damages until ten o'clock, when they commenced their second

attack, which was to complete their work of destruction. In the second combat the fire of the

arsenal was silenced and the cannonade continued upon our ships that were burning in all

directions. A gunboat that seemed to have no more daring object than the destruction of the

Isla de Mindanao detached herself from the enemy's squadrons and riddled the vessel with

balls.

The Spanish vessels that had not succumljed to the flames or the shots of the enemy were

run aground, as thev could not be disposed of in any other way. This was the last stroke. Wecould do no more. The combat at Cavite was ended and our last vessel went down flying her

colors.

It is impossible to picture the bloody scene presented by the waters of Cavite on tht t Sab-

bath morning. We will not attempt a description that would be weak and imperfect and

unworthy of the heroic deeds that should be perpetuated in the pages of history. To mention

those who distinguished themselves in this combat would be to transcribe the names of the

crews from captain to cabin bo}-. For them our words of praise, for them our congratulations,

for the living our laurels, for the dead our prayers, for all our deepest gratitude.

For more than an hour and a half cannonading had co:itinued, keeping in suspense the

hopes of those on the opposite shore of the ba}-, who with their hearts took part in this unequal

struggle, in which,

as ever, the Spanish

sailors went downwith their shipsrather than .strike

their colors. Anx-

iou-sly we asked,

" What is going on

at Cavite ? '

' FromManila we could

see by the aid of .

glasses the two

.scpiadrons almost con-

founded and enveloped

in clouds of smoke. Owing to the inferiority of our batteries it was evident that the enemy

was triumphant, and, secure in his armored strength, he was a mere machine requiring only

motive power to keep in action his destructive agencies. Only the cheers of our intrepid

boarders and the glitter of their cutlasses could have checked this automatic confidence, but

alas! we could not reach them. Who can describe the heroic acts, the prowess, the deeds of

valor performed by the sailors of our squadron as rage animated them 1 All who were beneath

the folds of the banner of Spain did their duty as becomes the chosen sons of the f^itherland.

Thev slacked not their fire nor yielded to superior force, and preferred to perish with their

ships rather than live with them in the hands of the eneniv.

DISPUTED POINTS.

vSince the battle of Manila Bay or Cavite, as it is sometimes called, several

qviestions have been dispnted. The first point about which discussion has been

raised is which entrance to Manila harbor the ships entered. vSome said that it

was by way of the Boca Chica or " little movith," others that it was by way of

the Boca Grande or "great mottth." This question is settled by the description

given by the Lieutenant-Commander of the Olywpia in the earlier part of this

chapter, viz., that it was by way of the Boca Grande.

THREE OF THE ST-VKEN SP.^XISH SHITS.

Cai/zfiaii^/m/i;- in tlw I'/iilippiiirs. 11

The second point at issue was the reason tor the withdrawal of the American

fleet between the first and second fi^ht. Some maintained that it was for the

purpose of giving the men their breakfast. Others assert that it was in order to

count the ammunition, which, it was feared, was running short.

To settle these points bcNond all dispute and also to make this book an abso-

lutely correct history, the writer of this chapter visited Admiral Dewey on the

Olynipia on May 15, 1,S91). The Admiral was most courteous and obliging in

the matter, and put at our disposal the best sources of information. He said,

"there was talk of a lack of ammunition." Referring to the article of Mr. Joseph

ly. Stickney in Harper's Monthly for February, iSi)!), Admiral Dewey said that

the account therein given was accurate as to its details of the withdrawal of the

fleet. We quote Mr. Stickney's language:

It has always been assumed in the United States that, from start to finish, there was nothing

felt on our side except a buoyant certainty of victory. It will do no harm now to tell the

real facts.

It will be remembered that the battle began at six minutes past five o'clock on the morningof May 1st; that Commodore (now Rear-Admiral) Dewey led the line ofAmerican war-ships into

action in his flagship Olynipia ; that after a fierce fight, lasting two hours and a half, the

attacking fleet retired from the battle into the center of Manila Bay, and did not renew the

attack until nearly four hours later.

When we hauled off from the fighting line, at 7:36 o'clock, the situation had become appar-

ently serious for Commodore Dewey. We had been fighting a determined and courageous

enemy for more than two hours without having noticeably diminished the volume of his fire.

It is true, at least three of his ships had broken into flames, but so had one of ours—the

Boston. These fires had all been put out without apparent injury to the ships. Generally

speaking, nothing of great importance had occurred to show that we had seriously injured anySpanish vessel. They were all steaming about in the bight back of Sang!ey Point, or in BakorBay, as actively as when we first sighted them in the early dawn. So far, therefore, we could

see nothing indicating that the enemy was less able to defend his position than he had been at

the beginning.

On the other hand, our condition was greatly altered for the worse. There remained in the

magazines of the Olynipia only eighty-five rounds of five-inch ammunition, and though the

stock of eight-inch charges was not proportionately depleted, it was reduced enough to makethe continuance of the battle for another two hours impossible. When it is remembered that

Commodore Dewey was more than 7000 miles from a home port, and that under the mostfavorable conditions a supply of ammunition could not be obtained in less than a month, the

outlook was far from being satisfactory. The Commodore knew that the Spaniards had just

received an ample supply of ammu-nition in the transport 3Tindanao,

so that there was no hope of ex-

hausting their fighting power byan action lasting twice as long. If

we should run short of powder andshell, we might become the huntedinstead of the hunters.

I do not exaggerate in the least

when I say that, as we hauled off"

into the bay, the gloom on the

bridge of the Olynipia was thicker view of the sunken Spanish ships from cavite.

than a L,ondon fog in November. Neither Commodore Dewe}^ nor any of the staff believed thatthe Spanish ships had been sufficiently injured by our fire to prevent them from renewing thebattle quite as furiously as they had previously fought. Indeed, we had all been distinctly

12 Cainpaig}!iiig vt ilic Plnlipp'uics

From a Spanish map giving posi-tion of their ships. Made by Com-mander Don Juan de la Concha of theDon Jnan de Austria, Copied from atracing which Captain Concha gaveIvieuteiiant Nelson of the Olympia,and which he gave to me.

G. P. COLVOCORKSSES,Ivieut.-Commander Olympia

A COMPARATIVK ViKW OK THK AmKRICAN AND THK vSPANISH Fl.KKTS ENGAGED AT MANILA.

AMKRICAN KI,Ep:T.

Name.

Caiiipaix'iiiii.ii m I'lc /'/'li/ippnws 13

disappointed in the results of our fire. Our projectiles seemed to go too high or too low

—

just as had been the case with those fired at us by the Spaniards. Several times the Commodorehad expressed dissatisfaction with the failure of our gunners to hit the enemy. We had begun

the firing at too great a distance, but we had gradually worked in further on each of the

turns, until we were within about 2500 yards at the close of the fifth round. At that distance,

in a smooth sea, we ought to have made a large percentage of hits; yet, so far as we could

judge, we had not sensibly crippled the foe. Consequently Commodore Dewey hauled out

into the open ])ay at the end of the fifth round to take .stock of ammunition and devise a newplan of attack.

As I went aft the men asked me what we were hauling off for. They were in a di.stinctly

different humor from that which prevailed on the bridge. They believed that they had done

well, and that the other .ships had done likewise. The Olympia cheered the Baltimore and

the Baltimore returned the cheers with interest. The gun-captains were not at all dissatisfied

with the results of their work. Whether they had a better knowledge of the accuracy of their

aim than we had on the bridge, or whether they took it for granted that the enemy must have

suffered severely after so much fighting, I do not know, but, at any rate, they were eager to go

on with the battle, and were confident of victory. I told one of them that we were merely

hauling off for breakfast, which statement elicited the appeal to Captain Lamberton, as he camepast a moment later,

captain, don't let us

with breakfast !

"

Commodore that I

ute our withdrawal

breakfast, he inti-

not a matter of muchreason I gave, so

give the true one.

episode went to the

excuse for what

traordinary strategi i

which has been tin

ment than almost

during the battle.

said to me that it

spoil so good a story

but, as the Commo-let the cat out of the

as well let her have

Of course weabout the effect of

-"-^

-i'^jax;

" For God's sake,

stop now. To hell

W hen I told the

intended to attrib-

to the need fo r

mated that it wasimportance whatlong as I did not

And so the breakfast

world as a plausible

seemed like an ex-

man euver— onesubject of more com-a n y other event

Many people have

would be a pity to

by telling the truth;

dore will be sure to

bag some day, I mayher freedom now.

learned the truthour fire when we saw, soon afterward, the flames rising from the

Reina Christina and the Castil/a, and heard the explosion of their ammunition, and

the former's magazine. We could not understand why the Castilla did not blow up.

She burned fiercely, and was in a bright glow even as late as Monday night, having

been on fire since Sunday forenoon. It is probable that her magazine had been flooded

laefore the Spaniards abandoned her, so that no explosion accompanied her destruction.

Although built partly of wood, the Castilla was also to a great extent a steel vessel; andwhen we boarded her, after the flames had left nothing but her bare bones, her sponsons and

gun platforms were found to be so littered with pieces of our shells that it was impossible to

walk there without displacing some of them. Nothing gave a better idea of the storm of pro-

jectiles that must have struck this ship than these heaps of ru.sty fragments.

THE GERMAN FLEET IN MANIIvA BAYThere i.s still another matter that has interested the American public ver}^

greatly—the actions of the German fleet in Manila Bay. Personally after grave

investigation the writer thinks that the Germans have at no time had serious

trJjk^'c^- Wtki^ t»h#;j\\.\LLS Ol- l-OKT S.A.N A^TONIO.

14 Canipamnius: in the Philippines.

thoughts of opposing the American control of the Philippine Islands, or of caus-

ing any friction between the United States and Germany. The German com-

mander was undoubtedly using what in other countries is called diplomacy, but in

our country is

called "bluff."

Ifthe bluff had

worked the

officer would

have been pro-

moted; it failed

and he w a

s

_ •,^^^^«^™- recalled.

"three of the SPANISH SHIPS BEFORii DES i KUCTIOX. AbOUt the

relations of the German fleet and ours Mr. Stickney in the article already

quoted, says :

And speaking of the Germans, it may be well to point out that, while they made themselves

as offensive as they dared, and while they acted in a very disagreeable way from the first, Com-

modore Dewey refrained from taking any notice of their discourtesy until he should be able to

do so in such a manner as to admit of no reply.

It would require too much space to repeat all the annoyances to which the Germans lent

themselves during the early part of their stay in Manila waters. Their ships came into and

went from the harbor at all hours of the day and night. When a steamer made her appearance

to seaward, a German vessel would run out to examine her with great promptitude. After one

such instance, which occurred at a time when Vice-Admiral Von Diederich's flag-lieutenant

was on board the Olympia Admiral Dewey said to the German officer: "One might almost

think your ships were blockading Manila, and not mine." The lieutenant chuckled com-

placently, as though he thought it was a compliment to the activity of his commander-in-

chief, but he was wholly unable to comprehend that, when Dewey became so sweetly suave, it

was a good time to look out for squalls.

One night one of the German steam-launches came steaming toward our fleet at full speed.

She was picked up by the search-lights of our squadron fully a mile away, and was kept in the

focus of their rays until she came alongside. Our officers almost universally believed that the

object of her unnecessary and untimely visit was to discover whether it would be possible for a

Spanish torpedo-boat to get within range of our vessels without being discovered by us.

Then the Princess IVilhelniina, lying off Subig Bay, notified the insurgents that she would

not permit them to attack the Spanish troops at that point. At another time one of the Ger-

man ships tried to sneak into the anchorage off the city of Manila at night, all her lights being

extinguished, and her course being an unusual one. She was detected, and promptly " brought

to "by a shell across her bows from the United States cruiser that was on picket duty that

night. Our courteous and courtly Commodore made no sign. He was waiting until he could

put an end to the whole annoyance with one crushing blow. At last the opportunity came.

He learned, on unquestionable authority, that one of the German vessels had landed provisions

in INIanila, thereby violating neutrality. I was not present when he sent his message to

Admiral von Diederich, and therefore I do not speak from personal knowledge concerning it;

but I learned the facts from a perfectly authentic source, as follows: " Orderly, tell Mr.

Brumby I would like to see him," said Admiral Dewey, one forenoo i. " Oh, Brumby," he

continued, when the flag-lieutenant made his appearance on the quarter-deck, " I wish you to

take the barge and go over to the German flagship. Give Admiral von Diederich my compli-

ments, and say that I wish to call his attention to the fact that the vessels of his squadron have

shown an extraordinary disregard of the usual courtesies of naval intercourse, and that finally

one of them has committed a gross breach of neutrality in landing provisions in Manila, a port

which I am blockading."

CaiJipai<;ii!iio- in the J'/ii/ippiiics. 15

The Commodore's voice had been as low and sweetly modulated as if he had been sendingvon Diederich an invitation to dinner. When he stopped speaking, Brumby, who did not needany better indication of the Commodore's mood than the usually formal and gentle manner ofhis chief, turned to go, making the usual official salute, and replying with the customary, " Ay,ay, sir."

" And, Brumby," continued the Commodore, his voice rising and ringing with the intensity

of feeling that he felt he had repressed about long enough, " tell Admiral von Diederich that

if he wants a fight, he can have it right now !

"

Brumby went with his message, and the Commodore paced the quarter-deck in silence for a

considerable time, evidently working off some of the high pressure that had brought forth his

emphatic message to the German Admiral. The latter sent back the extraordinary reply that

he had not known anything about these actions of his captains, and that thev would not berepeated. When one considers the rigidity of discipline that is supposed to exist in the Ger-

man navy, the character of Admiral von Diederich "s apology is all the more incomprehensible.

But whatever may have been the new methods adopted by Admiral von Diederich to pre-

vent his captains from violating neutrality and showing bad manners, they were entirely effica-

cious. There was never the least further need to refer to the possibility of giving CommodoreDewey the job of disciplining them.

niPREvSvSIONS OF ADMIRAL GEORGE DEWEY.

On a beautiful May morning, a year after the events recorded in thi.s chap-

ter, I went down the harbor of Manila to visit the grand old man of the fleet,

and to authenticate this part of otir history. I found him an agreeable, chivalrotis,

courteous gentleman endeared to his countrymen by simplicity and honor.

After giving me the information that I needed, and the confirmation of the data

on which this chapter is based, the Admiral sat down on the quarter-deck

and, looking away towards Cavite and the sunken ships of Spain, began to think

about his home-going to America. He deeply appreciated the warmth and unani-

mity of the love his cotmtry bears him. But he said he was afraid of the great

strain so many receptions would be upon his health.

The Admiral, though over sixty, still looks hale and stout, every inch a man,every wit a "gentleman unafraid." He thought that now, after his many voyagesand battles, he would like to go up and

rest among the green hills of Vermont.

He wanted, he said, to settle down in

Montpelier, his old New England home." If the folks up in Montpelier will

give me a reception in the town hall,

that will be enough," said this world-

loved man. One could see that, after

his long and honorable career, and after

his superb successes, the old man longed

for the spot of earth where he had been

a boy. He looked at the far, fair moun-tains of Mariveles, and the green crown of Corregidor, but not to himlike the wind-.swept hillsides of dewy New England were these Southernscenes.

I spent the whole forenoon on board the Olympia, the officers and men showingme the wonders of their trig little cruiser. And one said this was where the

J6 Caiiipaigniiig in lite I'/n/ippines.

Admiral stood during the great fight ; and one said that was a dent made in the ship

by a cannon ball. The Lieutenant-Commander was busy writing a history of the

battle. He told me that Dewey and he were schoolmates together in the Academyof Norwich, Vermont. He was going to have a sketch of the Admiral and him-

self made ready for the little school paper. It was a very grave matter, this coun-

tr>^ school, and the bulletin of it which was dignified by the name of a paper. Hemust have the best matter and the finest pictures for it, he said—that was the old

place where he and the Admiral were schoolboys together.

This mood of Admiral Dewey and his chief officer gave me matter to ponder

over. They did not think of the grand acclaims and the wonderful applause of

the free, proud nation the}' had honored. But " How will the folk of Montpelier

receive me?" and "Can I write an article worthy of the Norwich country

school ? '

' Men who would be welcomed as writers by the best magazines and

gladl}' honored by the Czar, asking themselves these questions ! It is only one

more example of the old truth of how strong a grasp on men have the associations

of a pure home life. It is this love of home, deep-rooted and enduring, this fond-

ness for the earliest part of life, which followed these men through life and crossed

the chasm of N-ears and wars and stormy seas—this shall save the Republic whenthe battleships are futile and the cannon dumb.

CHAPTER II.

EVENTS LEADING TO THE WAR WITH SPAIN.

T is, of cour.se, well known that neither the Philippine Islands

nor the conditions therein were in any deg^ree a consideration

which led to our war with Spain. It is even true that after

the naval battle at Manila, the people stood with finger-tips

upon the little spots in the map of the Pacific and questioned

one another as to where and what might be " Manila" Bay.

It is proper, however, to complete this record of achievement by

a brief account of the civil and militarj^ affairs antedating the

^m-f^' -•- action in Manila Ba}'.

In palliation of Spanish inhumanity to her colonial subjects, it may be said that

her internal dissensions have been such that the government was powerless as

against the will of certain cla.sses of its subjects. A brief reference to the late

successions to the Spanish crown may throw some light on this matter.

Ferdinand VII died in l<So3, and his daughter, Isabella, was proclaimed

Queen, with her mother, Maria Christiana of Naples, as Regent. Then DonCarlos, Ferdinand's brother, asserted that the choice of Isabella violated the Salic

Law, which forbids the inheritance of women, and that he should have been

preferred.

This pretension had much support in the north of Spain, and this was the

origin of the " Carli.st " party, which has been a constant menace to the govern-

ment when not in open rebellion against it. The character of Isabella II, whowas declared of age in 1843, added new elements of perplexity. A successful

revolution drove her from the throne and, in 1870, (the ten years' war in Cubabeing then in progress) Amadeus of Aosta, the second son of Victor Emanuel of

Italy, was invited to govern as a constitutional king. Within three years he

resigned the office. A provisional government was then created, with Castilla at

its head, after which, for a brief time, a committee of officers undertook the

administration. In 1874 Isabella's son, Alphonse XII, accepted the crown. Hedied in 188."), and his widow, Christiana of Austria, was made Regent. Their .son

was born May 17, 1886, and he is now known as the " lyittle King."

THE CUBAN ATROCITIES.

However, whatever might have been the origin or cause of Spanish misrule,

the knowledge that Spain was helpless in the hands of its subjects only helped to

goad into a frenzy the apprehension and alarm of her colonists in regard to the

18 Caiiipaii^'iiiiii^ in the J'/ii/ippiucs.

intolerable barbarities practiced upon them. This was especially the case in

Cuba, where the oppression was so grievous and so long continued that not only

the Cubans were crying out against it, but the civilization of the world was aghast

at the spectacle.

We of the TJnited States were so placed that the appeals of these sufferers cameto us with great force. Our own material interests had long paid tribute to the

shrine of this intolerance, and to our private and public remonstrances the Span-

ish government paid no heed. Our benefactions to relieve the distresses had been

treated with disdain by Spain, and our contributions largely diverted into Spanish

hands. So universal and pronounced had public sentiment in this country

become, that all the great political parties declared against further endurance of

the evil, and the platform upon which President McKinley was nominated and

elected, insisted that some solution must be made in the interests of humanity.

For the purpose of verifying the rumors and reports, many private commis-

sions visited Cuba, and all returned with the statement that the enormities there

had only in part been told. Senator Proctor of Vermont, who was Secretary of

War in Harrison's administration, was one of those who visited the island. Onhis return, at the earnest request of the Senate, in his place in the Senate Cham-ber, he made this remarkable statement:

SENATOR PROCTOR'S REPORT.

"Outside of Havana all is changed. It is not peace, nor is it war. It is

desolation and distress, misery and starvation. Every town and village is

surrounded by a trocha (trench), a sort of rifle pit, but constructed on a plan

new to me: the dirt being thrown up on the inside, and a barbed wire fence on

the outer side of this trench.

"These trochas have at every corner, and at frequent intervals along the

sides, what are called forts, but which are really small block-houses, many of

them more like a large sentry-box, loopholed for musketry and with a guard of

from two to ten soldiers in each. The purpose of these trochas is to keep the' reconcentrados in as

well as to keep the

insurgents out. Fromall the surrounding

country the peoplehave been driven into

these fortified towns

and held there to sub-

sist as they can. Theyare virtually prison yards, and not unlike one

TIDAL WAVE IN MANILA. in gcucral appcarauce, except that the walls are

not so high and strong, but they are sufficient, where every point is in rangeof a soldier's rifle, to keep in the poor reconcentrado women and children. Everyrailroad station is within one of these trochas, and has an armed guard. Everytrain has an armored freight-car, loopholed for musketry, and filled with soldiers,

Caiitpaii^iiiji^ in tlic P/ii/ippiiics. 19

/M.>^^

WATER BUFP'ALOES.

/^"::,^j words, the Spaniards

/V their army sits on. Ever}'

and with, as I observed and was informed was always the case, a pilot engine a

mile or so in advance. There are frequent block-houses inclosed by a trocha,

and with a guard along the railroad track. With this exception there is no

human life or habitation between these fortified towns and villages and throughout

the whole of the four western provinces, except to a very

limited extent among the hills, where the Spaniards have

not been able to go and drive the peoiile to the towns

and burn their dwellings. I saw no

house or hut in the four hundred

miles of railroad rides from Pinar del

Rio province in the west, across the

full width of Havana and Matanzas

provinces, and to Sagua la Grande

on the north shore, and to Cienfuegos

on the south shore of Santa Clara,

except within the Spanish trochas.

There are no domestic animals or

crops on the rich fields and pastures,

except such as are under guard in the

immediate vicinity of the towns. In other

hold in these four western provinces just what

man, woman, and child, and every domestic animal, wherever their columns

have reached, is under guard within their so-called fortifications. To describe

one place is to describe all. To repeat, it is neither peace nor war. It

is concentration and desolation. This is the ' pacified ' condition of the four

western provinces.

"All the country people in the four western provinces, about 400,000 in

number, remaining outside the fortified towns where Wej^ler's order was made,

were driven into these towns, and these are the reconcentrados. The}' were the

peasantry (many of them farmers) some land owners, others renting lands and

owning more or less stock, others working on estates and cultivating small

patches—and even a small patch in that fruitful clime will support a family. It

is but fair to say that the normal condition of the.se people was very different

from what prevails in this country. Their standard of comfort and prosperity

"was not high, measured by our own. But according to their standards and

requirements their conditions of life were satisfactory. The}' live mostly in

cabins made of palm, or wooden houses. Some of them had houses of stone, the

blackened walls of which are all that remain to show that the country was ever

inhabited. The first clause of Weyler's order reads as follows:

" 'I order and command: First, all the inhabitants of a country (district)

outside of the line of fortifications of the towns shall, within the period of eight

days, concentrate themselves in the towns occupied by the troops. Any individual

who, after the expiration of this period, is found in the uninhabited parts will be

considered a rebel and tried as such.'

"The other three sections forbid the transportation of provisions from one

town to another without the permission of the military authority; direct the

20 Caii!paii:^)iiii!^- in t/ir Philippines.

owners of cattle to bring them into the towns; prescribe that eight days shall be

counted from the publication of the proclamation in the head town of the

municipal districts, and state that if news is furnished of the enemy which can be

made use of it will serve as ' a recommendation.'

" Many doubtless did not learn of this order. Others failed to grasp its

terrible meaning. It was left largely to the guerrillas to drive in all who did not

obey, and I was informed that in many cases a torch was applied to their homes

wnth no notice, and the inmates fled with such clothing as they might have on,

their stock and other belongings being appropriated by the guerrillas. When they

reached the town they were allowed to build huts of palm leaves in the suburbs

and vacant places within the trochas, and left to live if the}' could. Their huts are

about ten by fifteen feet in size, and for want of space are usually crowded together

very closely. They have no floor Imt the ground, no furniture, and after a year's

STREET SCENES IN MANILA.

wear, but little clothing except such stray substitutes as they can extemporize,

and with large families or with more than can be accommodated in this little

space, the commonest sanitary provisions are impossible. Conditions are unmen-

tionable in this respect. Torn from their homes, with foul earth, foul air, foul

water and foul food, or none, what wonder that one-half have died, and that

one-quarter of the living are so diseased that the}' cannot be saved ? A form ofdropsy

is a common disorder resulting from these conditions. lyittle children are still walk-

ing about W'ith arms and chests terribly emaciated, eyes swollen, and abdomen

bloated to three times the natural size. The physicians say these cases are hopeless.

"Deaths in the street have not been uncommon. I was told by one of our

consuls that many have been found dead about the markets in the morning, where

Cainpaii^nini:^ in llic PInhppiues. 21

they had crawled, hoping to get some stray bits of food from the early hucksters,

and that there had been cases where they had dropped dead inside the market,

surrounded by food. These people were independent and self-supporting before

Weyler's order. They are not beggars even now. There are plenty of profes-

sional beggars in every town among the regular residents, but these country

people, the reconcentrados, have not learned the art. Rarely is a hand held out

to you for alms when going among their huts, but the sight of them makes an

appeal stronger than words.

"Of these I need not speak. Others have described their conditions far

better than I can. It is not within the narrow limits of my vocabulary to portray

it. I went to Cuba with a strong conviction that the picture had been over-

drawn; that a few cases of starvation and suffering had inspired and stimulated

the press correspondents and they had given free play to a strong natural, and

highly cultivated imagination. Before starting I received through the mail a

leaflet published by the Christian Herald^ with the cuts of some of the sick andstarving reconcentrados, and

would be rare specimens

possible showing. I saw

many that should not

s h ow n . I could not

ulation of 1,600,000,

in these Spanish forts,

within a few months

vat ion and disease

and improper food. Myoutside of sensational

made of our medicalcity alcaldes (mayors), of relief

chants and bankers, physicians

took it with me, thinking these

en up to make the worst

plenty as bad and worse;

be photographed andbelieve that out of a pop-

200,000 had died with-

practically prison walls,

past, from actual star-

caused by insufficient

inquiries were entirely-

sour c e s . They were

officers, of our consuls, of

committees, of leading mer-

and lawyers. Several of myinformants were Spanish born, but every time the answer was that the case

had not been overstated. What I saw I cannot tell so that others can see it. It

must be seen with one's own eyes to be realized. The I^os Palos Hospital in

Havana has been recently described by one of my colleagues, Senator Gallinger,

and I cannot say that his picture was overdrawn, for even his fertile pen couldnot do that. He visited it after Dr. Lesser, one of Miss Barton's very able andefficient assistants (in the Red Cross work), had renovated it and put in cots. I

saw it when four hundred women and children were lying on the stone floors in

an indescribable state of emaciation and disease, many with the scantiest coveringof rags—and such rags! Sick children as naked as they came into the world.

And the conditions in the other cities are even worse." In the United States this

conservative, candid statement of Senator Proctor put feeling to a pitch, andthere was loud clamor against Congress and the Executive for its unfeeling delay.

THE DESTRUCTION OF THE "MAINE."

At this time there was an occurrence which set the country aflame. Onthe night of February 15, 1898, while peacefully at anchor in the harbor

22 Cai//fiai»-fiifi<r in the Philippines.

of Havana, the United States battle-ship Maine was sunk by an explosion

and two officers and 2()4 of her crew killed or drowned. Prior to this, the

Spanish government had protested against our sending cruisers with supplies

to the reconcentrados, and there was much talk of the designs of the Spanish

fleet upon our Atlantic Coast. Theattitude and feeling in vSpanish circles

was such that this destruction of the

Mairie was at once charged to the

perfidy and cruelty of the Spanish

government. At once the President

created a commission to consider and

report upon the cause of the destruc-

tion of the Maine, but in the minds of

the public there was an ample casino

belli, and it would hardly brook the

delay necessary for a report. The con-

'- :f^.~X^ "'-^'W

A FAMILIAR STRKKT SCUNK.

servatism of Congress kept it well in check, but the importunities of constituents

drove it to preparatory action. On March 8, 1898, the House, by unanimous

vote, passed a bill appropriating $50,000,000 for national defense. By unanimous

vote, and without debate, the bill passed the Senate on the same day, and was

immediately signed by the President. On the 16th of March, a protest by the

Spanish government against our measures of defense and our fleet in Key

West was received. On March 28th the President sent to Congress the report

of the Court of Inquiry on the Maine disaster. The following is its full text:

REPORT OF THE COURT OF INQUIRY.

\ "United States Steamship /c^ayia:.

\First Rate.

" Key West, Florida, Monday, March 21, 18<)8.

"After full and mature consideration of all the testimony before it the court

finds as follows:

"1. That the United States battle-ship Maine arrived in the harbor of

Havana, Cuba, on the 25th day of January, 1898, and was taken to buoy No. 4,

in from five and one-half to six fathoms of water, by the regular government pilot.

The United States Consul-General at Havana had notified the authorities at that

place the previous evening of the intended arrival of the Maine.

" 2. The state of discipline on board the Maine was excellent, and all orders

and regulations in regard to the care and safety of the ship were strictly carried

out. All ammunition was stowed in accordance with prescribed instructions, and

proper care w^as taken whenever ammunition was handled. Nothing was stowed

in any one of the magazines or shell-rooms which was not permitted to be stowed

there. The magazines and shell-rooms were always locked after having been

opened, and after the destruction of the Maine the keys were found in their proper

place in the Captain's cabin, everything having been reported secure that evening

at 8 p. M.

Canipaii^iiini^ i)i the /Vii/ip/>!nes. 23

"The temperature of the magazines aiul shell-rooms was taken daily and

reported. The only miga/.ine which had an undue amount of heat was the after

ten-inch magazine, and that did not explode at the time the Maine was destroyed.

The dry gun-cotton primers and detonators were stowed in the cabin aft, and

remote from the scene of the explosion. Waste was carefully looked after on the

Maine to obviate danger. Special order in regard to this had been given by the

commanding officer. Varnishers, dryers, alcohol and other combustibles of this

nature were stowed on or above the main deck, and could not have had anything

to do with the destruction of the Maine." The medical stores were stowed aft under the ward-room, and remote from

the scene of the explosion. No dangerous stores of any kind were stowed below in

an}' of the other store rooms.

" The coal bunkers were

inspected daily. Of those

bunkers adjacent to the for-

Avard magazines and shell-

rooms, four were empty,

namely: 'B;{, B 4, B 5, B (i.'

'A l-")' had been in use that

day, and 'A K)' was full of |

New River coal. This coal

had been carefully inspected

])efore receiving it onboard.

The bunker in which it was

stowed was accessible on

three sides at all times, and

the fourth side at this time

on account of bunkers ' B 4'

and ' B (i ' being empty.

This bunker, ' A 16,' had

been inspected that day by

the engineer officer on duty.

The fire-alarms in the bunk-

ers were in working order,

and there had never been

a case of spontaneous com-

bustion of coal on board the

Maine. The two after

boilers of the ship were in use at the time of the disaster, but for auxiliary pur-

poses only, with a comparatively low pressure of steam, and being tended by a re-

liable watch. These boilers could not have caused the explosion of the ship. Thefour forward boilers have since been found by the divers, and are in a fair condition.

" On the night of the destruction of the Maine everything had been reported

secure for the night at 8 p. M. by reliable persons, through the proper authorities,

to the commanding officer. At the time the Maine was destroA'ed the ship was quiet,

and therefore least liable to accident caused by movements from those on board.

SCENE ON THE RIO GRANDE.

24 Cainpai,<^>i!)i<^ in the PliiUppincs.

" ;>. The destruction of the Maine occurred at forty minutes past nine in the

evening of the loth day of February, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, in the

harbor of Havana, Cuba, she being at the time moored to the same buoy to which

she had been taken upon her arrival. There were two explosions of a distinctly

different character, with a very short, but distinct interval between them, and

the forward part of the ship was lifted to a marked degree at the time of the first

explosion. The first explosion was more in the nature of a report, like that of a

gun; while the second explosion was more open, prolonged, and of greater vol-

ume. This second explosion was, in the opinion of the court, caused by the

partial explosion of two or more of the forward magazines of the Maine.

"The evidence bearing upon this, being principally obtained from divers, did

not enable the court to form a definite conclusion as to the condition of the wreck,

although it was established that the after part of the ship was practically' intact,

and sank in that condition a ver}' few minutes after the destruction of the forward

part. The following facts in regard to the forward part of the ship are, however,

established by the testimony.

SPANISH .sijl. . 1 IK A VI-. R.

" 4. That portion of the port side of the protective deck which extends from

about frame 80 to frame 41 was blown up aft and over to port. The main deck from

about frame 30 to frame 41 was blown up aft and slightly over the starboard,

folding the forward part of the middle superstructure over and on top of the after

part. This was, in the opinion of the court, caused by the partial explosion of

two or more of the forward magazines of the Maine.

"5. At frame 17, the outer shell of the ship, from a point eleven and one-

half feet from the middle line of the ship, and six feet above the keel when in its

normal position, has been forced up so as to be now about four feet above the sur-

face of the water; therefore, about thirty-four feet above where it would be, had

the ship sunk uninjured. The outside bottom-plating is bent into a reversed

V-shape, the aft wing of which, about fifteen feet broad and thirty feet in length

(from frame 17 to frame 25) is doubled back upon itself against the continuation

of the same plating extending forward.

" At frame 18 the vertical keel is broken in two, and the flat keel bent into an

angle similar to the angle formed by the outside bottom-plating. This break is

now about six feet above its normal position.

CaiHpai^iiiiii^ in llic Philippines. 25

" In the opinion of the conrt this eflfect could have been produced only by the

explosion of a mine situated under the bottom of the ship at about frame IS, and

somewhat on the port side of the ship.

" ('). The court finds that the loss of the Maine, on the occasion named, was

not in any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or

members of the crew of said vessel.

" 7. In the opinion of the court the Maine was destroyed by the explosion of

a submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her for-

ward magazines." S. The court has been unable to obtain evidence fixing the responsibility

for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons.

"W. T. Sampson, Captain U. S. N., President.

"A. Marix, I^ieutenant-Commander U. S. N., Judge-Advocate.

"The court, having finished the inquiry it was ordered to make, adjourned at

11 A. M to await the action of the convening authority.

" W. T. Sampson, Captain U. S. N., President.

" A. Marix, Ivieutenant-Commander U. S. N., Judge-Advocate."

"U. S. Flagship iV^ze' York, off Key West, Fla., March 22, 1898.

" The proceedings and findings of the Court of Inquiry' in the above case are

approved." M. SiCARD, Rear Admiral,

Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Force

on the North Atlantic Station."

THE PRESIDENT'S MESSAGE.

Accompanying this report was the following explanatory message of the

President:

" For some time prior to the visit of the Maine to Havana harbor our Consu-

lar representatives pointed out the advantages to flow from the visit of national

ships to Cuban waters, in accustoming the people to the presence of our flag as

the symbol of good will, and of our ships in the fulfillment of the mission of pro-

tection to American interests, even though no immediate need therefor might

exist.

" Accordingly on the 24th of January last, after a conference with the Spanish

Minister, in which the renewal of visits of our war vessels to Spanish waters wasdiscussed and accepted, the peninsular authorities at Madrid and Havana wereadvised of the purpose of this government to resume friendly naval visits to Cubanports, and that, in that view, the Maine would forthwith call at the port of

Havana. This announcement was received by the Spanish government with

appreciation of the friendly character of the visit of the Maine, and with notifica-

tion of an i'ltention to return the courtesy by sending Spanish ships to the princi-

pal ports of the United vStates. Meanwhile the Maine entered the port of Havanaon the 2."ith of January, her arrival being marked with no special incident besides

the exchange of customary salutes and ceremonial visits.

26 Caiiipai^iiiiio; jn //w Pliihppuics.

"The Alahic continued in llic liarbor of Havana during; the three weeks fol

lowing her arrival. No appreciable excitement attended her stay; on the con-

trary, a feeling of relief and confidence followed the resumption of the long-

interrupted friendly intercourse. So noticeable was this immediate effect of her

visit that the Consul-General strongly urged that the presence of our ships in

Cuban waters should be kept up by retainiiig the Maine at Havana, or in the

event of her recall, by sending another vessel there to take her place.

" At fort}' minutes past nine on the evening of the 15th of February, the Maine

was destroj-ed by an explosion, by which the entire forward part of the ship was

utterly wrecked. In this catastrophe two officers and two hundred and sixty-four

of her crew perished; those who were not killed outright b}' her explosion being

penned between decks by the tangle of wreckage and drowned by the immediate

sinking of the hull. Prompt assistance was rendered by the neighboring vessels

anchored in the harbor, aid being especially given b}' the boats of the Spanish

cruiser, Alphonse XII, and the Ward Line steamer, City of ]Vashi7ig/o)i, which

lay not far distant. The wounded were generously cared for by the authorities of

Havana, the hospitals being freely opened to them, while the earliest recovered

bodies of the dead were interred by the municipality in a public cemetery in the

city. Tributes of grief and sympathy were offered from all official headquarters

of the island.

" The appalling calamity fell upon the people of our country with crushing

force, and for a brief time an intense excitement prevailed, which, in a community

less just and self-controlled than ours, might have led to hasty acts of blind resent-

ment. This spirit, howe\-er, soon gave way to the calm processes of reason, and

to the resolve to investigate the facts and await material proof before forming a

judgment as to the cause, the responsibility, and, if the facts warranted, the

remedy due. This course necessarily recommended itself from the outset to the

Executive, for only in the yy^jf^^.^ ^ light of a dispassionately ascertained

'^^ termnie the nature and measure of

its full duty in the matter. The usual

procedure was followed, as in all cases of

casualty or disaster to national vessels

of any maritime state. A naval court

of inquiry was at once organized, com-

posed of officers well qualified by rank

and practical experience to discharge

the onerous duty imposed upon them.

Aided b}' a strong force of wreckers

jand divers, the court proceeded to makea thorough investigation on the spot,

^ " enipluNing ever\ axailable means for the impartial and exact

determination of the causes of the explosion. Its operations

have l)een conducted with the utmost deliberation and judgment, and, while

independently pursued, no source of information was neglected, and the tullest

opportunity was allo-wed for a simultaneous investigation by the Spanish

authorities.

cei laintv

M A i; K i: r

/ X

Ca))//>a!\'->/!}ix'^ i)i the IViilippims. 27

of lier /j I

.. .,„-J

" The finding of the Court of Inciuiry was reached, after twenty-three days of

continuous hilxir, on the 21st of March instaiit, and, having been approved

on the 22(1 by the Commander-in-Chief of the United States naval force of

the North Atlantic Station, was transmitted to tlie lixecutive.

"It is herewith laid before the Cv)ngrcss, together with the

voluminous testimon\' taken ])e-

fore the court. Its purportis, in brief, as follows

:

" W'lien the JAr///t' arrived at

Havana she was conducted by

the regular government pilot to

buoy No. 4, to which she was

moored in from five and one-half

to six fathoms of water. Thestate of discipline on board ^and the condition

magazines, boilers

bunkers and storage compartments are passed in

review, with the conclusion ^ -* that excellent order prevailed, and that

no indication of any cause for an internal explosion existed in any quarter.

"At eight o'clock in the evening of February 15th everything had been

reported secure, and all was quiet. At forty minutes past nine o'clock the vessel

was suddenly destroyed. There were two distinct explosions, with a brief interval

between them. The first lifted the forward part of the ship very perceptibly; the

second, which was more open, prolonged, and of greater volume, is attributed by

the court to the partial explosion of two or more of the forward magazines.

"The evidence of the divers establishes that the after part of the ship was

practically intact and sank in that condition a very few minutes after the

explosion. The forward part was completely destroyed.

" Upon the evidence of a concurrent external cause the finding of the court is

as follows:

" (As in paragraphs 5, 6, 7 and S of the Report.

)

" I have directed that the finding of the Court of Inquiry, and the views of

tlie government thereon, be communicated to the government of Her Majesty, the

Queen Regent, and I do not permit myself to doubt that the sense ofjustice of the

Spanish nation will dictate a cour.se of action suggested by honor and the friendly

relations of the two governments. It will be the duty of the Executive to advise

the Congress of the result, and in the meantime deliberate consideration is

invoked. William McKinley."Executive Mansion, March 2S, 1S98."

FURTHER OFFICIAL ACTS.

In both branches of Congress the next day bills were introduced on Cubanaffairs, and on April 1st, Congress passed a naval appropriation bill. In the

days following there was a tempered discussion in Congress on Cuban affairs.

28 Caii/paii^iii)ii; lit llic I'liilif^piiics..

On April 7th, a note was received from the representatives of foreign powers,

expressing a hope "that further negotiations will lead to an agreement which,

while securing the maintenance of peace, will afford all necessary guarantees for

the establishment of order in Cuba." This was signed

by the representatives of Germany, Austria,

Hungary, France, GreatBritain, Italy and Russia.

President McKinley's reply

was diplomatic and concilia-

tory but not in harmonywith the voice of the people.

On March 27th, Presi-

dent McKinley had sub-

mitted to the Spanish gov-

(^•^^i^^^^^H^BHI^^^^^^BWMBiWBWii^^^^H ernment propositions look-

siKi 1 T scim: in SAN 1 I knanim,. iHg to an armistice between

Spain and the Cuban insvirgents until October, with a view of coming to an

adjustment of Cuban affairs. Soon thereafter General Blanco issued this

proclamation

:

" His Majesty's Government, ^'ielding to the reiterated wish expressed by His

Holiness, the Pope, has been pleased to decree a suspension of hostilities, with the

object of preparing and facilitating the restoration of peace on this island, in virtue

whereof I believe it convenient to order:

" Article 1. From the day following the receipt in each locality of the present

proclamation hostilities are ordered to be suspended in all the territory of the

Island of Cuba.

"The details for the execution of the above article will be the subject of

special instructions that will be communicated to the several commanders-in-chief

of the army corps for easy and prompt execution according to the situation and

circumstances of the case. Blanco."

An ineffective revocation of Weyler's reconcentrado orders had been issued

and Spain appropriated $()00,000 for Cuban relief. However, all came to naught.

The conditions mentioned in the Blanco proclamation were such that the insur-

gents could not comply—one being that they must surrender their arms. Theappropriation failed of its ostensible intent, one of the conditions being that no

one who was a relative of an insurgent in arms could have the benefit, and

this would include nearly the whole Cuban population.

In a message to Congress, during this time. President McKinley used this

significant language: " I need not speak of forcible annexation, for that cannot

be thought of. That, by our code of morality, would be criminal aggression."

On the 11th day of April, President McKinle}' submitted his message to Congress,

which put an end to controversy, and brought Congress to immediate and definite

action. Its great length precludes a recapitulation of the whole. It dwelt upon the

policies of his predecessors in regard to the vital questions involved ; told of the

Spanish aggressions in Cuba, and the great menace to our material interests,

(.\ii)ifiato;)iiiti; ih Ihc /'/li/i/ypint's. 29

Avhile this government had practiced the utmost prudence at enormous expense,

having in view international reUitions, to protect Spanish interests in spite of

their career of intrigue and destruction, and concludes:

"In the name of humanity, in the name of cix'ilization, in behalf of endangered

American interests, which give us the right and the duty to speak and to act, the

war in Cul)a must stoji.

" In view of these facts and these considerations, I ask Congress to authorize

and empower the President to take measures to secure a full and final termination

of hostilities between the govennnent of vS]xiin and the ])eople of Cuba, and to

secure in the island the establishment of a stable goA'ernment capable of maintain-

ing order and observing its international obligations, insuring peace and tran-

(juillity, and the security of its citizens as well as our own ; and to use the military

and naval forces of the United States as may be necessary for these purposes.

"And in the interest of humanity and to aid in preserving the lives of the

starving people of the island, I recommend that the distribution of food and sup-

plies be continued, and that an appropriation be made out of the public treasury to

supplement the charity of our citizens.

"The issue is now with Congress. It is a solemn responsibility. I have

exhausted every effort to relieve the intolerable condition of aflfairs which is at our

doors. Prepared to execute every obligation imposed upon me by the constitution

and the law, I await your action."

CONGRP:vSS recognizes the independence of CUBA.

--•^ .\w

In this there was no mincing of words. It had the true ring. It was a cen-

ter shot, and hit a vital part. At once Congress made its response and it likewi.se

came in no uncertain terms. On the 13th of April, the House of Representatives

passed a re.solution directing the President to intervene in Cuban affairs at once,

and authorized him to use the land and naval forces of the United States in his

effort to stop the Avar. The Senate passed a substitute for the House resolution.

Not that all did not concur in

its spirit, but it was thought

to be too loose in its wording.

The Senate substitute was

adopted by the House, and

the measure as finally passed

is the following:

"Joint resolution for the

recognition ofthe independence

of the people of Cuba, demand-

ing that the government of

Spain relinquish its authority

and government in the island A I ILII'INO HfT.

of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters,

and directing the President of the United States to u.se the land and naval forces

of the United States to carrv these resolutions into effect.

30 C(ii/i/>ai\''>/i)/^' 111 the /'/n/ippincs.

" W^iereas the abhorrent conditions wliicli have existed for more than three

years in tlie island of Cuba, so near our own borders, liave sliocked the moral

sense of the people of the United States, and have been a tlisgrace to Christian

civilization, culminat-

ing, as they have, in

the destruction of a

United vStates battle-

ship, with 2()6 of its

officers and crew,

while on a friendly

visit in the harbor of

Havana, and cannotbe longer endured, as

had been set forth by

the President of theSPANISH i-oKT AT cAviTK. Uuitcd Statcs lu his

message to Congress of April 11, 1S!)S, upon which the action of Congress-

was invited; therefore, be it resolved :

"First—That the people of the island of Cuba are, and of right ought to be,

free and independent.

"Second—That it is the duty of the United States to demand, and the govern-

ment of the United States does demand, that the government of Spain at once

relinquish its authority and government in the island of Cuba, and withdraw its

land and naval forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

" Third—That the President of the United States be, and he hereby is. directed

and empowered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and

to call into the actual service of the United States the militia of the several states

to such an extent as may be necessary to carry these resolutions into effect.

" Fourth—That the United States hereby disclaims any disposition or inten-

tion to exercise sovereignty, jurisdiction, or control over said island, except for

the pacification thereof, and a.sserts its determination when that is accomplished to

leave the government and control of the island to its people."

WAR DECLARKI) BKTWEKX THE UXITED vSTATES AND SPAIN.

On April 2Uth the United States government presented its ultimatum to Spain

to, before noon on April 'i^Jrd, relinquish authority and goxernment in the island

of Cuba and withdraw both land and na\-al forces from Cuba and Cuban waters.

Spain protested and refused compliance, and at once our North Atlantic .squadron

was ordered to Cuban waters to blockade Havana and other port cities.

At noon on April 2--^ the President issued his proclamation calling for 123,000

men for service in the military and naval forces of the government in the w^ar wMth

Spain. It is as follows:

" Whereas, by a joint resolution of Congress, approved on the 20th da\- of

April, 1S9S, entitled 'Joint resolution for the recognition of the independence of

the people of Cuba, demanding that the government of Spain relinquish its

Caiiipaii^miliar j,/ //;,. J'hilippities. 31

authority and governmeiu m the island of Cuba, and withdraw its land and naval

forces from Cuba and Cuban waters, and directinj^ the President of the UnitedvStates to use the land and naval forces of the United States to carry this

resolution into effect,' and,

" Whereas, l)y an Act of Congress entitled 'An Act to pro\-ide for tempora-

rily increasing the military establishment of the United States in time of war andfor other purposes,' approved April 22, 1898, the President is authorized, in

order to raise a volunteer army, to issue this proclamation calling for volunteers

to serve in the army of the United States.

" Now therefore, I, William McKinley, President of the United States, by virtue

of the power vested in me by the constitution and the laws, and deeming sufficient

occasion to exist, have thought it fit to call forth, and hereby do call forth, vol-

unteers to the aggregate number of 125,000, in order to carry into effect the pur-

pose of the said resolution ; the same to be apportioned, as far as practicable,

among the several states and territories and the District of Columbia, according

to population, and to serve for two years, unless sooner discharged. The details

for this object will be immediately communicated to the proper authorities throughthe War Department.

" In witness whereof, I have hereunto set my hand and caused the seal of the

United States to be affixed.

" Done at the City of W'ashington this twenty-third day of April, A. D. 1898,

and of the independence of the United States the one hundred and twenty-second.

" By the President

:

William McKinley."John Sherman, Secretary of State."

Upon the issuance of this proclamation. Chairman Dingley, of the Ways andISIeans Committee, introduced in the House a War Revenue Bill. At the instance

of the President, Congress, on the 2oth day of April, made the following formal

declaration of war :

" A bill declaring that war exists between the United States of America andthe Kingdom of Spain. Be it

enacted, etc.

"1 . That war be, and the

same is hereby declared to

exist, and that war has existed

since the 21st day of April,

1898, including said day, be-

tween the United States of

America and the Kingdom of

Spain.

"2. That the President of

the United States be, and he

hereby is, directed and em- a mi. hi no equipage.

powered to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States, and to

call into active service of the United States the militia of the several states to such

extent as may be necessary to carry this act into effect."

32 C(r»i/>(J !]<;// ihx'- hi the JVii/ippiiics.

On the same day a bill i)assed the Senate increasing the regular army. Pur-

suant to the call for troops, the enlistment of men exceeded all expectations, and

tenders were made by the governors of many states largely in excess of their

quotas. By the 16th of May, 70,000 volunteers had been mustered in, and b>- tl:e

18th, 92,580, and the following States had completed their quotas: California,

Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Maryland, Minnesota, Massachusetts,

New Hampshire, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Washington, West

Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming and District of Columbia.

On May 25th the President issued his proclamation calling for 75,000 more

volunteers, making a total force of regulars and volunteers of 278,500 men. Astatement from the Treasury Department of June 2d showed that for April the

expenditure for a navy was $12,557,000, and for the army, $6,223,000. For Mayit was, navy, $9,093,000, and the army, $17,093,000. Congress passed a deiiciency

bill, appropriating $17,845,000 for war expenditures, and on June 10th, the War

Revenue bill and the Secretary of the Treasury asked for subscriptions to the

$200,000,000 three per cent bonds.

CHAPTER III.

AFTER THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY.

FjU^^-. JB*^' 'FTER the destruction of the Spanish fleet the holdin^i^ of Manila

Bay was a miUtary necessity. The American fleet was 7000

miles from an American port, and among all the hundreds of

Asiatic ports which would have been available in time of peace

there was not one which was open to an American war-vessel

except for temporary refuge from stress of weather, and once

only for each ship for such repairs and coal supply as might

enable her to reach the nearest home port. It was therefore a

military' necessity to hold the bay and the naval docks and shops

which had been wrested from the Spaniards. To this extent Admiral Dewey's

duty was clear. What should be done with the city of Manila was a different,

and far more difficult problem. That it was within his power, by bombardment,

to compel the capitulation of the city there could be no doubt. Had a Spanish

fleet been approaching with the intent to attack him in Manila Bay, it would have

doubtless been a military necessit}' to promptly reduce the city, no matter at what

hazard, that in the event of another naval battle, his ships might not be subject to

the fire of shore batteries. This condition, however, for the time being, did not

exist. The only Spanish fleet in Oriental waters had been destro3'ed. Dewey's

fleet was safe in Manila harbor, with full possession of the stores, docks and shops

of Cavite, and it was perfectly certain that so long as he did not attack Manila its

batteries would not fire upon the American ships. If, on the other hand, he

should take possession of Manila, international law would hold the United States

responsible for the protection of non-Spanish persons and property in the city, and

the law of humanity would hold them equally responsible for the protection of all

other non-combatants. For this duty Admiral Dewey had no force, and his

obvious course, therefore, was the one adopted—to leave things as they were,

pending instructions and reenforcements, for which he promptly applied, mean-

while, of course, maintaining a close blockade of the port.

THE AMERICAN POLICY UXDETERMIXEI).

Whether or not the opening thus made should be followed by the conquest

and annexation, or other disposal of the Philippines, was a matter to be deter-

mined at Washington, and for the present the authorities there had no means of

forming an opinion. There was absolutely no public sentiment upon the subject

other than the general desire to seize everything belonging to the enemy, which

34 Caiiipaii^^iiini^ iit lite /'/li/ippiiirs.

SPAN'tsH tar(.i:t ru

prevails in all countries in time of war; nor was ihere any such special informa-

tion immediately available to the President and Conj^ress as would warrant the

formation of any fixed judgment by them. The decision was made, however, andput into execution as rapidly

as possible, to despatch troops

to the islands in sufficient

numbers to capture and hold

the city of Manila, and be pre-

pared to enforce, as to the

remainder of the territory,

whatever decision mightultin)ately be reached.

As a matter of fact the

most important factor in the

ultimate solution of the problem was the character and disposition of the inhab-

itants of the islands, and the probability of a satisfactory affiliation betweenthem and the Americans. It is, perhaps, even yet too early to form definite

opinions on this subject, but the following resume of some of the events whichhave occurred upon the islands during the past few years will throw some light

upon the subject, and is at any rate essential to a proper understanding of the

course of events since the American occupation.

CONDITIONvS UNDER 8P.\XISH RULE.

The Philippines, like all other Spanish colonies, were ruled with an iron hand.

All authority was concentrated in the Governor-General, residing at Manila.

There were provincial and municipal governments, but all subject to review b}'

the central authority. To what extent the Governor-General was directed from

Madrid does not appear, but apparently it depended upon his personal influence

with the home government. It is stated that the Governor-Generals always wentto the islands as poor men, and returned very rich. If this were true, and it is

common report, their riches were obtained by peculation, because it is impossible

to become rich from the legitimate emoluments of public office. There is noauthentic statement known to us of the exact forms of tyranny practiced by the

Spaniards upon the Filipinos, but in general it appears to have taken the form

of corrupt administration rather than of oppressive laws. Both the fiscal ad-

ministration and the courts are said to have been corrupt. The rich oppressed

the poor, and divided the plunder with officials. There appears to have been cases

of enforced colonization, in which natives were compelled to leave their homesand settle in other islands. Those forms of oppression, however, which mostdirectly affected the masses, seem to have been connected with the church. During

the course of the three centuries of Spanish control, Christianit}^ has become firmly

implanted among the natives. With the exception of some Mohammedans in the

southern islands, and the few tribes which are entirely uncivilized, all Filipinos

are good Catholics. Those who know them best have least doubt as to the sin-

cerity of the belief of the masses in the tenets of the Catholic faith. The Catholic

church, as is well known, is a hierarchy w^ith the parish priest as the unit, locally

Ca))ipaii!;ni)ig ui the J'/ii/ippines. 35

directed by his bishoj) aiul archl)ishop. Ikil within the churcli tliere are a lart^e

number of religious orders, supposed to be de\-oted to good words and works,

and actually so, so far as we in America know them, but independent

of the authority of the priests and bishops, and respon-

sible mainly to their own superiors, and through them,

like the parish priests and bishops, to the Pope. The

testimony is universal that in the Philippines these

"friars" were whc^lly unlike the good men whom we

know as such in this country, and, to a very great extent,

were ignorant, brutish, licentious and rapacious. Educa-

tional affairs, at least in the rural districts, were largely

in their hands, and in many ways they were employed b> the CiuNeruoi^ \\\

connection with the civil administration, in which capacity they could, and, as

alleged, did practice all forms of petty extortion, while leading, as is stated,

in many cases, grossly immoral lives. At any rate, the one clear and emphatic

demand which stood out above all others from this sincerely Catholic people

was that the friars should be banished from the islands, and all religious

work committed to the parish priests, as to whom no complaint was made, and

who appear to have acquired and deserved the entire respect of the people.

SOCIETY OF THE KATIPUXAN.

As the result of misgovernment there have been, since 18(iS, .several Filipino

insurrections, none of them attaining any great measure of success until that of

189(), which was coincident with the rebellion in Cuba. During all these years,

however, the spirit of discontent has been spreading, and the art of secret organ-

ization acquired. It is said that educated Filipinos residing in European capitals

w^ere initiated as Freemasons, and introduced into the islands many of the methods

of that organization in the formation of the .society of the " Katipunan"—a Tagalo

word meaning "brotherhood"—which was devoted to the attainment of the inde-

pendence of the islands. This brotherhood became very strong on the island of

Euzon, and gradually spread over most of the islands of the archipelago, largely

aided, it is said, by the enforced colonization schemes of the government, from the

fact that the suspected persons who were selected for deportation became newcenters of conspiracy in the islands to which they were taken.

REBELLION OF 1896.

Warfare between the Spaniards and their subject people has always been savage

on both sides, and the preparations for the revolt which broke out on August 20,

^] 1896, are said to have included

s , ^ a conspiracv for the mas.sacre of

^'' fil4»A^ bl.4^ W'N 1^^^' iB^ithe entire Spanish, and perhaps

i^JttiLT uJr»3fc.-::S:" "llJHlMn mi^SHT foreign population. The night^^attack, on the 20th of August,

i -in which the Spaniards were to

have been slaughtered, was frustrated through the confession of the wife of a

member of the Katipunan to a priest, and this led to the arrest and

36 Cai>ipaii^>iifi!^ 1)1 the P/iihppincs.

imprisonment at once of some .'UJO of the suspects. Some time before

this, a petition, signed by oOOU of these natives, had been presented to the

government of Japan, asking for annexation to that government, and this was

at once forwarded by the Japanese government to that of Madrid, This action of

Japan only added fuel to the fire. While the Spanish government was for the

time lenient with these petitioners, it was compulsory leniency, as there were

then in the Philippines only about InOO Spanish soldiers, and 6()()() auxiliaries

(natives). B}' the 1st of December following, this force had been increased to

10,000 Spanish regulars, with the addition of some small war-craft. Arrests fol-

lowed, and discontent became rampant. On the 2()th of August, 189(i, Caloocan

was raided by the insurgents, some Chinese killed and others captured. TheSpanish cavalry started in pursuit, but all had vanished. On the morning of

August oOth the first battle of the insurrection occurred at San Juan del Monte,

just outside Manila, the rebels making the attack at four o'clock in the morning.

BRIDGE OF SPAIN A FIESTA DAY.

They had no military^ skill or leadership, Sancho Valenzuela being in command,and he, by occupation, a ropemaker. One Spaniard was killed and several

wounded. There were eighty of the rebels killed. On September 4th four of the

leaders of the San Juan fight were executed on the Luneta. This was followed

by the execution of others. The rebellion now spread like an infection, reaching

into the provinces, the populace being quite universally allied with the rebellion.

Everywhere, however, the little conflicts were favorable to the Spanish.

AGUINALDO APPEARS.

The province of Cavite soon attracted most attention from its connection with

Don Emilio Aguinaldo. He was there teaching school at Silan, a small place,

but a hotbed and resort of rebels. He was born in this province on the 22d of

March, 1868, at Cauit.

Canipaii^niiii!^ in the Phxlippiucs. 37

Agiiinaldo at once sprang into prominence by issuing an address to the people,

counselino resistance. There was not formulated in this proclamation a plan of

goveninient. At vSan Francisco de Malabon he organized the revolutionary move-ment, and at once marched to Imus, in the province of Cavite.

Here there was a slight engagement, and several priests werecaptured and cruelly tortured to death. Aguinaldo fortified Imus,The insurgents also held Paranaque and I^as Pinas, and built

trenches one and one-half miles long, south of Cavite fort andiisenal; they were splendidly entrenched. Here the Spaniards,

with a large force, sought to dislodge them, but were defeated

with the loss of nearly the half of a whole regiment of auxiliaries; sixty

Spanish regulars were killed and fifty wounded. The Spaniards retired behindtrenches. In the meantime executions were the order of the day; in Manilathirteen of the "promoters" were executed at one time.

There was an organized force of insurgents north of Manila, in the provinces

of Bulacan and Parapanga. Their estimated strength was oOOO. Against these

the Spaniards had a cavalry detachment of 500 men. Nothing effective, however,was done. With the augmentation of the Spanish forces an attempt was made to

capture the insurgents, but everywhere the rebels seemed victorious. At Car-mona, vSilan, Imus, Binicayan—all were Spanish defeats, but still these defeats

served the purpose of keeping the rebel forces out of Manila. It was a savagewarfare and no mercv shown bv either faction.

CHANGES IN THE GOVERNOR-GENERALSHIP.

Governor-General Blanco, not being in harmony with the archbishop, w^as

recalled to Spain in December. At this time the insurgent force was practically

in possession of the whole province of Cavite, except the fortifications of Cavite,

and there were in the province about 7000 insurgent troops, mostly equipped withMauser rifles. They were well entrenched, but with no sufficient artillery. Theirtotal fighting force at this time was about -35,000 men.

General Camilo Polavieja succeeded General Blanco. His available force wasincreased to 28,000 men, and a vigorous campaign was at once inaugurated.

General Lachambre was his deputy commanding in the field, and a large numberof small engagements followed, the result of which, for the time, re-established

Spanish rule in Cavite province. General Polavieja and his

deputy resigned and left for Spain, April 15, 1897. He wassucceeded in command by General Fernando Primo de Rivera,

who arrived later in the spring in Manila.

At this time, Aguinaldo had united his forces with lylaneras,

and they overran a number of the northern provinces, including

Tarlac. General Monet conducted the Spanish campaign against

these forces, but his barbarities were such that the rebellion onl}^

spread and strengthened. His native auxiliaries, and the native priests, almost

in a body joined the rebellious army. The rebellion, from now until the makingof that remarkable pact of peace which so long brought Aguinaldo and his

38 Caiiipaiiiiiin^ in Ilie /'/il/ippiiw.

party into obloquy, took on the form of guerrilla warfare. There were no actions

known as battles, between the forces, but a series of raids and assaults by small

detachments.thp: pact of pkack

On August (), 1<S'.)7, General Rivera commissioned a Filipino to negotiate

terms of peace wnth the insurgents; and an agreement or treaty, known as the

" Facto de Eiac-na-bato," was made, on the part of the Spanish government, by

Fedro A. Faterno, the Filipino mentioned, and Agui-

naldo and thirty-four of his leaders; in which amongother stipulations, it was agreed,—-that the rebels should

be paid $1,000,000, and the families who had been

damaged by the war $700,000; that Aguinaldo and his

associates should leave the islands, and not return

without the consent of the Spanish government; all

arms and ammunition of the rebels were to be sur-

rendered, and they were to evacuate all places and

A soRR CROWD. fortificatious held by them by force of arms. Anarmistice for three years was provided for, in which certain promised reforms

were to be made, and the rebels should not again engage in rebellious acts.

There has been much dispute as to the full terms of that compact, the insur-

gents claiming that man}^ reforms were provided for, which the Spaniards deny.

As the treaty or agreement has never been published or made knowni by any of

those who were party to it, there is cause for suspicion that in its scope, and

afterwards in its execution, there was that which would compromise those con-

nected wdth it. On the 15th of December, 1897, however, the General-in-Chief,

and his mediator, Fedro A. Faterno, signed the following agreement which

appears to be a part of the unpublished compact:

" In the peace proposals presented by the sole mediator, Don Fedro Alejandro

Faterno, in the name and on behalf of the rebels in arms, and in the Feace Fro-

tocol which

was agreedto and sub-

mitted to His

Majesty'sGovernment,

which approv-

edofthesame,

there exists

a principal

clause relat-

ing to thesums of mon-

e y whichwere handed over to the rebels and their families as indemnity for the loss

of their goods consequent on the war, w^hich sums amounted to a total of $1,700,

-

000, which the mediator, Senor Faterno, was to distribute absolutely at his

BRIDGE AT BULACAN.

Ca)npaigniiii^ in the J'/ii/ippiurs. 39

discretion, but the payment of the said snni will have to be subject to the conditions

proposed by the representative of the govennnent, H. E. the General-in-Chief

of this army. These conditions were agreed to be as follows, viz :

1. For the rebels in arms a draft for the sum of $400,000 will be handed to

Senor Paterno, payable in Hongkong, as well as two cheques for $200,000 each,

payable only on the condition of the agreement being fulfilled on the other part.

2. For the families of those who were not rebels in arms, or engaged in rebel-

lion, but who likewise suffered the evils of war, the balance of the sum offered

shall be paid in three installments, the last to be paid six months after the date on

which the Te Ueum shall be sung, assuming the peace to become an accomplished

fact. Peace shall be held to be effectively concluded if, during the interv^al of

these installment periods, no party of armed rebels, with recognized leader, shall

exist, and if no secret society shall have been discovered as existing here or

abroad with the proved object of conspiracy by those who benefit 1)}' these paj--

ments. T h e

representative

of the rebels,

Don Pedro Al-

ejandro Pater-

no, and the

representative

of the govern-

ment, the Cap-

tain-General

Don Fernando

Primo de Ri-

vera, agree to

the above con- liXTRANCE TO FORT SAN FILIPA.

ditions, in witness whereof each representative now signs four copies of the sametenor and effect, one being for the government, another for the archives of the

Captain-Generalcy, and one copy each for the said representatives.

*Done in Manila on the 15th of December, 1<S97.

Fernando Primo de Rivera,

The General-in-Chief.

Pedro A. Paterno.

MONEY PAID BY THE vSPANISH TO THE INSURGENTvS.

Pursuant to this agreement certain sums were paid by the Spanish to the rebels.

Aguinaldo and his party embarked for Hongkong on December 27, 1807, escorted

by Spanish officers, and counseling submission to Spanish authority. The rebels

delivered up their arms, the Spanish government sent home 7000 of its troops,

and there was an interval of peace.

It is claimed on one hand, and has generally been believed in America, that

in this transaction Aguinaldo and his leaders were bribed by the Spanish

*The original of the above document was read in public session of Congress in INIadrid, onthe Ifitli of June, 1898, by the Deputy Sefior Muro.

40 Caiiipaii^iiiiii^- in the J'/ii/i/>piiu's.

government to desert their cause, and that as matters turned out they were

guilty of the double infamy of accepting a bribe and refusing to " stay bought."

On the other hand it is insisted by the friends of Aguinaldo that the money

paid by the Spaniards was in no sense a personal matter, but constituted a trust

fund, to be employed as circumstances might determine; if the pledges alleged to

have been made by the Spanish in connection with the payment were kept, the

money was to be distri])uted among those who had suffered loss by the rebellion;

if otherwise it was to be used in a renewal of the revolutionary movement.

What the real intent

was cannot now 1) e

known. There can l)e

little doubt that the

Spanish authorities be-

lieved that whatever the

ostensible purpose for

which the money was

paid, it would in the end

be retained by Aguinaldo

and his leaders, whowould thereby be dis-

credited and incapable of

further mischief. Wheth-

er this would have been

the case can now never

be known, as the advent

of the Americans madea complete change in the

situation, opening as it

did to the imagination

of Aguinaldo, possibili-

ties of which he could

not have dreamed.

It is interesting to note

in this connection what

General Francis V.

Greene, of the United

States Army in the Philippines, thought of the bribery phase of the affair and

of Aguinaldo. In his official report to the Secretary of War, dated August 30,

1898, he says:

" Aguinaldo and his associates went to Hongkong and Singapore. A portion

of the money, $400,000, was deposited in banks at Hongkong, and a lawsuit soon

arose between Aguinaldo and one of his subordinate chiefs named Artacho, which

is interesting on account of the very honorable position taken by Aguinaldo.

Artacho sued for a division of the money among the insurgents according to rank.

Aguinaldo claimed that the money was a trust fund, and w^as to remain on deposit

until it was seen whether the Spaniards would carry out their promised reforms^

NATIVE THEATER.

Caiii/)ni<i)niiff in ffic Plulippiue%. 41

and if they failed to do so, it was to be used to defra}- the expenses of a new insur-

rection. The suit was settled out of court by paying Artacho $")0()0. No steps

have been taken to introduce the reforms. ' ' ^ \

More than 2000 insurgents who had been

deported to Fernando Po and other places

are still in confinement, and Aguinaldo is \

now using the money to carry on the opera-

tions of the present insurrection."

General Whittier's statement shows that

Aguinaldo even refused to take money for

his i)ersonal expenses when asked to return

to Manila by the American Consul at

Singapore, vSpencer Pratt, who offered him a soi.i.n r n ^s vakikd kxpkrikncks.

money for that purpose. Did the Spanish government keep its pact ? It is

known before General Rivera left Manila in April, l(Si),S, the chiefs in Hong-kong had been paid j(^."]( )(),()()(). What further pacification they have received is

not clear.

THE TRAGEDY OF THE CALLE DE CAMBA.

It now became apparent that the government, believing that the rebellion wasconquered, the forces scattered, the fortifications surrendered, and the rebels

without arras, thought it could treat with impunity the rights of the people in

utter disregard of its promises and pledges. The public mind was soon again in

a ferment, and the agitation was becoming tense. At this time, March 25th,

occurred what is known as the " Tragedy of the Calle de Camba." A large

number of Visayan sailors were assembled in one of the outskirts of Manila, and

in a little carnival, were vehemently discussing the national wrongs. A passer-by

informed the police; the civil guard attacked the place, and, without warning,

shot down seventy of the Visayans. Within nine days from this time an armyof insurgents in Cebu, in the Visayan group, 5000 strong, organized and took

the city, except the fort. Government House, college and the foreigners' houses;

the government places were kept in a state of siege. Reenforcements came from

Manila and the rebels were driveri from the city. At I^abangan another great

battle was fought, in which the rebel loss was reported at 1000.

In Luzon Island rebellion was again rife. In the provinces adjoining and north

of Manila the looting and killing was like that of savages. A Spanish force of

about 1000 men, under General Monet, was sent against the rebels; but still the

violence and destruction was not abated. General Basilio Augustin now succeeded

Rivera in command in the Philippines.

Upon the breaking out of war with this countr>' the Spanish policy' towards

the natives was at once changed, and every effort made to attach them to the

Spanish cause. Relying upon their attachment to the Catholic church, the

strongest appeals were made to them by the church authorities. The following

"allocution," issued by the archbishop of Madrid, may serve as an example of

these documents which were strongly reenforced by the resident prelates and the

press. It was sought to convince the Filipinos that a Protestant array was comingto devastate their homes and destrov their religious libertv.

42 Cojitpaii^iiiiio in the riiilippiucs.

allocution by thr archrlshop of madrid

"Very Beloykd Sons:

The cursed hunger for gold and the unquenchable thirst tor power have com-

bined to tarnish that flag which the great Queen Isabella raised, by the hand of

Columbus, in the West Indies. With justice trodden under foot, the voice of the

Pope unheeded, and the interventions of the nations despised with arrogance, every

road to the counsels of peace has been barred, and the horrors of war have become

a necessity. Let heaven be witness that we are not the authors of this disaster,

and let the responsibility before God be on that vain people whose dogma seems

to be that money is the god of the world There, ploughing the seas,

go our soldiers and our sailors. Have no fear, let no one weep, unless, indeed, it

be for fear of arriving too late for the fray. Go, braves, to fight with the blessing

of the Fatherland. With you goes all Spain, from the Mediterranean to the

Atlantic, from Irun to Tarifa. With what env}' do we contemplate you weighing

anchor to leave our shores! Oh! why does juvenility, or decrepitude, or duty

deprive us of the jo}- of taking part in your enterprise? But no! with you goes

our Spanish heart May the Immaculate Virgin, whose scapulary

hangs around your necks and whose blessed image floats on your flags, protect you

under her mantle in the moment of danger, deliver 3'ou from all evil, and shower

blessings upon j-ou! May Saint James, patron of Spain, and the martyr Nico-

demus and Saint Telmo and Saint Raymond and the King Saint Ferdinand, go

before you and ever march in the vanguard wherever you may go and make you

invulnerable to the bullets of the enemy, so that you ma}^ return victorious to

tread once more this noble soil and kiss the cheek of the weeping mother whobore you! .... We, who cannot go to take part in the battles, will hold

and brandish the arms of praj-er, like Moses, who prayed on the mountain whilst

Joshua slew his ferocious enemies in the valley God has triumph in

His hand and wnll give it to whom He pleases. He gave it to Spain in Cova-

donga, in I^as Navas, in El Salado, in the river of Seville, on the plain of Granada,

and in a thousand battles which overflow the pages of history. Oh, lyord, give it

us now! Let the nations see that against the right of might there is the might of

right!

To all beloved sons, from our heart we have pleasure in sending you our pas-

toral benediction, in the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Ghost.

Amen.Given in our palace in Madrid on the 28d of April, 1S9S. JosK Ma,

Archbishop of Madrid-Alcala."

AGUIXALDO MEETS THE AMERICAN CONSUL-GENERAL.

At Hongkong, in the meantime, there had been established by Aguinaldo and

his self-exiled followers, a junta known as the "Philippine Patriotic League."

In view of the alleged Spanish violation of the pact, it was seeking foreign help

and recognition with the intent to again attack Spanish rule in the Philippines.

The breaking out of the American war seemed to open a new prospect for the

Ca>iif>ai}:^iii)ii:^ in the P/iilippincs. 43

attainment of Philippine independence. Aguinaldo at once sought to open commu-nication with the American representatives at Hongkong, who were of course

ready to forward any enterprise directed against Spain. The manner in which

this meeting was brought about, with a summary of the agreement alleged to

have been made, is given as follows by John Foreman, F. R. G. S., an English

author then in Hongkong:" The Filipinos were now anxious to co-operate with the Americans in com-

pelling the Spaniards to evacuate the archipelago. The American Consul in

Hongkong, Mr. Wildman, accepted the honorary post of treasurer of the Patri-

otic League Fund. Emilio Aguinaldo and suite went to Singapore, where they

found Mr. Howard W. Bray, an F^nglishman and old personal friend of mine, whohad resided some years in the islands. Aguinaldo

and his party were obliged to travel incos;nito,

because secret paid agents were on his track

to endeavor to fetter his movements,

MAN WHO DIDN'T PAY RENT.

MAGELLAN'S MONUMENT.

Singapore a Malay police sergeant wasillegally employed to investigate the private

acts of a Filipino. The editor of the Singapore

Free Press and Mr. Bray had become

acquainted. The editor introduced Mr. Bray to

the American Consul-General, Mr. vSpencer Pratt,

and Mr. Bray presented Emilio Aguinaldo to

the Consul-General. The midnight meeting of the above-named four persons

took place at 'The Mansion,' River Valley Road, Singapore, on the 24th

day of April, the day following the outbreak of American-Spanish hostilities.

The original idea in making Aguinaldo and the Consul-General knownto each other was to utilize Aguinaldo' s services and prestige with the

armed natives to control them and prevent reprisals when the American

forces should appear before Manila. It was hoped that, in this way, the lives

of many Spaniards in the islands would be spared. The result of this Singapore

meeting was that a draft agreement between Consul-General Pratt and Emilio

44 Caiiipaif^uinii' in the P/iilippincs.

Aguinaldo was drawn up, subject to the approval of Commodore Dewey and

subsequent confirmation from Washington. The essence of this provisional un-

derstanding was as follows, viz:

THE TERMS OF AN ALLEGED AGREEMENT.

1. Philippine independence to be proclaimed.

2. A Federal republic to be established by vote of the rebels; pending the

taking of this vote Aguinaldo was to appoint the members of that government.

3. The Federal republic to recognize a temporary intervention of American

and European Administrative Commissions to be appointed by Commodore Dewej'.

4. The American Protectorate to be recognized on the same terms as those

fixed for Cuba.

5. Philippine ports to be open to all the world.

6. Precautionary measures to be adopted against the influx of Chinese.

7. The existing judicial sj^stem to be reformed.

8. lyiberty of the press and right of assembly to be proclaimed.

9. Ample tolerance of all religions and sects, but abolition and expulsion of

all monastic orders.

10. Measures to be adopted for working up the natural resources of the

archipelago.

11. The wealth of the country to be developed by the construction of high

roads and railways.

12. The obstacles operating against the developm.ent of enterprises and

employment of foreign capital to be removed.

13. The new government to preserve public order and check all reprisals

against the Spaniards.

14. Spanish officials to be transported to another safe and healthy island

until there shall be an opportunity for their return to Spain.

15. This agreement is subject to ratification (by telegraph) by CommodoreDewey andPresident Mc-

Kinley.

Consul-Gen-

eral Pratt

then sent Em-ilioAguinaldo

with his staff

to Hongkongwith instruc-

tions to Con-

sul Wildmanto put himin communi-

cation with Commodore Dewey, which he did, and Commodore Dewey, before

he left China for Manila, gave orders to Consul Wildman to see that Aguinaldo

and his staff followed on in an American war-ship."

.y —

.

t'*<»«5«>

lii:^.

>:\i. a

,'T-Jbil»alte. i. t.a.J

AGUIXALDO'S HEADQUARTERS IN THE MOUNTAINS.

CiJiiipiU^iiiiii^- 1)1 (Iw J'/ii/i/>pines. 45

<^^^-

Whatever the actual facts attending this meeting, they have never been

officially disclosed by the United States government. There can be no doubt that

what Aguinaldo had in mind was the independence of the islands, with himself

as the President or Sovereign. It would

be very natural to suppose that with the

Spanish fleet still safely at Manila, the

fighting powers of Spain still undeter-

tuined, and no thought of the conquest

of the Philippines in the mind of any

American, our Consular and other officers

might have assumed that the policy of the

United States towards those islands would

l)e precisely that solemnly announced with

reference to Cuba—the independence of the

islands under the friendly supervision, and

possibl}', the protectorate of the United

States. That Consul-General Pratt made

an}' promises is impossible, for he had no

authority, and Aguinaldo knew that he

had none. The summary as given by Mr.

Foreman in fact expressly provides for the

ratification of the agreement at Washing-

ton. It is very likely indeed, however,

that both Consul-General Pratt and Com-

modore Dewey believed at the time that the agreement was desirable on the part

of the United States, and would be ratified at Washington. It may be con-

sidered as certain that this was expected by Aguinaldo.

Neither President McKinley and his advisers, however, nor Congress were

apparently' prepared to say yes or no. They knew little of Aguinaldo and less of

the Filipinos. They did know that hostilities in the Philippines had been con-

ducted by the most brutal methods, and were probably not walling to become

responsible before the world for a warfare conducted with savage barbarit}', and

certainly no conditions existed—nor did they exist before the ratification of the

Treaty of Paris—which would warrant the President in acknowledging indepen-

dence or even belligerency on the part of the Filipinos. Beyond this, the Presi-

dent himself had no authority except during war, as a military commander.

He could not pledge the course of the United States except as to the conduct of

military affairs during the existing war with vSpain, and for whatever Aguinaldo

and the Filipinos might do while servnng under the direction of an Americancommander, the United States would be responsible, pecuniarily and otherwise to

neutral nations, and morally to the Spanish government and the world, for the

treatment of Spanish citizens.

What apparently happened was this: Admiral Dewey, and subsequently the

commander of the army, were given, or assumed, the authorit}^ to make whatever

use they deemed possible of the Filipinos against Spain, so long as it could be

assured that the war would be conducted in accordance with the usages of

MISSION BKLLS.

46 CaiJipaii^uDis^ in tlw I'liilippines.

civilized nations. The proposals of Aguinaldo looking to the independence of the

islands apparently received no definite answer until the signature of the Treaty of

Paris. The result was that Aguinaldo, as previously arranged with CommodoreDewey, proceeded to Cavite, where he arrived on May 19, 1898, on the despatch

boat McCulloch. The object of Aguinaldo was to work and fight for independ-

ence. On the part of the American authorities there was no policy as to this sub-

ject, and doubtless no direct reply made to Aguinaldo. The conditions of trouble

existed, and in due time developed.

Previous to his arrival, Aguinaldo had prepared and sent forward the follow-

ing proclamation which seems to have been distributed in the islands by the

American generals:

PROCLAMATION OF THB: PHILIPPINE JUNTA.

" Philippine Patriots. A nation which has nothing good can give nothing. It

is evident we cannot depend on Spain to obtain the welfare we all desire. Acountry like Spain, where social evolution is at the mercy of monks and tyrants,

can only communicate to us its own instincts of calumny, infamy, inquisitorial

proceedings, avarice, secret police, false pretences, humiliation, deprivation of

liberties, slavery and moral and material decay which characterize its history.

Spain will need much time to shake off the parasites which have grown upon and

cling to her; she has no self-dependence so long as her nationality is composed of

inquisitorial monks, ambitious soldiers, demoralized civil servants, and a populace

bred to support this state of things in silence. It is, therefore, useless to expect

an3'thing from Spain.

" During three and a half centuries Spain's policy has been a delusion. Is there

a conflict between Spain and England or Holland ? Then the friars come and

relate to us preposterous absurdities of the miracles of Saint Francis and of the

Image of the Virgin of the Rosary, whilst Simon de Anda calls the Pampango

natives his brothers so long as they fight to save the Spanish flag falling into the

hands of English or Dutch savages! Is the foreign invasion ended ? Then the

friars, through their salaried agents in the press, reward us with epithets such as

monkey, buffalo, etc. Is there another conflict imminent between Germany and

Spain ? Then the friars call the natives Spaniards and the military officers ownus as their sons, and they dub us brave

soldiers. Is the conflict finished ? Thenwe are again overgrown boys, beings of

inferior race and incapable of being civil-

ized. Is there now to be a struggle with

Americans ? Then General Augustin, whois the living symbol of Spanish authority,

who ought to be the most prudent of the

prudent, the most cultivated of the cul-

i-AKTERs. tivated, points at America as a nation

composed of all social excrescences; the friars and their enslaved Spaniards

want to again cajole and cheat us with offers of participation in public affairs,

recognition of the military grades of ex-rebel chiefs, and other twaddle degrading

Ca))ipaijiiiii>ii^ in the /'/li/ippities. 47

to those who would listen to it. In fact, they have called into their councils the

sons of the country, whilst they exclusively carry out their own ideas, and reserve

to themselves the right to set aside all the resolutions at a stroke. They offer to

enroll in their ranks the insurgents of yesterday, so that they can have them

all shot on the morrow of the present difficulty. What irrision ? Do 3T)U wantanother trick exposed ? Now that Spain is in danger of losing the Philippines,

the executioners of the other day—the everlasting tyrants—tell us that America

will sell the islands to England. No, America has its past and its present.

America will preserve a clear intelligence; she is not dominated by friars and

tyrants like Spain; she is liberal; she has liberated her slaves against the will of

the Spaniards who were, for the most part, their owners. A country is known by

its national character,

—

rc\ie\v its past history and it is cas}- to understand the

%ll^» calumn}^ launched

' Americans. But even

became English should we

against

though

not train

the

weby

PICCANIN^XIES.

manyCuba.

it ? The English have conceded self-government to

of their colonies and not of the frail delusive sort that Spain granted to

In the English colonies there are liberties which Spain never yielded

to hers in America or Philippines.

" Our country is very rich, and as a last resource we can buy it from the Amer-

icans. Uo not be deceived by the Spaniards ! Help the Americans, who promise

us our liberty. Do not fall into the error of taking Spain to be a civilized country-.

Europe and America consider her the most barbarous of the century. There the

weakest is the most persecuted. In no country to-day but Spain is the inquisi-

tion tolerated. It is proved by the tortures imposed on the prisoners of Mont-

juich, of the Philippines, and of Cuba. Spain did not fulfill the agreement entered

48 CcDiipaii^iiiiiil' in the Philippines.

into with Maximo Gouiez at Zaiijon, nor that made with Aguinaldo at Biac-na-

bato. Spain is a nation always more ready to promise than to perform. But ask

for friars, soldiers and state dependents to come and devour our wealth and instantly

you will get

them. Spainhas nothingelse to give,

and God grant

she will keep

what she has.

Spain will flat-

ter 3-0U under

the present cir-

cumstances,but do notbe deceived.

Remember the execution of

I r n c r III SHi:i.LS (IN CdNVI NT A I" C ,\V I 1

Submit every fawning offer to your conscience,

the innocents, the tortures and atrocities which have been the means of covering

with decorations the breasts of those who took the blood of your fathers,

brothers, relations and friends. Providence will aid the Americans in their

triumph, for the war is a just one for the nation elected to lead us to the goal

of our liberty. Do not rail against the designs of Providence; it will be suicidal.

Aid the Americans !

"

At once upon the arrival of Aguinaldo, he was found at the head of 30,000

"insurrectos," and on such terms of amity with Admiral Dewej^, that the latter

furnished him two cannon, 500 rifles, and 200,000 rounds of ammunition. Agui-

naldo was found to have retained his oldtime prestige with his countrymen, and

at once began an active campaign to cripple and harass the Spanish forces.

There now followed a series of small engagements between the Spaniards and the

insurgents, in which the Spaniards were driven into a small radius in and around

Manila; and there was an effective blockade of that city from the interior. As

the result of six days' campaign they captured l-'OO prisoners, including

Brigadier-General Garcia Pena of the Spanish forces, a colonel, and many staff"

officers, and 500 Filipino volunteers, as prisoners. General Monet, who was nowoperating north of Manila, against the "insurrectos," lost practically his whole

command, and was fortunate to get into Manila himself, without his followers.

Aguinaldo had been ordered not to attack the city of Manila.

During this period there was a comparative tranquillity in the outljdng dis-

tricts of Manila, and the country reclaimed by the rebels. Aguinaldo, at the

time of his return from Hongkong, declared a dictatorship for the islands, and

this government was in control in the territory mentioned. Within two months

this jurisdiction had become so effective that Aguinaldo convened a Provisional

Congress, on June 28d, giving the government the name of "Revolutionary,"

instead of " Dictator>^" and proclaimed a constitution. The lines of the insur-

gent army were gradually drawn round the city of Manila, and in this con-

dition affairs remained until the arrival of the advance of the American army.

Cainpai<^>i!ii<:^ iii the I'hi/ippuies. 49

A CONSTITUTION rROCLAIMHD.

On June 23d Aguinaldo proclaimed the following constitution:

"This government, desirous of demonstrating to the Philippine people that one of its

objects is to abolish with a firm hand the inveterate vices of Spanish administration, substitut-

ing a more simple and expeditious system of public administration for that superfluity of civil

service and ponderous, tardy and ostentatious official routine, I hereby declare as follows, viz :

CHAPTER I.

Of the Revolutionarv Government." Article 1. The Dictatorial government shall be henceforth called the Revolutionary gov-

ernment, whose object is to struggle for the independence of the Philippines until all nations,

including Spain, shall expressly recognize it, and to prepare the country for the establishment

of a real republic. The dictator shall be henceforth styled the President of the Revolutionary

government.

"Article 2. Four government Secretaryships are created: (1) of Foreign Affairs, Navyand Trade; (2) of War and Public Works; (3) of Police, Public Order, Justice, Public Educa-tion and Health; (4) of Finance, Agriculture and Manufactures. The government has powerto increase the number of secretaryships when experience has shown that the above distribu-

tion of public offices is insufficient to meet public requirements." Article 3. Each Secretary shall assist the President in the administration of affairs con-

cerning his particular branch. The Secretary at the head of each respective department shall

not be responsible for the Presidential decrees, but shall sign the same to give them authen-

ticity. But if it should appear that the decree has been issued on the proposal of the Secre-

tary of the corresponding branch, then the Secretary shall be jointly responsible with the

President.

"Article 4. The Secretaryship of Foreign Affairs shall be divided into three centers, oneof Diplomacy, one of Navy, and another of Trade. The first center shall study and execute

all affairs which concern the direction of diplomatic negotiations with other powers and the

correspondence of this government connected therewith. The second shall study all that

relates to the formation and organization of our nav}-, and the fitting out of whatever expedi-

tions the circumstances of the revolution may require; and the third shall attend to all matters

concerning home and foreign trade and the preliminary work in connection with the treaties

of commerce to be made with other nations.

" Article 5. The Secretaryship of War shall be divided into two centers, the one exclusively

of War and the other exclusively of Public Works. The first center shall be divided into four

sections, one of Campaign, one of Military Justice, one of Military Administration, and the

other of Military Health.*' The Campaign section shall draw up and attend to all matters concerning the service and

enlistment of the Revolutionar}- militia, the direction of campaigns, the making of plans,

fortifications, and the editing of the announcement of battles, the study of military tactics for

the Army, and organization of the respective staffs, artillery, and cavalry corps, and all other

matters concerning campaigns and military operations.

" The section of Military' Justice shall attend to all matters concerning court-martials andmilitary' sentences, the appointment of judges and assistant judges in all military-judicial

affairs. The Military Administrator shall take charge of the commissariat department and all

Army equipment, and the Military Health department shall take charge of all matters concern-

ing the health and salubrity of the militia.

" Article 6. The other Secretaryships shall be divided into so many centers corresponding

to their functions, and each center shall be sub-divided into sections as the nature and import-

ance of the work requires.

" Article 7. The Secretary of each department shall inspect and watch over the worktherein and be responsible to the President of the government. At the head of each section

there shall be a director, and in each section there shall be an official in charge assisted by the

necessary staff.

50 Campaigning in the J'hilippines.

"Article 8. The President shall have the sole right to appoint the Secretaries, and in agree-

ment with them he shall appoint all the staff subordinate to the respective departments.

Nevertheless, in the election of individuals, favoritism must be avoided on the understanding

that the good name of the Fatherland and the triumph of the revolution need the servnces of

the most really capable persons.

" Article 9. The Secretaries can take part in the sessions of the Revolutionary Congress,

whenever they have a motion to present in the name of the President, or on the interpellation

of any deputy, but when the question under debate, or the motion on which they have been

summoned is put to the vote, they shall retire and not take part in that voting.

" Article 10. The President of the government is the personification of the Philippine peo-

ple, and as such he cannot be held responsible for any act whilst he holds that position. His

position is irrevocable until the revolution shall triumph, unless extraordinary circumstances

should compel him to tender his resignation to Congress, in which case only Congress shall

elect whomsoever is esteemed most fit.

CHAPTER II.

Of the Revolution.\ry Congress.

"Article 11. The Revolutionary' Congress is the assembly of those deputies from the

Philippine provinces, elected in due form, as prescribed in the decree of the 18th inst.

Nevertheless, if any province could not elect deputies because the majority of its towns had

not yet been able to free themselves from Spanish dominion, the government can nominate

provisional deputies chosen from the persons of highest consideration by reason of their educa-

tion and social position up to the number fixed by the said decree, always provided that such

persons shall have been born or have resided for a long time in the provinces to be represented.

" Article 12. When the deputies shall have met in the town and in the building to be pro-

vided by the Revolutionary government, the preliminary act shall be the election by majority

of votes of a commission of five persons who shall examine the documents accrediting the

personality of each person, and another commission of three persons who shall examine the

documents exhibited by the first commission of five.

" Article 13. The next day the said deputies shall again meet and the two commissions

shall read their respective reports on the validity of the said documents, all doubts on the same

to be resolved by an absolute majority of votes. They shall then at once proceed to the elec-

tion, by absolute majority, of a President, a Vice-President, and two Secretaries, to be chosen

from among the same deputies, after which the Congress shall be held to be constituted, and

notice of the same shall be given to the government.

"Article 14. The meeting place of Congress is sacred and inviolable, and no armed force

can enter therein except on the summons of the President of the Congress for the purpose of

restoring order, should the same have been disturbed by those who know not how to honor

themselves and their solemn functions.

"Article 15. The powers of Congress are: To look after the general interests of the

Philippine people and the fulfillment of the Revolutionary laws; to discuss and vote laws; to

discuss and approve before ratification, all treaties and loans ; to examine and approve the

accounts of the general expenses which shall be presented annualh' by the Finance Secretary

and to fix the extraordinary taxes, and others which, in future, may be imposed.

" Article 16. The voice of Congress shall also be heard in all matters of grave importance

the resolution of which will admit of delay, but the President of the government can resolve

questions of an urgent character, rendering an account of his acts to Congress by means of a

message." Article 17. Any deputy can present a bill in Congress and any Secretary can do so by

order of the President of the government." Article 18. The sessions of Congress shall be public, and only in cases where reserve is

necessary shall secret sessions be held.'

' Article 19. The order of debate and parliamentary usages shall be determined by

instructions to be formulated by Congress. The President shall lead the debate, but shall not

vote unless there fail to be a majority, in which case he shall give his casting vote.

Cainpaigitii!_>i iii the J'hilipptncs. 51

" Article 20. The President of the government cannot, in any manner, impede the meet-

ing of Congress nor interfere with the sessions of the same." Article 21. Congress shall appoint a permanent judicial commission, to be presided over

by the Vice-President, assisted by one of the Secretaries, and composed of these persons and

seven assessors elected by a majority of votes from among the deputies. This commission shall

revise the sentences given in criminal cases by the provincial councils, and shall judge and sen-

tence, without right of further appeal, cases brought against the Government Secretaries,

Provincial Chiefs and Provincial Councilors.

' Article 22. In the office of the Secretary to Congress there shall be a book of honor, in

which shall be noted the great services rendered to the Fatherland and esteemed as such byCongress. Any Filipino, military or civil, can solicit of Congress inscription in the said bookon producing the documents which prove the praiseworthy acts performed by him for the goodof the Fatherland since the present revolution began. For extraordinary services which mayin future be rendered, the government will propose the inscription, the proposal being accom-

panied by the necessarj' justification.

" Article 23. Congress shall determine, on the proposal of the government, the moneyrewards to be paid, once for all, to the families of those who were victims to duty and patriot-

ism in the execution of heroic acts.

"Article 24. The resolutions of Congress shall not be binding until they have received

the sanction of the President of the government. When the said President shall consider anyresolution undesirable, or impracticable, or pernicious, he shall state his reasons to Congress

for opposing its execution, and if Congress still insists on the resolution the said President

can outvote it on his own responsibility^

CHAPTER III.

Of Miwtary Justice.

" Article 25. When any commandant of a detachment shall receive notice of an individual

in the service having committed a fault or having performed any act reputed to be a military

misdemeanor, he shall inform the commandant of the district of the same, and this officer

shall appoint a judge and secretary to constitute a Court of Inquiry in the form prescribed in

the instructions dated 20th instant. If the accused held the rank of lieutenant, or a higher

one, the same commandant shall be the judge, and if the commandant himself were th©

accused, the Superior Commandant of the province shall appoint as judge an officer of ahigher rank, and if there were none such the same commandant of the province shall openthe inquiry. The judge shall always hold the rank of chief.

'

' Article 26. When the Court of Inquiry Las finished its labors, the Superior Commandantshall appoint three assistant judges of equal or superior rank to the judge, and a court-martial

shall be composed of the three assistant judges, the judge, the assessor, and the president,

The commandant of the district shall be the judge if the accused held the rank of sergeant,

or a lower one, and the Superior Commandant shall be judge if the accused held the rank of

lieutenant, or a higher one. This court shall pass seiitence in the same form as the Provincial

Courts, but the sentence can be appealed against before the Superior Council of War." Article 27. The Superior Council of War shall be composed of six assistant judges, who

shall hold the minimum rank of Brigadier-General, and the War Office Adviser. If the num-ber of generals residing in the capital of the Revolutionary government are insufficient, the

number shall be made up by deputies to be appointed on commission by Congress. The presi-

dent of this council shall be the general of the highest rank among them, and if there is

more than one of the same rank, one shall be elected by themselves by majority of votes.

"Article 2S. The Superior Council shall judge and sentence, without right of further

appeal, Superior Commandants, Commandants of Districts, and all officers who hold rank of

Commandant, or a higher one.

" Article 29. Military misdemeanors are the following :

(I'l Violation of the immunity due to foreigners, both as to their persons and their goods,

and violation of the privileges appertaining to sanitary establishments and ambulances, as well

52 Ca)iipai<^iii!if^ in the Philippines.

as the persons and efifects in, or belonging to, one or the other, and persons employed in the

service of the same so long as they commit no hostile act. (2) Want of respect for the lives,

money, and jewelry of the enemy who surrenders his arms, and for prisoners of war. (3)

The entry of Filipinos into the service of the enemy as spies, or to discover war secrets, makeplans of the revolutionists' positions and fortifications, or present themselves to parley without

proving their mission or their indivi .duality. (4j Violation of the immunity due to those whocome with this mission, duly accredited, in the form prescribed by international law.

The following persons also commit military misdemeanors :

(1) Those who endeavor to break up the union of the revolutionists, fomenting rivalry

between chiefs, and forming divisions and armed bands. (2) Those who collect taxes without

being duly authorized by government, or misappropriate public funds. (3) Those who, being

armed, surrender to the enemy or commit any act of cowardice before the same ; and (4j

Those who sequester any person who has done no harm to the revolution, or violate women, or

assassinate, or seriously wound any undefended persons, or commit robbery or arson.

" Article 30. Those who commit any of the above-named misdemeanors shall be con-

sidered declared enemies of the revolution, and shall be punished in the highest scale of

punishment provided for in the Spanish Penal Code. If the misdemeanor were not provided

for in the said code, the culprit shall be confined until the revolution has triumphed, unless

his crime shall have caused an irreparable injury, which, in the opinion of the court, would

justifv the imposition of capital punishment.

Additionai. Clauses.

" Article 31. The government shall establish abroad a Revolutionary committee, composed

of an indefinite number of the most competent persons in the Philippine archipelago. .This

committee shall be divided into three sections, viz : Of diplomacy ,of the navy and of the

army. The diplomatic section shall negotiate with the foreign cabinets the recognition of

belligerency and Philippine independence. The naval section shall be entrusted with the

study and organization of Philippine navy and prepare the expeditions which the circum-

stances of the revolution may require. The army section shall study military tactics and the

best form of organizing staff, artillery and engineer corps, and all that is necessary to put the

Philippine army on a footing of modern advancement.

"Article 32. The government shall dictate the necessary instructions for the execution of

the present decree.

"Article 33. All decrees of the Dictatorial government which may be in opposition to the

present one are hereby rescinded.

Given at Cavite, 23d of June, 1898. EMILIO AGUINALDO."

A MESSAGE OF AGUINALDO TO HIS PEOPLE.

One week before the arrival of the first American troops at Manila, Agtiinaldo

promulgated the following "message " to the people explanatory of the objects of

the revolution:

" It is an established fact that apolitical revolution, judiciously carried out, is the violent

means employed by nations to recover the sovereignty which naturally belongs to them, when

the same has been usurped and trodden under foot by tyrannical and arbitrary government.

Therefore, the Philippine revolution cannot be more justifiable than it is, because the country

has only resorted to it after having exhausted all peaceful means which reason and experience

dictated.

" The old Kings of Castile were obliged to regard the Philippines as a sister nation, united

to Spain by a perfect similarity of aims and interests, so much so that in the constitution of

1812, promulgated at Cadiz, as a consequence of the Spanish War of Independence, these

islands were represented in the Spanish Parliament. But the monastic communities, always

unconditionally propped up by the Spanish government, stepped in to oppose the sacred obli-

gation, and the Philippine Islands were excluded from the Spanish constitution, and the

country placed at the mercv of the discretional or arbitrary powers of the Governor-General.

Caiiipai,i^iiiii<^ in the P/ii/ippuns. 53

" Under these circumstances the country clamored for justice, demanding of the metropolis

the recognition and restitution of its secular rights through reforms which should gradually

assimilate it to Spain. But its voice was soon stifled, and its children were rewarded for their

abnegation by punishment, martyrdom and death. The religious corporations, whose interests

were always at variance with those of the Filipinos and identified with the vSpanish govern-

ment, ridiculed these pretensions, calmly and persistently replying that liberty in vSpain had

only been gained by the sacrifice of blood.

"What other channel, then, was open to the country through which to insist upon the

recovery of its lawful rights ? No other remedy remained but the application of force, and,

convinced of this, it had recourse to revolution.

" Now its demands are no longer limited to assimilation with the vSimnish constitution. It

asks for a definite separation therefrom ; it struggles for its independence, with the certainty

that the time has arrived when it is able and ought to rule itself.

" Hence, it has constituted a Revolutionary government, based on wise and just laws, suited

to the abnormal circumstances it is passing through, preparatory to the founding of a real

Republic. Accepting right as the only standard of its acts, justice as it sole aim, and honor-

able labor as its sole means, it calls upon all Filipinos, without distinction of birth, and in-

vites them to solidly unite with the object of forming a noble society, not by bloodshed, nor

by pompous titles, but by labor and the personal merit of each one ; a free society where no

egoism shall exist, where no personal politics shall overthrow and crush, nor envy, nor partial-

ity debase, nor vain boasting, nor charlatanry throw it into ridicule.

" Nothing else could be expected from a country which has proved by its long suffering and

courage in tribulation and danger, and industry and studiousness in peace, that it is not made

for slavery. That country is destined to become great ; to become one of the most solid instru-

ments of Providence for ruling the destinies of humanity. That country has resources and

energy sufficient to free itself from the ruin and abasement into which the Spanish govern-

ment has drawn it, and to claim a modest, though worthy place in the concert of free nations.

" Give7i at CaviTE, 23d of June, 1898.

KMILIO AGUINALIX)."

" -^ no

> &

5 X

^ o °

_ J! ?Q a; o

Sh m

CHAPTER IV.

THE REENFORCEMENT OF DEWEY.

HK new.s of the battle of Manila Bay came to the American

people like a thunder clap out of a clear sky. Few of our

people knew that there was in the United vStates service an

officer named George Dewey, and many, and possibly the

majority, had no idea where Manila was situated, or that

there had been a Spanish fleet there. The first that wasknown of any of these things was that a Commodore Dewe}-

had destroyed the fleet, was holding the bay, and had called

for soldiers to occupy the city. Certainly he should have

them. Whoever Commodore Dewey might be and wherever

Manila might be could be determined later, but if there were an American

like that afloat and calling for soldiers he should have what he wanted,

and have it quick. On such distant service of indefinite duration it might

possibly seem best to send regiments of the regular army, but regular

troops were very scarce at that time, and the volunteer regiments then

forming were anxious to go. San Francisco was the natural point of departure

from the United States to the Philippines, but at the outbreak of the war the

entire Pacific Coast had been almost denuded of regular troops, which had been

hurried to Cuba, and the few volunteer regiments which formed the quota of the

Pacific States were not yet in readiness. One regiment—the Fourteenth In-

fantry—remained on the coast, whose colonel, Thomas N. Anderson, was ordered

to San Francisco, made brigadier-general of volunteers, and put in charge of the

preliminary arrangements, pending the selection of the officer to command the

expedition. Assignments of volunteer regiments, mostly from the Western States,

were rapidly made, and such regular troops as were available were concentrated

at San Francisco. The transportation and commissary service was organized as

rapidly as possible, and ever}' exertion made to get help to the victorious Commo-dore—already made Admiral—at the earliest possible moment.

THE STREXGTH OF THE REENF0RCP:MENT Dt:TERMINED.

At first a force of 5000 men w^as contemplated. This was very soon increased

to 10,000, and when the command in the Philippines was offered to Major-General

Wesley Merritt, second in command in the United States Army, his estimate of

the number required was 20,000 men, of whom a large portion should be regulars.

This number was finally agreed upon to comprise the expedition, of which number

56 Caii!paii:,'iiii!i,r in tlic J'hi/ippijirs.

471 officers and 10,4.')"2 enlisted men actually reached Manila before the capture of

the city on Aui^ust !.">, 1S98. At the end of this chapter \vill be found a com-

plete statement of the forces despatched to the Philippines up to June 80, 1S99,

with dates of sailino;' and arrival.

GENERAL MERRITT ASSIGNED TO THE COMMAND.

On May 2()th, Major-Oeneral lihvell S. Otis, U. S. V., assumed command

at San Francisco of "All United States troops now assembled and upon

arrival of such troops as are to be assembled at this point for contemplated expedi-

tionary purposes." On May 21st, General T. N. Anderson, U. S. V., was

assigned to the command of the First Expedition to the Philippine Islands.

On May 29th, a locality in the "Bay District Track" was designated by

order as "Camp Merritt." On May oOth, Major-General \Vesle\- Merritt, U. S. A.

assumed command of the expeditionary

forces at San Francisco, and on the same

day assigned General Otis to the commandof Camp Merritt as an independent

1^ fprf^^<^K^r"]^ta.fP y^^^fl division for administrative purposes.

June 2d, General Otis assumed com-

mand of this division and put in force a

strict camp discipline. On June 2od,

General Merritt assumed command of the

Eighth Army Corps, composed of forces

comprising the Philippine Expedition,

and on June 29th, General Otis assumed

command at San Francisco of "All the

Philippine Islands' Expeditioirary Forces

in this locality, and, upon arrival, of all troops directed to the port for further

expeditionary purposes." On Jul\' 11th, Brigadier-General N. P. Miller, U.S. V.,

assumed command of all troops at Camp Merritt and the Presidio, including the

so-called "Expeditionary Forces, " General Otis relinquishing command to .serve

in the Philippines.

DEPARTURE OF THE FIRST EXPEDITION.

Prior to the arrival of General Merritt at San Francisco in command, as noted,

the First Philippine Expedition had sailed for the islands with General Anderson

in command. General Anderson in speaking of conditions then, said: "I

was ordered to Manila, when things were very unsettled, with a few regiments.

I was hurried away with no explicit instructions. ' Do the best you can ' were

the orders I received."

The cruiser Cliarlcstoi had preceded this expedition to Honolulu from which

place it was to convoy the expedition to Manila. At Honolulu the expedition

disembarked, where it was received with much enthusiasm by all cla.sses, and

most hospitably entertained. The expedition left Honolulu in good condition on

the loth, under convoy of the Charleston, Captain Glass being in command of

the cruiser. On this date, while at sea, according to instructions. Captain Glass

;i;S ON TRANSl'DKT

Caiiipaii;>iini^ in the l'liilif>pi)u 57

opened his sealed orders, and at once signaled General Anderson, then on board

the Australia: "My instructions require me to capture the Spanish forts and

vessels at the Island of Guam, en route to Manila. The transports will accom-

pany this ship as onl\- two or three days' delay will occur. This may be madepublic. Glass."

THE CAPTURP: of GUAM.

Guam was reached June 20th, after an uneventful voyage. vSoon after the

battle the press of the country was filled with tales of the heroism of the capture

of Guam, but it should be said no one in the command thought of it especially

as an exploit. This may be said— it was not known exactly in what the fortifica-

tion consisted, the condition of the force, or the strength of the Spanish

military occupation; and such precaution was taken as would be observed had

they been' of a formidable nature. In Guam there were two forts, St. lago and

Santa Cruz, and the ruins of an old fort called San L,.uis. The fort St. lago wasalso at the time an old, unoccupied fort. The Charleston left the convoy so as to

be unexposed to shells from the fort, and proceeded to the attack. She passed

the old fort St. lago in silence and moved up against fort vSanta Cruz to shell

the fort. There was no response and it was unoccupied. In all, the Charleston

discharged thirteen shells at the fort, .seven shells from the starboard three pound

battery, and three from the port battery. The "battle" lasted four and a half

minutes. By this time the Spanish settlement was aroused, and the captain of

the port came aboard the Charlesto)i and said he had recognized the salute but

could not answer as he had no battery, but would try in the future to have one

so salutations could be answered.

Authorities in Guam had no knowledge that a declaration of war had been

made. Upon being apprised of this, they parleyed for delay, but were notified

that they were prisoners of war ; that the Governor and garrison must surrender

and become prison-

ers. The garrison -,

consisted of 108

men, 54 Spanishregulars and the

balance n a t i \' e s

(Chamorros). Thegarri.son surrender-

ed its arms, the Cha-

morros being al-

lowed to remain on

the Island ofGuam,

which condition

they gladly accept-

ed. The regulars camp equipage.

were, with the Governor and staff, taken aboard ship. After the necessary

preparation the expedition set sail for Manila. There are a dozen and perhaps

more of the Mariana or L^adrone Islands, Guam being the largest. The capital

58 Ca)npaig>i!>ti:^ in Ike I'hilippines.

of the group is Agana. These islands were given the name Ladrone by the

Spaniards because of the thieving propensities of the natives. In 16BS, the

name of Mariana was given them in honor of Maria Ana of Austria, the

widow of Philip IV of Spain. The population of the group is estimated at

27,000 ; that of Guam 12,000 ; and Agana 4000. The soil is very productive

and well adapted to the culture of all tropical plants. The harbor of San

lyuis d' Apra could easily be made a fine coaling station, being nearly in

direct line between Honolulu and Manila, at which place the expedition arrived

on June 30, LSyS, and the reinforcement of Dewey had begun.

NAVAL REENFORCEMENTS.

It is proper to state in this place that while, as had been demonstrated, the

Admiral had a naval force quite sufficient to take care of any Spanish ships then

in eastern waters, there was no heavy armed battle-ship in his fleet, and there was

always a possibility of the despatch of heavj' armed vessels from Spain by way of

the Suez Canal, which later grew into a strong probability when Admiral Camara's

fleet sailed for the east. It was also not impossible that complications might arise

- , __ with European

powers having

interests in the

Philippines, and

w hose n aval

forces on theAsiatic station

were far in ex-

cess of Dewe3''s.

It was, therefore,

highly import-

ant that his fleet

should be promptly strengthened. The cruiser Charleston, as already stated,

accompanied the first expedition, and the monitors Monferev and Mo)iad)iock\

although, intended for coast defense and not for long voyages, were madeready as soon as possible and despatched from San Francisco, the Monterey

arriving safely at Manila on August 4th, and the Mo}iad)iock later. Theywould have been a few days too late to meet Camara's fleet had it con-

tinued its voyage from Suez and met no mishap, and it is said to have been

Dewey's intention, had the Spanish fleet continued its course, to leave Manila Ba}-

and cruise until his reenforcements were met, after which he would have returned

for another battle for the possession of the bay. The necessity of this was pre-

vented by Admiral Camara's return to Spain. Upon the arrival of the monitors

Admiral Dewey was equipped for an}- emergency, and the subsequent changes in

his fleet did not affect the course of events, and do not fall within the scope of this

narrative.MORE REENFORCEMENTS ARRIVE.

The troops of the second expedition, under command of Brigadier-Generul

F. V. Greene, reached Manila on July 17th, and those of the third expedition, in

I-()R TKNT^

Caiiipaii^)iiii<^ ui ilw /'/li/ippiiu's. 59

command of Major-General Merritt, on July 2")th. The fourth expedition, under

Major-General Otis, reached Manihi on August 21st, a few days after the fall of

the city.

Dll'l'ICri/ni'.S OF RAPID MOHII.IZATIOX.

To people not familiar with military operations the despatching of an army to

the Philippines may seem a simple matter. There were plenty of men to go, andofficers, more or less inexperienced, in superal)undance. Apparently in the popu-

lar mind, there was nothing to hinder their going—hut there were many things.

There were no modern guns, no smokeless powder, no suitable clothing, no com-missary stores, no hospital equipment, and no ships. The organization of the

supply and transport service took far more time than the organization of the troops,

but while waiting for these essentials of warfare to be provided there was time for

drill. A newly organized regiment is but one remove from a mob, and to un-

necessarily lead such a force against a disciplined enemy is to invite disaster.

Fortunately most of the volunteer regiments were largely composed of NationalGuardsmen, and had had valuable training, but real war is very different from a

militia encampment in time of

peace, and there was a large

number of recruits who had

received no training at all. Theorganization of the staff services

seemed slow to the people, but in

reality it was rapid, and such de-

la}^ as there was was turned to

good purpose in training the offi-

cers and men for service in the

field. It is desirable that the

public be better informed as to

the details of the various services upon whose effective administration the

success of campaigns so largely depends, and it is convenient, in connection

with the movement of an army to the Philippines, to give some account of the

transport service which accomplished it.

The energies of the government, at the beginning of the war, were directed

toward the preparation for the invasion of Cuba, and in pursuit of this plan,

officers and men were taken from all sections and mobilized at points accessible to

the Eastern .seaboard. When finalh' attention was given to the situation in the

Philippines, it was found that a base must be established on the Pacific Coa.st,

and San Francisco was made the place. From the fact that supplies had been

diverted eastward to furnish and equip the army for Cuba, the difficulty of the

work of furnishing and equipping this new army was largely augmented. Tohouse, clothe and feed the troops was not the onl>' factor. The men had to be

di.sciplined and drilled, and then aro.se the problem of tran.sportation. In this it

was not only to .secure suitable tran.sports, but to determine how best to feed andfurnish, not only for the long voyage, but for the needs of the new and untried

climate.

I.rXKn UP FOR IlIXXER.

60 Ca»if>cjii;niti,i^ in the Philippines.

w

THK TROOPS IN SAX FRAX'CISCO.

Soon after the troops began to arrive from the different vStates at San Francisco,

this question of climate effects became serious. Men heretofore strong and

vigorous were attacked with divers ailments, mostly of a pulmonary nature, and

(• soon fatalities were alarm-

ingly frequent. From May28d to September '2d, in-

clusive, there were ninety-

one deaths in the military

hospitals in the city.

The first camp was located

in the western outskirts of

the city, on a sandy piece of

ground, and fearing that the

locality might contribute to the mortality, a new camp was established at the

Presidio. Here, by choosing the locality least exposed to the ocean winds, and

with every precaution of sanitation, the death rate decreased. With improved

sanitary conditions came restored health, .so that the army sent to the Philippines

was in excellent condition. It should be borne in mind that, at this time, the

government owned no transports on the Pacific Coast and they must be

obtained, either by charter or purchase, and in e\-ery instance refitted and made

suitable for transporting the troops. Already commerce on the Pacific had

received such an impetus that ships were difficult to get, and for some time

could only be had after threatened seiz.ure by the government.

KOI.I. CAT. I.

SUPPLY AXI) TRANSPORT SYSTEM ORGANIZED.

After much effort transportation was .secured for the first expedition, and in

time, by dint of great energy and perseverance, an excellent transport system was

perfected. It grew with the requirements, and met emergencies. A table will be

found at the end of this chapter which includes the transport ser\nce performed

by this department, from the time of departure from San Francisco of the

fir.st expedition to June, 1899, ^^j«5s^^^^^^^ju. -—

i

showingthenumber of officers |HH|^^H^^|^^^ '\

\

and men and organizations

carried. Something of the

magnitude of the supplies

carried in connection with this

transportation may be inferred

when it is stated that, outside

of clothing and other essential

supplies, including tents, camp

equipage and medical supplies, there accompanied each man in the expedition 400

rounds of ammunition and four months' rations, and as their stay prolonged beyond

this time, their future supplies were to be subsequently added. The public eye

seldom looks bevond the glamour of the battle-field to find merit in military life, l)Ut

SHIFTING HORSKS TO MANILA.

C'(iiii/>(i!^'>/!>/<^ ill tlu- I'hilippiitr 01

the exigencies of the staff services re([uire etjual al^lity and devotion, while yielding

none of the glory, so dear to the soldier's heart. Up to the present time about

."),H,0()0 troops with their supplies have been forwarded to the Philippines and

preparation is now well in hand to forward soon, and as required, about oO.UUU

more, besides the return of the volunt<.'er troops from the islands.

THE TRANvSPORT vSVvSTEM.

This work is under the direct supervision and management of Colonel Oscar F.Long, (General Superintendent, Army Transport vService and Depot Quartermaster,San Francisco, Cal. As indicative of his ability, it should be mentioned that at notime has there been a lack of supplies in the Philippines for the troops, and thesehave been commended both for quantity and quality. Not a life has been lost

BRI AKIN<, (.AMI- AT CAMP MERRITT

•attributable to defects in the Quartermaster's Department and, with 3500 horses

forwarded, the loss is less than that which occurred in their transit from the place

of purchase to the place of shipment. It will not exceed two per cent. Thebusiness done exceeds five times the whole of the five great commercial lines from

the city. vStevedoring costs about 15 cents a ton. Private firms pay from 28 to

;>() cents for the same kind of service. It is thought that about $15,000,000 havebeen expended for supplies in the transport service at the port of San Francisco,

and the total number of men employed in the various departments, including

manufacturing, approximates 11,000. The expense is about 40 per cent of whatit costs private companies. But one ship has had an accident worthy of note

—

and this occurred in a fog on the coast of Japan.

In the English transport system, each man is allowed a minimum of 70 cubic

feet of air in his berth and a maximum of 77 cubic feet. In the system whichColonel Long supervises, every man is allowed a minimum of SO cubic feet.

52 Ca)iipa!i;ni>i,ii in the I'/ii/ippnics.

Take the Scaudia as further illustration: In the Russian service she carried 2-100

men. In our service she carries 1200. Colonel Long has had five assistants in

this work, his staff being Captain X. P. Batchelder, Assistant Quartermaster,

U. S. v., John Barneson, Jos. H. Mathews, C. G. Lyman and J. H. Humphreys.

The sub-joined table in a condensed form shows :

First—Tne cost of the transport service on this coast since the war began t&

July 1, 1899 ; second, the cost of charters ; and third, the time not in transit.

COST OF TRANSPORT SERVICE.

Cost of charters (of 22 vessels) $4,223,400

Cost of Arizona ( Hancock) 600,000

Cost of Scandia (Warren) 200,000

Tug Fearless 150.000

Tug Active 75,000

Tug Vigilant t)0,000

Fitting up transports up to June 80, 1898 88,2t)8

Fitting up transports subsequently (estimated) 50,000

Cost of water (estimated ) 40,000

Cost of coal 443,550

Total cost of transport service $5,930,218-

COST OF CHARTERS.

NAME OF VESSEL DATE OF CHARTER DfRATION OF CHARTER COST

1 , 1898, to Sept. 1 . . . $1,500 per day, 123 days $184,000

10 to August 30 1 ,000 per day, 112 days 112,000

10 to August 29 20,000 per month, 3^ months 72,000

27 to Sept. 7 750 per day, 104 days 78,000

27 to Sept. 22 1,500 per day. 119 days 178,500

27 20,000 per month, 13 months 2<i(l.(l00

Senator June 8 100 per day, 390 days 390,000

Morgan City June 7 to Nov. 3 600 per day, 150 da^-s 99,000

Morgan City January, 1899 550 estimated, 180 days 90,000

City of Para (just

rechartered) . . June 7 to Nov. 26 1,000 per day, 172 days 172,000

Indiana June 7, 1898 25,000 per month, 13 months 325,000

Ohio June 7, 1898 25,000 per month, 13 months 325,000

Valencia June 19 650 per day, .380 days 247,000'

Newport June 30 1 ,000 per day, 379 days .'

.

379,000

Peru June 25 to Nov. 2 1 ,000 per day, 131 days 131 ,000

City of Pueblo . . . June 23 to June 2, 1899 . 900 per day, 345 days 310,500

Pennsylvania July 7 25,000 per month, 12 months 300,000

Rio de Janeiro . . July 7 to October 22 1,000 per day, 108 days 108,000

St. Paul July 19 to Nov. 1 1 ,000 per day, 105 days 105,000

St. Paul Nov. 6 to June 12, 1899 . . 700 per day, 219 days 153,300

Tacoma (sailing) . July 11, 1898', to July 3,

1899 200 per day, 358 days 71,000

Centennial February, 1899 500 per day, 150 days 75,000

Cleveland March, 1899, to June 24. . 300 per day, 116 days 34,800

Portland March to May, 1899 300 per day, 74 days 22,20a

Total cost of charters $4,223,400

City of Peking .... MayCitv of Sidney. . . MayAustralia ^lay

Colon MayChina MayZealandia ^lav

CiDiipai^iinnii^ in the /'/iilipplins. 63

DAYS NOT IN TRANSIT.

Left

SanFrancisco

Arrived

Manila

City of Sidney. .

City of Peking..

AustraliaColonChina

Zealandia. . . .

-

Stiiator -

ZMorj^an City -]

City of Para. . .

IndianaOhioValenciaNewportPern .

City of Puebla.,

Pennsylvania . .

Rio de Janeiro. .

St. Panl

May 25]Mav 25:May 25June 15

June 15

June 15

Oct. 30June 15Oct. 17

June 27

Jan. 2fi

June 27

June 27

June 27June 2SJune 29July ]5July 15

Inly 19

JulyJuly 29

June 30June 30June 30July 17

Juh- 16

July 17

Nov. 28July 17

Nov. 21

July 31Mar. 2

Julv 31

July 31

Julv 31

JulV 31

May 25Aug. 21

Aug. 21

Aug. 24Aug. 24Aug. 31

Lay Overin Manila

20 days30 '

23 "

21 "

44 "

37 "

57 "

38 "

27 "

59 "

12 "

87 "

30 "

35 "

34 "

50 "

45 "

30 "

20 "

2S "

.\ waiting

Cancellation Onl of

ol Charter in Transit

San Francisco

Charter Price

per Day or

Month

17 days11 "

12 "

3 "

1 day

1 day

3741

352444

94()5

87303534504()

302028

$ 1,000 per day1,.5()0 " "

2U,(Kl() '• nio.

750 " (lav

1,500 " "'

$37,000HI.50023,.3.33

18,000()H,000

20,000 " mo. ()2,(itit)

1,000 " day\

65,000

6ti0

1,000

25,000

25,0006.50

1 ,000

1,000900

25.0001,000

1,000

(lav

day

nio.

day

47,.52087,00025,00029,166

22,10050,00046,00027,00016,666

28,00027,000

Total cost $738,951

It should be said in explanation of the last table that any delay in San Fran-

ci.sco was caused by the transports being refitted, refurnished and repaired, and

often a little delay in waiting for cargo or the arrival of troops. Similar con-

ditions may be considered as existing m Manila.

The following is a statement of the troops despatched to the Philippines up to

September l-l, 1S!)*.>, with date of sailing and arrival:

FIRvST p;XPEDITION-158 Officers and 2:;86 Men.

Australia left vSan Francisco May 25, 1898, and arrived at ^Manila June 30, 1898, carrying

the following officers and men: Brigadier-General Thomas M. Anderson, I'. S. \'.; Elmer W.Clark, 2d Lieut., Nth Inf., Aide-de-Camp; Henry P. McCain, 1st Lieut., 14th Inf, Adjutant-

General; Samuel R. Jones, U. S. V., Chief Quartermaster; Sydney .\. Cloman, 1st Lieut.,

15th Inf., Chief Conmiissary; Harlan E. McVay, Capt., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A., Commis-

Farv Sergeant; 1st and 2d Battalions and Company C, 2d Oregon, 38 officers and 732 men,

making a totJil of 41 officers and 733 men.

City ofSidney left San Francisco May 25, 1898, and arrived at ^lanila June 30, 1898, carrying

the following officers and men: Companies F', I, and M, 3d Battalion, 2d Oregon Inf., U. S.

v.; detachment of Batteries A and D, California Volunteer Heavy Artillery ; band and Com-panies A, C, D, E and F, 14th Inf.; Hospital Corps; Commissary Sergeant, making a total of

22 officers and 674 men.

Citv of Peking left San Francisco May 25, 1898, and arrived at ^Manila Jtine 30, 1898, carry-

ing the following officers and men : 1st Regiment California Volunteer Inf. and Commissary

Sergeant, making a total of 49 officers and 979 men.

SECOND EXPEDITION—158 Officers and 3404 Men.

Cliina left San Francisco June 15, 1898, and arrived at Manila July 16, 1898, carrying the fol-

lowing officers and men : Brigadier-General F. V. Greene, U. S. V.; \V. G. Bates, Capt., Assis-

tant Adjutant-General, U. S. V., Adjutant-General ; Frank S. Bourns, Maj., Chief Surgeon,

<i4 C'aiiipai^iiiiinii- in the J'/ii/ifypiiii's.

r. vS. v.; W. H. Anderson, Capt., Chief vSurgeon, V. vS. V., Chief Commissary; vSohuyler

Schie.Telin, 2(1 Lieut., 47th New York Volunteers, Aide-de-Camp. Attached: Lieutenant-

Colonel C. L. Jewett, Judge-Advocate, U. S. V.; Maj. J. F. Bell, Engineer Officer, U. vS. V.;

Capt. W.A.Tucker, Chief vSurgeon, U. S. V.; 1st Lieut.; J. B. Clayton, Assistant Surgeon,

U. vS. A.; 1st Lieut. R. H. Allen, Uth Inf., Aide-de-Canip ; 1st Regiment Colorado Inf.,

r. vS. v.; Company A, 18th Inf.; Company G, LSth Inf.; vSections 8, 4 and 5, Battery B, Utah

Volunteer Light Artillery; detachment Company A, Engineer Battalion, U. vS. A.; Detach-

ment Hospital Corps, making a tt)tal of 61 officers and 1208 men.

Senator left vSan Francisco June L"), 1898, and arrived at Manila July 17, 18118, carrying

the 1st Regiment Nebraska Inf., U. vS. V.; Detachment Hospital Cor])s, making a total of 4J

officers and 950 men.

Zcalandia left San Francisco June 15, 1898, and arrived at ^Manila July 17, 1898, carrying

the following officers and men: 10th Regiment Pennsylvania Inf., U. S. V.; Sections 1, 2 and

li, Battery B, Utah Volunteer Light Artillery; Detachment Hospital Corps, making a totcl cf

34 officers and (1(55 men.

Colon left San Francisco June 15, 189S, and arrived at Manila July 17, 1898, carrying the fol-

lowing officers and men: Companies B and E, 18th Inf.; Companies D, E F, and H, 2:!d Inf.;

Batterv A, Utah Volunteer Light Artillery; Detachment Hospital Corps, making a total of 2 i

officers and o8l men.

THIRD EXPEDITION—I9S Officers, 4G42 Men and :U Civilians.

Xeivport left San Francisco June 29, 1898, and arrived at Manila July 25, 1898, carrying

the following officers and men: Major-General Wesley Merritt, U. S A.; John B. Babcock,

Brigadier-General, U. S. \'., Adjutant-General, Department of the Pacific; Lewis H. Strotlier,

Maj., U. S. v., Aide-de-Camp; Harry C. Hale, Maj., U. S. V., Aide-de-Camp; T. Bentley Mott,

Capt. Aide-de-Camp; C. A. Whittier, Lieutenant-Colonel, Inspector-General, U. S. V.; James

W. Pope, Lieutenant-Colonel, Chief Quartermaster, U. S. V.; David L. Brainard, Lieutenant-

Colonel, Chief Commissary Sergeant, U. S. V.; W. A. Wadsworth, Maj., U. S. V., Assistant to Chief

Quarterma.ster; Charles McClure, Maj., Paymaster, U. S. A., Chief Paymaster; Charles E. Kil-

bourne, Maj., U. S. A., Paymaster; Charles H. Whipple, Maj., U. S. A., Paymaster; R. B. C.

Bement, Maj., Engineer Officer, U. S. V.; William A. Simpson, Maj., U. S. V., Chief of Artillery;

Samuel D. S. Sturgis, Maj., U. S. V., Assistant Adjutant-General, Department of the Pacific;

Enoch H. Crowder, Lieutenant-Colonel, U. S. V., Judge-Advocate ; Henry Lippencott, Lieuten-

ant-Colonel, U. S. \., Chief Surgeon; Charles E. Woodruff, Maj., U. S. V., Attending Sur-

geon, Department of the Pacific; Julian M. Cabell, Capt. (retired). Assistant Surgeon; Charles

L. Potter, Lieutenant-Colonel, U. S. V., Chief Engineer Officer; Richard E. Thompson, Maj.,

U. S. v., Chief Signal Officer; Frank R. Keefer, Capt., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; G. W.

Day wait. Acting Surgeon, U. S. A ; G. W. :\Iatthewes, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. .\.; .\stor

Battery, Batteries H and K, ,3d Art.; Detachment Hospital Corps attacned to Headquarters,

making a total of 15 civilians, \\.\ officers and 548 men.

Astor Battery left Manila for San Francisco, Cal., December 15, 1898, on transport Senator.

Armament and ammunition of Battery turned over to Light Battery 1), dth United States Art.

Indiana left San Francisco June 27, 1898, and arrived at Manila July 8i, 1898, carrying the

following officers and men: Brigadier-General Arthur MacArthur, U. S. V.; F. J. Kernan, 1st

Lieut., 21st Inf., Acting A'Jsistant Adjutant-General; C. G. Sawtelle, Jr., Assistant Quarter-

master, U. S. v., Quartermaster; Pegram Whitworth, 2d Lieut., 18th Inf., .\ide-de-Camp;

Herbert M. Lord, Maj., Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.; William B. Roche.ster, Jr.,

Maj., Additional Payma.ster, U. S. V.; Henry C. Fitzgerald, Maj., Additional Paymaster, U. S.

v.; Timothy D. Keheler, Maj., Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.; William B. Gambrill, Maj.,

Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.; John M. Sears, Maj., Additional P lymaster, U. S. V.; R. H.

Fitzhugh, Maj., Commissary Sergeant, U. S. V.; W. k. Harper, Capt., Assistant Quartermaster,

U. S. v.; Dr. Titus, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; Dr. Henry Brodek, Acting Assistant

Surgeon, U.S. A.; 19 civilian clerks; 1 newspaper correspondent; Headquarters band a.id

Companies B, C, G and L, 2od Inf.; recruits for 1st Battalion, 2:M Inf.; Companies D and H,

riioi<, hi, //,../.„ TRANSPORT ' SHKRMAN."One of the largest and best troopships in Uncle Sam's service.

/>/«;«, I,/ Hudson. "'TWEEN DECKS" ON THE "SHERMAN."Showing sleeping quarters occupied by the rank and file of our soldiers.

Captaix J. H. Mathews,

Superintending Engineer.

Captain X. P. Batchf.ldkr. A. Q. M., U. S. V

Assistant to General Superintendent, A. T. S.,

San Francisco, Cal. Captain John Barneson,

Marine Superintendent.

CULONEL USCAR l"'. LU.NG, U. S. A.,

General Superintendent Army Transport

Service, San Francisco, Cal.

J.\S. H. lU.MIHREYS,

Asst. to Superintending Engineer.

C. G. Lyman,

Asst. to Marine Superintendent.

OFFICERS ARMY TRANSPORT SERVICE, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

Caiiipaii^iiin}^ in the I'liilifypiiu's. 65

18th Inf.; recruits for 1st Battalion, 18th Inf.; Detachment I'. S. V. vSignal Corps; CompanyA, Engineer Battalion, U. S. A.; detachment Company II, Nortli Dakota Volunteer Inf.;

Hospital Corps, making a total of 36 officers, 944 men and 20 civilians.

Moro;an City left San Francisco June 27, 1898, and arrived at Manila July 31, 1898, carry-

ing the following officers and men: 1st and 2d Battalions, 1st Idaho Inf., U. S. V.; privates, 1st

Nebraska Volunteer Inf.; Detachment Signal Corps; Detachment Hospital Corps, making a total

of 32 officers and 677 men.

Ohio left San Francisco June 27, 1898, and arrived at Manila July 31, 1898, carrying the

following officers and men: Headquarters, band and Companies C and F, 18th Inf.; recruits for

1st Battalion, 18th Inf.; Batteries G and L, 3d Art.; 1st Battalion, 1st Wyoming Inf., U. S. V.;

Detachment Signal Corps; Detachment Hospital Corps, making a total of 24 officers and 886

men.Valtiicia left San Francisco June 28, 1898, and arrived at Manila July 31, 1898, carrying

the following officers and men : 1st and 2d Battalion, 1st North Dakota Inf., U. S. V.; Detach-

meijt Signal Corps; Detachment Hospital Corps, making a total of 29 officers and 606 men.City of Para left San Francisco June 27, 1898, and arrived at Manila June 31, 1898, carry-

ing the following officers and men: Forty-four officers, 963 men ; 13th Regiment, MinnesotaInf., U. S. v.; Detachment Signal Corps, 2 ; Detachment Hospital Corps, 16, making a total

of 44 officers and 981 men.

FOURTH EXPEDITION—172 Officers, 4720 Men and 17 Civilians.

Peru left San Francisco July 15, 1898, and arrived at Manila August 21, 1898, carrying the

following officers and men : Major-General Elwell S. Otis, U. S. V.; Thomas H. Barry, Lieu-

tenant-Colonel, Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. V.; Fred W. Sladen, 1st Lieut., 4th Inf.,

Aide-de-Camp ; Capt. C. H. Murray, 4th Cav., Aide-de-Camp ; R. P. Hughes, Brigadier-

General, Inspector-General, U. S. V.; J. S. Mallory, Maj., Inspector-General, U. S. V.; Charles

McCIure, Capt., 18th Inf., Judge-Advocate. Attached: G. P. Scriven, Maj., Sergeant-Quarter-

master, U. S. v.; P. B. Strong, Capt., Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. V.; C. du P. Coudert,

Capt., Chief Surgeon, U. S. V.; C. A. Devol, Capt., Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. A.; G. H.Richardson, A. S. S., U. S. A.; Clarence W. Quinan, A. S. S., U. S. A.; C. M. McQuestin, A.

S. S., U. S. A.; 9 civilians; Troops C, I, K, L, E and G, 4th Cav., Batteries D and G, 6th

Art ; detachment 3d Art.; Engineer Corps, attached to 3d Art.; 13th Minnesota, attached to

3d Art.; Detachment Signal Corps; Detachment Hospital Corps, making a total of 34 officers,

916 men and 9 civilians.

/^«£'Mz left San Francisco July 15, 1898, and arrived at Manila August 21, 1898, carrying

the following officers and men: S. O. L. Potter, Maj., Brigade Surgeon, U. S. V.; H. C. Cabell,

Capt., Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. V.; S. B. Bootes, Capt., Chief Surgeon, U. S. V.; P. S.

Kellogg, Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. A.; C. C Pierce, Chaplain, U. S. A.; Franklin M.Kemp, 1st Lieut., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; Non-Commissioned Staff, 14th Inf.; GeneralStaff, Naval Engineer Officers, 10; Companies G, I, K, L and M, 14th Inf.; recruits of 14th

Inf ; detachment 23d Inf.; United States Signal Corps, 1st California Volunteers; 1st WvomingVolunteers, making a total of 16 officers and 822 men.

Pennsylvania left San FranciscoJuly 18, 1898, and arrived at Manila August 24, 1898, carrying

the following officers and men: John D. Merit, Maj., Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.;

G.Tilley, Lieut., U. S. V., Signal Corps. Attached: I4th Inf.; 1st Regiment Montana Inf., U. S.

v.; recruits, 1st California Volunteer Inf.; Hospital Corps, making a total of 51 officers and1274 men

Rio de Janeiro left San Francisco July 23, 1898, and arrived at Manila August 24, 1898,

carrying the following officers and men: Brigadier-General H. G. Otis, U. S. V.; GeorgeF. Shields, Maj., Brigade Surgeon, U. S. V.; Edward Murphy, 2d Capt., Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. v.; A. W. Kimball, Capt., Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. V.; Seth M. Miliken,Captain and C. S., U. S. V.; L. P. Sanders, 1st Lieut., 1st Montana, Aide-de-Camp to Briga-

dier-General Otis; Charles W. Whipple, Lieutenant-Colonel, Inspector-General, U. S. V.;

A. W. Bradbury, 2d Lieut., 1st California, Aide-de-Camp to Brigadier-General Otis; S. W. Bel-

ford, Capt., Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. V.; 2d and 3d Battalions, 1st South Dakota

66 Caiiipai<:^iiiiii^ i>i {he Philippines.

Volunteer Inf.; recruits, Utah I-igli^ Artillery Volunteers; band of 1st Battalion, 1st South

Dakota Volunteer Inf.; Detachment Volunteer Sij^nal Corps; Detachment Hospital Corps;

Ordnance Department, U. S. A.; 1st Montana Inf.; 1 Red Cross steward; 8 civilian clerks,

making a total of 46 officers and 820 men.

St. /*(?/// left vSan Francisco July 2i), 18ii8, and arrived at Manila August 31, 1893, carrN-ing

the following officers and men: J. G. Blaine, Capt., Assistant Adjutant-General, U. vS. V.; LeeLinn, Captain and C. S., U. vS. V ; Raymund Sulzer, Capt., Assistant Quartermaster,

U. S. v.; C. C. Walcutt, Capt., Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. V. (from Honolulu). Attached:

1st Battalion, 1st South Dakota Volunteer Inf.; recruits for the loth ^Minnesota Volunteers;

recruits for 1st Colorado Volunteers; Detachment I'. vS. V. Signal Corps; Detachment of

Hospital Corps, making a total of 25 officers and 7S8 men.

Scandia left San Francisco August 27, 1898, and arrived at Manila October 2, 1898, carr}'-

ing the following officers and men: William A. Kobbe, Maj., 3d Art.; W. O. Owen, Maj.,

Brigade Surgeon, U. S. V.; H. Pahe, 1st Lieut., U. S. A.; E. K. Johnstone, Acting Assistant

Surgeon, U. S. A.; H. du R. Phelan, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; William B. Schofield,

Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.; ]M. F. Slieary, Additional Paj'master, L^. vS. V.; T. Sternberg,

Additional Payma.ster, U. S. V.; P!. A. Wedgwood, 1st Lieut., Battery B, Utah Volunteer Art.;

N. T. Messer, Captain and Acting C S., U. S. V., Acting Assistant Quartermaster; 4 civ-

ilians; Detachment Hospital Corps; detachment 1st Montana, detachment California Volunteer

Heavv Artillery. Attached: Commissary Sergeant, U. S. A.; Red Cross nurses, male, makinga total of 11 officers and 1H6 men.

FIFTH EXPEDITION—2:!3 Officers and 6258 Men.

Senator left San Francisco October 17, 1898, ami arrived at ^lanila November 21, 1898,

carrying the following officers and men: Companies A, I, K and M, 23d Inf.; detachment

14th United States Inf.; detachment 18th United States Inf.; detachment Battery D, Califor-

nia Heavy Artiller}- Volunteers; recruits for 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf ; lOtli Pennsylvania

Volunteer Inf.; 1st South Dakota Volunteer Inf. ; 1st Montana Volunteer Inf; 1st Nebraska

Volunteer Inf.; 13th Minnesota Volunteer Inf.; 20th Kansas Volunteer Inf.; 1st Tennessee

Volunteer Inf.; U. S. \'. Signal Corps; Acting Assistant vSurgeons, U. S. A.; Hospital Corps,

U. S. A., making a total of 20 officers and 747 men.

Valencia left San Francisco October 17, 1898, and arrived at Manila November 22, 1898,

carrying the following officers and men: Companies F, G, I and L, 1st Washington Volunteer

Inf.; Batteries A and D, California Heavy Artillery ^'olunteers; Commissary Sergeant, U. S. A.;

Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A., making a total of 18 officers and

491 men.

Arizona left Honolulu November 10, 1898, and arrived at ^Manila November 25, 1898, carry-

ing the following officers and men: Brigadier-General Charles King, U. S. \ .; 2d Lieut. Henry

M. Meriam, 3d Art., Aide-de-Camp; 2d Lieut. James R. Goodale, 1st New Vork Inf. Volun-

teers, Aide-de-Camp; Maj. E. R. Morris, Brigade Surgeon, U. S. V.; Capt. J. B. Handy, Chief

Surgeon, U. S V., Chief Commissary; Companies I, K, L and M, and recruits, 18th United

States Inf; recruits, 1st Nebraska Inf., U. S. V.; recruits, 1st Colorado Inf., U. S. V.; recruits,

10th Pennsylvania Inf., U. S. V.; Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A.,

making a total of 18 officers and 1006 men.

Ohio left San Francisco October 28, 1898, and arrived at Manila November 26, 1898, carry-

ing the following officers and men: Headquarters and Companies A, B, C, D, E, H, K and M,

1st Washington Inf. , U. S. V ; detachment California Heavy Artillery, U. S. V.; 4th United

States Cav.; 23d United States Inf; 2d Oregon Inf., U. S. V.; 1st Montana Inf, U. S. V.;

Hospital Corps, U. S. A., making a total of 27 officers and 759 men.

Zealandia left San Francisco October 30, 1898, and arrived at ilanila November 28, 1898,

carrving the following officers and men: Headquarters and Companies A, B, C, Py, V , L and M,

1st Tennessee Inf ; U. S. V.; 23d United States Inf.; 1.3th Minnesota U. S. V.; Hospital Corps,

U. S. A., making a total of 25 officers and 534 men.

Ca»ipaiij^>ii}iff in the Pliihppincs,. 67

Indiana left San PVanciscci October 27, 1S!»8, and arrived at Manila November 30 1898,

carrying the following officers and men: Headquarters and Companies C, D, E, G, H, I, K,

and M, 20tli Kansas Volunteer Inf.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A., making a total of 30 officers and

717 men.

City of Piit'blaleilSdLn'Fr&ncxsco November (1, 1898, and arrived at Manila December 6,

1898, carrying the following officers and men: Companies D, G, H, I and K, 1st Tennessee

Volunteer Inf.; Troop A, Nevada Cav., U. S. V.; detachment California Heavy Artillerj',

U. S. v.; 2d Oregon Inf., U. S. V.; 1st Tennessee Inf , U. vS. V.; 23d Inf.; 18th Inf.; Bat-

tery D, (>th United States Art.; Commissary Sergeant, U. S. A.; 13th Minnesota Inf., U. S, V.;

Hospital Corps, U. S. A., making a total of 24 officers and 572 men.jVt'wport left San Francisco November 8, 1898, and arrived at ^lanila December 7, 1898,

carrying the following officers and men: Brigadier-General M. P. Miller, U. S. V.; 1st Lieut.

C. G. Woodward, 3d United States Art., Aide-de-Camp; 1st Lieut, M. K. Barroll, 3d United

vStates Art., Aide-de-Camp; Capt. John B. Jeffrey, Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. V., Chief

Ouartermaster; Capt. Daniel Van Voorliies, Chief Surgeon, U. S. V., Chief Commissary; Compa-nies A, B, F and L, 26th Kansas Inf., U. S. V.; Light Battery A, Wyoming Art., U. S. V.

Attached: Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. vS. A.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A.; California HeavyArtillery, U. S. v.; 1st Washington Inf., U. S. V.; 23d United States Inf., Commissary Ser-

geants U. S. A.; making a total of 24 officers and 466 men.Penyisylvania left San Francisco November 3, 1898, and arrived at Manila December 7,

1S98, carrA-ing the following officers and men: 51st Iowa Inf., U. S. V.; 14th United States

Inf.; 18lh United vStates Inf.; 2d Oregon Inf., U. S. V.; 1st Colorado Inf., U. S. V.; 20th

Kansas Inf., U. S. V.; 1st Nebraska Inf., U. vS. V.; Hospital Corps, U. vS. A., making a total

of 47 officers and 964 men.

SIXTH EXPEDITION—69 Officers, 2505 3Ien and 3 Civilians.

Scandia left San Francisco January 26, 1899, and arrived at Manila February 23, 1899,

carrying the following officers and men: Brigadier-Geneial Lloyd Wheaton, U. S. V.; Maj.

C. E. Stanton, Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.; Acting Assistant vSurgeon W. R. Van Tuyl.U. vS.

A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon T. M. McCuUom, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon B. L. John-

son, U.S. A.; 4th United States Cav.; 14th United States Inf.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A.; 51st

Iowa Volunteer Inf.; 20th United States Inf., making a total of 34 officers, 1193 men and 3

civilian clerks.

Tacoina, sailing ship (supplies ) left Honolulu Januar}- 21, 1899, and arrived at Manila March

1, 1899, carrying the following officers and men: Acting Assistant Surgeon C. Y. Brownlee,

U. S. A.; 4th United Stated Cav.; 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., making a total of 2 officers,

28 men, 19 civilians, also 81 cavalry horses and 119 mules.

Morga)i City (supplies) left San Francisco January 2(5, 1899, and arrived at Manila March

2, 1899, carrying the following officers and men: 1st Lieut. W. J. Kirkpatrick, Assistant Surgeon,

U. S. A.; Hospital Corps; 20th United vStates Inf., making a total of 5 officers and 7 men.

Senator \ei\. vSan Francisco February 1, 1899, and arrived at Manila March 4, 1899, carrv'-

ing the following officers and men: Capt. J. S. Kulp, Assistant Surgeon, U.S. A.; Acting As-

sistant Surgeon, I. W. Brewer, U. S. A.; Capt. E- H. Fitzgerald, Chaplain, U. S. A.; Hospital

Corps, U. S. A.; 22d United States Inf., Headquarters and Companies A, B, D, H, K and M,making a total of 18 officers and 602 men.

(9/n'f left San Francisco Februarj^ 1, 1899, and arrived at Manila March 5, 1899, carrying

the following officers and men: 1st Lieut. R. P. Strong, As.sistant Surgeon, U. S. A.;

C. N. Andrews, Acting Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; 4th U. S. Cav.; 10th United States Inf.;

3d United vStates Art. (recruits); 6th United States Art. (recruits); 14th United States Inf.

(recruits); 18th United States Inf. (recruits); 23d United States Inf. (recruits); Hospital

Corps, U. S, A.; 22d United States Inf., Companies C, E, F, G, I and L, making a total of 17

officers and 710 men.

Grant left New York January 19, 1899, and arrived at Manila, via Suez Canal, March 10,

1899, carrying the following officers and men: Major-General H. W. Lawton, U. S. V.; Maj.

68 Campaigning in the Philippines.

C. R. Edwards, Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. V.; Maj. C. G. Starr, Inspector-General,

U. S. v.; Capt. R. Sewell, Assistant Adjutant-General, U. S. V., Aide-de-Camp to General

La\\i;on; 1st Lieut. W. Brookes, 4tli United States Inf., Aide-de-Camp to General Lawton; 2d

Lieut. E.L. King, Sth United States Cav., Aide-de-Camp to General Lawton; Brigadier-General

R. H. Hall, U. S. v., commanding 4th United States Inf.; Capt. E. Reichman, Assistant

Adjutant-General U. S. V., commanding Company G, 17th Inf.; Capt. G. de Shon, Assistant

Surgeon, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon P. M. Ashburn, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Sur-

geon A. C. Ghiselia, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon L. F. Hess, U. S. A.; 14th United

States Inf.; 18th United States Inf.; 23d United States Inf.; Signal Corps, U. S. A.; Hospital

Corps, U. S. A.; 4th United States Inf.; 17th United States Inf., making a total of 53 officers,

1688 men and 4 civilian clerks.

5//^rw«« left New York February 3, 1899, and arrived at Manila, via Suez Canal, March

22, 1899, carrying the following officers and men: Capt. J. D. Poindescter, Assistant Surgeon,

U. S. A.; 1st Lieut. R. B. Westnedge, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon

G. S. Pitcher, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon J. B. Darling, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant

Surgeon F. B. Bowman, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon A. B. Smith, U. S. A.; Capt.

P. J. Hart, Chaplain, U. S. A.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A.; 3d United Stated Inf.; 17th United

States Inf., making a total of 39 officers, 1689 men and 1 civilian clerk.

Sheridan left New York February 19, 1899, and arrived at Manila, via Suez Canal, April

14, 1899, carrying the following officers and men: Capt. F. A. Winter, Assistant Surgeon, U. S.

A.; 1st Lieut. E. W. Pinkham, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon O. C.

Heise, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon T. L. Lowe, 12th United States Inf.; 17th United

States Inf., Headquarters and Companies A, C, E and F; 3d United States Inf.; 4th United

States Inf ; 14th United States Inf.; 18th United States Inf.; 20th United States Inf.; 22d

United States Inf.; Hospital Corps, making a total of 57 officers and 1786 men.

Roanoke (supplies) left San Francisco February 26, 1899 and arrived at Manila March

29, 1899, carrying the following officers and men: Lieutenant-Colonel J. D. Miley, Inspector-

General, U. S. V.; Acting Assistant Surgeon S. F. Eraser, U. S. A.; 14th United States Inf.;

20th United States Inf.; 22d United States Inf.; 23d United States Inf.; Hospital Corps, mak-

ing a total of 3 officers, 100 men and 1 civilian clerk.

Portla7id (supply ship) left San Francisco March 2, 1899, and arrived at Manila April 10,

1899, carrj-ing the following officers and men: Capt. J. A. Logan, Jr., Chief Surgeon, U. S. V.;

Acting Assistant Surgeon T. A. McCulloch, U. S. A.; 2d United States Inf; 14th United States

Inf.; 18th United States Inf.; 22d United States Inf.; 23d United States Inf.; 3d United States

Art.; Hospital Corps, making a total of 11 officers and 95 men.

Conneniaugh (supply ship) left San Francisco March 11, 1899, and arrived at Manila

April 20, 1899, carrying the following officers and men : Capt. E. R. Butler, Assistant

Quartermaster, U. S. V.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A., making a total of 1 officer, 2 men; and also

1 civilian clerk, 32 civilian teamsters and 284 mules.

City of Piiebla left San Francisco March 24, 1899, and arrived at Manila April 23,1899,

carrying the following officers and men : 9th United States Inf., Headquarters and Companies

A, F, G, I, L and M ; Hospital Corps, making a total of 14 officers and 680 men.

Zealaiidia left San Francisco March 28, 1899, and arrived at Manila April 27, 1899, carrj--

ing the following officers and men: Acting Assistant Surgeon H. W. Elliott, U. S. A.; 9th

United States Inf., Companies B, C, D, E, H and K ; Hospital Corps, making a total of 12

officers and 524 men.

Nelson (supply ship ) left San Francisco March 30, 1899, and arrived at Manila May 2,

1899, carrving the following officers and men : Acting Assistant Surgeon S. Wj'the, U. S. A.;

18th United States Inf. ; 3d United States Inf.; 6th United States Art.; Signal Corps; Hospital

Corps; General Staff, making a total of 2 officers and 60 men.

Hancock (formerly Arizona^ left San Francisco April 18, 1899, and arrived at Manila May11, 1899, carrying the following officers and men: Maj. W. P. Kendall, Surgeon, U. S. V.; 1st

Lieut. H. E. Wetherill, Assistant vSurgeon, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon J. H. Hepburn,

tJ. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon C. M. Drake, U. S. A.; 21st United States Inf.; 9th United

Cavipaigning in the Philippines. 69

States Inf.; Light Battery E, 1st United States Art.; 7th I'nited vStates Art.; Hospital Corps,

U. S. A., making a total of 40 officers and 1450 men.

Warren (formerly Scandia) left San Francisco April 20, 1899, and arrived at Manila May18, 1899, carrying the following officers and men: Brigadier-General E. B. Williston, U. S. V.;

Maj. G. L. Edie, Surgeon U. S. V.; 1st Lieut. W.J. Calvert, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; 1st

Lieut. E. H. Hartness, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A.; 1st Lieut. P. C. March, 5th United States

Art., Aide-de-Camp to Major-General MacArthur; Acting Assistant Surgeon E. E. Persons, U.S.

A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon W. P. Benta, U. S. A.; 6th United States Art.; 3d United States

Art; 4th United States Cav. ; 3d United States Inf.; 9th United States Inf.; 12th United States

Inf.; 14th United States Inf.; 17th United States Inf.; 20th United States Inf.; 22d United

States Inf.; Hospital Corps, making a total of 28 officers and 1182 men.

Nezvport left San Francisco April 20, 1899, and arrived at Manila May 23, 1899, carrying

the following officers and men: Acting Assistant Surgeon E. F. Robinson, U. S. A.; Acting

Assi.stant Surgeon H. L. Coffin; 1st United States Art.; Light Battery F, 4th United States Art.;

Light Battery F, 5th United States Art.; General Staff; Hospital Corps, making a total of 11

officers, 224 men and also 15 officers, 258 enlisted men. Marine Corps; 6 government female

nurses, 8 Red Cross female nurses, 2 women and 4 civilians.

Morgan City left San Francisco April 25, 1899, and arrived at Manila May 27, 1899, carry-

ing the following officers and men: Acting Assistant Surgeon J. G. Reifsnydeer, U. S. A.;

Acting Assistant Surgeon J. M. Williams, U. S. A.; 4th United States Cav.; 6th United States

Art.; 9th United States Inf.; 12th United States Inf.; 14th United States Inf.; 18th United

States Inf.; 21st United States Inf.; 22d United States Inf.; 23d United States Inf.; Signal Corps,

U. S. A.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A., making a total of 10 officers and 606 men.

Ohio left San Francisco April 27, 1899, and arrived at Manila May 29, 1899, carrying the

following officers and men: Acting Assistant Surgeon P. W. Beckman, U. S. A.; Acting As-

sistant Surgeon H. E. Stafford, U. S. A.; 13th United States Inf., Companies B, D, E,K, LandM; recruits; Signal Corps, U. S. A.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A ; Commissary Sergeants; making

a total of 15 officers and 763 men.

Senator left San Francisco April 27, 1899, and arrived at Manila May 29, 1899, carrj-ingthe

following officers and men: Maj. H. I. Raj-mond, Surgeon U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon

G. W. Roberts, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon C. B. Mittelstaedt; 13th United States

Inf., Headquarters and Companies A, C, F, G, H and I; recruits Hospital Corps, U. S. A.; 9th

United States Inf.; 14th United States Inf., making a total of 19 officers and 679 men.

Sherman left San Francisco ^lay 22, 1899, and arrived at Manila June 18, 1899, carrying

the following officers and men : Brigadier-General J. C. Bates, U. S. V.; Brigadier-General F. D.

Grant, U. S. V.; Capt. S. E. Smiley, 15th United States Inf., Aide-de-Camp to General Bates;

1st Lieut. C. W. Fenton, 5th United States Cav., Aide-de-Camp to General Grant; Maj,

B. Halloway, Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.; Maj. J. A. Canby, Additional Paymaster, U. S. V.;

Capt. J. Baxter, Jr., Assistant Quartermaster, U. S. A.; Capt. J. A. Randolph, Post Chaplain,

U. S. A.; Capt. and Assistant Surgeon C. Lynch, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon H. E.

Manage, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon B. F. Van Meter, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Sur-

geon W. L. Whittington, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon J. T. Halsell, U. S. A.; 4th United

States Cav.; 3d United States Art.; 6th United States Art.; 3d United States Inf.; 4th United

States Inf.; 6th United States Inf.; 9th United States Inf.; 12th United States Inf.; 13th United

States Inf.; 14th United States Inf.; 17th United States Inf.; 18th United States Inf.; 20th

United States Inf.; 21st United States Inf.; 23d United States Inf.; Company A Engineer

Battalion, U. S. A.; Signal Corps, U. S. A.; Hospital Corps, U. S. A.; Commissary Sergeant,

U. S. A., making a total of 46 officers, 1743 men and 5 civilian employees.

Grant left San Francisco May 30, 1899, and arrived at Manila June 26, 1899, carrj-ing the

following officers and men: Maj. Henry S. T. Harris, Brigade Surgeon, U. S. V.; Acting

Assistant Surgeon W. H. Dade, U. S. A.; Acting Assistant Surgeon C. D. Lloyd, U. S. A;

Acting Assistant Surgeon S. Richmond, U. S. A.; Capt. M. M. McMillan, Acting Quarter-

master, U. S. v., Capt. Walter Marvine, Post Chaplain, U. S. A.; 16th United States Inf.; 1st

70 Ca!i!paii^iti)!_ii' i)i iJic Philippines.

United States Art.; 6tli United States Art.; 9th United States Inf.; 12th United States Inf.; 18th

United States Inf.; 21st United States Inf.; 13th Minnesota Inf.; Signal Corps, U. S. A.; Hos-

pital Corps ; Post Quartermaster Sergeant ; recruits, making a total of 42 officers and 1655 men.

VESSELS SAILED FROM SAX FRANXISCO SINCE JUNE 1, 1899.

June 22, Zealandia; June 24, Sheridan; June 28, Vale7icia\ July 1, Pennsylvania; ]\\\y 3,

Wyefield, freight and 140 horses; July 11, Covenaugh, freight and 300 horses; July 13, City

of Para; July 24, Tarter; July 26, Nezu York; July 27, Ohio; July 27, (Ship) Tacoma, 260

horses; August 10, Indiana; August 10, Morgan City; August 14, St. Paul; August 15,

Senator; August 18, City of Sidney; August 19, Siam, 373 horses and freight; August 29, City

of Piiebla; August 29, Leelanazv, 260 horses and freight; September 2, Warren; September 8,

Columbia; September 16, Aztec, 364 horses and freight; September 16, Belgian King.

CHAPTER V.

THE CAPTURE OF MANILA.

HE arrival of the first detachment of American troops on June30, 1898, found Dewey in possession of Manila Bay and of

all the shore fortifications from Corregidor to Malate. TheFilipinos had possession of all the interior of I^uzon Island,

! and the Spanish forces, numbering about 5600 men, under" Governor-General Augustin, were hemmed in Manila.

With the American fleet in possession of the bay and the

Filipinos holding the interior, there was but one possible out-

come of the siege, and yet the Spanish position in the city

w^as by no means weak. If well defended by a force sufiicient

to man the fortifications, it was well nigh impregnable to troops unsupported bj^

heavy artillery. The defenses consisted of two walls surrounding the old town,

known as the " Walled City," and numerous outlying works. The attack of the

American forces was directed against the fortifications on the south and east of

the city, and a description of these will serve for a description of the whole.

THE FORTIFICATIONvS OF MANILA.

The west wall was built to ward off a sea attack; the south and east an attack

by land. The total length of the south and east wall is 4900 feet, the south wall

being 3300 and the east wall 1600 feet long. There are two of these walls, knownas the inner and the outer wall. The outer wall is 15 feet high, on an incline

from the top to the bottom on the outside, and the inner wall has a height of 25

feet, and is so arranged that firing is done over the heads of those occup^ang the

outer wall. These walls are built of heavy masonry and are from 15 to 25 feet

in width on the top, and so arranged that a large force can occupy them and besheltered from a front fire. For instance, on the top of the inner wall there is a

space about 20 feet in width which the troops occupy in action. In front of themis a stone wall 6 feet high, through which are loopholes. There is a moat sur-

rounding the outer wall 100 feet wide, now nearly filled with debris and offal, in

which water stands the year round. Between the walls is another moat varying

in width from 125 to 150 feet, in a condition like the outer moat. In this inside

moat are three bastions, built in the same manner as the walls and connected withthe inner wall by foot bridges. All these bastions and walls are surmounted byguns, some modern and heavy, others ancient and comparatively useless in modemwarfare.

72 C(V/ifi(ri^>ii)/,<^ i)i tlic Philippines.

THE SPANISH DUNGEONS.

Beneath these walls and covering their length underground are the "dun-

geons." The}' are built in three apartments, the first 50 by 25 feet, the other two

30 by 25 feet. All are connected by stone causeways and built of solid masonry.

The guard-room to

these is a little struc-

ture S b}^ 12 feet.

From this is an en-

trance to dungeonNo. 1 b}^ a series of

stone steps, and the

end of this descent is

the gate of entrance,

2 feet high and Xy-z

feet wide. The exit

to the next dungeon

was of the same size

and kind, and here

another descent of a number of stone steps through a stone causeway and the

same kind of entrance to dungeon No. 2. From dungeon No. 2 was a like

causeway and descent to No. 3, which was located below sea level. There was

a gate wnth iron grates opening from the third dungeon, which, when raised,

would permit the water from the sea or Pasig River to flow into the dungeon.

In this last dungeon it was the habit of the Spanish authorities to keep the

Filipino prisoners, and when they failed to die of starvation or became too

numerous, they could raise the gates. When the Spanish sought diversion

in their executions they would take out the prisoners and publicly shoot them

by the score. Two places were specially appropriated for this. One at the

northwest corner of the wall, near the barracks and arsenal, and another across

the street, south of the moat. Here most of the civilians were shot.

SPANISH TRENCHES AT CAVITE.

THE GATES, FORTS AND BARRICADES.

There are six gates leading into the walled city, one of these being in the

south wall mentioned, another in the east wall, and the remainder opening

upon the bay or river. Nearly opposite the south gate and a little west

of Luneta barracks is another fort similar in construction to the old wall,

with moat and double walls. It covers nearly an acre of ground, and is 900

feet inland from the shore. Here was a powder magazine. At the place

called Ermita, 1500 feet south of the city wall, were strong earthworks mounting

a battery of Krupp guns, built as a defense against naval attack. Through

this place extended the street or Calle Real from the wall southward to Malate, a

distance of one mile. It runs nearly parallel to the shore and distant there-

from 200 to 500 feet. Here, extending across the street, was a strong barri-

cade. It was 6 feet high and B feet wide at the top, with substantial

buildings at either end, with openings betweeii the sandbags on the top.

Cauipai<rning in the J'/iilippiiies. 73

At different places between this and Fort San Antonio, Abad, or F'ort Malate, were

three of these street barricades. In this suburb of Malate all the streets or

roads were crossed with these barricades. All through this section, also, were

such barricades in the open, covering all approaches to the city. Twenty-four

hundred feet south along the Calle Real Road was another trench commencing

at the beach and extending eastward 700 feet. This barricaded the approach to

Malate, the last suburb of the city south. The beach formed the west flank of

this trench, and an impassable swamp the east flank. Five hundred feet south

from this trench is Fort Malate. This was a stone fort, built of solid masonry

and mounted with modern guns. Instead, however, of a moat in front, there

was a slough or waterway, 100 feet wide and varying in depth, depending upon

tide and rain. The slough approached the fort from the east, thence deflected

southw^ard, and thence westward into the bay. The approaches to this were

swamps and brush. A stone bridge crosses this stream by the fort on the Calle

Real Road, and the approaches to this bridge were covered by strong stone w^alls.

Connecting wath this stone bridge and the fort was a strong line of trenches.

They extended from the fort to the beach, west, a distance of 200 feet, and from

the fort eastward, a distance of 3000 feet to block-house No. 14, which was

flanked on the east by an impassable swamp, and by the bay on the west.

THE SPANISH BLOCK-HOUSES.

All over the countr}^ wherever the Spaniards had outposts is found the block-

house. They are all on the same plan, although of different material. Some are

of stone, some stone in part and partly wood, and some are all of wood. Block-

house No. 14 was the kind known as the wooden block-house. It was thirty feet

square, two stories high, built on raised ground, sloping from the base outward

at an incline of about fifty degrees. At the corners are ten-inch timbers to which

heavy planks are nailed, extending from one corner to the other, both on the in-

side and outside, making a double wall of plank. The space between these walls

is filled with

a mixture of

earth andstone, forming

a kind of ce-

ment or mac-

adam, though

not hardened.

Each story

has loopholes

suitable for

rifle firing;

the holes are

six inches in

diameter, have an incline of thirty-five degrees, the bottom of which is steel-

lined, so that a shot entering the hole would strike the steel plate and glance

upward above the heads of the men behind the guns. There was a trench around

SPANISH BARRICADED STREET IN MAI, ATE.

74 Caiiipaiirninij^ in the Philippines.

block-house No. 14, so built that it intercepted and commanded the Cingalon

Road, hereafter mentioned, also another highway, these two roads being the

only approaches to Manila from this district.

CONSTRUCTION OF THE SPANLSH TRENCHES.

The Spanish trench is always about the same. There is a ditch in front about

six feet wide and three feet deep, and the earth back of this is thrown up five feet

high. They are five to seven feet thick on the top, and slope from this outward

to the ground. They are usually covered with sandbags, between w^hich are

loopholes. Sometimes the breastwork is made entirely of sandbags. The ap-

proach to the trench at block-house No. 14 is a swamp, almost impassable, and

brush. South of this trench along the Calle Real Road, and reaching to the trench,

is the Spanish cemetery. The w^all has a stone base and was a good protection

against an assault. Adjoining this on the south is the American cemeter}', where

our soldiers are interred. South of this last trench, at an average distance of

1100 feet, runs a highway extending eastward at right angles from the Calle Real

Road, which

here inter-

cepts it from

the north.This highwaybears north-w a r d andpasses block-

house No. 14,

and from there

on forms whatis know^n as

the Cingalon

Road. Onboth sides of this road were Spanish trenches commanding open spaces

where attacks could be made. South of the above intersection of the highway

w^as another line of entrenchments extending from the Calle Real Road to

the beach, the distance being 650 feet. This was the last Spanish outpost

entrenched in front of the American line. All these fortifications, under the plan

of battle of August 13th, were to be attacked and overcome by Gen. Greene's

Brigade, known as the 2d Brigade of the division, wath Gen. MacArthur's

Brigade in supporting distance to the right. Gen. MacArthur's Brigade, under

the plan of battle, w^as to move directly against other Spanish strongholds, with

Greene's Brigade in supporting distance on the left. These fortifications remain

to be noticed. For this purpose we go back to block-house No. 14. The dis-

tance of block-house No. 13 from block-house No. 14 is 425 yards, air-line, vary-

ing north by ten degrees east, and between these two were a number of short

trenches and rifle-pits, and a stone house and barricades, all so situated as to en-

filade the approaches from different directions. This was a formidable place.

COMPANY OF INSrRGf;NTS.

Ccniipaii^iiuii^ in the I'/ii/ippiiies. 75

Elock-house No. 13 rested on the west side of theCiiigalon Road and was strongly-

built, and from this eastward and extending across the highway to an impassable

swamp was a strong barricade. On the west of this fortified line was also a

swamp. The only traveled

way between these two block- ; _ _^. j.

houses was the Cingalon Road,

which ran eastward from block-

house No. 14 255 yards and

thence turned at right angles to

block-house No. 13, 300 yards.

Between this highway and the landing of troops at camp dewey.

fortified line were cultivated fields. Back of block-house No. 13 and extend-

ing northeast towards block-house No. 12 were numerous trenches which gave

protection against an advance from the south by a swamp and slough. The dis-

tance between these two block-houses is 750 yards, and between them there is no

direct traveled way. The only connection is by highway eastward to Cingalon,

where it is intersected by a road leading past block-house No. 13, and thence ex-

tending to Paco. The distance from Cingalon to block-house No. 12 is 440 yards,

and from block-house No. 13 to Cingalon 600 yards. The highway continues from

Cingalon to Paco and intersects the main highway from Malate to Paco, a distance

of 830 yards. From this intersection to Paco bridge is 1 SO yards. The main traveled

highway to the walled city gates from this locality intersects this highway 80

yards from the bridge, and this would be the line of approach to the south gate of

the city. On this line of road lies the Paco cemetery, distant from intersection

700 yards. From Paco cemetery there are two ways to the city gates. By direct

way to the south gate it is 1200 yards; the other makes a circuit northward.

The gate also may be reached by a road going west to Ermita and thence north.

The extent of the fortifications held by the Spaniards against the American troops

was from the city wall to the south line of the entrenchment, two miles, and from

east to west at the furthest point in width, one mile.

THE FILIPINO INSURGENTS.

In front of the Spanish fortifications, and surrounding the city, the Filipinos

had thrown up trenches, many of them skilfully constructed, and were occupying

them on the arrival of the American forces. They were very deficient in militarj^

discipline, and did not hold the trenches with any regularity. The trenches were

often inadequately guarded, and at times an entire trench might be vacated. It

was evident to our commanders that the Filipinos would be utterly unreliable as

an auxiliary, or even a supporting force. In the event of their entering Manila

with our forces it was evident that neither their own officers nor the Americans

could control them. There were arras and equipments but for a small part even

of the actual soldiers, and in case of success there would be no limit to the num-

ber of vengeful and bloodthirsty^ followers who would rush into the city, and whocould not be distinguished from those actually under military discipline, or from

the inhabitants of the city. It was certain that under such circumstances it would

76 Ca)npaigning in the Philippines.

be impossible for the small American army to prevent the sack and burning of the

city, with accompanying horrors such as the world has not seen since the days of

Attila, and for which, if permitted, America would be held responsible.

FILIPINOS NOT TO SHARE IN THE ATTACK.

It was determined from the first, therefore, that the Filipinos should have no

part in the attack, or recognition as an army in entering and occupying the city.

Not the least difficult of the tasks assumed by the American commanders, was the

inducing of Aguinaldo and his army to peacefully assent to this program. On the

other hand they were doubtless aided in the negotiations for the final surrender by

the fear of the Spanish and foreign residents of Manila of the terrible scenes which

would follow the entrance of armed Filipinos, and the knowledge that the Amer-

ican commanders would probably not be able to restrain them if jthe city were

taken by assault. Spanish military tradition, if not law, forbids the surrender of

a fortified place, no matter what the force brought against it, until there has been

such an exercise of that force as to actually demonstrate the futility of resistance.

Some bad things have been done in the Philippines, as in all wars, but too much

praise cannot be given to the American commanders for the care and tact dis-

played in so managing, in the interest of humanity, that open rupture with the

Filipinos was avoided, while giving to the brave Spanish officers in command the

opportunity to save themselves from the rigor of Spanish military law, while

assuring to non-combatants in Manila the protection which civilization demands.

CAMP DEWEY ESTABLISHED.

The first duty of Gen. T. N. Anderson, upon the arrival of the first ex-

pedition, was to reconnoiter the position of the enemy, and decide upon his

base of operations, and the nature of his campaign. His base must be under the

protection of the fleet, in the most healthful position possible, and easily accessible

with supplies and reenforcements to the trenches, where the fighting must be

done. For this purpose he settled upon a place, afterwards called Camp Dewey,

by wagon road twenty-one miles from Cavite, and by boat six miles. The place

was formerly a peanut field; the soil is sandy loam and about four feet above sea

level. It was a mile and a quarter in length, by two hundred and fifty to three

hundred yards in width. The place was protected from sea winds by trees and

shrubs. The 1st Bat-

talion of California Vol-

unteers first went into

camp here July loth,

and was soon followed

by the other troops.

Upon the arrival of the

next expedition. Gen.

Greene made his head-

quarters at Camp Dewey, Gen. Anderson still retaining his headquarters

at Cavite. Camp Dewey was located on the now famous Calle Real Road,

which continued its way south from the place we last left it on the Spanish

GRAVES OF AMERICAN SOLDIERS.

CaiHpaii^nins;^ ui the Philippines. 77

CHURCH AT MALABON.

line. The distance from headquarters northward towards the Spanish line

to the entrenchments occupied by the insurgents was one mile and a half,-

these extended from the beach to the Calle Real Road, the length of the

trench being three hun-

dred yards. The distance

from this trench to the

next insurgent trench was

three hundred and fifty

yards. This also extended

from the beach to the

Calle Real Road. East

of these lines were the

swamps in w^hich the armycould not operate. It was

this last trench that was

finally vacated by the in-

surgents for the Ameri-

cans, and then, afterwards,

the line was advanced by the Americans from fifty to one hundred and fifty yards,

and a new line constructed, extending from the beach to a highway westw^ard,

and thence to a swamp seven hundred j^ards. It was built for enfilading, and to

cover approaches from the north. The left rested on the bay, and the right wascovered by an impassable swamp.

POSITION OF THE AMERICAN TROOPS.

At the time of the advance on Manila, Gen. Greene's Brigade held this line

of entrenchments with his reserve within supporting distance. Two hundred and

fifty yards north on the Calle Real Road, is the intersection of the highwaj' to

Pasai, the distance being 700 yards. At Pasai, the road turns at right angles and

extending northward, forms the Cingalon Road. Along this road were the

trenches held and covered by MacArthur's Brigade, at the time of the advance,

the first of which is 700 yards from Pasai. The trench here extends west 300

yards and 100 yards east from the road. The west approach is covered by a

swamp, and the left by a trench held b}' Greene's Brigade. All along this

highway were a number of short earthworks extending northward a distance

of 650 yards to another main trench 200 yards long. Here w'as a strong barri-

cade built for enfilading. This was north and east of Greene's last trench, and in

advance of it 350 3'ards, and 300 yards south of block-house No. 14, oc-

cupied by the Spanish force. In front of this was a strong outpost about 60

3'ards distant. Here began the insurgent trenches, extending northeast 350

yards. Their left had for support the American line and their right

an impassable swamp. These were strong earthworks and would be effective

in making an assault on the strong Spanish position which was supported by the

block-houses. It was these trenches which our forces washed to occupj^ before

making the advance on Manila. Our operations prior to this advance taking

Camp Dewey as a base, covered three-quarters of a mile ea.st and w^est, and two

78 Cai/i/>a!j^>!!/!i'- in the Philippines.

and a half miles north and south. The west was protected by the bay and the

east by an impassable swamp, and the whole was covered by the guns of the

fleet.

EMBARRAvSSMENTS OF THE AMERICAN COMMANDERS.

The position of the American commanders, previous to the arrival of a military

force sufficient to make them masters of the situation, was very trying. There

were large foreign interests in Manila, and the well known temporary lack of

power on the part of the Americans to give due protection to non-combatants and

their property from the possible excesses of the Filipinos was a legitimate cause of

anxiety to the governments whose citizens were in Manila. The result w^as a

speedy gathering of British, French, Japanese and German war-ships to observe

events, and afford such protection to their own citizens and other non-combatants

as the exigencies of the case might require.

MISCONDUCT OF THE GERMAN ADMIRAL.

The number of German ships, however, was unnecessarily large. * There

were five in all, two of which were armored and outclassed any ship of Dewey's

fleet; and considering their number and size the German S([uadron in Manila Bay

GRA\'1,S iJl A.MKKICAN SOLDIERS IN I'ACO C E.M l:T 1. K V.

almost constituted what is called a "naval demonstration," a term which is used

to describe a naval force sufficient in strength to control an existing situation, and

w^hich is very seldom displayed under such circumstances, except for the purpose

of a warning against some possible action. The actions of the German squadron

were very peculiar. The rules of naval etiquette in a blockaded port, or in the

presence of belligerents, are very closely drawn and perfectly understood by all

naval commanders. It was the constant practice of the ships of the German

squadron to strain these rules to the utmost, and in some cases they certainly

overstepped them. There was a studied discourtesy, which could apparently have

no object except to irritate the Americans and engage them in a controversy. As

naval commanders are always presumed to be acting in pursuance of instructions,

it was difficult for Admiral Dewey to interpret the actions of the German admiral

except upon the supposition that he desired to provoke a contest which would

serve as an excuse for Germany's intervention in affairs in the Philippines.

Admiral Dewey endured these petty annoyances with such patience as he might,

*Mr. Stickney's account of this matter has already been given, (see page IH) but it seems

proper to make the narrative complete in this place.

Campaigiiiiii^ in the I'hUippincs. 79

until, what he deemed a sufficient occasion arising, he is said to have sent, in con-

nection with a protest against an improper action, a request to Admiral Von Died-

erich to be informed "Whether Germany and the United States were at peace or at

war, in order that he might take measures accordingly," with the added notifica-

tion that "If Admiral Von Diederich wanted a fight he could have it right now."No official report of any such message has been published, but un([uestionably

some message was sent which relieved the situation, for there was no more trouble

from that source. What instructions Admiral Von Diederich may have had, or

what designs, if any, the German government may have had, is not likeh^ to be

known, but so far as we can now see, whatever trouble there was grew out of the

fact that the German commander was an impertinent and foolish man. At anyrate he was quietly recalled by his government.

RUMORED COMING OF CAMARA'S FLEET.

In addition to this cause of anxiety, and the strain of managing the Filipinos,

there was a very possible danger from a Spanish fleet. The battle-ships of the

American navy were all in the Atlantic, while Spain had at home a good numberof formidable vessels, from which a squadron, far more powerful than that of

Dewe}^ might easily be fitted out and reach Manila by way of the Suez Canal

long before any American battle-ship, even if it could be spared from the Atlantic,

could reach there. In anticipation of this, and as the only thing possible to be

done, the monitors Monterey and Monadnock, then lying in San Francisco, were

fitted out for the Philippines, and the Monterey was promptly got off. As a mat-

ter of fact, as is well knowm, a squadron, including the battle-ship Pelayo, wasmade up in the Mediterranean and despatched eastward under Admiral Camara.

Dewey knew this and also that the Monterey had sailed to his assistance. Theanxiety and strain which grew out of this situation is well described in the follow-

ing language of Gen. F. V. Greene:

"We had been thirty days without news from the outer world. The Boston

brought us the latest information \yy way of Hongkong, which was dated July

2d, and consisted of a few brief telegrams to the effect that Admiral Camara's

fleet had passedthrough the Suez Ca-

nal, was coaling in the

Red Sea, and as soon

as this was completed

would continue its

voyage to Manila; and

that Gen. Merritt had

sailed from San Fran-

cisco in the steamer

Neivport on June 28th.

"These telegrams

showed that a most interesting race was in progress on two sides of the globe,

each of the contestants with about 7000 nautical miles to go. Camara wascoming east, and Merritt was coming west; and the monitor Monterey, which

;l.I) SPANISH GUNS.

80 Ca)iipai,>^uiui^ i>i the Philippines.

we had left coaling at Honolulu and the arrival of which was of such vital

importance to Dewey, was also coming west, all having the same objective

—

Manila Bay. As we steamed down the coast of Luzon, I spent several hours

figuring on a time table to see who would come in first. Allowing the

Monterey six knots, Camara's fleet ten knots, and the Nezvport twelve knots, I

figured out that Camara would reach Manila July 2fith, Merritt July 28th, and

the Mo7iterey August 4th. Would Camara come straight to Manila ? Would he

sail east to intercept Merritt ? Would his arrival be delayed beyond August 4th ?

Would he come at all ?

"I handed the time table to Admiral Dewey, and he spent most of the night

and the following day studying over it. On the morning of the third day (July

19) he came to the China in his barge and asked me to go ashore with him

to see Gen. Anderson,

of his expedition, was

racks at Cavite. Thevinced that if Camara

age he would reach

Monterey. Having no

mand, he was out-

The safety ofthe army

such an enormous

ica, depended upon

tact. He therefore

nation, in case news

less than a week that

back, to take his fleet

the north of Luzon,

eastward until he met

Monadnoc k , which

then he would return

fleet. He felt reason-

would be gone not

10th, and he asked

was the senior officer, what he would do.

BONES OF THE DEPARTED

who, with 2500 menquartered in the bar-

Admiral was con-

continued his voy-Manila before thebattle-ship in his com-

classed by the Pelayo.

f/p and the transports, at

distance from Amer-keeping his fleet in-

came to the determi-

was not received in

Camara had turned

'iand the transports to

and then to cruise

the Monterey and the

was following her;

and destroy Camara's

ably confident that he

longer than August

Gen. Anderson, whoThe latter promptly replied that he

would take thirty days' rations, march into the hills about twenty miles east of

Cavite, entrench and await the return of the fleet. My opinion was asked, and I

fully concurred in the wisdom of the departure of the fleet, and the propriety of

taking the troops inland to await its return.

" If Camara's nerve had held out, the result would have been a very interesting

campaign in the Philippines. Merritt arrived three days ahead of schedule time,

and the ]\Ionterey arrived on the very day calculated, but Camara did not come at

all. Definite information that Camara had turned back reached the Admiral on

July 22d, just as it was becoming necessary to take .steps to carry the above plan

into operation."

Such is the fortune of war. Conceding the arrival of Camara with the Pelayo

and his fleet as expected, the destruction of the transport fleet, with Gen. Merritt,

MAJOR GENERALS IN THE EIGHTH ARMY CORPS.

1. WESLEY MERRiTT, first Govemor-General of the Philippine Islands; resigned August 26 1898 to go as

Peace Commissioner to Paris. 2. Elwrll S. Otis, present Governor-General, Philippine Islands, succeemng

General Merritt. 3. Thomas N. Anderson, commanding First Division, ^signed, March 18 1899 4-^rthur

MACARTHDR, commanding Second Division. 5. H.\y. Lawton commanding PlrstDl^lSlon succeeding

General Anderson. 6. Henry C. Merriam, commanding Dept. of California, relieved, January 19, 1899.

Copyrighted hy P. B. Lan

MAP SHOWING POSITION OF AMERICAN, SPANISH AND FILIPINO TROOPS IN THEBATTLE OF AUGUST 13, 1898.

Cainpai^i^iiiiio^ in the Philippines,. 81

was among the probabilities. Among the certainties would have been the

Spanish occupation of all the fortifications from Corregidor to Manila, the

American forces, twenty miles inland, the insurgents driven out of every fortified

place in and about Manila, and this powerful Pclayo and the Spanish fleet in

Manila Bay under the protection and support of the heavy guns on the fortified

walls of Manila. But none of these things happened.

THE PLAN OF ATTACK.

On the arrival of the second expedition Cxen. Anderson and Gen. Greene

deliberated on the plan of attack, Greene having brought information to Ander-

,^ '.i?^^^ son from Gen. Merritt that, if he was certain of

.success, he might make the attack before his

_ (Merritt' s) arrival; otherwise, to await

•kl.«Mi^ his coming. Gen. Anderson and

JGen. Greene had under con-

GATES TO THE WALLED CITV.

sideration two plans of attack. One, to make San Pedro Macati the base,

and the other to proceed direct against the Spanish position on the Manila

Bay side. In this there were two considerations. From the San Pedro Macati

base the eastern and less fortified part of the city could be easily reached.

On the east, the insurgents already held the city water-works, and effectually

blockaded the city from all egress into the interior. But to attack from the

San Pedro Macati base involved the great difficulty of hauling the artillery

by hand to the place, and moving the army so that it would practically be

detached from the present base, while the San Pedro Macati base would be out of

effective range of the fleet, and without its support. Gen. Anderson, accord-

ing to Gen. Greene, favored the San Pedro Macati base, while he favored the

bay side attack. In any case, it was considered that the attack should be

S2 Cnuipaii^nini; in the l'hilip[>uies.

postponed until the arrival of Gen. Merritt, and he, upon his arrival, ordered the

attack on the Greene plan. At that time the reputed strength of the Spanish

force was 10,000 men, but Gen. Greene says that at the time of the surrender

it was found to be 13,000-

Opposed to this force was that of the insurgent forces which, while not

allowed to co-operate with the Americans in their aggressive movements, still

held strong defensive positions against the Spaniards. Gen, Anderson was the

ranking officer prior to the arrival of Gen. Merritt, and the American forces

being formed into a division, Gen. Anderson was placed in command, and upon

the arrival of Gen. MacArthur with the third expedition, the whole commandwas divided into two brigades, Gen, MacArthur being assigned to the commandof the 1st Brigade and Gen, Greene to the 2d Brigade.

ORGANIZATION OF THE AMERICAN FORCEvS.

The formation of the force into brigades and the assignment of the different

regimental and other organizations for the brigades was made by Gen. Merritt,

by general order, August 1st, as follows

:

General Orders,\

Headquarters Department of the PacificNo. 2. )' AND Eighth Army Corps.

Manila Bay, P. I., August 1, 189.S.

I. The United States forces assembled at Cavite, Camp Dewey and in transports off

Cavite are herel^y organized as the 2d Division of the 8th Army Corps, composed of two

brigades. Brigadier-General T. N. Anderson, U. S. V., is assigned to the command of the

division:

The brigades are organized as follows:

FIRST BRIGADE—Brigadier-General Arthur MacArthur, U. S. V.. commanding: 23d

I'. S. Inf., two battalions; 14th U. S. Inf., one battalion; 13th Minnesota Volunteer Inf.; 1st

North Dakota Volunteer Inf., two battalions; 1st Idaho Volunteer Inf., two battalions; 1st

Wyoming Volunteer Inf., one battalion; Astor Battery.

SECOND BRIGADE—Brigadier-General F. V. Greene, U. S. V., commanding: 18th U. S.

Inf., two battalions; battalion four-foot batteries, 3d U. S. Art.; Company A, Battalion U. S.

Engineers; 1st California Volunteer Inf; 1st Colorado Volunteer Inf. ; 1st Nebraska Volunteer

Inf.; 10th Pennsylvania Volunteer Inf ; Light Batter^' A, Utah Volunteer Art. ; Light Battery

B, Utah Volunteer Art.

II. The 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf. and detachment of California Volunteer HeavyArtillerv, now at Cavite, will remain at that place on their present duties, the commandingofficers reporting direct to division commander.

III. The Signal Detachment will remain at Cavite, and will report to the chief signal

officer at these headquarters.

Bv command of Major-General Merritt.

J. B. BABCOCK. Adjutant-General.

THE NATURE OF THE GROUND COVERED BV OUR ARMV.

The first expedition under Gen. Anderson had arrived in the bay on June

30, 1898, and landed next day at Cavite. This city and fortifications are on a

narrow neck which connects with the main peninsula. This neck is a mile long

to a point where it is so narrow that only a single wagonway connects with the

peninsula. This road always overflows at high tide. The large peninsula to

Campaigning in the Philippines. 83

FLAG RAISED OVER FORT SAN ANTONIO,AUGUST 13, 1898.

which this neck connects is five miles long to a jwint where it connects with the

mainland, and here there is only room for a single wagoiuvay, and during the

rainy season this roadway is quite impassable. In the interior, and north and

east of the Cavite peninsula, and extending

to within a short distance of where CampDewey was afterwards located, the country

is composed largely of swamps and rough,

uneven ground, through which many small

streams flow, which have their sources in

the innumerable swamps, the larger ones

taking their rise in the mountain range

Avhich lies inland near the Lake Lagunade Bombon, and thence flowing westward

and emptying into Manila Bay. Over this

Avhole region was a rank tropical vegeta-

tion. Luckily this district, at the time

of the first debarkation, had been cleared

of the Spaniards by the insurgents, and

thus all possibility of opposition in landing

prevented. There is practically but one

wagon road through this region from

Cavite northward towards Manila, to a

place where Camp Dewey was subsequently established, and this, most of the

year in an almost impassable condition. The distance is about twenty miles. TheSpaniards on their ofiicial maps designate their public travel ways as "roads,"

"bridlepaths" and "paths." The first is something of an improved way, the

streams bridged or supposed to be so, and the road-beds thrown up much after the

manner of our Western country roads, and averaging about twenty-five feet in

width. The " bridle path" is a way over which a carabao may haul a sled. The" path" is suitable only for travel by foot or on horseback. From the roads,

notably that which leads from Cavite to Manila, there are many of these bridle

paths and paths leading back into the interior. This interior, after leaving the plain

south and east of Manila, over which the campaign was made, consists of foot-

hills merging into a mountain range, the highest peaks of w^hich are from 5000

to 7000 feet, and this range extends from the southwest border of Lake Lagunade Bombon to the Pasig River, making a circuit much in the form of a half moon.

It became at once evident to Gen. Anderson that Cavite could not, for the

reason stated, be made a base of operations in an active campaign against Manila,

and, luckil}' again, to enable him to establish his base as he desired, the insur-

gents had driven the Spaniards out of the locality which he wished to occupy.

That is to sa}-, at the time of the arrival of the first expedition, the insurgents

occupied San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite Viejo, Imus, Bacoor, Las Pinas, Para-

naque and Malibay. After a further reconnaissance, Gen. Anderson selected

as a new base of operations in the active campaign a plot of ground near

Paranaque. The plan of his campaign had for its objective, first, the capture of

the entrenchments and strongholds of the Spanish positions south and eastward

84 Caiupaigiiiiig in the Philippines.

au_w^.

of the walled city, many of which, owing to the obstacles shutting them from

view of the fleet and other causes, could not be bombarded successfully by the

fleet, and second, the capture of the walled city.

DIFFICULTIES IX LAXDING TROOPS.

Debarkation when once begun on the part of the troops was pushed with

vigor, although under unpropitious conditions. The rainy season was on.

There was a heav}' downpour

and the men were heavily

loaded with rations. Personal

supplies and ammunition were

carried ashore by lighters

^^^^^ ^^^ called "cascos." This was the

L ' *QL^ - «^^fcf^» . -^^'^-rti^K^ ^ ^ji °"^-'' ^^^^^ ^^ craft obtainable.

The casco is a kind of hybrid

affair, unwieldy and cumber-

some, without sail or steam;

neither Chinese junk nor Amer-ican scow, but partaking of the

characteristics of both. They:.::a:) i i

-. m. . vi m i n i - : - ,!ii ::i:i' are built of hcavy timbers, with

outlying riggers and towed from one position to another. Without any material

mishaps the expedition was thus landed at Cavite, as were lilcewise the second and

third expeditions, the only troops which took part in the campaign of Manila.

THE HEALTH OF THE COMMAND.

Few can realize the conditions at the time that the first expedition cast anchor

in Manila Bay. With the best that could be done, it was impossible, in the hurried

departure from the States, and the man}' hindrances unavoidable in securing

transports, to properl}' equip and supply the troops. As a consequence, the mem-bers of the first expedition endured many discomforts which were largely avoided

in the subsequent expeditions. The germs of disease, which soon after landing

became widespread and alarming, were undoubtedly fostered on board the trans-

ports. The 2d Oregon were the worst sufferers. It was reported that within

thirty days after debarkation, not more than one-half of the regiment was fit for

camp duties. There was much complaint on shipboard of improper food supply

and clothing, and shoes were not up to the standard. Hygienic conditions aboard

ship were doubtless neglected. The change from civil to military life brings newand untried conditions, which usually put to the test the best physical conditions.

Add to this climatic change, improper diet and bad sanitation, and many break

down under the strain. As the transport and supply service became better organ-

ized, and the troops got under better discipline, these conditions gradually disap-

peared.

The most prevalent disease, especially in the second expedition, was measles.

Gen. Greene, accounting for this, says that there was a great strife among the

regiments at San Francisco to be the first in taking transports; that at the time

Ca))ip(Uiini)i^ in the Philippines. 85

liis expedition left San Francisco a number of the members of the different regi-

ments were in hospitals, some afflicted with measles, and about a dozen of these

men by stealth escaped from the hospital, and secreted themselves on shipboard,

and were not found until far out at sea.

AGUIXALDO ADDRESvSES THE POWERvS.

('.en. Wesley Merritt arrived at Manila on July 25th. He at once assumedcommand, and on August 1st issued the order, already quoted, organizing the

brigades of his army. On the ()th day of August, Aguinaldo, as President of the

Revolutionary govennnent, addressed a note to the Powers, asking their recogni-

tion of his government. In this he did not consult any representative of the

United States, nor had he the concurrence or consent of any such representative.

It was a plain, unequivocal act, indicating a determination to no longer act in

concert with the United States. He said in his note: "The revolution has about

t^OOO prisoners of war, and a regularly organized army of 30,000 men, and they

are now l^esieging ^Manila, the capital."

On the 12th of August, 1898, the protocol between Spain and the United

States was made, and among other recitals it provided: "That the United States

will occupy and hold the city, bay and harbor of Manila, pending the conclusion

of a treat}' of peace, which shall determine the control, disposition and govern-

ment of the Philippines." The issue was thus plainly drawn. Aguinaldo

demanded the recognition of his government. The United States decided that

the status of the Philippines should be settled between them and Spain by a

treat v vet to be made.

GROWrxCx ANTAGONISM BETWEEN THE AMERICANvS AND FILIPINOvS.

Ante-dating these events a gradual antagonism between the personnel of the

two armies had grown up. An indistinct, undefined color-line had been drawnbetween the armies. At first the Filipino sought fraternity-, but his overtures fell

on barren ground, and he

was taught that there could

be no social affinity between

him and the Americans.

When once the breach be-

gan, it was but a step to

open insults. Before and

during the engagementwhich ended in the capture

of Manila, animosities be-

tween the Americans and

F'ilipinos became verymanife.st. During the ad-

vance Aguinaldo was

ordered out of his trenches, then to cease firing, and at a time during the

advance a part of the two commands stood opposed to each other at the "fire"

command. At the surrender the Filipinos were not allowed to participate, and,

f, rXS IN THE ARSEXAI, AT MANILA.

86 Campaigning in the Philippines.

with the exception of their commanding officers, were excluded from the city

while bearing arms.

Some time before this Aguinaldo's headquarters were at Bacoor, in close

proximity to the American land and naval forces. It was to free himself from this

supposed dangerous proximity that he removed his headquarters to a place three

miles north of Manila. To this Gen. Otis demurred, and Aguinaldo, pa\ing

no heed, on the 13th of September he was ordered peremptorily by Gen. Otis

to evacuate by the afternoon of the loth. On the 14th Aguinaldo, in consequence,

moved his force to Malolos, where he established his headquarters and that of the

Provisional government, making Malolos its capital. At this time, as stated, his

forces, in part, were distributed as follows: At Caloocan, 3000 men; his cannon

were pointed towards Binondo; at Pasig, 400; south of Malate, 1200, and at

Pasai, Pandacan, Paco and Santa Ana, about 500 each.

During this time, and up to the signing of the treaty of peace between Spain

and the United States, the insurgents claim that they had so conducted their cam-

paign that the Spanish soldiery had been practically driven out of the Philippines,

wnth the exception of Manila and its suburbs, and there was no civil control out-

side of this limit for the Spanish government to transfer to the United States.

On August 9th the following general order was issued by Gen. Merritt:

General Orders, \Headquarters Department of the Pacific \

No. 3. S'^^^ EioHTH Army Corps.

|^

Manila Bay, P. I., August 9, 1898. j

In view of the extraordinary conditions under which this arm}- is operating, the command-

ing general desires to acquaint the officers and men composing it with the expectations which

he entertains as to their conduct. You are assembled upon foreign soil, situated within the

western confines of a vast ocean separating you from your native land. You have come, not as

despoilers and oppressors, but simply as the instruments of a strong, free government, whose

purposes are beneficent, and which has declared itself in this war the champion of those

oppressed by Spanish rule.

It is, therefore, the intention of this order to appeal directly to your pride in your position

as representatives of a high civilization in the hope and with the firm conviction that you

will so conduct yourselves in your relations with the inhabitants of these islands as to convince

them of the lofty nature of the mission which you have come to execute.

It is not believed that any acts of pillage, rapine or violence will be committed by soldiers

or others in the employ of the United States, but should there be persons with this command

who prove themselves unworthy of this confidence, their acts will be considered not only as

crimes against the sufferers, but as direct insult to the United States flag, and they will be

punished on the spot with the maximum penalties known to military law.

By command of Major-General Merritt.

J. B. BABCOCK, Adjutant-General.

WORK OF AMERICAN TROOPS BEFORE THE FALL OF MANIL\.

It was a vigilant command during the six weeks intervening between the

landing of the first expedition and the fall of Manila, and during this interim

both the officers and rank and file, without murmur, endured the hardships and

vicissitudes of campaign life in the trenches. The rainy season was at its height,

and the downpour was almost incessant. Life in camp, aside from the exposures

on duty, was almost intolerable. Resort was had to every device to provide some

Caiiipaignini^ in Ihe J'/iilippiucs. 87

comfort in tent life, but to little avail. The ground was in an overflow, and the

continued tramping to and fro made a mixture of mud which rendered passage

almost impossible. To cook, eat and sleep, to live, to endure, put to the test all

their fortitude. The work of the soldiers consisted, aside from the duties in camp,

in doing service in the trenches, sometimes to fight, always under the enemy's aim

and always in mud and rain. Usually the trench filled with water as it was dug,

and often the upthrown dirt washed down as fast as placed. The trenches were

held and the work there done in relays, the relays serving for twenty-four hours.

ARR.\NGEMENTS WITH AGUINALDO,

It was to make more effective our own operations that a request was made of

the insurgents to vacate their trenches, giving place to the Americans. This

caused much parleying, the matter being referred to Aguinaldo, who then had his

AGriNAI.no AXD 1 ILiriNO LEADERS' HEADQUARTERS.

headquarters eleven miles inland, and whose consent was obtaii:ed, the condition

being that the transaction should be put in written form. Our troops occupied

this insurgent trench the next morning. Express instructions were given byCxcn. Merritt in this negotiation that no force should be used or threatened.

This removed the whole insurgent force from the line desired to be occupied bythe Americans. This was not the first instance in which the insurgents hesitated

to comply with the requests of the American commanders. Soon after the arrival

of the first troops, land transportation facilities were badly needed by the Ameri-cans. All of these facilities were in the hands of the insurgents, who refused to

allow their use by the Americans upon any consideration. Gen. Andersonthereupon seized such animals and means as he required, but in all instances paidfar more than their worth. The treatment of the Spanish prisoners at Cavite bythe insurgents was so barbarous that our general in command interfered and

g8 Cajiipai_i^)iini^ in the Plii/ippities.

called the attention of the insurgent officers to the starving condition of their

prisoners, and asked that they be accorded more humane treatment. This being

refused, the prisoners were suitably furnished by our army.

AMERICANS OCCUPY FILIPINO TRENCHES.

The trench vacated by the Filipinos was occupied by one battalion 18th Reg-

ulars, one battalion 1st Colorado Inf. and four guns, two from each of the Utah

Batteries. Owing to defects in profile and location, it was determined to remove

the trench to a new location, which would better command the Spanish position

and could be better strengthened and extended so as to cover the whole line of the

Spanish trenches. L,ieutenant-Colonel McCoy surveyed the ground and deter-

mined upon the location and character of the trench, and it was placed under his

direction. The construction of this trench went on for two days and nights, and

during this time the change of occupants had apparently not been noticed by the

Spaniards. The first day, the 18th Inf. and Colorado Inf. were relieved by two

battalions of California Inf., and on the next morning, being July 31st, the

two California battalions were relieved by two battalions of the 10th Peimsylvania

Volunteers, one of the Nebraska Volunteers and by 200 of the 3d Regular

Artillery as infantry. During this day there was occasional picket firing. Thetrench at this time had been built to and from the Capuchin chapel, a total dis-

tance of about 300 yards, extending from the beach to the Calle Real, and

was nearly completed. It had a height averaging about seven feet.

A wide hall runs through the center of the Capuchin chapel, east and ^vest.

The trench began just north of the chapel door, which opened into this hall-way

and thence direct to the road. Connecting on the west corner of the building, the

trench extended to the beach, connecting the trench with this corner. The earth

was piled high against the iron-barred window. Near the beach, the trench

inclined forward a short space, and thence a few yards across to a wrecked cais-

son. During the day there had been slight desultory firing by the Spaniards, but

not sufficient to materially interfere with the construction of the trench. It was

seen, however, that the Spaniards had become extremely watchful of the work

going on. The insurgents in the trenches had a habit, prior to this, of a "hit-or-

raiss" fashion of firing, as the spirit caught them. One or several would elevate

their guns and blaze away, without any aim and no special object. The Spaniards

fM ,/*7'-^: '' seemed to have a like faculty of random

firing, but seemingly always firing high.

As a result, the insurgents in the'

trenches were not in danger, but our

troops occupying positions in their rear

were exposed. Gen. Merritt had re-

quested Aguinaldo to stop this firing

and, after much persuasion, theySIXTH ARTILLERY IX ACTION. dcSistcd

The particular danger to our troops occupying these trenches, in consequence

of the Spanish high firing, was not so much in the trench as in going to and from

it. It is indisputable that had our trooj^s in the trenches paid no heed to this firing^

Caiiipai^niiii^ in the J'hilippint's. S9

it would have l)eeii ati accident if any loss of life had occurred prior to August

loth, and even then there would have been no loss had the program, as

arranged, been strictly followed. It was Admiral Dewey's desire and plan to

effect the capture of Manila without the loss of a single man. But our soldiers

could not resist the temptation, although against orders, to now and then take a

shot. It was always the case, if they kept quiet behind the trenches, that the

Spaniards would fire a few shots or volleys and then subside.

THE BATTLE IX THE RAIN.

On the night of July 81st, however, the tension reached a climax, and there

occurred between the forces what is known as the " Battle in the Rain." It was

one of those typical tropical night storms in which there was a raging wind and a

furious downpour, and, in the darkness, objects were not discernible beyond your

reach. In the rush and roar of the storm you could neither see nor hear. It was

CONVKNT OK OrAnALUPH BEFORK niSTR I'CTTON.

certainly a reckless enthusiasm which could drive our soldiers out on such a night

against orders and at the hazard of their lives. Exactly what occurred when the

conflict was at its height would be difficult to learn. At the time it was sup-

posed and believed, and the order of the command so stated, that the Spaniards

had left their trenches and attempted to turn our right flank. It is now conceded

this was not so, and the Spaniards, after their surrender of Manila, said they

never left their trenches. The Spanish trench was much longer than our own,

.and their left extended far eastward of our right.

The 10th Pennsylvanians were the chief sufferers. They might have been in

error in supposing the enemy were turning their flank, but there can now be no

doubt as to their own position and actions in the affair. While conflicting state-

ments are made in official reports and by those not participating, the narration

given in the Tenth Pennsylvania Regimental History in the Pennsylvania edition

of this volume puts the question at rest. It says: " On the morning of July 31st

it fell to the lot of the 10th Pennsylvania Inf. to be detailed for outpost duty

for the next twenty-four hours. Col. Hawkins and the entire command was at

or near this advanced line, except Company B, which was posted on guard on a

yo Caiiipai\i^/n'//i;' in {he Philippvics.

road near the village of Pasai, nearly two miles to the right rear of the line occu-

pied by the rest of the regiment. Maj. H. C Cuthbertson, in command during

the day, placed the 2d Battalion, composed of Companies A, C, H and I, Maj.

Everhart Bierer commanding, and the Utah Light Artillery in the entrenchment

and Companies E and D of the 1st Battalion in reserve about 200 yards in the

rear of the center of the advanced line. Company K's position was about the same

distance in the rear of the right of the line east of the Manila Road, and it fur-

nished outposts and pickets from a point seventy-five yards east, distant and in a.

curved line to the north and west. During the day there was no movement or

firing of any account, and most of the time the Kej'stone State soldiers were busy

strengthening their earthworks.

"That night about eleven o'clock the Spanish forces opened a heavy fire of shell

from four pieces of artillery at Fort Malate, which continued for a half hour, the

Pennsylvania Regiment being the first American troops to be fired upon in the

Philippines. The attack caused no material damage to the regiment's works,

nor casualties to its members. The enemy then advanced, delivering a heavy

round of infantry firing by squads until within about 400 yards of our line,

when, halting, they formed a line and delivered many volleys. This lasted for about

three hours. When this volley firing had continued nearly a half hour the enemyevidently relieved a part of his line from the extreme right at the beach and again

opened fire from two pieces of artillery with shell and shrapnel. The casualties

of the regiment behind the entrenched line during the entire engagement were

one man killed and four wounded. About 11:80 p. m. the enemy advanced a line

of infantry toward the point east of the entire prolongation of the 10th' s en-

trenched line with the evident intention of turning the regiment's right flank.

Seeing this, Maj. Cuthbertson withdrew the pickets and outposts and advanced

the reserve line under the command of Maj. Bierer, who made his disposition as

follows: Company K (Capt. Thomas S. Crago), about sixty feet to the right of

the road, the eastern end of the entrenched line, the left resting on a dense thicket

of heavy timber, the line extending east of the entrenched line and about thirty

feet in advance of the same; the right resting about five degrees north of the

entrenched line. Companies

E (Capt. James A. Loar),

and D (Capt. F. B. Haw-kins), prolonged this line

to the right in the order

mentioned." When this new line

had been placed in position

the enemy, firing volleys,

had advanced to within 200

yards of the same. Thethree companies of the 10th

Pennsylvanians which were deployed on the right of the Calle Real Road num-bered about 200 men, and they made the assault upon, at the low^est estimate, 1000

of the enem3%

^. 5w

RAID ON OPIUM DKM BY THIRTEENTH MINNESOTA POLICE.

Caiii/xii^'nini^ in the J'/ii!i/>piitcs. 91

" The Pennsylvani'ui^ made this advance with continuous volley firing and the

enemy continued their movements until within about 100 yards from our front."

Their account, however, must be in error as to the enemy's position and move-

ments. If they left their trenches

and were in such close prox-

imity to our line, there would

have been dead or woundedtnere after their retreat to their

trenches, and no such were

found after the firing ceased.

The Spanish fire was mostly by

heavy volleys, which would

not have been the case had

the force been deployed and

scattered. Again, the outposts of the second platoon of Battery K, 8d U. S. Art.,

were not driven in, and did not come in until they were relieved at their station

the next morning. This platoon, which was stationed on the Pasai Road, lyieut.

Kessler in command, sent forward four or five cossack posts, composed of four

men and a non-commissioned officer. These outposts were to the right and ahead

of the Pennsylvania line. They did not participate in the fight. The enemy wasnot seen nor heard firing outside of their trenches, and there was no approach to

their outposts.

In order to determine to a greater certainty from whence came the fire upon

our men, it is necessary to consider the disposition of our forces and what they

did. The force occupying the trenches has been noted. The Pennsylvania troops

also had the cossack outposts in front of the line. Back of the trenches and in

reserve was the following disposition of troops: One company of the od Art.

was in the rear of the trenches, and promptly moved forward into them when the

firing began, and apprised the command of the movement. The other companyof the od Alt. was ordered forward, but before the order reached them they

had already left camp for the scene of action. The 1st California Inf. was sent

forward—one battalion to the trenches, the second battalion to halt in reserve

about 1200 yards in the rear, and the third battalion just in the rear of the second,

and out of the range of the Spanish fire. The l.st Colorado occupied like positions

in rear of the Californias.

Between ten and eleven o'clock. Fort Malate and the whole Spanish entrenched

line opened fire on our little line of trenches. The infantry did mostly volley

firing. The Pennsylvania cossack outposts came in and reported their belief that

the Spaniards were flanking our right. At once the v/hole camp was aroused,

and the troops went forward. It is readily seen that with both wings of the

Spanish line focusing their fire on the trench it would seem to the occupants like

an enfilading or flanking fire. Many thought by the sound of the shots that they

were nearer than the entrenched Spanish line. But it has since been thought, in

accounting for this, that these sounds were made b}- the "spats" of the bullets

against the bamboo trees. The approach to our trenches during this fire was a

hot zone, owing to the high-firing habit of the Spaniards. For about 700 yards

02 Caiitpaigtiiiig' in ihe Philippines.

back from the trench, along the Calle Real, owing to the focus of the Spanish

range, there was a perfect maelstrom of firing. During the "battle" our forces

fired 60,000 rounds, and it may be safely estimated that the Spanish during the

same time fired nearly double that quantity, the heavy firing, including the can-

nonading, being centered in this locality. How it happened that so few were

killed or wounded is inexplicable.

The bullets were falling like a torrent, and the shells were bursting in a con-

tinuous roar, and this continued for about four hours. With all this the only

casualty reported, caused by the shells, was the wounding of Lieut. Buttermore

of the Pennsylvanians. He was knocked down by a piece of shell striking him

over the eyes. He got up at once and went on with the fight. The Pennsylvan-

ians in going into this position were undoubtedly in the thickest of the fight.

Here the first soldier in the Philippines was killed in battle. He was Corp. N. E.

Brown of Company D. Many were wounded here, and a little beyond this others

were killed. In the trenches the men were standing two to the yard, and no

more men could be worked there. The reserves were in position and chafing to

get to tlie front.

In their anxiety

a serious mis-

take was made.

Maj. Boxton'sBattalion of

California Inf.,

under orders,

rushed to the

front under a

heavy fire.

Capt. Reinhold

Ri ch ter , of

Company I, was

the first to fall, hit on the top of the head, on the right side, by a bullet. In the

further advance, 1st Sergt. Maurice Justh of Compau}- A, was instantly killed

by a shot through the body. A number were wounded. Coming to the old

trench, complying, as they supposed, with their order, tl^ey saw the flash of guns

in their immediate front, which was our firing line in the new trench. Mis-

taking this for the reported advanced line of the Spaniards, they at once opened

fire by volleys, and discharged three volleys straight into the backs of the Penn-

sylvanians and Regulars. Col. Smith of the 1st Californias, had caught up with

the Regulars of Battery H, and was with Capt. O'Hara in the trench, and at

once sent one of his officers back to warn Maj. Boxton of his mistake. The

oflficer ran with the message, but before it could be delivered the three volle>s

had been fired. The result of these volleys is not known. The surgeons, how-

ever, believe that no man was killed by a shot from the rear.

When the California Battalion finally got into position, it was sent to the

relief of the Pennsylvanians. The cruiser Boston was at anchor in position to

rake the whole Spanish trench, but Admiral Dewey did not wish to bring on an

SPANISH TRENCHES NEAR FORT SAN ANTONIO.

Caiii/^ais^iiiiis;^ in the Plii/if-'pinca. 93

engagement unless from necessity, antl it was arranged tliat the Boston should not

be signaled to open fire unless as a last resort. Oen. Greene says he became con-

vinced, after watching the Spanish fire, although reports were continually coming

in of the Spanish advance, that they were still in their trenches, and hence did.

not signal the Bosto)i.

CU)OD CONDUCT OF THE VOLUNTEKRS.

There were many heroic acts done during this engagement, but there is no

space here for incidents. It was amply shown, however, that the old-time

American valor was not wanting in the command. While Gen. Greene truthfully

says, that when compared wath the battles of the Civil War this was an unim-

portant skirmish, and that during that war there were many affairs much larger

in fatalities than this of which no record was

made, still he says the conditions were such as

usually create consternation among green soldiers,

and the Veterans of the Civil War could not have

done more thoroughly what w^as required that

night than did the.se young men from Pennsyl-

vania, California, Colorado and Utah, and from

the various States whose men were found in the

3d Regular Artillery.

On the night of August 1st the Colorado

Regiment held the trenches, but under strict

orders not to return the enemy's fire unless they

quit their trenches. With few exceptions this

order w^as observed, but in the darkness the menwould find an excuse for firing, alleging as a pre-

tense that the Spaniards were advancing. In

consequence of this unnecessary exposure one was

killed and three wounded. Up to August 4th,

the time when the Monterey arrived, our total loss

while in these defensive tactics, was twelve killed

and fifty-four wounded. At this time. Gen. Mac-

Arthur and his command had arrived, but had not

landed, being prevented by a rough sea. On the

night of August oth occurred other conflicts be-

tween the lines, the usual excuse being that "the

Spaniards were advancing." The trenches were

held by one battalion each of the 14th and 2od

Regulars and 1st Nebraskas. Firing began at

half-past .seven o'clock, and lasted till ten. About church .\t malate.

20,000 rounds were fired by our men. The loss was three killed and seven wounded.

Gen. Merritt and Admiral Dewey now hit upon a plan to end this skirmish

firing, and the Governor-General at Manila was notified that within forty-eight

hours, if these attacks on our lines did not cease, an attack by the land and naval

forces on the city would take place, and that this notice was given so that

«4 Cainpaignini^ in the Pliilippmes.

non-combatants and women and children might be removed. This had the desired

effect, and from thenceforth until the final attack on the city, on August 13th,

there was no further molestation of our outposts, and the Spaniards were to be

seen on their parapets with impunity.

The third expedition arrived on July 31st, but did not go into camp until the

9th of August. The Astor Battery was among the first to land. One of their

cascos was capsized, her ammunition ruined, and most of the rations lost.

Another boat was upset, but no one was drowned.

THE AMERICANS READY TO ATTACK MANILA.

With the arrival of Gen. MacArthur and the Monterey, the complement of

men and equipment was at hand, and work was pressed for an attack on Manila.

On the 10th, Gen. Anderson came over from Cavite and assumed command of the

division, and their work went hurriedly on. Every point of weakness was con-

sidered and strengthened; the troops were looked carefully after, and every van-

tage ground and strategic maneuver determined. The brigade commanders

.^sxKik'

GATE TO LA LOMA CHURCH.

urged the necessity of occupying the strong insurgent trenches by a part of Gen.

MacArthur's Brigade prior to the advance, but Gen. Merritt persisted in his policy

of not using force, strictly forbidding anything being either said or done that

would give offense to the insurgent command, and further ordered that the trenches

should not be extended. There were but two important objective points against

which the forces should move—MacArthur's Brigade against the stronghold which

included block-houses Nos. 13 and 14, in the first attack, and Greene's Brigade

against the rest of the Spanish line west, resting on Fort Malate. For this pur-

pose the forces were massed as follows: Against Fort Malate' s front, and in Gen.

Greene's Brigade, were seven battalions in the trenches and eight in reserve, the

reserve being at Pasai cross-road, before described, under Gen. Anderson's im-

mediate command. Seven guns of the Utah Battery were placed in the trenches

at intervals, and in addition three guns of the navy, manned by a volunteer de-

tachment of the 3d Art. These were on the extreme right of the column.

MacArthur occupied a position, as seen, with a narrow front, owing to the fact

that no further trenches were allowed and no interference with the insurgents, so

that his force was massed in support of this narrow line back along the Pasai

Campai,i^iii>ii^ in the I'/ii/ippines. 95

Road. His front lay between impassable swamps, and back of this, to the Pasai

Road, the brigade occupied invulnerable positions. The Astor Battery was on the

right, one Utah gun in an insurgent emplacement on the Cingalon Road, the 13th

Minnesota on the right, and the '1?A Regulars on the left.

THE FLEET TAKEvS POSITION.

Having thus located the land forces at the time of the attack, we must nowtake up the matters pertaining to the fleet, which was to join in a joint attack on

the Spanish positions at Manila on the 13th. In the preparations for this attack.

Admiral Dewey and Gen. Merritt acted in concert. At this time there was a

large fleet of foreign war-ships in Manila Bay, composed of four English, five

German, two French, and a Japanese. Admiral Dewey wanted the place occu-

pied by them in which to maneuver, aud they moved out of the way. Every

precaution was taken by the fleet for bombardment as though it actually might

occur.

EFFORTS TO INDUCE SURRENDER.

For some time before this, negotiations had been going on to effect a surrender

without the loss of property or life. In this the Spanish held to their tradition

of requiring defeat before surrender. They had, too. been watching and hoping

for Camara's fleet and the Pelayo, and the 3000 men which the fleet was said to

be convoying from Spain; but when Camara turned back the last hope of holding

the Philippines by force vanished; consequently, they were inclined to consider

terms of surrender. The Belgian consul, M. Andre, had been for some time

occupying a Belgian craft in the bay, and put forth his good offices as an inter-

mediary between Admiral Dewey and Gen. Merritt and Captain-General Augustin,

looking to a pacific capitulation. The Spanish authorities, however, held out for

honor, and it required no little strategy to perfect the plan of mimic battle without

it verging into the real. The American commander would not permit this if the

play should go so far as to imperil the life of a single man. Still, if Spanish

pride could be assuaged and no evil follow, it would be far better than to incur

the loss of life and property which was sure to follow should a general engage-

ment be precipitated. Augustin became so convinced of the folly of resistance

that he was prepared to surrender without further show, and even, as is stated,

boisted the white flag. It was pulled down, however, and subsequently he was

called to Madrid, and Fermin Jaudenes made Captain-General, which position he

beld when the "ultimatum" was made to him,

as before stated, on August 7th. When the

tinal demand was made for surrender, the Cap-

tain-General got twenty-four hours' time, but

after a conference, refused to surrender without

an attack. In the meantime the Belgian consul

was busy, and his trips were frequent between

the fleet and the Captain-General's office. signal corps going to the front.

During this time the fleet had cleared for action and w^as ready at a moment to

commence the attack. Gen. Merritt, at the time it was arranged the attack

96 Ca)iipaii^iiiiii^ in the T'/ii/ippiiics.

should be made, came on board the Olynipia and stated that the American forces

were not in position sufficiently eastward to protect the city from the incoming'

insurgents at the time of surrender, so a little time was taken to accomplish this.

ALLEGED ARRAXC.I'.MIvXT FOR A SHAM BATTLlv.

Bv the 12th of August the full details of the coming "battle" were arranged

between Admiral Dewey, Gen. Merritt and Captain-Oeneral Jaudenes. In this,

on the part of the American forces, such display was to be made as would satisfy

an observer that further resistance on the part of the Spaniards would not only be

futile, but ground for censure by all non-comljatants; when this point was reached

the white flag of surrender was to be hung out from the Spanish fort, when

further assault should cease. So definite were the details as to this, that the

maneuver of the fleet was specified, the time when the attack should begin,

where it should be made, its continuance and character; that the Spaniards should

fire no shots in return, the exact time when the flag of surrender should be raised,

the proceedings pertaining to this and the place and disposition of the American

and Spanish forces after this, until the American occupation was made complete,

so as to prevent looting and destruction, and ward off the insurgents from the OAty.

All the principal officers in both commands were fully apprised, and specific

instructions given so that no mistakes be made or loss of life occur. Pursuing

this plan, the American fleet was put as full}^ in readiness as when it first went

into the enarag^ement in Manila Bav.

THE FLEET BEGINS THE ATTACK.

At nine o'clock on the morning of the 13th, the fleet commenced to maneuver

into position for the attack, and within one-half hour the Olyinpia was in position

for shelling Fort Malate, followed by the Raleigh and Petrel, the Callao and the

little Barcelo closer in shore; and back of these was Gen. Merritt and staff on a

transport, and the Kico)igliai

with the Oregon troops. TheBoston, Charleston and Balti-

more were on the port quarter

of the Olynipia. The McCnl-

loch was on the starboard

quarter, while the Monterey

moved up close in shore,

where her twelve-inch muzzles

.stood grinning at the heav}'

Krupp batteries at the Luneta;

and on the north the Concord

lay at the mouth of the Pasig.

The threatening array would

have amply justified the Spanish surrender without a shot, but the play went on,

with the head of the army and escort in the rear, waiting for the white flag

and the peals of victory, which should call him from his seclusion to receive

the capitulation of the city as per arrangement.

OUR PHOTOGRAPH WAGON, A QUILESA TSED AS A DARKROOM FOR CHANGING PLATES AT TUB FRONT.

Caiiip(ii,i^>iin_<^ ill llic JVii/ipp!)ics. 97

The Olympia opened fire at 1):3U in the morning on the old Fort Malate; her

shells falling short, the Raleigh and Petrel took it up. The shots improved, the

Olympia changed position, and then did more effective work, as did the others.

In the meantime, the remnants of the Spanish forces that had been about the

fortifications had withdrawn

toward the city. The firing

continued till 10:30, whenthe order to cease firing was

given to the fleet, and the

surrender signals shown to

the Spanish fort. There not

being an immediate answer,

the fleet was ordered to close

up. Every captain in the

fleet, it is stated, was watch-

ing for the white flag. Capt.

lyamberton w^as on the after-

bridge of the Olympia with

the Admiral and said: " I don't see that white flag yet over that red roof."

They were to raise the flag on the southwest corner. The Admiral said it had

been there for some time, and by close observation all discovered it, raised at the

appointed place. The Spanish signaled back and asked a conference, and nego-

tiations forthwith were begun and completed as per agreement.

During all this time not a shot w^as fired from a Spanish gun, and the Span-

iards remained within the walled city.

FLAG KAI.-iINi UAKl^ ISLAND.

GEN. MERRITT ORDERS AN ATTACK.

Turning now to the land forces, it should be noted that on the afternoon of

Friday Gen. Merritt had issued this general order:

"A combined land and naval attack will be made on the enemy's works

to-morrow, the 13th inst., at noon.

" It will consist of a naval and artillery attack. Our lines will make no

advance, but will hold the trenches, the infantry covering the artillery.

" The 1st Brigade will hold the right of the line, and, operating on the Manila-

Pasai Road, have for its immediate objective the Spanish block-house No.

14 and adjoining trenches.

" The 2d Brigade will hold the left of the line, operating along the beach and

the trenches adjoining.

" The 1st Brigade will put eight battalions in the firing line, and hold three

in reserve. The 2d Brigade will put seven battalions in the firing line, and hold

eight in reserve. The reserv^es of both brigades will be held in column of battal-

ions in the open field to the west of Camino Real and 500 yards south of the inter-

section of the Camino Real and the road to Pasai. The reserves will be under

the general direction of the division commander, whose position will be on the

Camino Real near the reserves.

98 Canipaigning in the Philippine?;.

" The men will take one daj's cooked rations, canteens filled with water, and

a minimum of 100 rounds of ammunition for the Springfield rifle and 150 for the

Krag-Jorgensen. The reserve ammunition will be held with the reserves.

" Brigade commanders will distribute necessary entrenching tools among the

several organizations.

"The general hospital will remain in camp. Ambulance stations will be

established on the beach in the rear of the left, one at Pasai, in the rear of the

right, and one on the Camino Real, near the reserves.

"All positions should be taken up by 9 A. M., the 13th inst., except the

reserv^es, which will take position at 11a. m. Our line will not advance except

under orders of the commanding general in the field."

This order, however, was not fully observed, as shown by the following:

All instructions to division and brigade commands were of the nature that

precluded a determined assault, although the men were equipped for a long, hard

struggle. Besides his gun and accouterments, each man carried 200 rounds of

ammunition, two days' rations of meat and hard bread, and mess kit. The front

rank filled their canteens with

coffee and the rear rank with

water. Distributions of spades

and axes were made to the com-

panies, so that each set of fours

had an entrenching tool. Ahatchet and ax was provided

for each section and one pick

for each platoon. The ser-

geants W'Cre provided with a

wire cutter. Strict instructions

as to fire, so that waste of ammunition and time should be avoided, and for the

movements of regiments, had been given. If an assault was ordered, it was

to have been made by successive battalions in extended order, each regiment

covering a battalion front and the distance between the battalions to be about 200

yards. The whole command were intact and silent for some time, while the

bombardment from the fleet of Fort Malate was going on, its effects being in plain

view of most of the command. Then the Utah Battery opened fire at 1000 yards'

range, aiming just below the crest of the parapet of the fort, as directed. Theshots were very effective. A six-inch shell from the Olympia now pierced

through the three-foot wall of the fort and exploded in the magazine, wrecking it

completely.THE ALLEGED PEACEFUL PROGRAM MLSCARRIES.

In the morning, just before the attack. Gen. Merritt sent instructions to Gen.

Greene to send forward one regiment as soon as the bombardment had produced

any effect, and without waiting for the signal given on the fleet to surrender, he

now ordered the Colorados to advance. The advance was made through an open

field in front of the trench, and partly along the beach in the water. Upon this

advance the Spaniards opened fire from the woods and trenches back of the fort.

It is claimed that had the advance not been made there would not have been a

TRANSPORT LEAVING SAN FRANCISCO.

Caiii/)aii^iiiiiii in ilie P/ii/ippines. 99

single rifle shot fired that day. The program was that the advance should not be

made till after the surrender signal was given. The Spaniards, therefore, not

knowing of this late order, could not understand this advance, and opened fire.

The Colorados continued their ad- i*

vance, wading up the beach and

entered the now vacant fort, Colonel

Irving Hale, of the Coloradosbeing in command. The Spanish flag

was hauled down and the Stars and

Stripes ran up in its stead. The ex-

hibition brought a round of hurrahs

from the troops. Here the color-

bearer of the Colorados was killed. HELiooRArmc wokk ii\ thi sk.n\i <_okis

Gen. MacArthur was shut off from the view of the fleet, but seeing the flag

raised on the fort, he ordered the attack on block-hou.se No. 14. The two bat-

teries, A.stor and Utah, quickly made this a ruin. The 18th Minnesota rushed in

and captured part of the forces there and in the trenches. The command pressed

on to block-house No. 13, which took fire, a great quantity of small cartridges

therein exploding. The whole front of the column now moved rapidlv onward,

the 13th Minnesota being in advance, and with them the Astor Battery, dragging

their guns by hand and pushing on along the Cingalon Road, and the 23d Inf.

pressing forward on the road which parallels this west. All through this locality

a hot fire was being poured into the ranks. The locality was such that a view of

the signal of surrender could not be seen, and the Americans continued advancing

and firing by volleys. At Cingalon cross-road was a strong position held by

the enem}', and from this a galling fire was being poured into our advance, also

an enfilading fire from a block-house about 200 yards east. Capt. Sawtelle, of

Gen. MacArthur' s staff, reconnoitered the position w^hile the troops were mass-

ing for assault, and, with lyieut. March of the Astor Battery, then led the

charge against this position with detachments from both the battery and the

13th Minnesota, they volunteering for the purpose. The artillerymen, leaving

their guns and charging with revolvers, the Spaniards were quickly driven

from their positions.

It is difficult to reconcile all this with the theory that the program w^as

entered into which should provide for the surrender of Manila without loss of

life, unless it be that some of the subordinate commands were not apprised of the

arrangement and that the Spaniards resisted under a misapprehension. Theywere on the alert to hold positions against the insurgents, and as the insurgents

"were known to occupy advanced positions here, they might have mistaken our

advance for that of the insurgents.

This ended the fighting of MacArthur' s Brigade, which had instructions, after

this place had been secured, to move westward and eastward and occupy the

approaches to the city from Paco, locating the forces at the bridges near Paco,

and also in the suburbs of Ermita and Malate. Greene's instructions were, if

no great resistance was met in the advance, to go on through Malate and Ermita,

and thence move the columns around the city walls and occupy the suburbs east

345242B

100 Campaigning in the Philippines.

and south of the cit}' and cover all approaches. None of the force was to enter

the walled city. After carrying the first line of the Spanish entrenchments

and fort, the advance columns of Greene's Brigade moved forward toward the

city and deplo}'-

ed from the Calle

Real, the 18th

Infantry and the

3d Artillery to

the right, and,

moving against

the Spanishtrenches backof the first line,

uncovered the

forces in thethick woods and

brush andmarsh. The 1st

California andAN EFFECTUAL METHOD OF COLLECTING RENT.

\.\\Q. Ist ColOradOFor use of vaults in cemeteries in Manila, a certain rental fee is charged, and when i^pij -nosiif ion<i

this is not paid by the estate or friends of the occupant he is taken out and left in the nciU poblLlOUi*-

manner sho%vn. COVCriug the

Calle Real barricades and thence to the shore line west. In this way they moved

up to Malate, where the force was reformed in the open square about Malate

church. Up to this time the advancing column had met sharp random firing

from the enemy, much of it coming from the houses and places of cover, which

the Californias and those exposed routed, often by assault. Reforming, the

ISth Inf. and the 1st California were to move through the main streets, the

1st Colorado in the parallel streets on the right and the 1st Nebraska along

the beach. The Callao kept slightly in advance in the bay and in position tO'

rake all lines of trenches in advance of the moving columns. The 3d Art. and

the 10th Pennsylvania occupied the reserve. The Pennsylvanians had been

in the trench for twenty-four hours, but were pressing hard for an advance

position. Desultory firing met this advance, and when the open near the lyuneta

was reached, the firing was sharp from the right.

THE FALL OF THE CITY.

At this time the white flag was flying from the southwest bastion of the city

wall. Some of the insurgents had gone through by some of the approaches at

Paco, and it was thought the firing came from them. There were now .several

thousand Spanish regulars within the city walls, and no firing came from any of

this body. The day's work was done. What remained to be done was to take

and hold possession of the approaches to the city and distribute the forces accord-

ing to previous instructions. The capitulation was now going on.

After hoisting the white flag, the Spaniards signaled for a conference. Flag-

Lieutenant Brumby and Lieutenant-Colonel Whittier, representing the army and

Cai>ipaioin)ig in the P/ii/ippim's. 101

navy, were despatched in response to this, and the preliminary terms of surrender

were arranged between them and Captain-General Augustin, Acting Governor-

General Jaudenes and Admiral Montejo. This occurred in the City Hall.

Gen. Merritt, on the return of the American representatives, went ashore

to the City Hall with escort of the 2d Oregon. Two other battalions of the

Oregon followed and took position in front of the Government Building at

2:36 p. M.

On return of Lieut. Brumby to the flagship with the preliminary terms of sur-

render, Admiral Dewey hoisted the signal, "Enemy has surrendered." Withsome modification, the preliminary terms as drawn were signed, and the Spanish

flag hauled down and replaced with the Stars and Stripes. The following are the

articles of capitulation:

ARTICLES OF CAPITULATION.

The undersigned, having been appointed a commission to determine the details of the

surrender of the city and defenses of Manila and its suburbs, and the Spanish forces stationed

therein, in accordance with agreement entered into the previous day by Major-General Wesley

Merritt, U. S. A., American Commander-in-Chief in the Philippines, and His Excellency DonFermin Jaudenes, Acting General-in-Chief of the Spanish army in the Philippines, have agreed

upon the following:

1. The Spanish troops, European and native, capitulate, with the city and defenses,

with all honors of war, depositing their arms in the places designated by the authorities of the

United States and remaining in the quarters designated and under the orders of their officers

and subject to the control of the aforesaid United States authorities until the conclusion of a

treaty of peace between the two belligerent nations. All persons included in the capitulation

remain at liberty, the officers remaining in their homes, which shall be respected as long as

they observe the regulations prescribed for their government and the laws in force.

2. Officers shall retain their side arms, horses, and private property. All public horses,

and public property of all kinds, shall be turned over to staff officers designated by the United

States.

3. Complete returns, in duplicate, of men by organizations, and full lists of public prop-

erty and stores shall be rendered to the United States within ten days from this date.

4. All questions relating to the repatriation of officers and men of the Spanish forces and of

their families and of the expenses which said repatriation may occasion, shall be referred to

the government of the United States at Washington. Spanish families may leave Manila at

any time convenient to them. The return of the arms surrendered by the Spanish forces shall

take place when they evacuate the city, or when the American army evacuates.

5. Officers and men included in the capitulation shall be supplied by the United States,

according to their rank, with rations and necessary aid, as though they were prisoners of war,

until the conclusion of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain. All the

funds of the Spanish treasury and all other public funds shall be turned over to the authorities

cf the United States.

(>. This city, its inhabitants, its churches and religious worship, its educational estab-

lishments, and its private property of all descriptions, are placed under the special safeguard

of the faith and honor of the American army.

F. V. Greene, Brigadier-General of Volunteers, U. S. A.

B. P. Lamberton, Captain U. S. N.

Charles A, Whittier, Lieutenant-Colonel and Inspector-General.

V. E. H. Crowder, Lieutenant-Colonel and Judge-Advocate.

Nicholas De La Pena, Oidor-General de Ejercito.

Carlos Reyes, Coronel de Ingenieros.

Jose Maria Olaquen, Jefe de Estado Mayor.

Wesley Merritt, :Major-General.

102 Ca)>ipaii^)ii>i,^' in ihc Philippines.

B}' the capture of Manila, there was surrendered to our command about

5600* prisoners, 22,000 small arms, 10,000,000 rounds of ammunition, 70 pieces of

modern artillery of various calibers and several hundred ancient bronze pieces,

and $900,000 of public money, besides the city and fortifications.

The day previous to the capture, the protocol of peace between Spain and the

United States had been signed at Washington.

* There seems to be some uncertainty about the number of Spanish troops surrendered with

the city. We have been able to find no official report. If, as stiited on page 82, Gen. Greene

gave 13,000 as the number, he must have included prisoners in the hands of insurgents. Thefigures in the list are those of Mr. Foreman, who appears to have had access to official records.

ARMS USED BY NATIVES OF MINDANAO.

CHAPTER VT.

FROM THE CAPTURE OF MANILA TO THE REVOLT

OF THE FILIPINOS.

HE situation in Manila at the time of the capitulation was' chaotic. Civil government was disrupted and the only law in

1 force was military law. It is remarkable with what celerity

' the military authorities brought order out of confusion, so that

within a few days a system of government was established, as

effective as that which obtains in most of our large cities.

From the hour of surrender, there was not a hostile demonstra-

tion against the American army. The Spaniards, whatever

their regret for the defeat of their arms, were ready to co-operate

'

_ heartil}' in establishing and maintaining order. For twenty-four

hours, and until it suited the pleasure of the Americans to disarm them, they

held their positions with their guns. The great batteries on the lyuneta were

still in their possession, and Admiral Dewey next day sent lyieut. Calkins ashore

to learn the situation, fearing that there might be some danger unforeseen, his

attention having been directed to these batteries, and Lieut. Calkins still finding

the Spaniards in possession, he took from the guns the breech-plugs and brought

them to the ship. In the eastern part of the city, the next day still found the

Spaniards on duty, and, upon their notifying the American commander that they

could not hold their positions against the insurgents, were relieved by the Ameri-

cans and ordered to surrender their arms. So universal within the cit}^ was the

feeling that order would be maintained, that within two days business was gen-

erally resumed.

The disturbing force was far less in the city proper than in its surroundings,

and the danger was not from the Spaniards within, but the insurgents without.

On the 14th of August, the day the capitulation was signed. Gen. Merritt issued

the following proclamation:

PROCLAMATION OF GEN. MERRITT.

M.\NiLA, August 14, 1898.

To The People of the Philippines:

1

.

War has existed between the United States and Spain since April 21st of this year.

Since that date j'ou have witnessed the destruction by an American fleet of the Spanish naval

power in these islands, the fall of the principal city, Manila, and its defenses, and the surrender

of the Spanish army of occupation to the forces of the United States.

2. The Commander of the United States forces now in possession has instructions from his

government to assure the people that he has not come to wage war upon them, nor upon any

104 Cainpaig)iiii,ii- in the Philippines.

party or faction among them, but to protect them in their homes, in their employments, and

in their personal and religious rights. All persons who, by active aid or honest submission,

co-operate with the United States in 'its effort to give effect to this beneficent purpose, will

receive the reward of its support and protection.

3. The government established among you by the United States army is a government of

military occupation, and for the present it is ordered that the municipal laws, such as affect

private rights of persons and property, regulate local institutions, and provide for the punish-

ment of crime, shall be considered as continuing in force, so far as compatible with the pur-

poses of military government, and that they may be administered through the ordinary

tribunals substantially as before occupation, but by officials appointed by the government of

occupation.

4. A Provost Marshal -General will be appointed for the city of Manila and its outlying

districts. This territory will be divided into sub-districts, and there will be assigned to each

a Deputy Provost Marshal. The duties of the Provost Marshal-General and his deputies will

be set forth in detail in future orders. In a general way, they are charged with the duty of

making arrests of military, as well as civil offenders, sending such of the former class as are

triable by court martial to their proper commands, with statements of their offenses and

names of witnesses, and detaining in custody all other offenders for trial by military commis-

sion, provost courts or native criminal courts, in accordance with law and the instructions

hereafter to be issued.

5. The port of Manila, and all other ports and places in the Philippines which may be in

actual possession of our land and naval forces, will be open, while our military occupation may

*?^-^.:^.,.,..?s

-m -: <^ - feiiiir

11 MAR ^T \Xn \.

continue, to the commerce of all neutral nations, as well as our own, in articles not contraband

of war, and upon payment of the prescribed rates of duty which may be in force at the time of

the importation.

6. All churches and places devoted to religious worship and to the arts and sciences, all edu-

cational institutions, libraries, scientific collections and museums, are, so far as possible, to be pro-

tected, and all destruction or intentional defacement of such places or property, of historical

monuments, archives or works of science, is prohibited, save when required by urgent military

necessity. Severe punishment will be meted out for all violations of this regulation.

The custodians of all properties of the character mentioned in this section will make

prompt returns thereof to these headquarters, stating character and location, and embodying

such recommendations as they may think proper for the full protection of the properties under

their care and custody, that proper orders may issue enjoining the co-operation of both military

and civil authorities in securing such protection.

7. The commanding general, in announcing the establishment of military government

and in entering upon his duties as military governor, in pursuance of his appointment as such

by the government of the United States, desires to assure the people that so long as they pre-

serve the peace and perform their duties toward the representatives of the United States, they

will not be disturbed in their persons and property, except in so far as may be found necessary

for the good of the service of the United States and the benefit of the people of the Philippines.

WESLEY MERRITT,Major-General U. S. A., Commanding.

Cainpaii^)i!)i>^' in tlic Philippines. 105

l^^jyjLBti'

This proclamation was rapidl>' followed by a series of orders, having in view

the establishment and maintenance of law and order in the city. Under the terms

of the capitulation, the Spanish authority surrendered to the American command"the Spanish troops,

European and native, with

the city and defenses,"

and there were now within

this area approximately4000 insurgent troops and

occupying fortified positions

held by the Spaniards at

the time of surrender.There was no question as

to the limits of the territory

held by the Spanish forces

at the time of surrender,

and no question that the

insurgents were not in-

cluded by the terms of the surrender as one of the victors, and under its terms the

Americans succeeded alone to the Spanish possession. The insurgents, however,

insisted that they also had a claim of rights, and based their claim upon the assump-tion that they were allies of the American force. It was not claimed by them that

they were such allies by express stipulation or even recognition, but they did insist

that the circumstances of their investment of the city made them so. It wastheir claim that their participation forced the surrender of the city and that theyliad the right to participate in its control, independent of the terms of the sur-

render or the parties to it. The insurgents surrounded the city, except where the

Americans were entrenched, holding most of the block-houses and all the out-

lying Spanish trenches and the approaches to the city.

CAPTURED GUNS.

THE FILIPINOS IX CONTROL OF THE COUNTRY.

The business of Manila depended largely upon its commercial intercourse withthe interior, and this could not go on without the consent of the insurgents.

They also held possession of the city water-works. Their possession and reten-

tion was considered dangerous to our command. Aguinaldo afterward com-plained that he was not notified of the time or plan of the American attack.

In this he was in part correct. He was not informed of the plan, but he knewof the time, and intended to force his command into recognition at the time of

surrender, as is plainly evident by events preceding the attack.

COMPLICATIONS WITH THE FILIPINOS.

The evening of the 12th, under instructions from Gen. Merritt, Gen, Ander-son had telegraphed to Aguinaldo, in substance that the Americans would pro-

ceed to the attack without his forces, and that his command should be kept out of

the city. This Aguinaldo answered with the memorable despatch, "Too late."

This was but a pretense, for there was ample time for him to countermand any

10() Ca>Jipai,iiiiuig in the J'/iilippi>ies.

previous instructions he might have given. One of the first acts of Gen. Merritt,

then, after the surrender, was to take measures to rid the city of the armed insur-

gents. On the day of the surrender many of them had been intercepted and

f^ir turned back, and others, hav-

ing gotten within the city,

were disarmed. Gen. Ander-

son was ordered by Gen.

Merritt to rid the city of the

insurgents, and Andersontelegraphed Aguinaldo to

withdraw his men at once.

Aguinaldo answered him,

that he had already sent a

commission to present the

matter to the Americans, and

asked that Gen. Anderson

consider the matter with

them. There has been some

censure of Gen. Anderson

from military sources because

he recognized this condition,

bvit he had precedent for so

INTERIOR OF SAN si.T!ASTiAN- CHI Rcii. dolng all through tlic Cam-

paign. Even Gen. Merritt's proclamation had been read to Aguinaldo's com-

mission in parts, and was made in part to conform to their protest. As it was-

originally drawn, it provided that the Spanish laws governing civil affairs, prop-

erty rights and the punishment of crime, should remain in force and be admin-

istered by local Spanish officers. The commissioners said they could not submit

to Spanish officials, and Gen. Merritt provided that American officers should be

appointed to hold important offices. Also, when the staff officer brought the

order to Gen. Anderson, he asked if he was authorized to use force. The officer

did not know, and if it were simply to be a matter of persuasion, it is difficult to

see what other course was open to him. When the commissioners met Gen.

Anderson, they submitted to him ten propositions, as follows:

1. That the insurgents would retire to a line running from Malate to Paco, thence down

the Paco Creek to the Pasig, up the Pasig to the bridge of Aviles, along the Calle Aviles to

Santa Mesa; thence through Sampaloc, San Lazaro and Tondo, to the beach at the north. (This

would have given them Malate and Paco and important positions on the east and north of the

city.)

2. That the Filipinos should retain certain convents in Malate, Paco and the northern,

suburbs, and should have the palace of the Captain-General in Malacanan.

3. That the Filipinos should have the free navigation of the Pasig for their vessels and the

" protection of the Patria." (Nobody knows what the Patria is, or has been able to find out, but

subsequent negotiations showed that it had something to do with our protection of their ships

in all waters under our control.)

4. That the Filipinos share in the booty of war.

5. That the civil offices be filled entirely by North Americans. (If Gen. Merritt desired to-

appoint Filipinos to an}' such places, Aguinaldo suggested through the commissioners that lie

Ca}upaio;niuff in fhc I'hilippincs. 107

would be glad to consult Gen. Merritt about such ;i])i)()iiiliiitiits and to recommend men for

them whom he knew to be fit for the places.)

0. That the Filipinos shouhl retain control of the reservoir and ])unipini^ station of the

water-works.

7. That the Filipino officers should be permitted to enter the city at all times wearinj^ their

side arms.

8. That the arms taken from the Filipinos on the ni,t(ht of August i;>th should be returned.

9. That the American troops should retire within the lines proposed by Aguinaldo, and

should not pass beyond those lines with arms.

10. That all regulations should be in writing, and to be binding should be confirmed by

the commanders-in-chief of the two forces.

Geii. Anderson, in reply, said he had jttst one condition to make, and that was

that the insurgents shotild withdraw at once to the line he then drew before there

should be any ftirther negotiation. The line ran from the Bocano de Vista to San

lyazaro, Cemeterio de Sampaloc to block-house No. 5, block-house No. 6, the

Depot des Aguas Potables, the Spanish works beyond San Juan del Monte;

thence in a straight line to San Pedro Macati; thence in a straight line to block-

house No. 14, onf|j,Vi

the Pinda Road;

thence in a

straight line to

the beach at May-

tubig, south of

the Polvorin at

Malate. Gen.

Anderson yielded

to the commis-

sioners in their Nebraska regiment marching into Manila, august l:>, IS'is.

request to have the matter submitted to Geri. Merritt, and all appeared before

Gen. Merritt. Now, while Gen. Anderson had been told to take sole charge of

the matter, Merritt listened to the commissioners and asked for time in which

to consider their proposal, promising an answer later.

GEN. MERRITT CONSULTS ADMIRAL DEWEY.

L,eaving Anderson at headquarters, and in waiting, Merritt went out to constilt

Admiral Dewey. On his return, he ordered Anderson back to Cavite in charge of

his command. After much deliberation, Gen. Merritt consented to the following:

That, as the insurgents had captured the water-works, they shotild retain them;

that the insurgent officers should enter the city with side arms, but suggested that

they should do so without revolvers; that the arms captured from the Filipinos

should be returned to them when they left the city. The answer was delayed in

getting to Aguinaldo. The insurgents in the meantime were strengthening their

positions. Aguinaldo, on receipt of Merritt's communication, sent three proposi-

tions in lieu of those previously sent. They asked, first, that the first line desig-

nated by his commissioners be the line of separation between the forces; second,

that the insurgent vessels be protected by our navy in American waters, or waters

lOS Caiiipai,i:^>ii>!_q; in the Philippines.

under our control; third, that in case the Americans should return the cit}' to

Spain in consequence of the impending treat}', the insurgents should be placed in

possession of all they now hold.

THE PRESIDENT GIVES INSTRUCTIONS.

Gen. Merritt left for Paris on August 30th, leaving this letter unanswered.

Gen. Merritt had been in the Philippines, or, to speak definitely, on the N'cz^'port,

in the bay most of the time, a little over a month, and during this time he had

announced the policy of the government, and in a large part formulated its meas-

ures. Whether wise or unwise, however, the responsibility must rest with his

superiors. On August 13th, the day of the svirrender, the following despatch was

sent to the Adjutant-General at Washington: "Since occupation of town and

suburbs the insurgents on the outside are pressing demand for joint occupation of

city. Situation difficult. Inform me at once how far I shall proceed in forcing

obedience in this matter and others that may arise. Is government willing to use

all means to make natives submit to the authority of the United States ?

" Merritt." Dewey."

The answer was the following:

"Major-General Merritt, Manila, Philippines: The President directs that

there must be no joint occupation of the insurgents. The United States, in pos-

session of Manila City, Manila Bay and Harbor, must preserve the peace, and

protect persons and property within the territory occupied by their military and

naval forces. The insurgents and all others must recognize the military occupa-

tion and authority of the United States and the cessation of hostilities proclaimed

by the President. Use whatever means, in your judgment, is necessary to this

end. All law-abiding people must be treated alike.

" By order of Secretarj^ of War." H. C. CoRBiN, Adjutant-General."

GEN. MERRITT REPORTS ON AGUINALDO.

The official report of Major-General Merritt, dated August 31, 1898, has the

following bearing upon the relation of the two commands:

As Gen. Aguinaldo did not visit me on my arrival nor offer his services as a subordinate

military leader, and as my instructions from the President fully contemplated the occupation

of the islands by the American land forces, and stated that " the powers of the military occu-

pant are absolute and supreme, and immediately operate upon the political conditions of the

inhabitants," I did not consider it wise to hold any direct communication with the insurgent

leader until I should be in possession of the city of Manila, especially as I would not until then

be in a position to issue a proclamation and enforce my authority in the event that his preten-

sions should clash with my designs.

For these reasons the preparations for the attack on the city were pressed, and military

operations conducted without reference to the situation of the insurgent forces. The wisdom

of this course was subsequently established by the fact that when the troops of my command

carried the Spanish entrenchments, extending from the sea to the Pasai Road on the extreme

Spanish right, we were under no obligations by prearranged plans of mutual attack to turn

to the right and clear the front still held against the insurgents, but were able to move

forward at once and occupy the city and suburbs.

Campaigning i)i the Philippines. 109

After the issue of my proclamation and the establishment of my office as military gov-

ernor, I had direct written communications with Gen. Aguinaldo on several occasions. Herecognized my authority as military governor of the town of Manila and suburbs, and made

professions of his willingness to w'ithdraw his troops to a line which I might indicate, but at

the same time asking certain favors for himself. The matters in this connection had not been

settled at the date of my departure. Doubtless much dissatisfaction is felt by the rank and file

of the insurgents that they have not been permitted to enjoy the occupancy of Manila, and

there is some ground for trouble with them owing to that fact; but, notwithstanding manyrumors to the contrary, I am of the opinion that the leaders will be able to prevent serious dis-

turbances, as they are sufficiently intelligent and educated to know that to antagonize the

United States would be to destroy their only chance of future political improvement.

OTIS vSUCCEEDS MKRRITT IN COMMAND.

Gen. Elwell S. Otis arrived in Manila on August 20th, and when Gen. Mer-

ritt was ordered to Paris, he sticceeded to the command. He had to take up the

tnifinished work of Gen. Merritt and he reqitired some little time to familiarize

himself with the situation. The insurgent occupation continually increased in

SIGNING DKCLAKATION OF I N DEPICN DKNCK AT MALOI.OS.

aggressiveness—their entrenching and fortifying continually went on, and with it

the show of resistance increased. Orders had been issued to the effect that no

interference should be made wuth them, while they did not disturb our lines or

positions. There was a prospect that the city water supply might be shut off.

Americans desiring to pass the insurgent lines required a pass from the insurgent

commander, and the demonstrations of the soldiers became insolent. A few

companies of the Colorados were ordered to the water-works, but met with resist-

ance so that they were about to ttse force when the situation was reported to

headquarters and they were ordered back.

THE FILIPINOS ORDERED TO REMOVE.

When Gen. Otis assumed command, the insurgents while infesting the whole

city, had some especial strongholds, notably, Tondo, Paco, Sampaloc, Ermita, and

Malate. Gen. Otis sent word to Aguinaldo that it would take some time for him to

110 Cainpaio>i!Hii in the Philippine.

BRIDGE NEAR FORT S\N

familiarize himself sufficiently with the matter to answer his last letter to Gen.Merritt. The insurgents had now been infesting the city for a month; and Gen.Otis determined that the only solution compatible with the duties and obligations

of the commandwas to orderthe removal of

the insurgents

from their posi-

t i o n , and to

such distance

that therewould be no

interferenc e

with the occu-

pation of the

Americans in

the territory surrendered by the Spaniards. After submitting to the War Depart-

ment his views of the situation he was instructed to proceed, and, if need be,

use force to effect a removal. Gen. Otis now addressed a letter to Aguinaldo

in which the exigencies of the case were set forth, and closed by giving

Aguinaldo notice to remove his forces from the jurisdictional limits of Manila

by September 15th on penalty of being forcibly removed by the Americans.

Aguinaldo was at this time establishing his headquarters and seat of government

at Malolos, with communication by railroad north and south, and a country of

large resources tributary.

Aguinaldo demurred and again sought his favorite method of doing business

by commission. An encounter seemed likely to occur, and the Americans

strengthened their positions and prepared for the worst. In the conference whichfollowed, the insurgent leaders still professed their cordial amity towards the

American occupation, but wanted an agreement made that in case Manila was

put back into Spanish control, they should have the same positions before Manila

that they now held. They desired also to know whether the Spaniards would

have returned to them the guns and supplies captured by the Americans, and be

re-instated in the position they occupied before the attack of August 13th. Gen.

Otis in reply said, "If the Americans quit control the Spaniards will be re-

instated in their defensive positions and their arms restored to them." There was

intense dissatisfaction on the part of a large element of the insurgent commandwith this disposition of the matter, and an open rupture was imminent. Gen. Pio

del Pilar was the leader of this faction.

THE FILIPINOS EVACUATE.

After acceding to all requirements the Filipinos made a last request that in

removing from their position they be allowed to march up the Luneta with their

arms and pass the ground of the many bloody executions of their friends by the

Spaniards. To this Gen. Ovenshine in command of the Ermita and Malate pre-

cincts consented. On the morning of the 14th, there were indications of a move,

Caiiipai<^ni>!<r in {he Philippines. Ill

and all our sentries were on the keen lookout for events. Early on this morning,

that part of the insurgent forces which would make their departure by the Luneta,

began to move. The columns passed from the Calle Real into the Calle San lyUis,

the rank and file in blue drilling led by the famous Pasig band of ninety pieces

and the column headed by Col. Callis. Down the Paco Road they went to the

Calle Bagumbayan where they soon stood beside the wall where so many of their

comrades had endured Spanish execution. As they passed the Wyoming Reg-

iment, cheer upon cheer was given by the Wj'oming boys. It was an incident

long remembered by the insurgents. With the removal of the insurgents there

was no further immediate opposition to American control.

THE MILITARY GOVERNMENT.

The withdrawal of the Filipinos from the immediate vicinity of the city left

the commanding general free to arrange the details of the civil administration.

The most important orders upon this subject will be found at the end of this

chapter. Military rule required first, order; next, justice. As has been said, the

people of Manila were anxious for the maintenance of order, but there were manyadverse conditions to be

met. During the inter-

regnum the constabulary

and all administrative

functions had been sus-

pended. It was a meet-

ing of strangers in

method, manner, andtongue, and the purposes

of each were difficult of

understanding by the

ether. Some misunder-

standings and mistakes, under these circumstances, were unavoidable. That

none which were serious occurred may be attributed to the forbearance of

all parties concerned. Our habits and customs were so unlike those of the

inhabitants that often our intent was in doubt, and the requirements under

our rule were, in many essentials, so unlike those which preceded us that

they were often considered severities. Our design was the betterment of the

social life of the citizen and the security of his personal and property rights;

but the two civilizations were so unlike that those intended to be benefited were

often disposed to rebel. Spanish custom approved much that is not only dis-

tasteful, but iniquitous under our laws and civilization, and the interference with

native habits naturally brought enmity and discontent. This was especially tne

case as to gambling, which was a national habit.

THE FILIPINOS OBJECT TO CLEANLINESvS.

The many restrictions put upon the citizens in social life and essential to the

maintenance of military rule were irksome, and our sanitary measures brought

our rule squarel}^ in conflict with the daily life of the great mass of people.

AN ICN'GACIEMKNT IX A JiA.MHDO THICKET.

112 CoDipai^i^nini^ in llir Pliilippincs.

When our army took possession of the city it seemed that the rot and niin of

centuries were within its borders. Degeneration and decay were everywhere. It

f~"^''"fr'-Trnj .^j*:

-1 was essential that this be

remedied, but the enforced

cleanliness was very dis-

tasteful.

The orders hereafter

given show the character

of our government. Thesystem of constabulary

was in the hands of

the Provost Marshal-

General's Department,BAMBOO THICKET CUT DOWN nv BULLETS. aud was apDortioued into

districts, and these again into precincts. The Provost Marshal had direct

supervision of the patrol, which, by details, was constantly on the guard, and

thus the whole area of the city was constantly under the scrutiny of the military

eye. This patrol was composed of the rank and file of the army, and it was the

only part of the army that came directly in personal contact with the mass of the

people. Every act of this strange people was to be interpreted by this patrol;

their methods learned, their intentions measured, their purposes understood.

NEWS OF THE COMING PEACE.

News of the signing of the peace protocol arrived in Manila on the 15th of

August, and the Spaniards now asked for re-instatement into their position held

before the attack of August 13th, claiming that the protocol was in force at the

time of the attack, and it was in its violation that the attack and capitulation

were made.

The provisions of the protocol affecting the situation in the Philipines were as

follows

:

Third. The United States will occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila,

pending the conclusion of a treaty of peace which shall determine the control, disposition andgovernment of the Philippines.

Fifth. The United States and Spain will each appoint not more than five commissioners

to negotiate and conclude a treaty of peace. The commissioners are to meet at Paris not later

than the 1st of October.

Sixth. On signing the protocol, hostilities will be suspended, and notice to that effect will

be given as soon as possible by each government to the commanders of its military and naval

forces.

The protocol was immediately circulated extensively among the native popula-

tion, and was not only read, but "read between the lines," and from this on the

native temperature, which for a time had been cool, fast lowered towards the

freezing point. Notwithstanding this tendency to frigidity, the patrol, with

trifling exceptions, had no conflicts with the people. From the 20th of August to

February 4th, eight people had been shot in the city. These were cases where there

was either open hostility or attempted escape from arrest, and in every case, after

full consideration, were approved by the Provost Marshal-General. A number of

Caiiipuiiiiiiii}^ in the P/iilippines. 113

minor offenses were treated, but the percentage of crime was no greater than other

American cities of like size. The crimes committed were mostly charged to a

party of Macabebes, who, seventy-five in number, entered the city by the Pasig

River, and for a time kept their haunt secret from the patrol. When once dis-

covered they were readily disposed of, but for a time they terrorized the city. Anumber of patrolmen were injured by these tribesmen. Their habit was to

approach their victim with their head bared, their wide hats held to their breasts,

and when within striking distance, thrust the hat into the face of and plunge the

dagger into the victim.

TIIK FILIPINOS ACCU:MULATR ARMS.

It soon became known that tlie insurgents without the city were being supplied

with arms and ammunition. On the 31st of August the steamer Abbie landed a

cargo of these supplies at Batangas, and afterwards landed a second cargo before

being detected, when she was seized by order of Admiral Dewey. After a time

the death rate of the Filipinos became surprising, and the frequency of burials led

to further investigation, whereby it was learned that the putative corpse was in

AGUI.VALDO'S CARRIAGE.

reality arms and ammunition, being carried through the lines for the insurgents.

These arms had, at some prior time, been secreted, largely in the cathedrals and

monasteries, by the Spanish authorities to be distributed in case of emergency

and used against the Filipinos in an uprising.

On August 16th, soon after the surrender, the Monadnock had arrived, and on

the 20th, the expedition under Gen. Elwell S. Otis. This expedition brought

about 5000 men, which somewhat served to dampen the warlike ardor of the

insurgents.

SANITARY REGULATIONS ENFORCED.

Sanitation received immediate attention after the American control began, and

a series of orders were issued, formulated by Deput}' Surgeon-General Lippincott,

prescribing the methods of averting disease. The.se orders prescribed cleanliness

of person and surroundings, proper diet and abstinence from drink, and caution

as to intercourse with the native class. The.se regulations were rigidly enforced.

Smallpox of a mild type is very common among the natives, and few attain their

majority not having had the disease. If not closely watched and well treated

the malignant type sets in. Fevers of various types were prevalent, especially

typhoid.

114 Campaigning in the Philippines.

THE SPANISH PRLSON-HOUSES OPENED.

There were 2900 prisoners left by the Spaniards in the Presidio and Bilibid

Prisons. In the Bilibid Prison were 28 women and 1300 men, mostly "suspects,"

that is, they had been arrested and incarcerated upon the suspicion of being in

league with the enemies of the realm, and there many had remained for years

without a trial or the formality of indictment. Most of the women were charged

with insurrection and open revolt against the government. It was a very commonthing to find that their property had been confiscated by officials, and the vic-

tims left penniless. Every case was promptl}^ taken up and considered. Many of

the men were held upon suspicion of being in sympathy with the revolution of

1896, and had been entitled to their liberation for a long time. Some, whose prop-

erty had been confiscated, were detained long after their sentence had expired.

With few exceptions, they were all Filipinos. Over 1200 were summarily dis-

charged b}- the American authorities, which went far to pacify the Filipinos in

their distrust of the Americans. One of the first acts after investigating prison

affairs was the arrest of some prison officials on the charge of embezzling prison

funds. They were tried and found guilty of thus embezzling $1600.

THE FISCAL ADMINISTRATION.

One of the first duties of the military governor was to provide a revenue.

This was derived from the customs, internal revenue, licenses, water rents, fines

and miscellaneous sources. The revenue was honestly collected and disbursed,

and the following statement of the receipts and disbursements for the first two

months of American occupation will give an idea of the sources of income and

expenditure:

RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR TWO MONTHS.

Receipts.

Seized fund $ 890,144.25

Internal revenue collections . . . 15B,378.97

Customs 1,811,358.21

Captain of Port—fees 1,823.24

Quartermaster 58.00

Subsistence Department 3,150.15

Refund 90.1(1

Fines—Provost Court

Water rents

Markets

Butchers

Cemeteries

Licenses

?10,45"^.81

37,0ti0.82

13,9(iB.98

23,075.04

4,1(17.43

11,039.91

DisburscDients.

Treasury % 1,000.00

Provost M arshal-General, for

schools, street cleaning, Sani-

tary Department and Fire De-

partment 193,9(13.47

Internal Revenue Office, includ-

ing |7,000 re-fund of taxes ille-

gally collected 10,182.24

Custom House, general expenses. 17,754.16

Chief Commissary, for support of

Spanish prisoners • 537,244.74

Captain of the Port, for clearing

river of obstructions and for

launch hire 1-24,870.88

General expenses, stationery and

printing 495.(1(5

Medical supplies for Spanish pris-

oners 1,284.95

Chief Quartermaster, general ex-

penses, mostly transportation. . 300,424.75

Chief Ordnance Officer, arsenal

repairs 1 ,200.00

Oniipciii^iii}!^ ill Ihc I'/ii/ippiufs. 115

A COMMISSION API'OIXTRI).

A commission appointed by the President of the United States had been for

some time endeavoring to come to an understanding with Aguinaldo that should

form the basis of a settlement satisfactor}- to himself and to the United States.

The commissioners were men as well qualified for the task as in the President's

judgment could be found, combining a knowledge of civil, military and legal

affairs far beyond the common—namely, Gen. R. P. Hughes, Provost Marshal-

General and Inspector-General of Manila; Col. Enoch H. Crowder, Judge AdvocateGeneral, and Col. (now General) James F. Smith of the 1st California Regiment.

These men met the Filipino commissioners appointed by Aguinaldo—namely,

Florentine Flores, Ambrosio Flores, and Manuel Arguieles, many times in the

attempt to secure a frank statement of their views—how they were to establish a.stable government, and how to meet the just demands of the United States, whichin the eyes of the civilized world was bound to protect the Philippines from the

rapacity of other nations until they were strong enough to protect themselves.

Such protection as it seemed, could only be afforded by the United States assumingthe responsibility of establishing a provisional government, which was to lead up to

complete autonomy as rapidly as the lesson of self-government was learned. Tothis proposition Aguinaldo had not consented—would not consent. Whatever of

patriotism was in his heart, his brain seemed to be inflamed by the ambition to rule.

The following short colloqu}^ at a session of the commission brings out very

clearly some of the difficulties of the case :

Col. Crowder asked the insurgents

:

Has any foreign power recognized your government?

No.

Have you been recognized even as belligerents ?

No.

Then the United States and vSpain are the only powers recognized here?

Yes.

Then the United States is responsible to other nations for these islands?

Yes.

If we should leave you, what would happen to you ?

Don't leave us, for other powers would come in and take posse, sion of the islands.

Then if our remaining here is essential, why do you insist on making trouble ?

The people are beyond control.

THE TREATY OE PEACE SIGNED.

On the 10th of December, 189S, the treaty of peace between Spain and the

United States was signed, containing in the third article those fateful words ceding

the Philippine Islands to the United States.

The treaty in so far as it relates to the Philippines is as follows:

ARTICLE III.

Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, andcomprising the islands lying within the following lines :

A line running from west to east along or near the twentieth parallel of north latitude, andthrough the middle of the navigable channel of Bachi, from the one hundred and eighteenth{118th) to the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longitude east of

116 Cainpaii;^>iiii!^ i)i the J'/ii/ipp!iu\s.

Greenwich, thence along the one hundred and twenty-seventh (127th) degree meridian of longi-

tude east of Greenwich to the parallel of four degrees and forty-five minutes ( 4° 45' ) north

latitude, thence along the parallel of four degrees and forty-five minutes (4° 45') north latitude

to its intersection

with the meridian

of longitude one

hundred and nine-

It-en degrees andth irty-fi ve min-

utes (119^ 35')

last ofGreenwich,

thence along the

meridian of longi-

tude one hundredand nineteen de-

grees and thirty-

five minutes (119^ 35') east of Greenwich to the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty

minutes (7-^ 40') north, thence along the parallel of latitude seven degrees and forty minutes

(7° 40') north to its intersection with the one hundred and sixteenth (116th) degree meridian

of longitude east of Greenwich, thence by a direct line to the intersection of the tenth 10th)

degree parallel of north latitude with the one hundred and eighteenth (llSth) degree meridian

of longitude east of Greenwich, and thence along the one hundred and eighteenth (118th)

degree meridian of longitude east of Greenwich to the point of beginning.

The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars (^20,000,000), within

three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty.

ARTILLERY TO THE 1 RUNT.

ARTICLE IV.

The United States will, for the term often years fiom date of exchange of the ratifications

of the present treaty, admit Spanish ships and merchandise to the ports of the Philippine

Islands on the same terms as ships and merchandise of the United States.

ARTICLE V.

The United States will, upon the signature of the present treaty, send back to vSpain, at its

own cost, the Spanish soldiers taken as prisoners of war on the capture of Manila by the Ameri-

can forces. The arms of the soldiers in question shall be restored to them.

Spain will, upon the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty, proceed to evacuate

the Philippines, as well as the island of Guam, or. terms similar to those agreed upon by the

commissioners appointed to arrange for the evacuation of Porto Rico and other islands in the

West Indies, under the protocol of August 12, 1898, which is to continue in force till its pro-

visions are completely executed.

The time within which the evacuation of the Philippine Islands and Guam shall be com-

pleted shall be fixed by the two governments. Stands of colors, uncaptured war-vessels, small

arms, guns of all calibers, with their carriages and accessories, powder, ammunition, live stock,

and material and supplies of all kinds, belonging to the land and naval forces of Spain in the

Philippines and Guam, remain the property of Spain. Pieces of heavy ordnance, exclusive of

field artillery, in the fortifications and coast defenses, shall remain in their emplacements for

the term of six months, to be reckoned from the exchange of ratifications of the treaty; and the

United States may, in the meantime, purchase such material from Spain, if a satisfacton,- agree-

ment between the two governments on the subject shall be reached.

ARTICLE VI.

Spain will, upon the signature of the present treaty, release all prisoners of war, and all

persons detained or imprisoned for political offenses, in connection with the insurrections of

Cuba and the Philippines and the war with the L^nited States.

Ca)i!piJ!<:^niiii^ in the P/iilifipinrs. 117

Reciprocally, Ihc I'liiled vStatcs will release all persons made prisoners of war by the

Anieri an forces, and will undertake to obtain the release of all vSpanish prisoners in the hands

of the insurgents in Cuba and the Philippines.

The government of the United States will, at its own cost, return to Spain and the govern-

ment of Spain will, at its own cost, return to the United States, Cuba, Porto Rico, and the

riiilippines, according to the situation of their respective homes, prisoners released or caused to

be released by them, respectively, under this article. (Other articles of the treaty provide for

the protection of the inhabitants of the ceded territory in their civil rights.

^

THK PRKSIDKNT DKCLARKS THE UNITED STATES vSOVEREIGN

IX THE PIHLiri'INES.

A few days after the signing of the treaty of peace, Gen. Otis made public the

following instructions of the President

:

ICxecutive Mansion, Washington, I). C, December 21, 189<S.

To the Secretary of War. Sir: The destruction of the S])anish fleet in the harbor of

IManila by the United States naval squadron commanded by Rear-Admiral Dewey, followed bythe reduction of the city and the surrender of the Spanish forces, practically effected the con-

quest of the Philippine Islands and the suspension of Spanish sovereignty therein.

With the signature of the treaty of peace between the United States and Spain by their

respective plenipotentiaries at Paris on the lUth inst., and as the result of the victories of the

*t

BLOCK-HOrSE NO. 2 LA LOMA 11 I niSTAVCK.

American arms, the future control, disposition and govtriiinent of the Philippine Islands is

ceded to the United States. In fulfillment of the rights of sovereignty thus acquired and the

responsible obligations of government thus assumed, the actual occupation and administration

of the entire group of the Philippine Islands becomes immediately necessary and the militarv

government heretofore maintained by the United States in the city, harbor, and bay of Manila

is to be extended with all possible despatch to the whole of the ceded territory.

In performing this duty the military commander of the United States is enjoined to makeknown to the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands that, in succeeding to the sovereignty of

Spain, in severing the former political relations of the inhabitants and in establishing a newpolitical power, the authority of the United States is to be exerted for the sovereignty of the

persons and property of the people of the islands and for the confirmation of all their private

rights and relations.

It will be the duty of the commander of the forces of occupation to announce and proclaim

in the most public manner that we come not as invaders or conquerors, but as friends to protect

the natives in their homes, in their employments and in their personal and religious rights. All

persons who, either by active aid or honest submission, co-operate with the government of the

United States to give effect to these benefits and purposes, will receive the reward of its sup-

port and protection. All others will be brought within the lawful rule we have assumed with

firmness, if need be, but without severity so far as may be possible.

Within the absolute domain of military authority, which necessarily is and must remainsupreme in the ceded territory until the legislation of the United States shall otherwise provide,

the municipal laws of the territory in respect to private rights and property and the repression

118 Caiiipaiffnius^ in the P/iilippincs.

of crime are to be considered as continuing in force and to be administered by the ordinary-

tribunals so far as possible. The operations of civil and municipal government are to be per-

formed by such officers as may accept the supremacy oi the United vStates by taking the oath of

allegiance, or by officers chosen as far as may be practicable from the inhabitants of the islands.

While the control of all the public property and the revenues of the State passes with the

cession, and while the use and management of all public means of transportation are necessarily

reserved to the authority of the United States, private property, whether belonging to individ-

uals or corporations, is to be respected except for cause fully established. The taxes and duties

heretofore payable by the inhabitants to the late government become payable to the authorities

of the United States unless it be seen fit to substitute for them other reasonable rates or modes of

contribution to the expenses of the government, whether general or local. If private property

be taken for military use it shall be paid for, when possible, in cash at a fair valuation and when

payment in cash is not practicable receipts are to be given.

All ports and places in the Philippine Islands in the actual possession of the land and

naval forces of the United States will be opened to the commerce of all friendly nations. All

goods and wares, not prohibited for military reasons by due announcement of the military

authority, will be admitted upon payment of such duties and other charges as shall be in force

at the time of their importation.

Finally, it should be the earnest and paramount aim of the military administration to win

the confidence, respect and affection of the inhabitants of the Philippines by assuring to them,

in every possible way,that full measure of individual rights and liberty which is the heritage

of free people and by proving to them that the mission of the United States is one of benevolent

assimilation, substituting the mild sway ofjustice and the right for arbitrary rule. In the ful-

fillment of this high mission, supporting the temperate administration of affairs for the greatest

good of the governed, there must be sedulously maintained the strong arm of authority, to

repress the disturbance and to overcome all obstacles to the bestowal of the blessings of good

and stable government upon the people of the Philippine Islands under the free flag of the

United States. WILLIAM McKINLEY.

AGUINALDO REPLIES TO THE PRESIDENT.

Within two days after the promulgation of the foregoing by Gen. Otis,

Aguinaldo issued the following statement:

The government of the Filipinos has concluded that it is obliged to expound the reasons

for the breaking off" of friendly relations with the army of the United States in these islands,

so that all can be convinced that I have done everything on my part to avoid it, and at the

cost of many rights necessarily sacrificed.

After the naval combat of May 1st, the Commander of the American squadron allowed meto return from Hongkong, and distributed among the Filipinos arms taken from the arsenal at

Cavite, with the intention of starting anew the revolution (that had settled down in conse-

quence of the treaty made between the Spaniards and the Filipinos at Biak-na-bato) in order that

he might get the Filipinos on his side.

The different towns now understand that war was declared between the United States and

Spain and that it was necessary for them to fight for their liberty, sure that Spain would be

annihilated and would be unable to do anything to put the islands in the way of progress and

prosperity.

My people rejoiced at my return, and I had the honor to be chosen as chief for the services

I had rendered before. Then all the Filipinos, without distinction of class, took arms, and

every province hurried to turn all the Spaniards outside the lines of its boundar>^

vSo it is easy to understand how my government would have had the power over the whole

island of Luzon, Bisayas and a portion of Mindanao had the Americans taken no part in the

military operations here, which have cost us so much blood and so much money.

Mv government is quite aware that the destruction of the Spanish fleet and giving of arms

to them from the arsenal has helped them much in the way of arms. I was quite convinced

C(V>tpa!,i;')n'>/i^^ in the J'/ii/ippiiics. 11!)

that the Ainurican army was obliged to sympathize with a revohition which had ])een crushed

so many times, had shed so much l)lood, and was again working for independence. I had all

confidence in the American tradition and history, for they were willing to fight for independ-

ence and the abolition of slavery until it was attained.

The Americans, having won the good disposition of the Filipinos, disembarked at Para-

naque and took the position occupied by our troops in the trenches as far as Maytubig, taking

possession as a matter of fact of many trenches that had been constructed by my people.

They obliged the capitulation of Manila, and the city, being surrounded by my troops, was

obliged to surrender at the first attack. Through my not being notified, my troops advanced to

Malate, Krniita, Paco, vSampaloc and Tondo. Without these services in keeping the Spaniards

in the city they would not have given up so easily.

The American generals took my advice regarding the capitulation, but afterwards asked meto retire with my forces from Port Cavite and the suburbs of Manila.

I reminded the Generals of the injustice they were doing me and asked them in a friendly

manner to recognize in some expressed way my co-operation, but they refused to accord meanything. Then not wishing to do anything against the wishes of those who would soon be the

liberators of the Filipino people, I even ordered my troops to evacuate the port of Cavite and

all the suburbs of Cavite, retaining only one, the suburb of Paco.

After all these concessions, in a few days Admiral Dewey, without any motive, took posses-

sion of our steam launches that were circulating, by his express consent, in the bay of Manila.

Nearly the same time I received an order from Gen. Otis, Commander-in-Chief of the army

of occupation, obliging me to retire my army outside certain lines which were drawn and given

me, and in which I saw included the town of Pandacan and the village of Cingalon, which

never have been termed suburbs of Manila.

In the actual sight of the two American generals I ordered a consultation of my military

generals, and I consulted my assistant counselors and generals, and the two bodies conformed

in a desire to appoint a commissioner to see Gen. Hughes.

The General received my commissioner in a poor way and would not allow him to speak,

but I allowed it to pass, by a friendly request from Gen. Otis, and withdrew my troops outside

the given lines so as to avoid trouble and waited for the conclusion of the peace commission at

Paris.

I thought I would get my independence, as I was promised by the Consul-General of Singa-

pore, Mr. Pratt, and it would come in a formal, assured, friendh- proclamation by the American

generals who had entered these waters.

But it was not so. The said Generals took my concessions in favor of friendship and peace

as indicative of weakness, and, with growing ambition, sent forces to Iloilo with the object of

taking that town, so they might call themselves the conquerors of that part of the Philippines,

which is already occupied by my government.

This way of proceeding, so far from custom and practice observed by the civilized nations,

gives me the right to proceed, leaving them out of consideration. Notwithstanding this, andwishing to be in the right to the last, I sent to Gen. Otis a commissioner with a request to

desist from this fearful undertaking, but he refused to do so.

My government cannot remain indifferent in a view of violent and aggressive usurpation

of its territory by a people who claim to be the champions of liberty, and so it is deter-

mined to begin hostilities if the American forces intend to get, by force, the occupation of

Visayas.

I denounce these transactions before the world in order that the universal conscience maygive its inflexible decision. Who are the manslaughterers of humanity ? Upon their heads be

all the blood that will be wasted ! EMII^IO AGUINALDO.January fi, 1899.

The crisis was fast approaching. At Iloilo the expedition, under Gen. MarcusP. Miller, was resisted, with arms, by the natives, and tinder instrtictions he

desisted from using force. When the manifesto of Aguinaldo was posted on the

120 Cainpai,i^)iiiii^ in {he IViilippines.

walls of the city, the native population very largely quit the city for the provinces

and the insurgent army, the Spaniards sought safety in the walled city, the

American forces doubled its guards, and the men were kept in quarters and under

arms.MILITARY CxOVKRNMEXT IN THE PHILIPPINEvS.

The following is the series of orders organizing the administration of civil

aflfairs in the Philippines, under military authority.

Headquarters Department of the Pacific "i

Gexerai, Order.',]

.\nd Eighth Army Corps. I

No. 4.S

I

Manila, P. I., August 15, 1898. )

I. In addition to his duties as Division Commander, Brigadier-General T. N- Anderson,

U. S. v., is hereby assigned to the command of the district of Cavite, and will remove his head-

quarters to that point. The garrison of the district of Cavite will be augmented upon the

arrival of the next transports containing troops for this command.II. In addition to his duties as Brigade-Commander, Brigadier-General Arthur MacArthur,

U. S. v., is hereby appointed Military Commandant of the walled city of Manila, and Provost

Marshal-General of the city of Manila, including all the outlying districts within the municipal

jurisdiction. Gen. MacArthur will remove his headquarters within the walled city, and will

bring with him one strong regiment of his command to take station within the walled town.

The commanding officer of the 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf. , now stationed in the walled city,

will report to Gen. MacArthur, and the companies of the 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf., now at

Cavite, will, upon being relieved by other troops, be sent to Manila tojoin the regiment. Gen.

MacArthur will relieve the Civil Governor of his functions, and take possession of the offices,

clerks, and all machinery of administration of that office, retaining and employing the present

subordinate officers of civil administration until, in his judgment, it is desirable to replace themby other appointments.

III. Col. James F.Smith, 1st California Volunteer Inf. , in addition to his duties as Regi-

mental Commander, is appointed Deputy Provost Marshal for the district of the city north of

the Pasig River, and will report to Gen. MacArthur. Col. S. Ovenshine, 23d U. S. Inf., is

appointed Deputy Provost Marshal for the districts of the city, including Ermita and Malate,

outside of the walled town and south of the Pasig River, and will report to Gen. MacArthur.

IV. Under paragraphs 3 and 4 of the terms of capitulation, full lists of public property

and stores, and returns, in duplicate, of the men by organizations, are to be rendered to the

United States within ten days, and public horses and public property of all kinds, are to be

turned over to the staff officers of the United States designated to receive them. Under

these paragraphs, the chief of artillery at these he~adquarters and the chiefs of the staff depart-

ments, will take possession of the public propert}' turned over, as above, pertaining to their

respective departments.

The returns of the prisoners will be submitted to the Military Commandant of the city,

who will assign the men for quarters in such public buildings and barracks as are not required

for the use of the United States troops. The horses and private property of the officers of the

Spanish forces are not to be disturbed. The Chief Paymaster at these headquarters will turn

over such portion of the Spanish public funds received by him, by virtue of this order, to the

Military Commandant above designated, as may be necessary for the administration of hii

office.

V. All removals and appointments of subordinate officers of civil administration, and

transfer of funds authorized by this order, must receive the approval of the commanding general

before action is taken.

VI. The Chief Quartermaster and Chief Commissary of Subsistence at these headquarters

will establish depots of supply in Manila, with as little delay as possible.

Quartermaster and subsistence depots will also be retained at Cavite.

By command of Major-General Merritt.

J. B. BABCOCK, Adjutant-General.

Campcu.i^niiii:;^ in the I'/iilippines. 121

HKAUyUAKTKRS DKI'ARTMENT OF THE rACIFIC\GlvXKRAI. OrDKRS, ) AND IvKWITH ArMV CORPS. I

X.). S.s \Manila, 1'. I., August 22, 1898. }

T. For the maintenance of law and onUr in those portions of the Philippines occupied or

controlled by the army of the United States and to provide means to promptly punish infrac-

tions of the same, Military Connnissions and Provost Courts, composed and constituted in

accordance with the laws of war, will be appointed from time to time, as occasion may require.

II. The local courts, continued in force for certain purposes in proclamation from these

headquarters, dated August 14, 1898, shall not exercise jurisdiction over any crime or offense

committed by any person belonging to the army of the United States, or any retainer of the

army, or person serving with it, or any person furnishing or transporting supplies for the army,

nor over any crime or offense committed on either of the same by any inhabitant or temporary

resident of said territory. In such cases, except when courts martial have jurisdiction, juris-

diction to try and punish is vested in Military Commissioners and the Provost Courts, as here-

inafter set forth.

III. The crimes and offenses triable by Military Commission are murder, manslaughter,

assault and Ijatter}- with intent to kill, robbery, rape, assault and battery with intent to commitrape, and such other crimes, offenses or violations of the laws of war as may be referred to for

trial by the commanding general. The punishment awarded by Military Commission shall

conform, as far as possible, to the laws of the United States, or of either of the States, or the

custom of war. Its sentence is subject to the approval of the commanding general.

IV. The Provost Court has jurisdiction to try all other crimes and offenses referred to in

Section II of this order, not exclusively triable by court martial or military commission, in-

cluding violations of orders of the laws of war, and such cases as may be referred to it by the

commanding general. It shall have power to punish with confinement, with or without hard

labor, for not more than six (6) months, or with fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty

dollars (J250), or both. Its sentence does not require the approval of the commandinggeneral, but may be mitigated or remitted by him.

V. The Judge of the Provost Court will be appointed by the commanding general. When,in the opinion of the Provost Court, its power of punishment is inadequate, it shall certify the

case to the commanding general for his consideration and action.

By command of Major-General Merritt. J. B. BABCOCK, Adjutant-General.

Generai, Orders,|

Headquarters DEPARTMENT^No. 1. \ OF THE Pacific. I

Manila, P. I., August 25, 1898. j

I. Until such times as by orders from these headquarters it shall be declared that the local

courts are re-organized, under proclamation from Headquarters Department of the Pacific andEighth Army Corps, dated August 14, 1898, and have resumed their criminal jurisdiction, all

crimes and offenses committed by inhabitants or temporary residents and not triable by court

martial, are triable by Military Commissions and Provost Courts. The graver of these offenses,

such as are usually punishable under the laws of the United States or either of the States, or underthe laws of war, by death or long terms of imprisonment, will be referred for trial to Military

Commissions, and charges in all such cases will be sent to the Judge Advocate at these head-

<[uarters for such reference. To the Provost Courts the Provost Marshal-General is authorized

to refer for trial all other crimes and offenses of the class referred to above which may, in his

opinion, be adequately punished within the punishing power of such courts, as hereinafter

established.

II. So much of paragraph IV. G. O. 8, c. s., Headquarters Department of the Pacific andEighth Army Corps as limits the punishing power of the Provost Court for the city of Manilato confinement, with or without hard labor, for not more than six months, or to a fine not ex-

ceeding two hundred and fifty dollars ($250) or both, is revoked, and the punishing power of

said court is fixed at confinement, with or without hard labor, for a period of one year, or fine

not exceeding one thousand dollars (^1000), or both.

122 Canipaii^n'uig in f/ir P/iilippincs.

III. An Inferior Provost Court with jurisdiction to punish bj- confinement, with or without

hard labor, for a period of two (2) months, or bj^ fine not exceeding fifty dollars (f50), or both,

is hereby established.

IV. Capt. Thomas R. Hamer, 1st Idaho Volunteers, is hereby appointed Judge of the

Inferior Provost Court. He will hold the sessions of his court at such times and places as maybe directed bv the Provost Marshal-General. The procedure of this court will conform to that

of the Provost Court for the city of Manila, and a record of all cases tried, assimilated to that of

the Summary Court, will be kept.

V. Upon the last day of each month transcripts of all cases tried by the Provost Courts-

during the month will be rendered by the Judges thereof, through the Provost Marshal-C.eneral^

to these headquarters, setting forth the offenses committed and the penalties awarded.

By command of Major-General Merritt. THOMAS H. BARRY,Assistant Adjutant-General.

Gener.a.Iv Orders, \Office of the U. S. Military Goverxok i.v i

No. 8. )THE Philippine Islands.

|^

Manila, P. I., October 7, 1898. j

I. Until otherwise directed from these headquarters the civil courts, as composed and con-

stituted by the laws of Spain, which were held and administered prior to August 1:^, 1898,

within Philippine territory now subject to United States militarj- occupation and control, are

permitted to resume at once the exercise of the civil jurisdiction conferred by Spanish laws,

within the limits of that territory, subject, however, to such supervision by the military govern-

ment of the United States, here instituted, as in its judgment the interests of that government

may demand. This privilege does not extend to or embrace permission to institute criminal

proceedings or to exercise criminal jurisdiction of any nature or character whatsoever.

II. The provisions of onlers heretofore issued b}' the authority of the United States in the

Philippine Islands inconsistent with the foregoing instructions and directions are hereby-

revoked.

By command of Major-General Otis. THOMAS H. BARRY,Assistant Adjutant-General.

Gen?;kal Orders,[

Office ok the U. S. Military GovernorXo. 21. f

!> TH?: Philippine Islands.

Manila, P. I., June 5. 1899.

I. The Courts of First Instance of the province of Manila, and the Courts of the Peace, here-

tofore held in the city of Manila, P. I., are hereby re-established and will exercise the juris-

diction, civil and criminal, possessed by them prior to August 13, 1898, in so far as compatible

with the supremacy of the United States in the Philippine Islands and the exercise of military

government therein, and will administer the laws recognized as continuing in force by pro-

clamation from these headquarters dated August 14, 1898, except in so far as these laws have

been, or hereafter may be, modified by the authority of the United States.

II. The division of the province of Manila into the four judicial districts of Binondo^

Tondo, Quiapo and Intramuros, as such districts existed prior to August 13, 1898, is continued.

The territorial jurisdiction of the Justice of the Peace in each of these districts shall be co-

extensive with that of the Court of First Instance therein.

By command of Major-Geueral Otis. THOMAS H. BARRY,Assistant Adjutant-General.

General Orders, ) Office of the U. S. Military GovkrnorjNo. 22. \

i>r THE Philippine Islands. I,

Manila. P. I., June 17, 1899.'

I. The vSupreme Court of the Philippine Islands and the Courts of First Instance and of

the Peace for the province of Manila, re-established in General Orders Nos. 20 and 21, c. s.,

this office, are announced as open and in the exercise of their jurisdiction, civil and criminal,

Caiitpaii^iii)!};^ in the J'/ii/ip/yiitc. 123

oil and afltr WchiL-sday, Junu 21, 1899. The sessions of Uk- vSiii)r(.ine Court will be held in

the building known as the " Audiencia ;"' those of the Covrts of First Instance and of the

Peace, in the building known as the " Casa de la Moneda," Intramuros.

II. The jurisdiction of the courts, specified in paragraph I of this order, and of other

civil courts which niiy hereafter be re-established, shall not extend to and include crimes andoffenses, committed by either citizens of or persons sojourning within the Philippine Islands,

which are prejudicial to military administration and di.scipline, except by authority specially

conferred b}' the Military Governor. Jurisdiction to try and iward punishment in the class of

ca.ses designated remains vested in the provost courts, court martial or military commissions.

Bv command of Major-Geueral Otis.

THOM.AS H. B.\RRY,Assistant Adjutant-General.

CHAPTER Vn

THE REVOLT OF THE FHJPIXOS.

OR some time previous to the 4th of February, ISOi), the

tension between the Americans and the natives had been

great, both in the city of Manila and along the lines of

the army surrounding it. Within the city incidents were

continually occurring which made it evident to the Provost

Guard that important events were anticipated by the

natives. W^ithout the city the American outposts were

subjected to continuous insults which daily were moremarked as the Americans continued to endure them with

patience. The restraints of discipline were misunderstood

by the natives as manifestations of cowardice, and there was an evident and

growing desire on the part of the natives to provoke a conflict in which they

anticipated an easy victory. Upon the part of the rank and lile of the

Americans, and doubtless, also, upon the part of many of the officers, there

grew up a feeling of intense personal hatred of their tormentors, and an earnest

desire to be turned loose upon them and kill them. While many refused

to believe that x\guinaldo would really reach the point of ordering an attack uponthe American army, it was a general opinion among the officers of the Provost

Guard that existing conditions could not long continue, and that they would endin a fight. The commanding generals, however, while fully alive to the dangerof the situation, were powerless, until actually attacked, to make any movementto end it. It was felt that the Americans must not make the first hostile moveagain.st those who had been so lately their allies, and of whose liberty they hadbeen proclaimed the champions. The}^ could and did, however, take every pre-

caution not to be taken unawares at any point. The little army was disposed in

a thin line completely encircling the cit}', and facing the natives at all points.

The division, brigade and regimental commanders all had their instructions, andwere. prepared to act at a moment's notice. If an outbreak should occur, signals

were arranered for directing: the fire of the fleet.

THE MILITARY SITU.^TION.

The military situation was a very simple one. The old Spanish line of defense

against native attacks was a series of block-houses, more or less connected bytrenches or other works, completely enclosing the city on an irregular semi-circle

extending from the shore of the bay on the north to the shore on the south, and

with a radius of from two and a half to three and a half miles from a center in the

12(i Cainpa'!i^)!i>t_i^ in (he J'/ti/i/ypiin':

',L^ -

CcVHpaii^miii; ht the /'/li/ippincs. Vl~

sylvaiiia, facing northerly; on their right, and facing northeasterly, was the 2d

Brigade, under Brigadier-General Irving Hale, extending from its connection

-with the 1st Brigade to block-house No. 8, near the junction of the San Juan andPasig Rivers, in the following order: 1st South Dakota, at San Miguel, occupy-

ing the line about half way to block-house No. 5; 1st Colorado, at Sampaloc,

opposite block-houses Nos. 5 and 6; 1st Nebraska, from the right of the Colorados,

through Santa Mesa and Mcleod's Hill to block-house No. S, near the river.

The two brigades were supported by the Utah Light Artillery.

On the south of the river, Anderson's Division was disposed as follows:

The 1st Brigade, under Brigadier-General Charles King, was made up of the

1st California, 1st Washington, 1st Idaho, and during February 5th, a WyomingBattalion. This brigade occupied a line from near the river to block-house No. 12,

and faced easterly or southeasterly; the 2d Brigade, under Brigadier-General

Samuel Ovenshine, was composed of the 14th U. S. Inf., 1st North Dakota, and

six troops of the 4th U. S. Cav., and occupied the line from block-house No. 12

to Fort Malate, on the bay, and faced southward.

There were also in this division, two batteries of artillery, one of six guns,

Tinder Capt. A. P. Dyer, ()th Art., and four mountain guns of the Astor Battery.

The artillery was under the direction of the division commander. There was

also one companj' of U. S. Engineers, acting as infantry.

A PERIOD OF SUSPENvSE.

During all the latter part of January the two armies had faced each other

substantially as has been described. The Filipinos were gathering their forces,

organizing, drilling and fortifying, undisturbed by our generals. The orders

against foraging or other misdemeanors were strictly enforced in the American

army, and every effort made to avoid cause of collision. The F'ilipinos freely

came and went • ^through ourlines, and were

fully informed

of the disposi-

tion of ourtroops and their

entrenchments.

The attitude of

the natives and

their insulting

actions and-words haveteen described, ox the firixc. line. photoh,, umn.

and gradually it was felt that the lines must be drawn a little closer, and the

armed Filipinos be somewhat restricted in their movements. A line of delimi-

tation was arranged between the American and Filipino commanders which

should not be crossed by armed men of either side. As the Americans, however,

128 Cainpaii^iiiiij^ in the Philippines,.

did not in all cases fnlly occupy the ground assigned to them, the Filipinos

were disposed to pass the limit ai;d themselves occupy the ground. This led

to correspondence between (icn. MacArthur and the Filipino commander, whoagreed to order the withdrawal of his troops.*

*The details of this correspondence are interesting and are given, as follows:

[From the report of Gen. MacArthur.]" The pertinacity of the insurgents, in passing armed parties over the line of delimitation

into American territor^^ at a point nearly opposite the pipe-line outposts of the Nebraska Regi-

ment, induced a correspondence which, in the light of subsequent events, is interesting, as

indicating with considerable precision, a premeditated purpose, on the part of somebody in the

insurgent army, to force a collision at that point. The original note from these headquarters,

which was prepared after conference with the Department Commander, was carried by Maj.

Strong, who entered the insurgent lines and placed the paper in the hands of Col. San Miguel.

The answer of Col. San Miguel was communicated in an autograph note, which was written in

the presence of Maj. Strong, who also saw Col. San Miguel write an order to his officer at the

outpost in question, directing him to withdraw from the American side of the line. This order

Maj. Strong saw delivered to the officer on the outpost. The correspondence referred to is as

follows, the original of Col. San Miguel's note, which was written in the Spanish language,

being enclosed herewith:Headquarters Secoxd Division, "j

Eighth Army Corps. y

Manila, P. I., February 2, 1899. j

"Commanding Generai,, Philippine Troops In Third Zone—Sir: The line between

your command and m\' command has been long established, and is well understood by your-

self and myself.

" It is ([uite necessary under present conditions that this line should nut l)e passed by

armed men of either command.

"An armed part}' from vour command now occupies the village in front of block-house

No. 7, at a point considerably more than 100 yards on my side of the line, and is very active

in exhibiting hostile intentions. This party must be withdrawn to your side of the line at once.

"From this date, if the line is crossed by j-our men with arms in their hands they must Ije

regarded as subject to such action as I may deem necessary. Very respectfully,

(Signed) ARTHUR MacARTHUR,INIajor-General, U. S. V., Commanding."

San Juan Del Monte, February 2, 1899.

"Major-GenERAL :MacArthur—My Very Dear Sir: In reply to yours dated this day,

in which you inform me that my soldiers have been passing the line of demarcation fixed by

agreement, I desire to say that this is foreign to my wishes, and I shall give immediate orders

in the premises that they retire. Truly yours, l, jr. SAN MIGUEL,(Signed) Colonel and First Chief."

"At about 8:30 p. m., February 4th, an insurgent patrol, consisting of four armed soldiers,

entered our territory at block-house No. 7 and advanced to the little village of Santol, which

was occupied from the pipe-line outpost of the Nebraska Regiment. This, it will be observed,

was precisely the point referred to in the correspondence above quoted. The American sen-

tinel challenged twice, and then, as the insurgent patrol continued to advance, he fired, where-

upon the patrol retired to block-house No. 7, from whence fire was immediately opened by the

entire insurgent outpo.st at that point.

"At 9 p. m.. Col. Stotsenberg, 1st Nebraska Inf., U. S. V., reported considerable firing at his

outposts, which extended gradually along the entire front of the division. At 10:10 p. m., it

was evident that hostilities had been commenced in earnest by the insurgents, and accordingly

an order was issued from these headquarters to call out everything on the firing line according

to a program which had been pre-arranged for such an emergency."

BRIGADIER-GENERALS IN THE EIGHTH ARMY CORPS.

1. Brigadier-General Lloyd Wheaton. B. Brigadier-General Francis V. Grebnk.2. Brigadier-General Charles King. 4. Brigadier-Gener.\l Harrison GrjVY Otis.

5. brig.a.dier-general marcus p. miller.

C(U///>aio>ii//jr i,i fi,^. I'liilipf)i,u's. 129

At 8:80 p. M. on the night of February 4, 1<SL>U, a squad of four armed Fili-

pino soldiers attempting to pass the American line near block-house No. 7, andrefusing to halt when challenged, was fired upon by Private Grayson of the

Nebraska Regiment, and warwith the Filipinos was begun.

Before the echo of the Nebras-

kan's Springfield rifle had died

away, volleys were pouring

from the Filipino earthworks,

and a call to arms was ringing

through the Nebra.ska camp.

The Tagalos had intended to

draw our fire and they drew it.

The action began at three

principal points on our line

—

block-houses Nos. 1, 2, and 3 on su.n i ;; m;

the north, Santa Mesa on the northeast, and Santa Ana on the southeast of the Q\\.y.

The fighting thus begun, while at first having the character of a general engage-

ment, which might have had a beginning and end, with certain definite results

immediately following, degenerated, after February 5th, into a series of detached

combats and independent operations which cannot well be described as a whole,

except to say that the rebels were not successful in breaking our line at any point,

but were promptly defeated everywhere, and immediately put upon the defensive.

Our lines were constantly pushed outward as the rebels retreated, and the

fighting continued on some part of the line almost continuously for weeks, and can

best be understood by following the operations of the different divisions or brigades,

until one by one they reached a period of rest.

OTIS' BRIGADE OF MacARTHUR'S DIVISION.

Of the second division, the 1st Brigade, under Gen. H. G. Otis, was more or

less under fire during the night of the 4th, but it was the 20th Kansas and the

1st Montana Regiments chiefly which replied to the enemy's volleys before day-

light. On the 5th, an advance of the entire line was made, the 10th Pennsylvania

on the right, the rM U. S. Art. next, the Montana next, and the 20th Kansas onthe left, all pressing gallantly forward under fire. The losses sustained were con-

siderable, but the Filipinos were driven out at every point, with a much larger

loss. In this advance the od Art. suffered more heavily than the other regiments

of the 1st Brigade, having five killed and nineteen wounded.

Col. Kessler, with the 1st Montanas, advanced to and captured the Chinese

hospital and the adjacent walled cemetery, both of which were occupied as military

posts. The position of the 20th Kansas, on the extreme left, near the bay, wascovered by a thick wood in front, which concealed the Filipinos, to dislodge whomCol. Funston resorted to volley firing. The 10th Pennsylvania with the od Art.

advanced upon L,a P,oma church. As the artillery approached the church-3'ard

walls, Col. Hawkins divided his small command, throwing one wing to the

right and the other to the left of the walls, which his men passed on the run,

130 Ca)iipaij^in)!fi^ in tlic PliUippines.

driviiii^ the enemj' before them, and occupying the block-house in front. The newposition was immediately entrenched, three guns of the Utah Battery taking

position at the northeast corner of the churchyard, and two at the stone block-

house. A company of the 20th Kansas was sent l)y Gen. MacArthur to this point

to strengthen the od Art. line, and two companies of the 10th Pennsylvania to the

churchyard, where they remained until the 7th, and two companies of the Mon-

tanas under Maj. Drennen, from the city, to fill the gap in the 10th Pennsylvania

made by the withdrawal of two of its companies.

When the first advance was made on the afternoon of the otli from the posi-

tion where the left of the line rested on the block-house peninsula at the mouth

of the Vitas Creek, one Kansas company was left to occupy this entrenched

position, and guard details of about sixty men continued to hold this block-

house.* Later, this point was held by a company of the 2od Inf., taken from the

Provost Guard.

During the forward movement of MacArthur' s Division on the afternoon of

the 5th, the Kansas Regiment advanced beyond the line intended for it by the

Division Commander, and captured two strong earthworks thrown up across the

1" ami:ric.\n' trevches.

road to Caloocan, and two adjacent block-houses. In this operation the Kansans

lost several men, but inflicted much greater loss on their opponents. WhenGen. MacArthur became apprised of this action, fearing that the regiment would

come into the zone of firing from the fleet which had been agreed upon, he im-

mediately recalled it. It was, however, ordered forward again on the 6th, when

the earthworks and the block-houses were found unoccupied. A position still

further to the front, about on a line with block-house No. 1 on the railroad, was

then taken up, and a new alignment was perfected with the other regiments of

the 1st Brigade, running from the stone block-house No, 2, westward, across the

ravine adjacent, an intervening plain, and through a wood near the shore of the

bay, all promptly and strongly entrenched.

The Kansans did no more fighting until the evening of the 7th, when a captain

of that regiment who had entered the woods with about half a company, near

block-house No. 1, came unexpectedly upon the enemy, and Col. Funston with

* This block-house is not numbered. It was on the bay shore to the left, and west ot

block-house No. 1 which was on the railroad.

Caiiipai<^iii)t<^ in {he P/iiIi/>/>i>ies. 131

three companies was directed to go to his assistance. A severe but brief engage-

ment followed, the Kansans losing one officer killed, and six enlisted men wounded.

The Filipinos left thirty dead upon the field.

Nothing further of importance from a military point of view occurred on this

brigade's front for several da^-s. Reconnaissances were made by the various com-

mands, and the usual outpost and trench duty performed with the alacrity of pro-

fessional soldiers, until the 10th, when by order of Gen. MacArthur a general

advance was made upon the Filipino position in and about Caloocan. The action

was preceded by firing from the fleet, and also from field guns planted near LaLoma church, lasting for thirty minutes, after which the infantry advanced, mak-

ing a broad sweep to the right by a half turn, begun by the 20th Kansas on the

left, followed by the 1st Montana on their right, and the 3d Art. in the open.

During this operation the 10th Pennsylvania stood fast to the right of the block-

house No. 2, the pivotal point. The line was supported by two battalions of the

1st Idaho Inf. under Maj. Figgins, one of which was placed in the Montana and

one in the rear of the Kansas Regiment. These troops advanced with those of

the 1st Brigade, remaining on the line throughout the action. The movementresulted in placing, by night, the left in advance of Caloocan, with the new line

extended to block-house No. 2. Five guns from the Utah Battery, and two from

the fith U. S. Art. one rifled mortar, and a Nordenfeld, constituted the artillery

force acting in conjunction with the infantry in the advance on Caloocan.

HALE'S BRIGADE OF MacARTHUR'S DIVISION.

Gen. Hale in his report says: "About 8:30 p. m. a patrol from Nebraska out-

posts on the water-pipe line, opposite block-house No. 7, was compelled to fire on

insurgents who advanced this side of their line and refused to halt. The fire was

returned, and the exchange of shots for a few minutes continued and then ceased.

Sometime afterwards the insurgents renewed the attack all along the line." "Fir-

ing," he says, "continued at intervals during the night, the insurgents always

taking the initiative." But no definite

plan of battle could be adopted before

daylight. Soon after daybreak the two

Utah guns on Sampaloc Hill opened

fire on block-house No. 5, the earth-

works and the villages in the vicinity.

At 8:10 A. M. Companies B, K and L,

1st Colorados, under Maj. Anderson,

with Col. McCoy in general command,

charged and captured the places just

mentioned; and immediately afterwards

a battalion of the 1st Colorado, com-

posed of Companies E, F and G, under

lyieutenant-Colonel Moses, advanced

and captured the line between block- February 5, i899.

houses Nos. 5 and 6. About the same time the Nebraskas, with Colorado Com-

panies D and I attached, all under Col. Stotsenberg, captured block-houses Nos.

WHERE THE MONTANAS LOST HEAVILY ON

132 Cai/i/>a!.i^i/i".^' i>i the Philippiues.

6 and 7, advancing afterwards to and across San Juan Bridge, taking the powder-

house and Deposito on San Juan Hill, the entire movement being completed by a

k noon. A Tennessee Battalion co-operated with the Nebraskas

and Colorados in the capture of San Juan Hill,

afterwards exploring and occupying San Filipe and

Mandalayan between San Juan and Pasig Rivers.

About 9 o'clock A. m. the 1st South Dakota Regi-

ment under Col. Frost charged and took block-

liouse No. 4 and vicinity, and about 3 o'clock p. m.

they co-operated with troops of the 1st Brigade in

the capture of La Loma church, about one and a

quarter miles west of the block-house. In all these

brilliant charges and captures the various regiments

were greatly assisted by the Utah guns.

The casualties in the 2d Brigade during the

night of February 4th and the day of February 5th,

were twelve enlisted men killed, and twenty-eight

enlisted men and one officer, Lieut. Haughwout of

the 1st Colorados, wounded. Lieut. Haughwoutwas hit by one of the first shots, while dressing to

go to the front, at the Colorado headquarters in

the cit}', more than a mile from the Filipino lines.

The staff officers of Gen. Hale, Capt. Brooks,

Capt. Krayenbuhl, Lieut. Perry, and Lieut. Connor

of the Engineers, who volunteered his service, had three miles of firing line with

which to keep in touch, and this they gallantly did, being under fire most of the

time. On Monday morning, February 6th, Gen. Hale applied for some additional

troops to assist in holding his long line so that he could make an advance on the

water-works, the immediate capture of which he urged before the enemy could

destroy them. One battalion of the 23d U. S. Inf., and one battalion of the 2d Ore-

gon were attached to the brigade to co-operate with the Nebraskas, and two attached

companies of the Colorados and the Utah guns—all of which were placed under

the direct command of Col. Stotsenberg. The Tennessee Battalion had been

ordered by the Department Commander to rejoin the Provost Guard in the city,

but when Gen. Hale reached the firing line they had taken the field oh the

extreme right, and he was unable to communicate the order to them until after

the capture of the water-works, when they were returned to the cit}-.

Col. Stotsenberg moved on the water-works, three and a half miles east of the

Deposito or reservoir, with the following troops: Two companies of the Colorados,

as advance guard; one battalion of the Tennessee in extended order on the

extreme right; one battalion of the Nebraska in extended order on the left; one

battalion of the Nebraska as a reserve, and four Utah guns to follow the advance

guard and clear the woods and roads to the right and left. The Oregon Battalion

guarded the Deposito, while the 28d Battalion proceeded along the road from

the Deposito toward Mariquina, about a mile north of the water-works, to cover

the attack on the latter place from a flank movement from the north.

FILIPINO TRENCHES AT FORTSON'SKNOLL AFTER BATTLE OF FEBRU-ARY O, 1899.

Caiti/iaii^jtiiii^ in tlie Philippines. 133

At inten^als on the way to the water-works skirmishing occurred, in which

one of the Nebraskans was killed and three wounded. A considerable number of

the insurrectos were killed and a few taken prisoners. A short distance back from

the road, the body of Assistant-Surgeon Young, of the Utah Battery, was found,

with a powder-stained bullet hole in his head, showing that he had been captured

and afterwards killed. He had intended to meet Maj. Young at the Deposito,

but missed his way. A little while before his murder he had gone across the

line to attend to some Filipino wounded, which errand of mercy cost him his life.

Maj. Goodale, with a battalion of the 23d, proceeded meanwhile along the

road from the Deposito towards Mariquina, his advance being much retarded by

the cane-brakes, ridges, and a generally rough country. As they reached the

rising ground on the south side of the river, staggering under the heat and their

heavy loads, the air was fanned by a musketry discharge from the enem}-. But

the artillery on a high cliff, a mile to the south of them, opened a fire for their

protection which soon silenced the Filipino small arms, and our troops took pos-

session of a read^'-made trench and lay on their arms until morning.

Next day, February 7th, Gen. Hale reenforced Maj. Goodale' s Battalion with

two companies Nebraska and one company Oregon and directed a movementon Mariquina. The town was surrounded, only to find white flags on all the

houses. On being assured that they would not be injured in person or property,

if they showed a friendly disposition, the natives readily shouted " Vive Ameri-

canos," and declared their desire to become American citizens. Subsequently,

under similar circumstances, Mariquina was many times taken and abandoned,

the insurrectos returning and occupying the town as soon as it was evacuated.

It was at this point that Seiior Paterno had collected 25,000 soldiers for a revolu-

tion, before Aguinaldo returned from Singapore.

On February 8th and 9th the lines were straightened and the 2d Brigade then

covered the front of block-houses Nos. 3, 4, 5, *>, and 7 Id Sau Juan Ri\t'r

two and a half

miles; SanJuan Bridge to

the Deposito,

one mile; De-

posito south to

Mandaloyanon Pasig River,

two miles; De-

posito east to

water-workson the Mari-

quina Riverthree and a half miles, making a total front of nine miles. This was afterwards

increased, by covering the Mariquina Road, north of the water-works to ten and

a half miles. Col. Stotsenberg on February 8th took three companies of the

Nebraska Regiment and advanced on Cainta and Taytay, which surrendered to

him, the first of their many surrenders. The insurrectos were at that time in

full retreat towards Antipolo,

WORK OF THE KANSAS BOYS.

134 Campaigning in the Philippines.

On February 8th, the 23d Inf. was relieved by the Wyomings, and Gen.

Hale had then in his command the South Dakotas, the Colorados, the Nebraskas,

the Wyomings, one battalion of the Oregons and four guns of the Utah Battery.

The Nebraskas and Oregons had numerous hot skirmishes with the insurgents

in the vicinity of the w^ater-works from February 8th to March 17th when Gen.

Hale planned a movement to clear the front of his right wing from the annoyance

of constant bushwhacking. On the morning of the 7th, the gunboat Lagtma de

Bay, under Maj. Grant, began shelling the Filipino position, while detach-

ments of the 20th Inf. and 1st Nebraska swung in from the water-works road

driving the Filipinos towards the Pasig River. At the same time the WyomingBattalion advanced on the enemy's front. Attacked on three sides, the insur-

rectos were dri\-en back and the country between the reser\^oir-pumping-station

'^ road and Pasig

River sweptclean. In this

engagement two

men were killed

andthree officers

and five menwounded on the

American side,

and consider-able loss suffered

b}' the Filipinos.

On March14th, the Colo-

rados and Ne-

b r a s k a n s ex-

changed places

on account of the exhausted condition of the latter regiment, due to the constant

skirmishes in their vicinit}'. On March 17th the 10th PennS5'lvania, which held

the line on the left of the South Dakota Regiment, was added to the brigade.

On March 20th one battalion of the loth Minnesota was attached and placed on

the water-works road, and on March 22d another battalion of the same regiment

relieved the battalion of the Oregons near the Deposito.

All through the days of battle. Batteries A and B, Utah Light Artillery, had

been of inestimable service. In response to the first alarm on the night of the 4th,

it had proceeded to the various places assigned in the districts east and north of

Manila and the Pasig River, and participated in the first repulse of the insurrectos

as well as in the general advance and the battle of the 5th. Two platoons of four

guns, under Lieuts. Gibbs and Webb, assisted in the important capture of the

water-works.

The strongest attack upon MacArthur's Division developed at Santa Mesa and

Caloocan. The native troops fought bravely, but they were no match for the

stronger and more skilled warriors from over the seas. Aside from their physical

superiority, the Americans who had for so long held in leash their resentment at

PREPARING TO ADVANCE ON THE ENEMY.

Cainpaignins; in the Philippines. 135

the indignities to which they had been compelled to submit, were inspired by a

personal feeling which would not brook further restraint, and they becameimplacable foes, fighting not only to repulse but to kill. Steadily they advanced,

driving the Filipinos before them from vSanta Mesa to San Juan del Monte,

capturing those villages.

Gen. MacArthur's estimate of the losses in his division from the 4th to the 10thof February, was two officers and forty-six enlisted men killed, and thirteen officers

and two hundred and twenty-three enlisted men wounded.

OPERATIONS SOUTH OF THE PASIG RIVER.

It will be remembered that the district south of the Pasig was occupied by the

first division, under Major-General Anderson. At 3:40 A. M., on the morning of

the oth, the insurrectos opened fire on block-house No. 11, on the south side of

the Pasig. Concerning the movements of Gen. Anderson, he says in his report of

Februar}^ 18th to the Adjutant-General:" I had just ridden up to my headquarters in the city, from which I had tele-

graphic communication with every post of m}^ command. I first telegraphed

Corps Headquarters for permission to take the offensive when it became light

enough to do so. At seven o'clock I directed Gen. Ovenshine to open artiller^^ fire

on block-house No. 14 and the wood near by, and to be prepared to drive the

enemy from Malate front, and if they yielded easily, to turn to the left with part

of his command and sweep the enemy from his entire front ; if successful, to be

ready to reenforce King's right and turn to the left of the insurgent force operat-

ing from Santa Ana. This project was not carried out until later in the da}-, as

permission was not given to assume the offensive until eight o'clock.

" In the meantime the firing on King's line became heavier as the day ad-

vanced. The Washingtons, the Idahos, six companies of the California Regi-

ment, and Hawthorne's Mountain Battery were put on the firing line, on the Pacofront. Four guns of Dyer's

Battery, and four com-

panies of Californias were

sent to Battery Knoll on

the right. A battalion of

Wyoming Volunteerswhich had reported the

night before, was brought

up to the intersection of

the Paco and Cingalon

Roads, so that it could re-

enforce either brigade as

occasion required. Thetroops of the 4th Cav.

were kept in reserve. insurgent army at malolos.

" The artillery soon began to do effective service, and drove the insurgents

from several strong positions near our line. Toward eight o'clock I learned that

neither the fire from the navy nor our guns on Malate had shaken the hold of the

136 C(7i)i/>in\<^>!!>i<^ in the Philippines.

enemy on Ovenshine's front, and the volume of fire beyond Cingalon, and the

demand for ambulances showed that a desperate battle was being waged there. At

last at eight o'clock, a telegram came from Major-( zeneral Otis, authorizing^ an- '

advance, if not made too

far. I went at once to

Battery Knoll, taking

with me the WyomingBattalion. Finding there

three companies of Cali-

lornias, I placed these

seven companies under

llie command of Col.

Smith of the 1st. Cali-

fornia, and directed him

to deploy and advance

SKIRMISH LIKE rXDER HEAVY FIRE, BEHIND RICE " PADDIES." in liUC wlth thC TCSt of

King's Brigade substituting this for the intended co-operation of Ovenshine.

Smith's right was a little later reenforced by Company A, Battalion of Engineers,

under lyieut. Haan. Gen. King was present, and was ordered to advance as soon

as Smith deployed.

"These officers received this order with delight, and their troops with enthus-

iasm. The movement began at 8:20 A. M. with a rusn over the creek on our

front, a cheer, and rattling volleys as the whole line advanced, not by rushes, but

with a rush. The insurgent line fell back before our advance, fighting, however,

with spirit. The rice-fields in our front were intersected by little irrigating

dykes, and behind each of these a stand was attempted, the Filipinos firing from

behind them. Our men disdained these shelters and moved steadily on until

raking fire was opened on them from the redoubt on the neck of the bend between

Pandacan and Santa Ana. The Idaho Regiment made a turn to the left charging

the redoubt, carrying it at the point of the bayonet, and driving a regiment of

the insurgents to the bank of the river.

"The California companies in Pandacan at the same time crossed Concordia

Creek and captured the smaller earthwork on the further bank. On the lower

side of Santa Ana, on the river, was another earthwork in w'hich two Krupp

guns w^ere placed, bearing on the river, but with embrasures also on the land side,

and to one of these one of the Krupp guns was transferred when an advance was

made. To its fire Haw^thon:e's Batter}' replied with good effect, until its fire was

masked by the advance of our line. This earthwork was also carried and both

Krupp guns captured.

"At the redoubt the Filipinos made a brave defense; as the Scotch guard at

Flodden Field formed an unbroken line around their king, so these misguided

insurgents fell where they fought, filling the trenches with an unbroken line of

killed and wounded. Apparently a whole battalion was driven to the bank of the

river. The^^ attempted to cross in boats and by swimming, but not a man was

seen to gain the opposite bank. Their bodies have been floating down the stream

Cainpaif^iiini^ in the Philippines. 137

ever since.* Maj. Figgins, of the Idahos, estimates the enemy's loss in this

movement in the neighborhood of TOO killed, wounded, drowned and captured.

"At the same time the California Battalion charged and drove the enemy out

of Santa Ana, driving them from stone walls and convents, churches and houses,

and fighting their way through blazing bamboo huts from which the natives werefiring. This could not have been accomplished had not Col. Smith's commandbroken the left of the insurgents' line and carried the English cemetery whichwas enclosed with a strong stone wall. The Regular Engineer Company, under

Ivieut. Haan, volunteered for this service, and did yeoman's work.

"The Wyoming Battalion, on the right of the line did not advance wnth the

energy of the rest of the^ line; had they done so, the enemy's forces might have

been captured in Santa Ana. Retreating on San Pedro Macati, they attempted to

make a stand. A number attempted to hold the church and cemetery of SanPedro Macati; then the Wyomings came up, at last, and did good service. Bya skilful, tactical movement of the Engineer Company this strong position wastaken in reverse and carried. The insurgents finallj' broke and ran, and our forces

advanced and captured the church and monastery of Guadalupe, a mile beyond."Brigadier-General Ovenshine, commanding the 2d Brigade, had the North

Dakota Regiment, under Lieutenant-Colonel Treumann, occupying the old Spanishtrenches from Fort Malate, on the bay, to an almost impassable swamp whichdivided his line into two sections. From the further east side of his line wasblock-house No. 13, on the Tripa de Gallina. His line was held by nine com-panies of the 14th Inf., under

Maj. C. H. Potter, and three

dismounted troops of the 4th

Cav., under Capt. F. Wheeler,

on the extreme left. There

our men had to fight in dense

woods and bamboo thickets.

The enemy had strong en-

trenchments, and fired on us

from ditches and tree tops.

The fight waged here more

fiercely than anj^where else.

'

' The left of our line could

not advance because the enemy

had a flank fire on it. When I

sent Smith's improvised com-

mand to the left of King's line,

I kept only one company in

reser^'C in support of the artil-

lery at Battery Knoll, but

finding that two companies which had been out on outpost duty during the

night had been left behind in the advance, I ordered them over to the right to

GEN. HALE AND COL. STOTSENBERG CONFERRING WITH COL.MIGUEL ON THE SAN JUAN BRIDGE A FEW DAYS

BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF FEB. 4TH.

* This report is dated Februarj- 18th.

138 Caiiipaiffnino^ in {lie P/ii/ippuics.

support Wheeler. This gave him one battalion of the 14th Infantry, his three

troops of cavalry, and one company each of Washingtons and Californias.

" At about ten o'clock Ovenshine ordered an advance. The North Dakotas

drove the enemy from their front back to the Carmelita convent. Maj. Potter,

with Mantile's Battalion, 14th Inf., advanced through the woods to the right of

block-house No. 14, and Capt. John Murphy, with his battalion of the 14th Inf.

charged block-house No. 14 and the adjoining trenches. After a desperate fight

the enemy were driven out, but not without inflicting serious loss on us. Capt.

Mitchell was mortally wounded leading his company.

"Lieut. Miles, 14th Inf., was first in the enemy's trenches, and followed by

only six men charged into the smoking ruins of the block-house. This was a

daring and brilliant feat of arms. At the same time Capt. Wheeler advanced

from block-house No. 13, but after coming in view of the enem^^'s trenches, fell

back. A gun of Dyer's Battery was sent to him, but on account of the dense

bamboo thicket, it could not do satisfacton^^ ser\-ice. Shortly before 2 p. M., Maj.

Rucker, 4th Cav., joined the cavalry battalion, and relieved Capt. Wheeler of

TTAH BATTERY IN ACTION AT BLOCK-HOUSE NO. 2.

command. Hearing of the successful advance of the North Dakotas, I telegraphed

Gen. Ovenshine to carry out the project I had arranged with him, to attempt to

roll up the enemy by a movement from right to left. As there was a long

delay in carr>nng out this order I repeated it several times by telegraph, and

aides were sent with oral orders. It was at last found that he was under a false

impression that he had received orders from the Corps Commander. When this

misapprehension was removed, he made the movement with complete success. In

the meantime I had sent a battalion of the 1st Tennessee, under Lieutenant-

Colonel Gracey Childers, to the Cingalon front. They reached that point just as

the North Dakotas were clearing the front and driving the enemy into the woods

beyond the Tripa. The Tennessee Battalion, crossing said stream, opened on

them, as also did Dyer's guns on Battery Knoll. Ovenshine then advanced with

his brigade to Pasai, which he found abandoned. Leaving part of his command

there, he marched with the rest up the Pasai Macati Road and opened communi-

cation with Gen. King at San Pedro Macati, and returning picketed the road.

This ended the fighting at the front, but soon after King's Brigade had advanced

Cauipanrmiii^ iii the /'/li/ippiiies. 139

beyond Paco a number of insurgents, who had lain concealed in the town, began

to fire on the ammunition carts and hospital ambulances going to the front.

" Anticipating the possibilit}' of this treachery, a small fonv liad Iillh kit in

Paco under lyieutenant-Colonel Duboce. P'^or a*^ ^

time there was a lively contest in the town. Theinsurgents were so persistent that nearly all their

"nipa" houses had to be burned to dislodge them.

Fortj^-three prisoners were taken, all in ordinary

clothing, but unquestionably participants in the

savage warfare. While this was going on in X\u-

town, a sharp musketry fire was opened on us from

a large stone church near the Paco Bridge. I

directed Dyer's Battery on the Knoll to reverse

his guns and open on the church. It was soon in

flames, yet a number of desperate men took rel'uge^, , , , Tj 11 TRENCH SHOWINi; WORK OF WASH-

in the church tower. It was several hours i.ngton regiment.

before they could be dislodged, and they kept up their resistance to the last.

'

' During the engagement, the telegraph men of the Signal Corps did effective

service, carrying their lines to the extreme front at San Pedro Macati, Fort Malate

and Pasai. lyieut. Kilbourne, who was with the headquarters party, did a brave

act in climbing a telegraph pole at the Paco Bridge to string a broken wire, under

a cross-fire between desperados in the tower and our artillery. New troops are

generally demoralized by firing from flanks and rear. In this contest bullets

seemed to come from all directions, but our men continued unconcerned.

When I had my headquarters on Battery Knoll, the artillerj- men and my staff of

officers and orderlies were subject to this cross-fire during the entire engagement,

and as the enem\' used smokeless powder it could onh* be surmised from what

direction the fire came." At two o'clock I rode to King's front and found his lines satisfactorily estab-

lished; then went to Cingalon front and found ever^'thing satisfactory there.

In this engagement we lost two officers and ninety-five soldiers wounded, and one

enlisted man killed. We can only estimate the enemy's loss. Our burial parties

interred in their own trenches two hundred and thirty-eight insurgent dead. Wetook about three hundred and six prisoners, and two very fine Krupp guns,

besides a large number of small arms, ammunition and ordnance stores.

"This division had on the firing line in the battle of the 5th instant about

3850 officers and men. We were opposed, as I believe, b\' about 5000 insurgent

Filipinos. Of these, I estimate that 2000 were killed, wounded, captured or

scattered. Within two days we had captured Pasig and Pateros, and our scouting

parties had gone to the Laguna de Bay.'"

THE TROOPvS OF THE PROVOvST GUARD.

The troops of the Provost Guard were glad of an opportunity to go to the

front. At the call to arms, on the night of the 4th, the 2d Oregon Inf. took posi-

tions assigned them at the gates and on the streets of the walled city. On the

6th, three companies, C, G, and K, under Maj. Eastwick, took the field in Paco

140 Caiiipaigiiini:^ i>i the Philippines.

district for the day. On the following day they were stationed at the water-works,

where they remained until the 10th. Compan}- F was on guard at department

headquarters ; Company H on duty at the Custom House.

The loth Minnesota Inf., on the 4th, was under arms, patrolling the streets in

their respective districts and guarding the bridges and river front. Filipinos

detected in signaling with lights from house-tops were fired on. On the 5th,

patrols of Company C were attacked by 150 insurrectos, armed with bolos and

machetes, when they were reenforced by the entire company, under Capt. Robin-

son, and the natives dispersed. Company M was transferred to a station in a

church in the Tondo district.

The 2d Battalion, 1st Tennessee, on the 5th, left camp and proceeded in the

direction of the water-works, having an engagement with the enemy and returning

to station. The 1st Battalion of the same regiment, on the 5th, took part in an

engagement with the Filipinos in Paco district, returning to station on the 6th.

The 3d Battalion of the same regiment proceeded to the Presidio of Manila and

Bilibid Military Prison, remaining there until the evening of the 6th. The 23d

Inf., as already mentioned, participated in the taking of the water-works, under

command of Maj. Goodale, on the 7th.

THE OPERATIONS OF THE FLEET.

When firing began, on the night of February 4th, the signals agreed upon by

the army and navy commanders could not be given until daylight, and firing from

the fleet without them would have been as dangerous to the American forces,

whose positions could not be known, as to the Filipinos. On the coming of day

the Admiral's ship lay directly in front of Manila, between the city and the

German cruiser Iroic and the Spanish transport A lava. The Monad)wck lay

about one mile off Fort Malate, and

with the coming of day commencedfiring ten -inch shells on the

enemy's south line, blowing out

the breech-block of one of her guns

during the engagement, having one

man killed and two wounded. Herfire, directed by L,ieut. E. E. Kelly,

1st Company,U. S. V. Signal Corps,

lasted through the forenoon of the

5th, and was very effective, destroy-

ing villages and killing many Fili-

pinos. In the afternoon, the

Charleston relieved the Monadnock

and continued the firing during

the remainder of the day and night, and the day of the 6th, using six and eight-

inch guns. She was again joined by the Monadnock, when they patrolled the beach

as far south as Paranaque, setting villages on fire and driving the Filipinos from

their trenches. The Charlcstoji remained in this service until the 9th of February,

when she was relieved by the Buffalo, which held the position throughout the

Catnpaigniiii^ in the P/iilippines. 141

remainder of the campaign. On the morning of the 5th, the Charleston waslying off the block-house near the mouth of the Vitas River, on the north

side, about 1000 yards from shore, and during the forenoon, with ten-inch shots,

enfiladed the Filipino line in front of the Kansas Inf. until she relieved

the Monadnock, the Concord taking her position. The Ca/lao, "Tappan'sbattle-ship," as Admiral Dewey was fond of calling this little boat, patrolled

the beach on this side, her firing being directed by lyieut. C. M. Gordon,

18th Company, U. S. V. Signal Corps. The Ca/lao patrolled close in shore,

using three-pounders and rapid-fire guns, her fire being directed on the block-

house. During the afternoon, the Concord fired six-inch shells on the

Filipinos in front of the Kansas lines, continuing the bombardment on the 6th.

An eight-ench shell from the Concord was thrown into the church at Malabon,

occupied as headquarters by the enemy, and exploding, completely demolished it.

By ten o'clock of the 6th, the Callao had so destroyed the block-house at the

mouth of the Vitas River that it was taken with a detachment of twenty menunder Lieut. Ball.

The Concord and Callao held their positions until the 9th of Februar}', when,

an advance being made on Caloocan, the ]\Ionadnock came up to assist in shelling

the Filipino lines. In this engagement the Concord and Callao fired about thirty

LIEI'T. WEBB'S GUNS ON SANTA MESA HILL, SHELLING BLOCK-HOUSE NO. 7 AND SAN JUAN BRIDGE.

shots. On the 25th of February, these two ships were relieved by the Benningto7i

and the Helena. The latter was, like the Callao, a light draft boat, and with her

did patrol service, intercepting and capturing many of the insurrectos' boats carry-

ing supplies to their lines.

The activity of the land forces made it difficult to direct the fire, but the

moral effect, as well as the destructive energy of the navy guns was of very great

assistance to the Americans. The fleet in the harbor had a reputation for invinci-

bility which of itself was as valuable as regiments of fighting men in sustaining

the splendid courage of our troops, and disconcerting the confidence of the Fili-

pinos. Not only in the first two or three days of battle was the navy of such

consequence, but all through the weeks of campaigning in the vicinity of Manila

which followed.

As a result of the operations of the first week the American lines had been

advanced in all directions outward from the city, and extended from a point beyond

Caloocan southeasterly to the San Juan River, and thence easterly to the pumping

142 Caiiipaig>ii)tg in t/ie Philippines.

station which it was a vital necessity to hold firml}'. The towns of Pasig and

Pateros, situated in a marshy district on the river, had been occupied and our

southern line pushed forward to Malate. The Corps Commander, Gen. Otis, how-

ever, had not the force to occupy and adequately guard so large a district, and on

the south of the river the line was gradually moved back to San Pedro Macati.

Pending the arrival of reenforcements nothing could be done except to hold such

territory as w^as deemed absolutely essential, with occasional extensions to chastise

the insurgents when they became too bold. This involved constant changes of

position of our troops, especially on the south side of the river, which it would be

confusing to attempt to follow, and the taking, abandoning, and retaking of manyvillages. The behavior of the natives w^as very trying. They were practically all

sympathizers of Aguinaldo, and the men were with the army so far as they could

be furnished with arms. As there were many more men than arms there seemed

to be a constant change in the personnel of the rebel army, a simple change of

clothing sufficing to transform a ferocious warrior to a peaceful citizen, and vice

BATTLE-FIELD OVER WHICH OL"R TROOPS PASSED IN THE CAPTURE Ol

versa. When our army approached a town everything t<hat could be madeto do duty as a white flag was displayed. When we entered^ all the inhabi-

tants declared themselves "amigos," and blessed the Americans. When wedeparted the w^hite flags came down and they were all "insurrectos" again. Therules of civilized warfare were disregarded. If, in skirmishing, the Filipinos

killed an American cut off from his command, they shot him to pieces, often sa

that his body could not be recognized. The natives were not altogether united,

however. On the 12th of February the Macabebes and other natives of the Pam-

panga province near Malolos, sent a messenger to Gen. Otis, offering to desert

Aguinaldo, and join the Americans with 3000 organized troops, armed and

equipped, and needing only rations. They claimed that they had fought against

Aguinaldo as allies of the Spanish. For prudential reasons the overtures were

not accepted. At a later period some of the Macabebes were employed as scouts.

Caiiipai_<^>ii)ii( in the Philippines. 143

A LULL rivXDING ARRIVAL OF REENI'ORCEMENTS.

After the establishment of our lines as described, there was nothing further to

be accomplished until reenforcements should arrive from the United States. Thenatural defenses of Manila ha\ing been reached, and a defensive line established

about the city, the fighting was only such as

resulted from the meeting of scouting parties.

On the loth of February, a portion of the 4th

Cav., on a reconnaissance, encountered a party

of Filipinos near Paranaque, and in an exchange

of shots had one of its men wounded. Thecruiser Buffalo, later on the same day, fired a

few small shells to arrest the operations of

another party of natives who w^ere attempting

to mount a battery near Paranaque, causing

them to withdraw their guns to the tower. i:rin.,,n.. ,x a w.,rv,,, i. m ,

P'^requent small affairs like these simply kept alive the embers of war during

P^'ebruary and early in \Pirch. Rumors, however, were rife of the intentions of

Aguinaldo, and there was a growing impression that a crisis for the city was

impending. The natives in Manila had been greatly affected by the disastrous

results which followed the attack upon the Americans, of the 4th and 5th.

They had been buoyed up ever since the capitulation of Manila in the previous

August, by the hope that when the Americans should withdraw from the city,

whether compulsorily or not, they would, in the confusion which was sure to

ensue, have the long desired opportunity of looting the city and wreaking ven-

geance upon the Spanish population. But this expectation had not been realized,

and they were disappointed and wrathful, looking upon the new invaders as taking

the place of the old. Considering the miscarriage of this part of the revolt, and

the heavy losses they had sustained, they were in a condition bordering on frenzy.

That condition had been met with tact by a strong hand, but American troops

were eager to avenge their fallen comrades; the Filipinos were sullenly awaiting

an opportunity to repeat their first revolt.

THE FILIPINOS PREPARE FOR A MASSACRE.

That there was ground for alarm was made evident by the finding at Malabon,

of the following order which was to have been executed on the 15th, its execu-

tion being only delayed by the capture of Caloocan and succeeding events.

First, you will dispose so that at eight o'clock at night the individuals of the territorial

militia at your order will be found united in all of the streets of San Pedro, armed with their

bolos and revolvers, or guns and ammunition if convenient.

Second, Filipino families only will be respected. They should not be molested, but all

other individuals, of whatever race they be, will be exterminated without any compassion after

the extermination of the army of occupation.

Third, the defenders of the Philippines in your command will attack the guard at Bilibid,

and liberate the prisoners and "presidarios," and having accomplished this they will be armed,

saying to them, "Brothers, we must avenge ourselves on the Americans, and exterminate them

that we may take our revenge for the infamy and treachery which they have committed upon

us; have no compassion upon them; attack with vigor. All Filipinos en masse will second you

—long live Filipinos' independence."

144 Cauipaij^HUii^ in the Philippines.

Fifth, the order which will be followed in the attack will be as follows: The sharpshooters

of Tondo and Santa Ana will begin the attack from without, and these shots will be the signal

for the militia of Troso, Binondo, Quiapo and vSanipaloc to go out into the street and do their

dutv; those ofPaco, Rrniita, Malate, .Santa Cruz and San Miguel will not start out until twelve

o'clock, unless the\- see their companions need assistance.

Sixth, the militia of Tondo will start out at three o'clock in the morning; if all do their

duty our revenge will be complete. Brothers, Europe contemplates us. We know how to die

as men shedding our blood in the defense of the libert}^ of our country. Death to the tyrants !

War without quarter to the false Americans who have deceived us ! ICither independence or

death !

The fourth paragraph was not furnished to the press, but its substance could

be conjectured.

Following the discovery of this plot, the tension in the city was high. Theguards were doubled, and squads of soldiers searched the suspected houses. Not-

withstanding this watchfulness, a secret conference of 100 Filipinos at mid-

night was discovered, adding to the general apprehension. Day by day, incidents

more or less alarming were occurring.

THE ATTEMPT TO LOOT MANILA.

On the evening of the 22d of February, a considerable body of Filipinos,

leaving their entrenchments at Malabon, forded the swamps on Gen. MacArthur's

left and entered the city. At eight o'clock, an incendiary fire broke out in the

Calle la Coste, in the Santa Cruz district, where, owing to the inflammable nature

of the native houses, the flames spread rapidly. The cit}- fire department being

I I IF. BATTLE OF TOKDO.—WORK OF MINNESOTA MEN.^M£lkJi^

unable to deal with a serious conflagration, the English fire brigade was sum-

moned from Santa Mesa, and after several hours brought the fire under control.

In the meantime confusion reigned, notwithstanding the thorough police arrange-

ments directed by Gen. Hughes. The district was, by the closing of the electric

circuit, deprived of light, except that from the burning buildings. In the semi-

darkness the hose of the fire brigade was several times cut, causing the issuing

Ca)u/)aijs^niiii^ in (lie Pliilippines. 145

iNSURC. i;n"t outpost.

of an order to drive the nati\es into vacant lots, and guard them there. This

action slopped the phicing of impediments in tlie way of the firemen, although in

their anxiety to save their furniture and property, such of the inhabitants as were

not participating in the

plot to burn the city, had

crowded the streets for a

quarter of a mile. Theflames in Santa Cruz dis-

trict had hardly been

subdued, when another

conflagration was started

in Tondo district, where

there were three miles of

"nipa" houses. Whenthe firemen and soldiers

made an attempt to ex-

tinguish the burning houses they were met with a fusillade from the window.s

and roofs of the buildings passed. The firemen, then, in connection with the

soldiers, directed their efforts to clearing these houses of the assassins, w^hile the

fire was unheeded.

GREAT DESTRUCTION OF PROPERTY BY FIRE.

The fires and the frequent shots spread terror through Manila. It was remarked

that immediately before the first fire-alarm, the sounding of a native bugle had

startled the city. Timid persons, men and women, hoping to find safety on board one

of the men-of-war, hastened from their houses or hotels into the streets, onlj' to be

turned back at the first corner, by a guard. The Chinese population hurried

across the bridges, into the city, to seek the protection of their consulate ; and

all night long the fire spread, devastating the Tondo district and destroying prop-

erty, valued at a million dollars, which belonged to the natives themselves. So

nearly had Aguinaldo's plot to destroy the lives and pillage the property of the

foreigners in Manila succeeded.

THE ATTEMPTED MASSACRE FAILS.

The failure did not deter the insurrectos from making a concerted attack on

IMacArthur's front during the forenoon. At the first sign of hostilities the artil-

lery was brought into action, the insurrectos replying not only by volley firing

but with six shots from a battery. The signal was then given from the station to

the Monadnock, which hurled ten-inch shells, as indicated by the Signal Corps,

over the American lines into the Filipino positions. About eleven o'clock there

were sharp engagements at the Chinese cemetery and at San Pedro Macati, with

the apparent design of withdrawing attention from the city. In this intention the

enemy was checked by the artillery of the Americans. The Monadnock's shells,

also, added to the extent of fires still burning in Tondo, Santa Cruz, San Nicolas,

and other environs. Early in the afternoon the Filipinos, becoming convinced

of the futility of their present efforts, abandoned their designs on Manila and retired.

146 Cainpaii^iiing in the Philippines.

Numerous arrests had been made in the Tondo district, and two carloads of

arms, with accoutrements, captured, together with sixty of the enemy, guarding

them. Early on the afternoon of the 2.")d, one battalion of the 2od Inf., under

Maj. Goodale, three companies of Minnesotas, three of the Oregons, and a bat-

talion of the 4th Cav. were ordered to this position. Proceeding along the road

they were fired on from house-tops, making their advance slow. At Tondo Bridge

they encountered about '250 of Aguinaldo's army, who, during the night, had

built fine trenches across the road and taken possession of the bridge, cutting the

line of communication with MacArthur's front wing. Here occurred one of the

fiercest engagements of the campaign, the insurrectos making a stubborn resist-

ance, but being overcome by superior strength. In this battle Capt. N. C. Robin-

son, of the Minnesotas, a non-commissioned officer, and six privates were

wounded. The Filipino loss was twenty killed and many wounded, to whom the

American surgeons gave

-«* their services as kindl}^

•? as to their own people.

Hundreds of refugeesafterwards came into the

American lines—soldiers,

who had thrown awaytheir uniforms, weeping

women, bearing their

children in their arms,

and sullen, hopeless men.

On ]MacArthur's right

the Filipino army had

]iressed the American

lines closel}', looking for

a point of the least resist-

ance, but Col. Frost of

^^ the South Dakotas, by a

flank movement drove

them back, with a loss of Lieut. Eugene S. French, 1st Montana Volunteers,

and one private of the vSouth Dakotas, killed, and two other Dakotas wounded.Threats to burn the walled city on the night of the 2od were current, and fear-

ing the attempt, the wives of army officers and other Americans were taken on

board the transport St. Paul to remain until order should be restored. To the

gloom of the situation was added the shadow of heavy clouds of smoke hajiging

over the city and its environs. This element of discomfort had indeed driven manyof the natives to the beach, where the}- were exposed to artillery firing, and wheremany were killed. Extraordinary precautions were taken by Gen. Otis to prevent

a recurrence of incendiarism, one of which was the establishment of a curfew

regulation, by which all persons without orders or passes were confined to their

houses after seven o'clock in the evening. This seriously interfered with the com-

fort and convenience of all classes of people, but was recognized as necessary to

their safety.

FOURTH CAVALRY AT SAN I'EDRO MACATI.

Caiiipai<:^nii!i^ in the riiili[-pincs. 147

THK INSURRKCTOS ASK A CONFERENCE.

Following the re-establishment of comparative quiet in and about the city,

there was but little fighting. On Fel)ruary 27th, under a flag of truce, the insur-

rectos asked for a conference, and prominent Filipinos attempted to open negotia-

tions with Oen. Otis, but were met with a demand for unconditional surrender.

During the week following February 27th, there was no general attack from either

side of the contending armies. But on the 2d of March an unsuccessful attempt

BATTI,E OF SAN-TA MESA, SHOWIXC. BLOCK-HOUSE NO. 8, AND THE ROFE FACTORY WHICHWAS AFTERWARDS BURNED BY THE NEBRASKANS.

was made to dislodge the American outposts in front of San Pedro Macati, result-

ing in a severe loss to the Filipinos. On the 4th of March, the U. S. gunboat

Benmugto7i was fired upon by the insurrectos, and replied by shelling the suburbs

of Malabon. The arrival about this time, of several transports with troops

materially strengthening our position, may have given the Department Commandera greater confidence in the army, a crushing blow to the rebellion being promised

about this date.

RENEWED ATTACKS ON THE WATER-WORKS.

On the night of March 5th, the Filipinos attacked Gen. Hale's front, but weredriven off" after a short encounter. This action centered about Mariquina. Nosooner was the fight well under way than the Filipinos, knowing that Hale's force

had been weakened by sending troops to Mariquina, attacked the water-works

in the rear. They thus attempted to recapture the pumping station, but with-

out success. This continued attempt on the part of the enemy to recapture the

water-works caused Gen. Hale, on March 7th, to move forward for the dislodg-

ment of the Filipinos on his front. Throwing forward detachments from the 20th

Inf., l.st Nebraska and 1st Wyoming, supported by a gunboat under the commandof Capt. Grant, the enemy was attacked on three sides and rapidly driven back,

leaving the country free between the reservoir and pumping station.

The brigade of Gen. King, w^hich had been placed temporarily under the com-mand of Gen. Wheaton, during the interval between February 27th and March13th, had been much annoyed by this desultory fighting. So also were the troops

in front of Caloocan. On the recovery of Gen. King from his illness, he wasreturned to his command and Gen. Wheaton was assigned to the command of a

148 Caiiipaiiini)ii^ in Ihc Philippines.

flyinj; column, with orders to drive out the enemy along the Pasig River, and

thereby break all communication between the northern and southern wings of

Aguinaldo's army.\viii-:atox\s I'l.vixci column.

Reference to the map will show that the American position at the water-works,

which it was essential to maintain, was much in advance, on the eastward, of the

general line of our army, and greatly exposed to flank attacks from Pasig and

vicinity where the insurrectos were encamped. The repeated attempts on the

water-works have l)een mentioned, and there was a constant feeling of insecurity

with so vital a point so greatly exposed. Added to this was the easy communica-

tion of the insurgents south of the Pasig with Aguinaldo's headquarters and army

at Malolos. The army having been strengthened by the arrival of reenforcements,

it was determined to put an end to these conditions by driving the insurrectos out

of the Pasig district. To this end a "Provisional Brigade" was organized, which

has been known as "Wheaton's Flying Column," and placed under the commandof Brigadier-General Ivloyd Wheaton, with instructions to clear the Pasig

country. The following account of the operations of this brigade is given in the

language of an officer W'ho accompanied the expedition:

" By general orders No. 11, Headquarters Department of the Pacific and

Eighth Army Corps, Gen. Wheaton w^as assigned to the command of 'A Provisional

Brigade,' composed of the 20th and 22d Regiments of U. S. Inf., two battalions

of the 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., seven companies of the 2d Oregon Volun-

teer Inf., a platoon of (ith U. S. Art., and a squadron of three troops 4th U. S.

Cav. His instructions were to clear the enemy from the coiintry to Pasig and to

strike him wherever found. The brigade was formed on the night of March 12th,

and bivouacked in line in rear of the entrenched position extending from San

Pedro Macati on the Pasig one mile and a half in the direction of Pasai from right

to left in the following order: Squadron 4th U. S. Inf., I,ieutenant-Colonel

TAKIXr. Sri'l LII.S TO Tnc IROXT

McCaskey; seven companies 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf., Col. Summers; one

platoon, two guns, (5th U. S. Art., Lieut. Scott; two battalions 1st Washington

Volunteer Inf., Col. Wholley. Soon after daylight on the morning of March 13th

the brigade moved by Echelon from the right, the cavalry and the 22d U. vS. Inf.

moving first, then the 20th U. S. Inf., followed by the 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf.

Caif//>(n\i^>ii//(^ i)i ihe P/iilippiiies. 149

When the cavalry and 'I'hX Inf. had advanced one mile and a half, the line wheeled

to the left and marched toward the river road along the Pasig. Scott's guns hadnow opened fire upon the position of the enemy at Guadalupe, and the left of the

line advancing, forced them out, the 2()th Inf. and the 1st Washington Volunteer

Jnf. reaching the church at (Tnadalnpe at nearly the same time. The right of

l'^

Jl' CAI,UOC.\N, SHOWING lU RXED mSTRICT.

the 22d Inf. struck the enemy as they were retreating in the direction of Pasig,

inflicting heavy loss. The whole line moved on and occupied the Pasig Road, and

then marching east along the road, soon came under fire of the enemy from their

entrenched position at Pasig, on the north side of the river; opened fire upon their

entrenchments from one gun on the road, and placed the other upon a cliff or

ridge, extending at right angles to the Pasig; occupied the ridge with infantry,

and extended the 20th and 22d U. S. Infs. to the right on the high ground in the

direction of Pateros. One battalion of the 22d Inf., under Capt. Lockwood, and

the squadron of 4th Cav., under Maj. Rucker, attacked a force of the enemy in

the direction of Pateros and drove them beyond Taguig. The gunboat Lagunadc Bay, under Capt. Grant, came up, and night closed in with the enemy driven

to the north side of Pasig. March 14th, Gen. Wheaton extended his line to the

south and west of Pateros, and reconnoitered the country to the west and south.

The cavalry engaged the enemy in force in the direction of Taguig and drove

them beyond that place.

"The enemy being entrenched in the bamboo thickets across the channel near

Pateros, the 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., one battalion under Maj. J. J. Weis-

senburger, crossed the channels in canoes and by swimming, stormed the entrench-

ments and captured or killed all the rebels there. The town of Pateros took fire

and burned. March loth one battalion of the 20th U. S. Inf. was ordered acro.ss

the river at Pasig under command of Maj. Rogers; a gun was brought up and

the entrenchments in front of Pasig and to the left shelled. The battalions of the

20th Inf. carried the city by storm. A part of the 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf. were

crossed below Pasig and when the rebels fled from Pasig they were exposed to a

heavy flank fire from this detachment. The whole of the 20th Inf. was then sent

over to Pasig, the regiment being carried across upon the steam launch Maritinw.

The 1st Washington was advanced on the right to Taguig and captured about

500 prisoners. Night came on with the enemy in the front, and on the

150 Canipais^nii!!^ ;;/ f/ie Philippines.

right killed, captured or dispersed. The enemy lost at least 1000 men this

day. March IGth IJeutenant-Colonel McCaskey, 2()th U. S. Inf. at Pasig,

was instructed to clear the country in his immediate vicinity of any of the insur-

gents who might be lurking near, and soon after he sent a despatch that he had

sent out two battalions to be deployed as skirmishers to clear the island of Pasig.

Soon after a heavy and continued firing was heard to the east and north of Pasig.

At 12 M. it was learned that Maj. William P. Rogers, commanding od Battalion

20th Inf., had come upon the enemy entrenched, 1000 strong, at the

village of Cainta and that he had carried the entrenchments and burned the town,

the enemy flying in the direction of Taytay. Maj. Rogers returned with his bat-

talion to Pasig. In this aff"air he lost two killed and fourteen wounded.

"On the 17th of March, by direction of the Corps Commander, the 'iOth U. S.

Inf. returned to Manila, being relieved at Pasig by a part of the 1st Washington

Volunteer Inf. On the afternoon of March l-Sth a force of the enemy appeared in

the vicinity of Taguig, which was held by one company of the 1st Washington

Volunteer Inf. The place was reenforced with two companies of infantry, and the

colonel of the 22d Inf. directed to send a battalion south of the position, held by

his regiment, and to the west of Taguig to ascertain the force of the enemy. Thelatter was found about 800 strong, occupying the crests of the ridges, and a

spirited combat ensued, which was terminated by darkness. The 22d Inf. had

twenty men killed and wounded in this affair. Among the wounded was

Capt. Frank B. Jones, 22d Inf., commanding the battalion. The enemy fell back

toward the south.

"The morning of March 19th, soon after daylight. Gen. Wheaton formed line,

deployed in the extended order, facing to the south as follows: 22d U. S. Inf., six

companies, center; 1st W^ashington Volunteer Inf., six companies, left. The line

advanced and struck the enemy four miles south of Taguig; wheeling to the

left the enemy was partly enclosed toward the lake and completely routed with

great loss. The left of the line pursued him down the lake for fifteen miles from

VIEW OF BURNING OF TO.VDO DISTRICT, SHOWING DEPOT OF MANILA & D.AGfPAN RAILROAD.

Taguig as far as San Pedro Tunasan, all the houses along the lake to that point

being burned. The enemy's entrenchments on the left and in front of the 1st

Washington Volunteer Inf. were carried, the enemy leaving more than 200 dead

upon the field. The command returned to the vicinity of Pateros and bivouacked

there, receiving orders to return to their respective former encampments near

Cai/i/>(j!<^n!//<^ in (he P/ii/ippines. 151

Manila, excepting that the 1st Washington Volunteer Inf. was designated to hold

Pasig, Pateros and Taguig and adjacent country. This ended the operations of

the 'Provisional Brigade.' In one week all the enemy's positions that were

attacked were taken, and their troops killed, captured, or dispersed. The towns,

from where they l)rought over troops or in which they resisted, were burned or

destroyed by the fleeing Filipinos. The enemy's loss in killed, wounded and

captured was not less than 2000 men.

"Gen. Wheaton was ably supported and assisted by the several regimental

commanders through the series of operations. He calls attention to the energetic

conduct of Col. J. H. Wholley, 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., and the gallant

conduct in action of Maj. William P. Rogers, 20th U. S. Inf., and Maj. J. J. Weis-

senburger, 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., and to the gallont and meritorious

services of Capt. Frank B. Jones, 22d U. S. Inf., 2d Lieut. E. D. Scott, 6th

U. S. Art., rendered most efficient service with his guns, showing skill and

intrepidity. He also calls attention to the very gallant conduct of Capts. Herbert

S. Foster, James A. Irons and Benjamin Alrord, 20th U. S. Inf., in the storming

of Pasig and in the combat of Cainta. First lyieuts. F. D. Webster and Chas. R.

Howland, 20th U. S. Inf., Aides, gave valuable assistance, also 1st Lieut. Wm. D.

Connor, Corps of Engineers, Acting Aide. Service, both efficient and gallant,

was rendered by Capt. Elmore McKenna and Lieut. Charles E. Kilbourne, Vol-

unteer Signal Corps."

About Manila, all was quiet, with the exception of a little skirmishing, until

the morning of March 2oth. During this time the insurgent army had massed its

forces at Malolos, and Gen. MacArthur, by command of Major-General Otis, was

preparing for an advance for the capture of that stronghold.

RE-ORG.\NIZ.\TION OF THE ARMY CORPS.

At this time the American force was re-organized as follows: Major-General

H. W. Lawton on March 18th, replaced Gen. Anderson in command of the first

division, the latter returning to the United States according to orders. Gen.

Lawton's Division consisted of the following: The Washington, North Dakota and

California Volunteers, under Gen. King; six troops of the 4th Cav., the 14th

152 Caiiipaii^uiii^' in tlic P/ii/ippiiies.

Regiment, the Idaho Vohiiiteers and a battalion of the Iowa troops, nnder Gsn.

Ovenshine; the ;>d and 22d Regiments Inf., and the Oregon Regiment, under

Gen. Wheaton, and Dyer's and Hawthorne's Light Batteries.

Gen. MacArthur's Division,—two batteries of the od Art.; the Kansas and

Montana \'olunteers, under Gen. H. G. Otis; the Nebraska and South Dakota

Regiments, and six companies of the Pennsylvania Regiment, under Gen. Hale;

the 4th and 17th Regiments; the Colorado, Minnesota and Wyoming Volunteers,

and part of the Utah Art., under Gen. Hall.

A separate brigade was assigned to provost guard duty, consisting of the 20l;h

Regiment, and eight companies of the 23d Regiment Inf.

THE PHILIPPIXE COMMISSION.

President McKinley, by appointment, had created a "Philippine Commission."

This consisted of five members as follows: Admiral Dewey; Gen. EUvell S. Otis;

President J. G. Schurman of Cornell University; Prof. Dean C. Worcester and Chas.

•'LAGCNA DE BAY" BOMB.IRDING CONVENT OF GUADALUPE.This was the largest of four small boats, known as the " mosquito fleet," used to patrol the lake and rivers^

where they did most effectual work.

Denby. This commission was advisory to the Executive Department of the govern-

ment, and was vested with the authority to proclaim to the people of the Philip-

pine Islands a Modus Vivendi in their civic affairs, pending the action of Congress

in the premises. This was a strong commission and well constituted to deal with

the matter in hand. Mr. Denby had thirteen years' experience, as Minister to

China, in dealing with Oriental questions. Prof. Worcester had spent years in

the Philippines in the study of the people and the country. Pres. Schurman was

deeply learned in civic affairs and constitutional questions, and the military and

naval situation could not have been in abler hands.

This commission could not exceed the prerogative of the President, and the

Executive only had such power as accrued by the treaty of peace and the military

occupation of the countr}-. The most this commission or the President could do

was to arrange a temporary government, leaving to Congress the future govern-

ment or final disposition of the islands, and to make a general study of the situation,.

Cai//fiai<^ni>!!^ in the P/iiltppiiics. 153

FLAGS OF TRUCE IN STREETS OP CALOUCAN.

The appearance ol" some of the streets resembled a back yard on washday.

for the information of the President and Congress in determining our ultimate

policy with reference to the islands. Nothing came of any effort to establish a

temporary government, and the report of the commission on tlie general situation

was not publish-

ed when these

p a g e s wereprinted. Thecommission ar-

rived in Manila,

March 4, 1S<)'.>,

and on March

20th, organized

in session willi

Pres. Schurman,

President, andT. R. McArthur,

Secretary. OnApril 4, ISiiHI,

the commission

issued a procla-

mation to the Filipinos and after many recitals therein, showing the obligations of

the government to establish and maintain order in the islands and its good

wishes and desires in the interest of the people, it declared the intentions of

our government as follows:

1. The supremacy of the United States nitist and will be enforced throughout every part

of the archipelago. Those who resist can accomplish nothing except their own ruin.

2. The amplest hberty of self-government will be granted which is reconcilable with

just, stable, effective and economical administration, and compatible with the sovereign rights

and obligations of the United States.

3. The civil rights of the Filipinos will be guaranteed and protected, their religious free-

dom will be assured, and all will have equal standing before the law.

4. Honor, justice, and friendship forbid the exploitation of the people of the islands.

The purpose of the American government is the welfare and advancement of the Philippine

people.

5. The United States government guarantees an honest and effective civil service, in

which, to the fullest extent practicable, natives shall be employed.

6. The collection and application of taxes and other revenues will be put upon a sound,

honest and economical basis. The public funds, raised justly and collected honestly, will be

applied only to defraying the proper expenses of the establishment and the maintenance of

the Philippine government, and such general improvements as public intentions demand.

Local funds collected for local purposes shall not be diverted to other ends. With such

prudent and honest fiscal administration, it is believed the needs of the government will, in

a short time, become compatible with a considerable reduction in taxation.

7. The establishment of a pure, speedy and effective administration of justice, by which

the evils of delay, corruption and exploitation will be effectively eradicated.

8. The construction of roads, railroads, and other means of communication and transporta-

tion and other public works of manifest advantage to the people, will be promoted.

9. Domestic and foreign trade and commerce and other industrial pursuits, and the gen-

eral development of the country, in the interest of its inhabitants, will be the constant objects

oi solicitude and fostering care.

154 Caii!paiii>iiii,i^ in the /Vii/if)f>iiics.

10. Effective provision will be made for the eslablishnienl of elemeiilary schools, in

-which the children of the people will be educated. .\pi)ro])riate facilities will also be provided

for higher education.

11. Reforms in all de])artmeiits of government, all branches of the public .service, and all

corporations, closely touching the common life of the people, must be undertaken without

delay and effected confornia1)ly with common right and justice, in a way to satisfy the well-

founded demands and the highest sentiments and aspirations of the Philippine people.

The Filipino Junta at Hongkong, is.sued in reply its mahife.sto, in .substance

denying the rights, claimed by the American commission, on the part of the

United States, to govern or control the islands, or that the United States acquired

any right with reference thereto by virtue of the treaty of peace, and said further:

"The proclamation is a tissue of generalities, bristled with pharisaism and cant,

and vaguely promises much and grants nothing to the Filipinos, who are tired of

promises and servitude, what Spanish promises seem to the Americans."

A HOT eng.a.c;i;mf.nt on the PAsn, i i\ :i.AR CtWD.^LUPE.

CHAPTER VIII.

THE MARCH ON MALOLOS.

N the latter part of March, there had arrived at Manila a force

consisting of about 950 officers and 2.'*), 000 men, with more on

the way, and allowing for sickness and the defense of Manila,

(icn. Otis felt strong enough to assume the offensive. Agui-

naldo had established his headquarters and the civil capital at

Malolos, on the railroad, about twenty-five miles northwest of

Manila, where he was maintaining some sort of a civil govern-

ment, with a Congress and executive departments as prescribed

l)y the constitution which he had "proclaimed."*

Funds were derived from a revenue system which, including customs and a

poll tax, was rigidly enforced in all parts of the territory held by the insurrectos.

There were also large donations, voluntary or enforced, from wealthy Filipinos.

These funds were used for the purchase of arms and ammunition, which wereobtained from foreign sources, our fleet being insufficient to entirely prevent their

landing. There was little artillery except some old-fashioned pieces of little use

in modern warfare. The strength of the insurgent army was not very well

known, but was supposed to be about 30,000 men. It doubtless fluctuated from

week to week. The general in direct command of the insurrectos in front of Gen.

MacArthur was Gen. Antonio Luna.

It was generally believed that with sufficient force the rebel army could be

surrounded and captured, and with this capture of Aguinaldo there was goodreason to suppose that the rebellion would come to end. At any rate it would be

possible to dislodge and disperse the army and capture the capital, which of itself,

and without the capture of Aguinaldo, might end the trouble. Thus Malolos wasthe obvious objective of the American army as soon as it should be strong enoughto move at all, and preparations to that end were accordingly made. Major-General

MacArthur, being in command upon the north of the Pasig River, was naturally

assigned to the command of the movement.

POSITION OF THE OPPOSING ARMIES.

MacArthur' s Di\-ision lay substantiall}- where we left them at the close of

Chapter VII, facing northerly, and extending from a point on Manila Bay, near

Caloocan, easterly by I^a L,oma church to the Deposito and water-works; Otis'

Brigade on the left, by the bay, occupying about two and a half miles of the line,

and Hale's Brigade on the right, occupying, with its extension to the Pasig River

*See page 49.

156 Qjiitpaigniiii^ in the PIiHippi)ies.

opposite vSan Pedro Macati, about ten and a half miles. The line of the insur-

rectos extended alon^ the front of MacArthur's Division from Polo, through

Novaliches, to the Nanca River, with strong outposts at important points nearer

the American line.

RK-ORGAXIZ.\TION OF THE DIVI.SIOX.

For the purposes of this movement MacArthur's Division was re-organized on

March 17th, as follows: The Wyoming Battalion, the 13th Minnesota and l.st

Colorado, occupying the line from the San Juan River to the water-works (the 1st

Colorado guarding the water-works) with the 4th and one battalion of the 17th

U. S. Inf., were formed into a new 3d Brigade, under command of Brigadier-

General R. H. Hall, who had arrived on March 10th, and were left upon Hale's

old line to guard the water-works and Manila, and make such demonstrations as

were found desirable to keep the enemy occupied on its front. The remainder of

Hale's old brigade, consisting of the 10th Pennsylvania, 1st South Dakota, and

1st Nebraska Regiments, remained under Hale's command and were deployed

so as to form the right of the line in the advance. There was also with

this brigade two

Xordenfeldt guns

and a detachment

of the Utah UghtArtillery. At the

left of Hale, the

brigade of Gen. H.

G. Otis, consisting

of the FirstMontana. 20th

Kansas, and two

battalions odU.S.Art., (as infantry)

AX OLD SMOOrH-BORK CAN.NOX CAiriRKD FROM IN'SfROKXTS AT CALOO^VN. occupied a portion

of the front hitherto held by this brigade, while to the left of Otis, and next

to the bay, was stationed a new brigade transferred from the first division,

consisting of one battalion, 3d U. S. Inf., the 22d U. S. Inf., and eleven com-

panies of the Oregon Regiment. This brigade was commanded by Brigadier-

General lyloyd Wheaton, who had arrived at Manila on February 2od. It was

the intention that Wheaton' s Brigade should march in the rear as a support to the

other brigades as needed. The total number of troops under Gen. MacArthur

at the beginning of the movement was 11,578 officers and men, including Hall's

Brigade. The total of the three brigades engaged in the movement was 8682.

The number of effectives, howe\-er, was rapidl>- reduced.

THE NATURE OF THE COUNTRY.

The line of advance to Malolos ran parallel with the shore of the bay, near

w^hich the ground was low and marshy and cut up by a large number of inter-

connecting tidal estuaries called "esteros." From these lowlands there is a

gradual rise to a line of foothills which, near Caloocan, are about two and a half

Cainpaiv^iiiiii^ in (he I'/ii/ippincs. 157

SCrpPLV TRAIN' OX PONTOON' BRIDGE, AT MVRILAO RtVER .

miles from the lxi>- shore, l)ut gradually retreat, leaving a broad plain, intersected,

however, by frequent rivers and esteros, for the operations of the armies. Thenatural defenses of the insurrectos were along the line« of the rivers which flow

down from the foothills to the

bay. These lines were fully

utilized, as well as rises of

ground, timber, and all other

natural points of defense. Thecountr}- except where it was

actual swamp, was densely popu-

lated, and in a high state of

cultivation. It was mostly rice-

fields, intersected by low d\'kes

for retaining the irrigating

waters. During the rainy season

the rice-fields are flooded, and at that time militar\- movements over such lands

are not merely difficult but impossible. They are quagmires with no bottom

Avhich the soldiers can reach. In the dry season the earth, thrown up in makingthe ditches, affords partial protection to troops lying down. There were roads,

such as they were, traversing the plain, and the railroad embankment was of

course utilized for troops, but as the ground was contested at all points from the

start, the army moved forward, for the most part, over the fields, and for muchof the way in line of battle. The line of advance at the beginning of the move-

ment covered about eight miles.

NO GENERAL ENGAGEMENT.

While there was constant fighting along the whole line of the army, there wasno general engagement between large bodies of massed troops. In a general waythe line of advance was marked out for each brigade by the Division Commander,

who pushed forward or restrained the different brigades, to conform to his general

plan, which was quite carefully supervised by the Corps Commander at Manila;

but the actual fighting was under the direction of the Brigade Commanders, whowere charged with the duty of fighting their way to the points designated b}'

Gen. MacArthur. The Signal Corps kept the division and brigade headquarters

in touch by the field telegraph, so that general directions could be promptly given

and received, but all details were necessarily in charge of the Brigade Commanders.

The movement began on March 25th, and our army entered Malolos on Marcholst, but the details of our operations can be best understood by following the for-

tunes of the different brigades. The accounts of the movements of Hale's and

Otis' Brigades, as here given, are by a member of the staff of this book, whoaccompanied the column, and are given as written, for the picture they give of the

actual work of the troops. The account of the operations of Wheaton's Brigade

was written by an officer of the brigade, and, as will be seen, is a concise state-

ment of the military movements and their results. The narrative will be more

readily understood, if it is stated here, that on March 27th, Wheaton's Brigade

Avas detached from MacArthur' s Division and assigned to protecting the railroad

158 Ca])ipaiffnii!<^ in tlic Philippines.

communications, reporting directly to the Corps Commander. On April 2d, Gen.

Wheaton was assigned to the temporary command of the 1st Brigade, relieving

Gen. H. G. Otis, resigned, Gen. Wheaton retaining command of the troops on the

railroad.

OPERATIONS OF HALE'S BRIGADE.

With the 2d Brigade, as stated, were two Nordenfeldt guns and a detach-

ment of the Utah Light Battery, under Lieut. Naylor, accompanied by Lieut.

Perry, of the brigade staff. These advanced on March 2oth up the Masambong

sunken road, under cover of the infantry fire. Very soon the Filipinos, who were

well entrenched, opened en the infantry and artillery. The Americans advanced

almost on a run, and in less than an hour drove the insurgents from their trenches.

The Nebraskas, along the San Juan River, at San Francisco del Monte, rushed

into a hand-to-hand fight. The South Dakotas and Pennsylvanias gallantly

forced the barricades on the Masambong Road. Naylor' s guns did effec-

tive work, keeping abreast of the infantry firing line throughout the advance.

CAI irORNT \ TKI NCIII s M \K c UN VI NT HI (,I Ml \I I 1 I

As the writer crossed the field that morning, half an hour after the troops, he

found that the Americans had thrown away their rations and blanket rolls, and

that ambulance wagons were gathering up what could be found of the soldiers'

belongings ; also, however, they were bringing in the wounded of both forces,

and, while the Americans exhibited more tenderness towards their own wounded,

yet they did not neglect those of the enemj^ A dozen Filipino prisoners had

been captured, and these were given stretchers and made to carry their injured

companions to the ambulances. Neither were correspondents overlooked. TheHospital Corps gave to us "first aid" bandages, and asked us to do what we could

for the wounded rebels, who were scattered through the woods and in the rice-

fields. Behind the breastworks were appalling sights. Here an old man lay wel-

tering in his blood ; there a boy, his strong limbs shattered by Springfield bullets,

and yonder in the rice-fields were rebel soldiers in all attitudes of pain—the life-

blood bedewing the land they died to free. Some cried for water, and some for

cigarettes, and some for death. The fields were brown and unsown, but the next

year, how this red rain would nourish a harvest

!

IWX llll-

C(7i///>(7i^>/!>/x'' '" II>r Plnhppincs. 159

In the wocxls was an old man from Tarlac, who cried for water and a priest.

His leg was shattered by a Springfield bullet, and he said he felt the chill of death.

Through an interpreter we listened to his confession. He told us he had a wife

and five children at Tarlac, and

his last words were, "Forgive

me for fighting the Americans,

I did not know the kind of

people they were." Meanwhile

the brigade kept advancing

along the Novaliches Road.

After a fierce struggle the in-

surrectos gave up the villages

of Cabatukan and Talipapa. Theday was extremely hot, and many men fell out of the march, overcome by the

sun. About noon, the advance was ordered in a northwesterly direction along the

Tuliahan River. At a ford of this river, where there was an uncompleted bridge,

a small body of the 4th Cav. attached to the division, ran into a strong position of

the enemy. In a few minutes twelve of the cavalrymen had fallen. Gen. Mac-

Arthur immediately sent the Utah Battery to their aid. The rebels were driven

out after a short fight, and the brigade bivouacked for the night along the river,

the Nebraskas, South Dakotas and Pennsylvanias guarding the ridges. Theinsurgents came in force towards the rear of our array that night, but were held in

check by Maj. Allison's Battalion of the South Dakotas, sent back as rear outpost.

At the Tuliahan Bridge in one rail which had been used in an entrenchment, were

found ninety-six bullet marks.

On the 26th of March, Gen. Hale marched northwesterly across the country

towards Polo, a town on the Dagupan railroad, supposed to contain a strong force

of rebels. Near the railroad he effected a junction with the 1st Brigade, and

soon after Gen. MacArthur directed him to deploy north of the 1st Brigade and

take such action against the town of Polo as circumstances might render advisable.

While he was deploying the Pennsylvanias, facing west towards Polo, the Filipinos

opened a brisk fire on that regiment from the north, and the South Dakotas were

directed to form on the Pennsylvanias' right in a semi-circle around the crest of a

hill facing north and east, while the Nebraskas, as a general reserve, were placed

in the rear.

By three o'clock in the afternoon, Hale was ready to begin operations on

Polo, or rather, on Me^xauayan, as it turned out, the enemy having retreated to

the strong entrenchments south of the latter town. The insurrectos kept con-

tinually harassing the brigade from the right flank, and Maj. Howard's Battalion

of the South Dakotas was sent into the woods in that direction to drive them off.

The main attack began by the discharge of the Utah Battery guns, followed bythe Nebraska Hotchkiss gun, which did effective work on the eastern entrench-

ments. The Filipinos fought valiantly, and covered their retreat with considerable

skill. At four o'clock the Pennsjdvanias and South Dakotas advanced on the en-

trenchments, the Nebraskas following as a reserve. Gen. Hale cleverh^ placed his

men so that the South Dakotas' right flanked the insurgents' left, demoralizing the

160 Ca)npais[ni>ij^ in {lie I'/ii/ippiiies.

enemv and driving him back all along the line. While Gen. Hale was thus engaged,

riding along the firing line, he came upon the South Dakotas while they were

under a hot fire from the rebels, entrenched in woods and villages acro.ss the Mey-

cauayan railroad bridge. In endeavoring to ascertain the position of the enem\-

he was exposed to a brisk fusillade and received a painful, though not serious

wound on the knee.

Seeing that it was necessary at once to flank the enemy's trenches across the

river, he sent Capt. Krayenbuhl to bring up Lieutentant-Colonel Stover's Battalion

for this work. Capt. Krayenbuhl had just brought up the battalion, under heavy

fire, when he was fatally wounded. Col. vStotsenberg came up with part of his

Nebraska troops and reported that it would be necessary to flank the entrench-

ments from the railroad bridge, and was told that the South Dakotas' left had just

swung around to do this, and to co-operate with them in this work which he did

gallantly and effectively.

Gen. Hale, his knee having been bandaged, conducted the companies on the

right up the railroad, and personally directed the fire from the embankment against

the trenches across the river. After capturing the railroad embankment, the river

bank and the bridge, the South Dakota and Nebraska men drove the enemy from

their earthworks and killed many of them as they ran across the plain. Ninet}^-

six Filipino dead were counted in the vicinit}'.

The Nebraska troops were then directed to take possession of the Meycauayan

railroad station, about 1000 yards north of the bridge, and extend their line 500

yards eastward into the plain. The South Dakotas were deployed across the

plain on the Nebraskas' right, with their own right thrown back on the river. After

locating the troops. Gen. Hale returned across the river, reconnoitered the town of

Meycaua3'an and esteros to the west, and placed the Pennsylvanias on the Nebras-

kas' left, extending westward through Meycauayan. This arrangement put the

brigade in a crescent, with its right flank on the river and its left flank on an estero.

THK SLPl'LV TRAIN FOLLO\VI.NI, II' TROOPS OX THK ADVANCK ON MALOLOS.

This crescent formation prevents flanking b}- the enemy, and enables a skilled

commander cleverly to change his formation to meet all exigencies.

During the forenoon of the 27th of March, the 2d Brigade advanced toward

the Marilao River, the South Dakotas acting as advance guard, the Nebraskas and

Pennsylvanias as the main body. At noon the insurrectos opened fire upon the

COLONELS OF VOLUNTEKR REGIMENTS WHO WON THEIR STAR IN THE JUNGLES OF LLZON.

1. Brigadier-Gexeral Irving Hale (Colorado Regiment), appointed August 13, 1898. 2. Brigadier-General Frederick Funstox (Kansas Regiment), appointed May 4, 1899. 3. Brig.\dier-Gexer.\l Owex'Summers (.Oregon Regiment), appointed (Brevet) May 24, 1899. 4. Brigadier-Gexeral James F. Smith (Cali-

fornia Regiment), appointed April 2.'), 1899. o. Brig.adier-Gexer.a.l H.\rry C. Kessler (Montana Regiment),appointed (Brevet) October 4, 1899. 6. Brigadier-Gexer.\l C. McC. Reeve (Minnesota Regiment), appointedAugust 13, 1898. 7. Colonel Johx H. Wholley (Washington Regiment) recommended for Brevet.

Cainpji<^)ii>t<^ i>i the P/ii/ippiues. 161

advance skirmish line of the South Dakotas ( Maj. Howard's BattaHon) from entrench-

ments in the woods south of the river. This line pressed on, and Lieutenant-

Colonel Stover and Maj. Allison rushed forward their battalions to its support,

Col. Frost personally superintending; the advance of the entire line. The Filipinos

contended foot by loot for the ground. From one line of trenches to the next,

S.'VN JUAX BRIDGE, TAKEN SOON AFTER THE BATTLE OF SAMTA MESA.

Compauies of the Tennessee, Colorado and Nebraska Regiments charged over the bridge in a most gallant

manner, in the face of murderous fire.

they fell back. Then they crossed the river and formed in strong trenches there.

Again the victorious Americans pursued them, the South Dakotas wading waist-

deep in the stream, and with wild cheers, charged up the opposite bank on the

sullen foe. After one of the hardest fought battles of the campaign, the Filipinos

were again routed, the South Dakota Regiment losing three officers and six menkilled and twenty-three men wounded. Admiration is divided between the wild

valor of the Americans and the courageous defense of the Filipinos. All through

the afternoon they kept up a desultory fire from the woods across the plain to

the north and a bitter enfilading fire along the north bank of the river, wound-

ing several of our men, who returned their attacks with spirit, the enemy

evidently covering in this way his obstinate retreat.

As night came on, large bodies of insurrectos, apparently brought from the

north by trains, formed and deployed along the north side of the plain, 2000 yards

away, covering the entire front of MacArthur's Division. The.se at once began

a hot fusillade all along our lines. The 8d Art., (l.st Brigade) on the left of the

railroad replied with Krag-Jorgensens. Gen. Hale found his line exposed on the

right to a galling enfilading fire and instructed his troops to lie low behind their

entrenchments until the enemy were within 600 yards before returning their fire.

This order was given in view of the fact that the Springfield rifle is much inferior

in range to the Mauser of the Filipinos. On this occasion it seems that the enemy

pressed very closely upon the right flank of the Nebraskas, w'ho charged before

the order was given. The rest of the regiment, seeing their comrades pursuing

the foe, joined in the charge and drove the insurrectos across the plain two miles

to a wooded ridge. The South Dakotas were sent forward half way across the

plain to support the Nebraskas, who were afterwards withdrawn to the river

where the whole brigade encamped lor the night.

162 Caiiipai'^iiiiii:^ in tlic Philippines.

\Mr.i lANcr WAOnx at i.a I,()^rA ciirncii.

The next day the whole of MacArthur's Division remained at Marilao recuper-

ating^, brin<;ing up the supply trains and issuing rations and ammunition. On

reconnoitering, the patrols found that the ridge captured by the Nebraskas the

day before, was

still unoccupied,

although someinsurrectos were

und near the

lailroad. OnMarch 29th, the

gade advanc-

on the east

side of the rail-

road track. TheNebraskas then

moved on the

., h t of the

)rigade against

the ridge which

they had captured on the night of the 27th. They swung to the left, and flanked

the enemy in front of the Pennsylvanias and Dakotas. The Nebraskas engaged the

enemy at 7:30 in the morning, and pursued them across the Bocaue River towards

Santa Maria. A company of Nebraskas then caused the town to be evacuated.

The South Dakotas and Pennsylvanias crossed the river without serious opposi-

tion, and the w^hole command arrived at the Bigaa River about noon, where the

enemy had partially destroyed the railroad and the bridges. A fire had been set

to the bridge, and 100 feet of the railroad track torn up, but the Yankee troops

came up too rapidly, and the fire was extinguished leaving the bridge practically

uninjured, while the road was easily repaired.

These marches were usually commenced just after daylight. The morning

hours in the tropics are the coolest and the men can then work without suffering

from the heat. The hours from four to six in the afternoon are also favorable for

hard work. Accordingly, at half past three o'clock the march from Bigaa was

resumed and the Guiguinto River reached about five. As there was no sign of a

concealed foe the Pennsylvanias began to cross the bridge. When about fifteen

men had passed over and deployed, the insurrectos, from a ridge at some distance,

opened a hot flisillade on the bridge and the railroad track. Col. Hawkins, who

was with his advanced line when the attack was made, gallantly returned the fire

with the few men who were already on the ground deploying; the others as they

came up held the position until enough troops were on the line to repulse the

enemy, the Pennsylvanias standing well to their guns while Gen. Hale hurried the

remainder of the regiment across, Maj. Howard's Battalion of South Dakotas

quickly came up and took a position on the right. The 20th Kansas, of the

1st Brigade, and the Utah guns and rapid fire guns also crossed and came into

the action. A barricade across the railroad track was demolished by the artillery.

At this bridge the Filipinos were doing very good work with their Mausers with

Caiiifxiii^iiiiiii' ill //if Phi/ippiiica. 163

wliich the>- iired on our men, armed wilh vSprinj;tields, without cominy; into

effective ran^e of the latter. But when the cannon began to speak, the enemy

gave up their position on the hill. Lieut. Perry of the Brigade Staff, was slightly

wounded in this engagement. As darkness was drawing on, the troops camped

for the night on the river bank. The men enjoyed their evening meal in peace,

and many of them had a swim in the mild waters.

The forenoon of the following day w^as passed in bringing up the train, and

issuing rations and ammunition. In the afternoon preparations were made to

renew the march on the Filipino capital. When the brigade had reached a point

west of the Guiguinto River, it met with a scattering, insurrecto fire. The Gen-

eral perceived soon after that a party of Filipinos were coming down the railroad

track, apparently with the intention to surrender. He sent out a man to meet

them, but as he approached, the F'ilipinos ran back towards their own lines.

Sometime later a second party appeared on the track, and this time a Filipino was

.sent out to interview them. They, however, made some paltry excuse for their

action, and it became evident that they were trying to spy upon our lines, or lead

our troops into a trap. No further attempt was made to communicate with them,

but, as a precaution. Hale advanced one company of Pennsylvanias, and one cofli-

pany of Kan?ans(lst Brigade), to take possession of entrenchments, supposed to be

unoccupied. But the wily enemy, from his cover where he had been watching

like a panther, sent his fire into our men the moment they advanced. Nothing

daunted, however, the two companies with great dash and vim went at the posi-

tion and took it, without the loss of a man. Then camp was made once more.

In all our marching, fighting and bivouacking, it was cheering to see how readilv

the troopsadapted things

to their com-

fort. Thus, one

.swam into a

river to catch

.some ducks for

his eveningmeal ; another

boy had a game-

cock, captured

at the last vil-

lage, while the

rank and file

fell upon the

pigs and chick-

ens and made a

vast slaughter

of them. In

fact, it soon came to be a settled thing that no self-respecting hen would trust

herself inside the American lines. When we entered a captured place, the first

question asked, was: "Well, comrade, are hens flying high?" If there were a

BACALOR Cm-RCn, SHoWITsi111; 1,1 1

EFFECT OF BOMBARDMENT, AND GUN THATIN THK " MONADNOCK."

164 Caiiif)aii^ni)tii' in tJic Phi/ippiiu'S.

few shacks, or some bamboo tables, or Filipino stretchers, the boys would get at

these things and put them to use in the most ingenious way. They sometimes

entered the abandoned houses, but there was little left to take away. If there

was a white flag or any sign of peaceful inhabitant, they were invariably left

unmolested. All "pacificos" were encouraged to return to their homes, and to

pursue their peaceful avocations.

On the night of March oOth, a reconnaissance was made by Gen. Hale, and

trenches with insurrectos in them, were found at Santa Isabel, the eastern suburb

of Malolos. Outposts were placed along the edge of the woods, the Utah Battery

and the infantry detachments built emplacements for guns on each side of the

railroad, and preparations were made to attack Malolos in the morning.

Shortly after dawn, on March 31st. the 2d Brigade advanced up the right side

of the railroad in the following order: The Nebraskas on the right moved fifteen

minutes after the Utah Battery had opened fire; the South Dakotas marched in the

center five minutes after the Nebraskas; the Pennsylvanias, with their left near

WARD IN FIRST RKSERVE HOSPITAI,. Photo hi/ Little

the railroad, moved five minutes later than the Dakotas. This made a crescent

formation concave toward the enemy, enveloping his left flank, and compelling

him to abandon his trenches and the town of Malolos, thus facilitating the entrance

of the 1st Brigade which moved up the west side of the track into the town itself.

At half past six the Filipinos began to fire. The fire at this time was not

heavy nor long continued, and it soon became evident either that Malolos was

being evacuated b}' the enemy, or Aguinaldo was holding fire for strategic reasons.

The first supposition turned out to be the true one. After the brigade had

crossed the Malolos Creek and the Malolos-Quingua Road it wheeled to the left

across a broad open plain under a galling Mauser fire from the railroad embank-

ment, which could not be effectively returned by our men, armed mostly with

Springfield rifles. The Hotchkiss gun of the Nebraskas fired three shots at the

foe, retreating up the railroad track 2000 yards away. The shots seemed to strike

right among the fleeing insurgents. At half past ten, Gen. Hale's commandreached Barasoain Station, the northwest suburb of Malolos. In accordance with

Ou/ipdii^fii/ii;- in the Philipfyines. IBS

instructions from Oen. MacArtliur, it was afterwards swung back upon the

Malolos-Quingua Road, where it remained until the advance upon Calumpit began.

In the advance from Manila to Malolos, the losses on the staff were four;

in the Pennsylvanias, thirty -eight ; in tlie South Dakotas sixty -two; in the

Nebraskas, eighty-seven, making a total of one hundred and ninet\-one. Oneofficer on the staff was killed, and two officers and one orderly wounded; in the

Pennsylvanias four enlisted men were killed, and two officers and thirty-two menwounded; in the South Dakotas three officers and four men were killed, and twoofficers and fifty-three men wounded; in the Nebraskas six enlisted men werekilled, and four officers and seventy-sev^en men wounded. This is the mosteloquent tribute to the bra\'er\- of these regiments.

The total distance marched by the right flank from March 2oth to 31st wassixty-six miles, or over three times the air-line distance from Caloocan to Malolos.

This was due to the repeated turning movements executed by the 2d Brigade to

flank the enemy out of entrenched positions, and render the advance along the

railroad less deadly. As the result of this arduous and dangerous campaign, in

addition to those already mentioned, one officer and four enlisted men died from

the effects of their wounds before the march on Calumpit, and large numbers wereobliged to return to Manila sick and suffering from heat prostration. This is not

surprising, when we consider the heav^y weight which the men had to carry

in this rough country. Each soldier was loaded wnth gun, with strap andbayonet, belt, haversack, mess-kit, canteen full of water or coffee, one day's ra-

tions, 100 to 150 rounds of ammunition, and poncho hung in belt.

OPERATIONS OF GEN. OTIS" BRIGADE.

At 6 P. M. on the 25th, the column, consisting of 2184 officers and men,advanced from near the La Loma church and to the right and left of it—at right

angles to Caloocan and the Balantasig Road.

Kansas line, " Let us throw away our

rations and blankets and go at the niggers

with guns, canteens and ammunition alone."

The writer crossed the field of war half an

hour after the engagement. The boys had

dropped their cans of beef and salmon, their

blankets and camp kit; they kept their can-

teens and guns, and went at the foe. With

such a brigade of fighters, the Filipinos

thought all pandemonium was after them.

They fought bravely at the first onset, but

it was soon evident that the white man's

ner\'e and the white man's science were^^^ ^i,,isrM:i i-. i m . x <ii,.i. 1 1 , iim-i

too much for the wild valor of Aguinaldo's ni w w km 11

i..

mountain men. Before two hours had passed the 3d Art. and the Kansans had

gained the north bank of the Tuliahan River, the men intrepidly swimming the

stream in the face of a severe fire. It was a short range, and the brave little

regiment, the 3d Art., lost heavilv. But the loss thev inflicted was greater still.

The word was wh

ir>6 CaDipaigiiiiii^ in the J'/iilippines.

Lieut. Abernethy of the od Art. distinguished himself for gallantry, but every

man in the command was equally worthy of high praise. In a trench in front of

the Kansans, there were thirty Filipinos. These men fought till twenty-six were

dead, two mortallj' wounded, one slightly

wounded, and only one man got away.

Owing to the thorny thickets, dense jungles,

bamboo belts, difficult streams and deep

morasses, the Montanas w^ere delayed, but

they fought a terrific fight, and joined the line

as the evening lights were beginning to soften

the land. In the first day's fight our loss in

this brigade was sixty-eight killed and

wounded. Information of the burning and

evacuation of Malabon came to us here amongthe cane brakes. The brigade bivouacked at

the Tuliahan River.

On the morning of the 2(ith as we started

(nit towards Polo and Malinta we saw a cloud

of smoke like a great volcano towering up into

the air. All along the sun-beaten track of

road our men reclined in the shade where

the}' could get it; or tried their luck in the

empty houses along the march looking for

water. The natives usually left a fine supply

of good water in earthern jars. We lay still

for several hours in a hot tropic forenoon.

A party of correspondents found two bushels

of ripe tomatoes. They happened to be in the Pennsylvania lines just then and

went down the lines with the tomatoes, the excellent find lasted till the}' had gone

along a line of 200 men.

At last the order was given to advance. I saw one old grizzly captain, if I

remember rightly it was Capt. Baltwood of the 20th Kansas, watcl;iiig his men

and carefully keeping them under the trees whenever there was a chance to find

retreat from the pursuing rays of the sun. I noted also, that he and his men were

like untamed panthers when the battle was on. Well, down a hot dusty road werushed; soon firing, and by the tack-tack sound we knew that it was a Mauser;

then an angry roar as of unchained lions where the penned martyrs are; then a

confusion of such sounds punctuated by the snarl of the cannon—then a hush.

In the headquarters a party are waiting. Around are the officers and the reporters

and foreign attaches. The attache from Japan is making careful notes; of how

the Krag penetrates, of how the Mauser carries, of how the Springfield kicks, of

how superb and accurate is the firing of the American soldier. He starts suddenly

and well he may; death came near enough his door to have made a call. ARemington in an angry way drilled a hole on the under side of his leg and after

burrowing in the ground came out a foot away from him. The men across in the

STRKKT IN TONDO DISTRICT AFTlCIl BATTLEOF FEBRUARY 2od.

Caiii/>aii:^iiii!<^' in llw J'liUif^piucs. 107

reserve are lying low, for bullets are barking the trees all around them—yet they

talk and joke as if this was only an April holiday.

The reserves are ordered up. Out of the woods and into the wide rice-fields

they go; they deploy to the right; Wheaton's Brigade is on their left cutting its

way through woods afire and fields aflame. Already the brave Col. Egbert of the

22d Regulars, is down with his death wound, and other hearts are going to break

in far away America. Down the road we looked in the edges of the woods and

the grass for any man that might need hel]-). On a cot a man lay full six feet, a

big brave boy ten minutes ago. He drew a few breaths and then reported for

duty in other fields.

Smashing us from o:ie side and another the insurrectos retreated inch l^y inch

stubbornly contesting the ground. hX the close of day we had Polo and Malinta.

Both towns had been fired by the signed order of Gen. lyUna.

This day the brigade lost eleven in killed and wounded. We passed the night

near Polo. The 10th Pennsvlvanias were detached for service in the 1st Brigade.

BRIDGE AT MAI,ABON, SHOWING SPAN' BLOWN OIT HV I NSI-RGF.NTS.

On the 27th of March the brigade advanced at 7 A. m. When they reached

the next town, Meycauayan, they found it in flames, fired by the orders of Gen.

lyuna. Passing on up the railroad track in the direction of the insurrecto capital,

they arrived at Marilao early in the day. The enemy was here discovered in

unknown strength, and Col. Funston with three battalions went after them. It

was a hot fight but the indomitable Colonel and the unsubdued Kansans drove

them back. As before, the enemy fought well at first, but was overcome by the

v/hite man's nerve, skill and staying power, and by his immense superiority in

weapons.

In the afternoon the Kansans crossed the bridge which had already been

crossed by the 3d Art., which Gen. Otis calls " a small, but effective regiment,"

with the loss of eighteen in killed and wounded. The Montanas, as a train and

artillery guard, came up to mend the bridge. Camp was made for the night at

the Marilao River. The loss of the command at the bridge was four.

On the following day the Bocaue and Bigaa Rivers v/ere crossed. The horses

were made to swim. The column flanked Bulacan, lying west near the bay, and

reported to be occupied by Aguinaldo's troops. The leader here was said to be

Gen. Gregorio del Pilar with 500 men.

168 CiDiipaifcnuii^ in llic /'hi/ippines.

Guiguinto was reached on the afternoon; the lUth Pennsylvania and the Kan-sans crossed the bridge, and the ;>d Art. and Montanas camped on the south side

of the river. Indications of demoralization among the enemy were frequent. Yetfrom later knowledge of them, they were evidently conducting a rear guardfight and doing it with great skill, as thev had done on former occasions.

SQUAD OF MONTANA Ml.N ON THK MkIN<; I,IN1.; N1;AK MALOLOS. P/into 1,1/ /.illi,

.

All the bridges were saved, but man}- houses were destroyed. Sometimes the

rebels set fire to them; sometimes they were burned after our army came into the

towns. March 30th, we marched to the rebel trenches, two miles from Malolos.

There we found a small party strongly entrenched near the railroad. The rail-

road had been the vertebra, as it were, of the advancing division. On either side

of this w^ere long, low stretches of level grounds, dotted with villages and settle-

ments, and interspersed by bamboo belts about every mile of the way. On this

railroad then, the insurgent forces suddenly opened on Otis and his staff. Gen.MacArthur was also on the ground at the time with his staff. One company of

the 10th Pennsylvania and one company of the Kansans repelled this attack; the

2d Brigade with the rest of MacArthur's Division marched on Malolos at the

break of day on March 31st. The 20th Kansas w^ere on the right of the brigade,

the Montanas in the center, and the 3d Art. on the left. The advance uncoiled

itself slowly, like a great python, across the lagoons and marshes. On the right

there was some heavy firing, but Malolos was taken Avith scarcely a blow, the

army of Aguinaldo having evacuated the place. Smoke and flames Avere .seen

issuing from the palace of the President of the Filipino Republic. The " nipa"

huts were also in flames. The frenzied inhabitants were determined to destroytheir homes and die for what they considered their sacred liberties.

The Montanas were nearest the town, and Otis sent them forward to occupy it,

which they did at 9:40, according to Gen. Otis' report. At 9:45 the Montanascame to the public square. The house of the Filipino Congress was in flames.

Maj. Kobbe, of the 3d Art., came up at once; Col. Funston and the Kansans hadentered at 9:30, going in at a point near the railroad line. At ten o'clock theKansans reported, and shortly after the 1st Brigade flag, surmounted by the

Caiiipaiiiitiiii^ in thv I'/ii/ippiiws. 169

national colors, floated from the staff, erected in fr<Jiit of the head([uarters of the

insurgent government. The flag was given by Companj' C> of the Montanas.

When it was raised a might}' cheer went up.

No burning b>' our troops was allowed. Looting was strictl}' forbidden, andall public and private property was put under guard. Perfect order was main-

tained in the city. The Montanas and the .'Jd Art. were sent to guard the town.

Scouting parties and outposts were posted.

The total loss of the brigade in all its actions including the capture of Malolos

on March 31st, was 285 killed and wounded, more than ten per cent of the command.

Col. Funston, Col. Kessler, and Maj. Kobbe were mentioned for gallant con-

duct, and special distinction was asked for them from the War Department. After

seven days of hard fighting the insurgent capital was taken. Of the men under

him Gen. Harrison Gray Otis writes :

'

' They have shown in an eminent degree

the (qualities of good soldiers, obedience to discipline, endurance, courage, steadi-

ness, patriotism, and magnificent ardor in battle."

OPERATIONS OF WHEATON'S BRIGADE.*

On March 22d, Gen. Wheaton received orders from Headquarters Department

of the Pacific and Eighth Army Corps to report for temporary duty with his brigade

to Major-General MacArthur. The brigade consisted of one battalion 3d U. S. Inf.,

just landed from transport, 22d U. S. Inf., and eleven companies 2d Oregon \'ol-

unteer Inf., in all 2241 officers and enlisted men effective for duty. The night of

March 24th, this brigade relieved the 1st Brigade, .second division, Brigadier-

General Otis, in the trenches extending from the left, west of Caloocan, to the

vicinity of La Loma church. This disposition was made in the darkness, without

the enemy gaining any knowledge of it, although their entrenchments were close in

I RKNCHI.S A.NIi iminGK AT CAMM PIT.

front and our movements exposed to his short-range fire. The 2d Oregon wasplaced on the left, 22d U. S. Inf. on the right, the battalion 3d Inf. in the

enclosure, or wall, about Caloocan church, and near the center. March 25th,

soon after daylight, Major-General MacArthur commenced his movement by

* Written b^- an officer of the brigade.

170 Campais^nitis; in the Philippines.

advancing his right brigade to attack the enemy in the trenches on his front, and

to advance his right on Polo. Soon after, his left took up the movement and

advanced to the front and left his artillery near the center, advancing with his lines.

As soon as the left brigade moved. Gen. Wheaton advanced one battalion of

the22d Inf. on his right to cover the movement of the od U. S. Art.—foot—on Gen.

SrCTION )1- l-IKST Rl.SF.KVi: IK III \I . T-SED FOR WOUNDED FILIPINOS. Photo by Lillie.

MacArthur's left. The turning movement having sufficiently developed to threaten

the rebel entrenchments on their left flank, Gen. Wheaton directed that fire be

opened on the rebel entrenchments on his front by the guns of the Utah Light

Artiller}', 1st. Lieut. George W. Gibbs, and at 8:30 a. m. directed his whole line to

advance in the following order: 22d U. S. Inf., Col. H. C. Egbert, on the right to

endeavor to keep in touch and communication with the 8d U. S. Art. on the left of

Otis' Brigade; MacArthur's Division, one battalion 3d U. S. Inf., Capt. Cooke,

center; two companies on the east side of the railroad track and two on the west

side. Second Oregon Volunteer Inf., Col. O. Summers, left extending to near the

channel separating Malabon from the mainland. The rebels were found in their

entrenchments in great force, and line after line of their works was carried with

the utmost gallantry. The roll of the infantry fire was now continuous and in-

tense; the heaviest fighting at this time falling on the 2d Oregon and two companies

of 3d U. S. Inf. By 11:30 a. m. the enemy was thrown to the line of entrench-

ments along the Tuliahan River, having been driven from their successive lines

of entrenchments with great slaughter. The two guns of the Utah Light Battery

were now brought up from the line of works in front of Caloocan to a point on

the railroad track, nine hundred yards from the bridge across the Tuliahan; a

Hotchkiss revolving cannon was sent to the extreme left to keep down the fire of

the enemy coming from across the channel near Malabon. Their block-houses andentrenchments along the river on the north bank were shelled. A battalion of

two companies of the 23d U. S. Inf., one hundred and fifty-nine officers and enlisted

men, Capt. S. B. Pratt, having been sent out from the city, were placed on the right

with instructions to connect with the left of Otis' Brigade, which was done byfording the Tuliahan. Late in the afternoon, a despatch was received from

Caiitpaii^niiii^ in tin- /'/li/ippines. 171

Gen. MacArthur lliat it was pr()lxil)le, owIiil; to tlie difficulties of the country,

that he would not be able to place his right at Polo that day, but hoped to be

there early next morning. Gen. Wheaton now suspended his forward movement,in order that the enemy might not be driven beyond Polo or Malinta before the

ground in that vicinity had been .seized by Gen. MacArthur. Night closed

with Gen. Wheaton's right connecting with Otis' Brigade of the second

division, and the line close to the Tuliahan, with the enemy all driven to the

north bank. March 2()th, at daylight, the indications were that the enemy waspreparing for retreat.

The cit}' of Malabon, on the left, was on fire, and a stream of fugitive soldiers,

of the enemy, and inhabitants, was pouring from the city toward the north. Col.

Egbert was ordered to ford the Tuliahan River with his regiment—the 22d V . S.

Inf.—near the right, and form line perpendicular to the river, his right to the

north, his left to be supported by the battalion 2od U. S. Inf. By 11a. m. all

entrenchments near the river were carried, the 2d Oregons on the left meeting

with an obstinate resistance. Gen. Wheaton crossed the river in person at this

time near the railroad bridge, and the rebels opened fire from an entrenchment

halfway, from the river to Malinta, from walls, loopholed for musketrj^ about the

church, and from entrenchments at Malinta. The 22d V. S. Inf was ordered to

form line, facing the entrenchments, and to charge and carry them, which the

regiment did with great gallantry. Col. H. C. Egbert was mortally wounded in

this charge, and died soon after. At the same time the 2d Oregon, on the left,

carried everything before it. The 3d U. S. Art. now—about 12 m.—entered

Malinta. The enemy fled north, pursued by Gen. MacArthur' s center and right.

Gen. Wheaton's whole brigade went into camp at Malinta, the two remaining

battalions of the 3d U. S. Inf. having joined from the transport about dark.

March 27th, under order from the Division Commander, the 2d Oregon was left at

Malinta, and the rest of the brigade joined head of column. The battalion of the

23d U. S. Inf. was returned to Manila. At 8:40 A. M. Gen. Wheaton received a

despatch from the Department Commander to be under his orders direct, and to

keep railroad open in the rear of Gen. MacArthur' s Division. March 2Sth, the 3d

jrsT liici'oui-; thi: advancic.

and 22d Infs. marched to Marilao. March 29th, the Marilao was crossed and the

brigade marched up the railroad. March 30th, the 13th Minnesota Volunteer Inf.

was assigned to Gen. Wheaton's command. Column moved at 6:30 A. M. All trains

were left at Bocaue with one battalion 22d U. S. Inf., as guard. The column

reached Guiguinto at 9:30 A. m., and before dark the 3d U. S. Inf., Col. Page, and

CcDiipaigiiiiig in the Philippines.

two battalions 22d U. S. Inf. were in bivouac, one half mile in rear of Major-

General MacArthur's line of battle, one and one-half to two miles from Malolos.

In conference with Gen. MacArthur it was decided that Gen. Wheaton should

support his attack on the enemy's position, in front of Malolos, by supporting his

left wMth two battalions 22d U. S. Inf. and his right with three battalions 3d

U. S. Inf. March olst, soon after daylight the five battalions mentioned were

placed, deployed in two lines of skirmishers, closed to two and one-half paces

interval; distance between lines, 500 yards. The right and left battalions to lap

over and beyond the line of battle of the division. Action commenced about 7

A. M., the left occupying Malolos, the enemy's capital, early in the day. Gen.

Wheaton was with the right and opened fire on an entrenchment of the enemy

with Hotchkiss revolving cannon, soon after the line was formed.

After some maneuvering, Hale's Brigade carried the enemy's works, and pur-

sued him in the direction of Calumpit. The entire movement from the lines in

front of Caloocan to Malolos was a complete success. Great damage and heavy

loss in killed and wounded was inflicted upon the rebels, and nowhere were the

WHERE THE NEBRASKA REGIMENT I.OSr TWELVE MEN WITHIN FIFTY YARDS. rhot:> h,i R.mnter.

enemy able to considerably retard the advance. They were in strong force in front

of our lines on March 25th. In front of Gen. Wheaton' s Brigade their entrench-

ments were held by not less than 4000 men, mostly armed with Mauser rifles. Theconduct of our officers and men was distinguished by daring and the utmost

energ}-. Gen. Wheaton expresses the highest admiration for the distinguished

gallantry of Col. Harry C. Egbert, 22d U. S. Inf., who fell at Malinta during the

charge of his regiment upon the enemj-'s entrenchments. He should be held in

grateful remembrance b}' his country-men. The gallant conduct of Col. O. Summers,

2d Oregon \"olunteer Inf., on March 25th and 2(ith, is worthy of the highest

praise. He maneuvered his regiment with ability and did excellent service, in-

spiring his command which fought with courage and determination. The con-

duct of Capt. John G. Ballance, 22d U. S. Inf., was distinguished for courage and

skill. His ability in handling his battalion under the enemj-'s fire is worthy of

the highest consideration. Gen. Wheaton states that he is indebted for valuable

asistance to Capt. H. C. Cabell, 3d U. S. Inf., Assistant Adjutant-General U. S. V.;

1st lyieut. F. D. Webster, 20th Inf., Aide-de-camp; 2d I^ieut. W. D. Connor,

Campai_s:>n>ii^ in the /Vnlippines. 173

Corps of Engineers, Actiiij^ Aide-de-camp, and "id Lieut A. P. Hayne, Battery A,California Volunteer Heavy Artillery, Acting Aide-de-camp; that they carried

his orders to all parts of the field during these operations; he expresses his thanksfor the courage and ability with which they carried his orders. Gen. Wheatonalso states that Maj. G. F. Shiels, Brigade Surgeon of Volunteers, rendered

valuable ser\-ice in bringing wounded from the most exposed places, and in many-

instances carrying orders under the heaviest fire of the enemy.

THE GILMORE INCIDENT.

In the latter part of March, during the period covered by this chapter,

the gunboat Yorktoicn was ordered to patrol the coast of lyUzon. After

liberating foreign residents in towns where they were held as prisoners,

the Yorktoicn proceeded nortliward as far as the province of El Principe,

stopping at the capital town of Bales, where she arrived April 12th. Theprovince contains about 50,000 inhabitants, and is a mountainous countrj-.

The town of Bales has a population of nearh' 12,000, and is ten days' distant byland from Manila—three days on horseback, and seven by coach. So isolated is

the place that neither the natives nor Spanish residents were aware of events

transpiring in Manila, nor of their changed relations to each other, or the world.

The Spanish had maintained a garrison at Bales, which for nearly a year hadbeen besieged by the insurrectos, a siege which was continued nothwithstanding

surrender of Spain's claims to sovereignty. The garrison consisted of eighty-

three soldiers, three officers and two priests, who were defending themselves in a

church. The mission of the Yorkton'u was to acquaint the insurrectos with the

change in government, and to rescue the beleaguered garrison. On the arrival of

the Yorktoicn, Lieut. J. C. Gilmore, and Ensign \V. H. Standley were directed to

proceed up the river in the Yorktoicn' s launch, making soundings, and discover-

ing the conditions of affairs at Bales. On arriving at the mouth of the river,

linsign Standley landed, and Gilmore with a party from the gunboat proceeded

up the stream, soon being concealed from view by a bend in the shore. Shortly

after losing sight of the boat, Standley heard a bugle call, followed by three volleys

and cheering. That the launch had been surprised by insurrectos, he did not

doubt, and as the automatic gun with which the boat was equipped, made no

reply, it seemed almost certain that Gilmore and party had been killed, or taken

prisoners.

Returning to the ship with this report, search was instituted for the Lieu-

tenant, his party, and the launch, but nothing coming to light about either, after

a few da^-s, during which the Filipinos refused to communicate with the Americanofficers, the Yorktoicn continued her voyage to Iloilo. P'rom that time, and to

the time when these pages are printed, the party have been held as prisoners by

the Filipinos.

CHURCH AT MALOLOS.Used as headquarters for our troops.

CHAPTER IX.

WacARTHUR'S march on SAN FERNANDO.

^

176 Ca))ipaigning in the Philippines.

enemy attacked the outposts there. The commanding officer seemed to have made

no adequate preparation for combat. Gen. Wheaton immediately deployed the

whole force, amounting to about 400 men, along the railroad track, and pushed by

hand the armored train lying there into position to command the ground east and

north of Guiguinto. The enemy now attacked by firing from all the bamboo

thickets and timber near the station and north and east of the depot. Fire Avas

opened upon them from the six-pound rifle and the Hotchkiss revolving cannon and

the two machine guns on the armored train. The \yhole infantry line opened fire,

and before daylight the enemy was dri\-en off and dispersed.

Gen. Wheaton then proceeded to Bigaa, taking the troops at Guiguinto with

him and leaving the detachment 4th Cav. to guard the station, until relieved by

troops sent from Malolos by the Division Commander. The armored train was

pushed by hand. The enemy was driven from the vicinity of Bigaa, and taking

the troops there, excepting detachment left as guard, the General proceeded to

Bocaue. Upon arriving within a mile of that place he found the troops yet

engaged. He opened fire on the enemA' with machine guns and attacked them with

infantr}', deployed in the extended order, and drove them in flight in the direction

THE ADVANCE ON" MALOLOS.

of Santa Maria and east of Bocaue. It was found that there had been a spirited

combat at Bocaue, and the four companies of infantry there and in the vicinity had

preserv^ed the railroad track intact and had inflicted loss upon the enemj-. It was also

learned that the three companies of the Oregon Regiment at Marilao had been

attacked by about 400 rebels, who were driven off. The telegraph line between

Bocaue and Marilao had been cut in several places, and it was not until afternoon

that the line was restored. The enemy had attacked in considerable force all the

places held bj- troops, from Marilao to Guiguinto inclusive. They were beaten off

evervwhere by daylight and driven from the vicinitj^ of all the stations before 6:30

A. M. The General ordered four companies of the 2d Oregon from Malinta and

two from Marilao, and with two companies at Bocaue assembled at that point

two battalions of the regiment and had there the entire Minnesota Regiment.

Major-General MacArthur sent from Malolos one 3.2-inch gun and one Hotch-

kiss revolving cannon. At daylight, on the morning of the 12th of April, a

move was made upon Santa ]\Iaria with this force. Fire was opened upon the

position and entrenchments of the enemy at that place with artillery, and the

f

^"^^^-'f'.^ V'^fe-'' -'-^iL* j». ^ .i ^'"

KARL IRVING FAUST AND JOHN W. TAYLOR.

Near the Luneta, Manila

Caiiipaii]^)iiii,<:^ bi the Philippines. 177

inhmtry advanced in the extended order. The enemy—eleven companies of

infantry—offered a feeble resistance, and fled north and east of Santa Maria.

Strong detachments were sent on all north and east roads. They pursued the

eneniv in every direction, l)Ut were unable to come up with them, as they had dis-

persed. The command returned to Bocaue, during the afternoon, and from there

the troops were sent to the several stations they occupied before the enemy's

attack ui^on the points, held 1)y the troops along the railroad track. From inform-

ation obtained from prisoners and from escaped Spanish refugees, it was learned

that this attack upon our communications was made under the orders and super-

vision of Aguinaldo, who was at Santa Maria the 11th of April. The loss of the

enem>', as near as could be ascertained, was about 'ioO killed and wounded.

Thanks are due Col. O. Summers, 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf, for prompt co-

operation and to Capt. H. C. Catell for able assistance, also to 1st. lyieut. F. D.

Webster, 20th Inf, Aide-de-camp, and 1st Lieut. H. E. Ely, 22d Inf., Acting

Assistant Quartermaster and Acting Chief Surgeon. Maj. Bell, U. S. V.

Engineers, of Major-General MacArthur's staff, rendered valuable services on the

r2th of April, and had charge of an important reconnaissance from Santa Maria.

In the latter part of April, Gen. MacArthur was instructed by the command-

ing general to renew his pressure upon the insurrectos, and drive them from

Calumpit and San Fernando, which had become their headquarters.

HALE'S OPERATIONS FROM MALOLOS TO CAIA'MPIT.

The country from Malolos to Calumpit is level for the most part. A wagon

road runs five miles northeasterly to Quingua, bordered with a fringe of woods

most of the wa>-, with open fields on both sides. For half a mile about Quingua,

the country is covered with woods, but just before reaching the woods there was

half a mile of open space defended by trenches—the scene of the battle of Quin-

gua. Around the town itself

was a strong line of trenches.

The Quingua River flows west-

ward past the north edge of the

town of Qi:ingua, and the south

edge of the town of Pulilan

toward Calumpit, eight miles

west of Quingua.

The railroad runs northwest

from Malolos to Calumpit,

through a rich farming country

like the I{nglish downs. Five

miles from Malolos it crosses

the Bagbag River, which here

flows southwesterly. The rail-

road has an iron bridge, the

farther span of which had been dropped into the river by the insurrectos,—a fact

discovered by Maj. Bell in a reconnaissance from Malolos. A mile and a quarter

further on, the road crosses the Rio Grande de la Pampanga on a fine iron bridge,

Gi;x. \viu;atox at malolos. Photn h<i Lillie

Caiiipaigniiii^' in the Philippines.

OREGON BOYS ON THE I'lRING LINE.

the condition of which was unknown. Three hundred yards above and north-

east of the broken Bagbag Bridge, the Bagbag River is formed by the junction of

the Quingua River, flowing from the east, and the Calumpit River, a narrow,

deep, canal-like stream extend-

ing from this junction north-

westerly parallel to the railroad

to the Rio Grande, thus forming

a connecting link between the

two ri\-ers.

The town of Calumpit lies in

the rectangle formed by the

railroad, the Rio Grande de la

Parapanga, the Calumpit and

the Bagbag, being thus sur-

rounded on three sides by rivers

said to be unfordable. It was

known to be very stronglyrkotohyum..

fortified by entrenchments built

in a practically continuous line along the river banks, covered in some cases with

bomb proofs, and other cases with loopholed breastworks, having individual

coverings for each rifleman. The railroad enbankment was also converted into

a parapet for firing in either direction, and was gashed with trenches cut across it

to fire on troops advancing along the road.

The Americans fully appreciated that the capture of this place, so strongly

fortified, both by nature and the insurgents, was a serious problem—the most

difficult yet encountered. The insurgents regarded it as absolutely impregnable.

Buencam'no, one of their leaders, stated in a letter to Aguinaldo, picked up on

the battle-field after the capture, that "Calumpit will be the sepulcher of the

Americans," and he was certainly justified in this opinion by the strength of the

position.

The original plan was for the 1st Brigade to work up the railroad, Hale's Brigade

moving due north from Malolos across the Quingua River, and thence westward to

the Calumpit, from which position it could partially enfilade the trenches along the

Bagbag, near the railroad bridge in front of the 1st Brigade, and thus enable the

latter to effect a crossing. The Quingua part of the fight was not premeditated,

but events so shaped themselves that the '2d Brigade had to go to Quingua and

fight its way along the Quingua River, past Pulilan to Calumpit, and so attack

the city in that way.

Before the march commenced, Maj. Bell went with a cavalry troop in the direc-

tion of Quingua, to reconnoiter the river. At the camp in Malolos, at six o'clock

on the morning of April 2od, a heavy firing was heard coming from the direction of

Maj. Bell's expedition. The firing being so heavy and continuous, as to indicate

something more than a mere brush with an outpost. Gen. Hale immediately sent

an order to Lieutenant-Colonel Miller, of the 51st lowas, to send two companies

to Maj. Bell's support, and, as the firing did not abate, increased this to four

companies. A cavalryman rode in and reported that Maj. Bell had sent for a

Caiiipaii^uiiii^ in the Philippines. 179

battalion of Nebraskas, whose camp was nearest the Quingiia Road, and that they

Avere already on the way out. A little later another battalion of lowas and one of

Nebraskas went out to reenforce their comrades. AI)out this time Capt. Lockett,

Gen. MacArthnr's Aide, who had ridden out to investigate, reported that the morn-

ing skirmish had developed into quite a serious situation, and that artillery would

be required to drive the Filipinos from their strong position. Gen. MacArthurordered four guns to the post.

Gen. Hale at once took the field in person, and reached the firing lines to find

that the Nebraskas were deployed behind a rice-ridge in the field, at the right of

the road ; that the lowas had taken a position on their right and the cavalry were

posted on the left. The Filipinos were pouring a fierce and deadly fire on our

lines. The General waited for our guns, which were rapidly coming up the road,

placed them at the edge of the woods, ordered the Nebraskas, who were between

his cannon and the enemy on the right, to withdraw to the woods as soon as the

artillery began firing on the left, thus permitting the shelling of the insurgent

trenches in front of the Nebraskas before they advanced, and then opened with

the artillery.

The Nebraska firing line, however, began to advance under a terrific musketry

discharge. Thinking that his instructions had been misunderstood. Hale ran

down the road towards the Nebraskas and discovered that Col. Stot.senberg, w^ho

had just come out and was not aw^are of the General's plan and orders, had gone

to the front, and, with his characteristic, impetuous bravery, had given the order

to advance. It was too late to recall the men who had by this time almost reached

the enemy's trenches and were fighting with the courage and spirit of Napoleon's

Old Guard. The Filipinos in this fight delivered a very effective fire, and within

a few hundred yards Col. Stotsenberg, Lieut. Sisson and two enlisted men were

killed, and thirty-one men wounded, out of not over 200 men actually on the

firing lines. But the charge of this "thin, brown line" was irresistible, and the

Filipinos wxre beaten back from their position and driven through the town only

after they had made several

stands behind the barricades.

When the artillery fi.re was

about to begin, Capt. Brooks,

Adjutant-General of the brigade,

had been sent along the line,

to the right, to direct the Iowa

troops to advance wdth the

Nebraskas, which they did,

meeting strong resistance from

the enemy, entrenched around

the southwest side of the town,

but gallantly carrying these

works and entering the town ^'^•-^"^ °'- ^""^ '"^^" battery trained on malabon.

with the Nebraskas. The unexpected events of the day having put our troops

in possession of Quingua, it was considered better to hold it, and effect a crossing

of the Quingua River at that point, and march from there against Calumpit

180 Cainf>iiii^iii)ii^ in tlie Plulippincs.

instead of carrying out the former plan of advancing north from Malolos

and forcing a passage at a new place which would probably be strongly

defended. The events of the next day proved the wisdom of this judgment,

and showed that the battle of Quingua was a blessing in disguise. Accordingly,

the South Dakotas, and the remaining companies of the Nebraskas and lowas

were marched to Quingua.

Rations and ammunition were distributed, and everything put in readiness ta

force the passage of the ri\-er on the following morning. During the night the

enemy made an attempt to destroy the bamboo bridges, but was frustrated by the

American outposts. Sergeant-Major Coleman of the Nebraskas succeeded in recon-

noitering the ford, although the enemy on the opposite bank fired on everyone

approaching the river, and found that it was shallow enough for troops to pass.

After a busy and anxious night the infantry and artillery w^ere placed, at

5 A. M., along the south bank of the river, the guns being located in such a waythat they could partially enfilade the Filipino trenches. At 5:30 the firing began.

Twenty-five minutes later Company B of the Nebraskas, under lyieut. Osborne,

advanced through the ford, and Company F of the South Dakotas, under Capt.

IN THE TRENCHES AT THE PUMPING STATION.

Brockway, dashed across the frail bambooo foot-bridge. This boldness of the

Americans, which was not down in the books, and which Spain had not taught

them, seemed to paralyze the insurgents, and they left their trenches forthwith.

After four hours' hard work, owing to the rickety condition of the bridge, the

steep approach to the ford, and the soft bottom of the river, transportation and

army were all taken across, and a northw^esterly march on Pulilan began. Pulilan

lies on the north bank of the Quingua River, about two miles northwest of Quin-

gua and six miles east of Calumpit. The thick jungles rendered the maintenance

of an extended line extremely difficult, but by hard riding up and down the line

and the constant passing of signals, the continuity of the brigade was preserved as

it forced its way through the dense, thorny brush. The artillery was kept within

100 yards of the firing line, to be ready for quick action in an emergency.

Gen. Hale is a strong advocate of this departure from the text-book rules for

location of artillery, when applied to warfare with the Filipinos. On account of

the high fire of the Filipinos, it was fully as safe on the firing line as farther back.

The guns did not have to come up under fire, and a few shells and shrapnel

promptly administered at the very outset of an attack, exert a wonderful influence.

Cainpaif^nino^ in the Philippines. 181

At 10:20 A. M. the line was met by a heavy fire from the dense bamboo thickets

ill its front, where the enemy was strong^ly entrenched in a line of earthworks

built across the road, and in the woods. One field gun opened imniediatelj^ to the

front, and a few

well directed

shots from an-

other put to

flight a party

of the enemywho had attack-

ed our right andtkf:ncim< \i ^\n iikWN-iH). Ph„u. h,i ua.-. r, rear. The South

Dakotas and Nebraskas charged the enemy's earthworks, and, as a longer resist-

ance than usual was made, a large number were killed. In one barricade thirty-

eight dead were counted, at another, twentj'-eight, and at a third, fifteen, while

many more were seen along the lanes and in the woods. The brigade halted at

Pulilan, resuming the march at o p. m.

As the sun was sinking towards the horizon, and the weary skirmish line was

plodding along past the ford of the Quingua where the crossing would have been

made if the plan had been carried out, and thinking that the enemy would probabl}^

not make another stand before the final and crucial conflict at the stronghold of

Calumpit, they were rudely awakened by the crackling of Mausers from a line of

invisible trenches extending perpendicularly to the river along the entire front of

the brigade for a distance of nearly a mile. The left battalion of the Nebraskas

and the artillery took up some earthworks which had been vacated by the Fili-

pinos, and which made a splendid defen.se at this time. Lieut. Webber's com-

pany was sent up the road on the left to turn the enemy's right flank. The right

battalion of the Nebraskas, under Maj. Eager, in company with the South

Dakotas, under Col. Frost, charged across the intervening space. When they

were half way across, the Filipinos retreated, leaving twenty-five dead. This

ended the third fight of the day. Without counting those scattered through trees

and jungles, over one hundred of the enemy were found killed and wounded in

four groups alone during the day, and it is a conservative estimate to place their

dead at two hundred. The Americans lost in the da>'s fight six killed and fourteen

wounded, one of whom after-

wards died. The commandcamped on the battle-field during

the night. Under the cover of

the darkness supplies were

brought from Malolos and taken

across the river on the men's

backs. The dead, wounded and

sick were carried across and sent

back to Malolos in ambulances, and in the wagons and bull-carts which brought out

the supplies. The next morning, April 2oth, after a practically sleepless night, mak-

ing fortv-eight hours of almost continual fighting, marching and handling supplies,

I'ENNSYLV.JiNIAS SKIRMISHING JUST AFTER DAYBREAKIN THE M.4RCH ON MALOLOS.

182 Cainpaii^nini^ in the Pliilippines.

the advance upon Calurapit was resumed. The order of battle was for the main body

to march in an extended line, leaving one battalion of each regiment in reserve.

When within a mile of the Calumpit River, Gen. Hale, by means of the

compass, established a new line, forty degrees west of north, and swung his brig-

ade around, so that it would be parallel with the river, before he made his final

advance on the town. Maj. Mulford, of the Xebraskas, and the General made a

reconnaissance, locating the Bagbag railroad bridge, the west span of which had

^^•^i^.^ ..^i*

been broken down, and the enemy's entrenchments across the river. The 1st

Brigade was working up the railroad on the south side of the Quingua River in

conjunction with the 2d Brigade on the north side. When sure that the 1st

Brigade was up, the guns, which had been placed to command the bridge and

trenches, opened fire. The enemy replied with much vigor. When the artillery

had sufficiently shaken things up, the infantn,' advanced, firing, until they came

to the east bank of the Calumpit River, where they engaged with the enemy only

fiftv yards away, defended by the strong entrenchments already mentioned, and

with a deep and apparently impassable stream. The brigade staff and the

artillery came forw^ard, Lieut. Fuller, Aide-de-camp, going back to hurry up the

last piece. Lieut. Fleming, with great coolness, placed his guns on the bank and

poured death into those wonderfully constructed trenches. Not in the whole

Filipino war have our troops occupied more dangerous ground, and it is only

owing to the fact that the insurgents were obliged to fire without aiming that our

men escaped a heavy slaughter. The conduct of the men was gallant, and so

heavy and accurate was their fire that the frame of the covered and loopholed

earthworks was afterwards seen to be cut in shreds by bullets passing through

the loopholes themselves. The insurgents were afraid to raise their heads above

the ramparts, but their hands and guns could be seen rising over the edge, firing

and dropping back to load. Consequently, their sheet of bullets flew over the

prostrate forms of the Americans, lying on the opposite bank, and delivering a

cool and aimed fire that played like a garden hose along the top of the enemy's

parapets. After half an hour, when the enemy's fire was practically silenced on

our left, it seemed feasible to Hale to get a line of troops across, near the junction

of the Calumpit and Quingua Rivers, and put an end to the agony. He therefore

told Maj. Mulford to take Company K of the Nebraskas, which was on the left,

and make the attempt. Mulford and Lieut. Webber waded in with their men, but

were soon beyond their depth. A second attempt farther out on the Quingua

showed the water to be only shoulder deep, and at this point the line was sent across.

Ca//!/>aii,r/iifijr in //n' Philippines. 183

Gen. Hale and his stafT intrepidly plunged tlirough with the first fording party,

at the same time hurrying about fifty more men across, and formed them in line

to sweep through Calumpit and take the river trenches in flank. The Nebraskamen at once marched through the town, and the lowas and South Dakotas weretold not to fire across the river while this move was going on. Several times

Aguinaldo's men rallied, but at each stand they were routed and left their slain in

the blood-stained trenches. Forty dead, and fourteen wounded, were found as

the re-;ult of this movement through the town. The number killed and woundedin the earlier part of the fight can not be estimated, as they w^ere removed before

our troops crossed the river.

When the Americans approached Calumpit church, which the insurgents hadfired before retreating, a reconnoitering party went forward and disco\-ered that

the insurrectos had left the district south of the Rio Grande, and were in strong

force on the north bank. Soon afterward the Filipinos opened fire wnth artillery

as well as infantr}'. It was one of the few instances in which they used artillery.

A shrapnel burst over the heads of our men. Receiving no reply, the insurgents

soon tired of their artillery and rifle practice, and stopped firing. The Nebraskas

bivouacked on the Calumpit and Bagbag Rivers, with their left on the railroad

track. The Adjutant-General of the brigade, Capt. Brooks, was sent up the

railroad with a detail of ten men, to ascertain the condition of the track and the

Rio Grande Bridge. He found that the road-bed had been stripped of ties andconverted into a breastwork for resisting the American advance, either along or

across the road, but that the trusses of the railroad bridge were apparently unin-

jured. As he approached within 400 yards of the Rio Grande Bridge, he hadbeen fired on by infantry and artillery. The total number of our losses during

these engagements at Calumpit, were three killed and thirtj'-three wounded, of

which one, later, died. During the rest of April, the command remained at

Calumpit, guarding the bridges over the Bagbag River and Rio Grande.

On May 2d, Gen. Hale took the South Dakota and Iowa Regiments with a

MINNESOTA FIRING LINE IN THE ADVANCE ON SAN ISIDRO. PlwU, by LWie.

platoon of cavalry and three guns to a point on the Pulilan-Quingua Road, ea.st of

Pulilan, holding them there as a reenforcement for Gen. I^awton's Division in the

movement, then proceeding against Baliuag, in case assistance should be required.

Baliuag, however, was captured with little resistance, and the next morning the,

command was ordered back to Calumpit, and in the afternoon moved north of

the Rio Grande in preparation for the advance on San Fernando the following da}'.

The total distance marched in the two days was twenty-one miles.

184 Ca>/i/>a!,i;>!i>!,i,'' i>i the riiilippines.

OPERATIONS OF WHKATON'S BRIGADK TO CALUMPIT.*

Pursuant to orders of Major-General MacArthur, Oen. Wheaton moved his

brigade, now consisting of a battalion of .'kl U. S. Cav., one of Montana \'olunteer

Inf. and one 20th Kansas Volunteer Inf., out of Malolos, on the morning of April

'24th, with instructions to attack the enemy on the north bank of the Bagbag River;

but the brigade of Gen. Hale, with which it was desired he should co-operate,

not having advanced from the direction of Quingua on Calumpit sufficienth' to

attack at that point that day. Gen. Wheaton was directed by Major-(ieneral Mac-

Arthur to hold his brigade in the vicinity of the railroad at Barasoain until Hale

had fought his way to the vicinity of a ford across the Quingua, not far from the

Calumpit River. About 8:80 A. M., on the morning of April 25th, by direction of

the Division Commander, Gen. Wheaton marched his brigade on th'e enemy's

position, moving the 20th Kansas \"olunteer Inf. on the left of the railroad and

the 1st Montana Volunteer Inf. on the right. The battalion of the od U. vS. Art.,

Maj. Kobbe, was left at Malolos and Barasoain to guard the line of road. The

armored train was directed to follow up the track, after the brigade was well on

NT TRENCHES AT CALI'MI I 1

the march. His movements being well screened from the enemy by extensive

lines of bamboo jungle, the General moved both regiments of infantry into a well-

protected position, about 1200 yards from the enemy's entrenchments along the

Bagbag. The armored train, having reached at this time a point on the road near

the infantry, it was ordered that fire be opened from the rifled six-pounder and the

three machine guns on the train, and at this minute Hale's Artillery, in front and

on the riglit, across the Quingua, opened fire, and the guns of the Utah Battery on

the right commenced firing. Soon after the armored train was moved to the tront

and several companies of infantry, from both regiments, were advanced to seize

all places near the river, from which an effective fire might be directed upon the

enemy's entrenchments. The converging fire of the two brigades of the division

and the artillery now began to shake the enemy.

Col. Funston, 20th Kansas Volunteer Inf., with Lieut. C. M. Warner, 1st

Sergt. Raymond Enslow and Sergt. C. P. Barshfield, Company K 20th Kansas,

endeavored to rush across the railroad bridge. A span of the bridge being

* Written bv an officer of the brigade.

Ca}npaif^niii,i^ m (lie P/n/ippiiiLS. 185

broken, Col. Funston, Lieut. Ball and the two sergeants named, .swam the river

and drove the enemy out of the entrenchments near the bridge. At the same

time Hale's Infantry on the right, forded the Calumpit to the front and right,

turned the enemy out of their entrenchments along the Calumpit and pursued them

to the ^•icinity of the Rio Grande, near the town of Calumpit, which the enemy

burned. The two regiments of Gen. Wheaton's Brigade bivouacked near the

Bagbag. April 2<)th, the enemy was in force on the north bank of the Rio

Grande de la Pampanga, a broad and deep river, and was protected by a most

elaborate system of field fortifications and had near the railroad bridge three

pieces of artillery and one rapid fire Maxim. The important strategic position

of Calumpit would be untenable until they were driven off. Gen. Wheaton was

directed to do this, his force to be the 20th Kansas, and 1st Montana Volunteer

Inf., five guns Utah Light Artillery, and three machine guns. It was effected in

thirty-six hours as follows: The infantry was advanced in deployed lines in the

extended order from the Bagbag, to an entrenched position about GOO yards from

the Rio Grande, which position had been abandoned by the enemy, placing the

20th Kansas on the left of the railroad, and the 1st Montana on the right. The mainbody now being well screened from the enemy's fire, detachments and several

parties of skirmishers were advanced, and seized all sheltered places near the

river, and within long rifle range of the railroad bridge. Two brick and stone

buildings near the river were seized and loopholed for musketry. The machineguns and a part of the artillery were placed in position for fire upon the enemy's

entrenchments. The river was reconnoitered below the railroad bridge for the

purpose of ascertaining any place feasible to cross. A constant and continued fire

of sharpshooters was kept up, and a slow, but continued fire from the 3.2-inch

guns, during the 26th. On the night of the 2(^th, the railroad bridge was found

to be in such condition that to rush it with men carrying arms would be impracti-

cable. A reconnaissance at night by Col. Funston, made it apparent that the enem}-

was entrenched in force at all points for a considerable distance down the river.

The morning of the 27th of April, a 3.2-inch gun was brought up to the brick

house bridge and opened fire at fl||^HH^^^^^^HMfl|^^l^^ ,|^||upon the works. ^9|HH||^^^^^^^^^|^^^^|HH^I

Upon with Col. Funston ^B^^^^^S^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Ha point about 900 yards below the rail- ftU^Jr^^^jgp^^^^JjjJHJ^^^^^Jroad bridge w^as selected as the place 9^9S»mF^ ^^^B^BB^^^^sSBthat he would endeavor to cross part of H^^Hg|^^^^^&|BES^|^3^^^^lHhis regiment. The enemv's entrench- ^^^k*' '

~

'''^M^^mlm^f^^^Btmments opposite this point were well ^^^^|b^^.* -'?^ .^^E

"^I^B

screened by bamboo thickets, but a well- ^H^HHBP?'^''tl!!?K?--~^"

^ydirected fire from the brick house near ^^^^^^^Z' '^*p * s^ '^.'^Klt9^Kt%

the bridge from the 3.2-inch gun and B^HBfeJMii^gaacwgai'^jmfc ^^mbv the companies of infantrv was kept ^HHH^H^|B9BS|^^^B l^^^^B - «d

up. Col. Funston also advanced to a snapshot behind the filipixo trenches.

the river bank strong parties that kept up a fire of great volume. The effect

of the heavy and continued fire was to drive a part of the enemy's force from

his works and Privates Edward White and ^\^ B. Trembly of Company B,

186 Caiiipaio)iiii<^ i)i fhc Philippines.

20th Kansas swam the river with a rope and fastened it to a stake on the enemy's

entrenchments while yet occupied. Rafts were pulled over by means of this rope,

Col. Funston going over on the first raft. The artillery had during this time

kept up a heavy fire from positions selected by Maj. Richard W. Young, Utah

Light Artillery. Under direction of lyieutenant-Colonel Wallace, 1st Montana, a

heavy and continuous fire was directed on the enemy near the railroad bridge, ^.he

machine guns also being directed upon the same place. When Col. Funston had

crossed forty-five officers and men he attacked the enemy, turning them out of their

works near the bridge. Gen. Wheaton with his staff then crossed the bridge

followed by the 20th Kansas and

1st Montana as fast as they could

pass over such frame work as

the enemy had not destroyed.

Upon reaching the north bank

of the river two bodies of the

enemy, each about 1500 strong

were observed, one about one

and a half miles to our left which

had evidently been guarding the

river below. They formed in

deployed line in extended order

and advanced, but after being

subjected to fire about twenty

miiuites they fell back in disorder

and retreated out of range. Theother body was in front and

along the railroad. The 20th

Kansas and 1st Montana were

deployed on the left and right

side of the railroad embankmentand drove them beyond Apalit

Station in the direction of St.

Tomas. The whole force of the

enemy disappearing in that

.-'^'* direction, the nature of the

country being such that they

were compelled to march along the embankment. Gen. Wheaton estimated as 4000.

The night of the 27th of April the brigade bivouacked in the town north of the rail-

road bridge. The next morning two commissioned officers came from the rebels undera flag of truce and asked for an armistice saying, '

' They wished to acknowledgethe valor of the American soldier." They were sent to the Division 'Commander.

Gen. Wheaton invites attention to the gallant conduct of Col. Frederick Fun-ston—now Brigadier-General U. S. V.,—during these operations. Also to

the very efficient services and meritorious conduct of Lieutenant-Colonel Robert

B. Wallace, Commanding 1st Montana Volunteer Inf., and Maj. Richard W. Young,Utah Light Artillery, for the courage and skill with which he directed the operations

IK IN' TIIK TRIE TOP.

CanipaiQ^>ii>t<^ in t/ir I'hi/ippiiirs. 187

A MESSAGK TO .MACARTHUR I•RO^^ CALCrMPIT.

of his guns. The extraordinary and most gallant conduct of Private EdwardWliite, Company B, 2()th Kansas and that of Private W. B. Trembly same com-pany and regiment in swimming the Rio Grande in face of the enemy's fire andfastening a rope to a stake in

his occupied works is worthy of

high coinniendation and re-

ward. The conduct of Lieut.

C.II. Ball and of Sergts, Kmer-

son and Barshfield and Corp.

A. M, Ferguson of CompanyK, 2()th Kansas Volunteer Inf.

in swimming the Bagbag with

Col. Funston under the fire of

the enemy is worthy of reward

and great praise. Gen. Whea-ton also states that he is in-

debted for efficient assistance to Maj. G. F. Shiels, Brigade Surgeon of Volun-

teers; to Capt. H. C. Cabell, 3d U. S. Inf.; to 1st Lieut. F. D. Webster, 20th Inf.,

Aide-de-camp; to Lieut. A. P. Hayne, Battery A, California Heavy Artillery.

Lieut. Philip P. Russell, 1st Nebraska Volunteer Inf., A. A. G. rendered gallant

and effective service during these operations.

HAIvE'S BRIGADE FROM CALUMPIT TO SAN FERNANDO.

Bej'ond Calumpit the Dagupan Railway runs northwe.sterly ten miles to San

Fernando, past the towns of Apalit and Santo Tomas. The 2d Brigade marched

on the right of the railroad. It moved for two miles north, along the Rio Grande

de la Pampanga, and by wagon road ten miles more, in a northwesterly direction,

parallel to the railroad and a mile or two from it. From the river to San Fernando

the country is flat and cut by esteros, mud-bottoms, swamps and bayous. It is a

countr}' which only an adventurous huntsman would venture over in search of the

wild fowl that inhabit its dark fens—a land of moors and tarns, difficult to cross

in most peaceful times—a horrible place for an army with artillery, baggage and

accoutrements, and with an entrenched enemy to di.spute its passage through every

river and swamp. Into this country of desolate moors and dangerous bogs the

American army plunged.

Hale's Brigade advanced in a northwesterly direction along the wagon road

toward Santo Tomas and San Fernando, co-operating with the 1st Brigade which

was to move up the railroad. The Divisional Artillery (Utah and 6th U. S.,

under Maj. Young), squadron of 4th Cav. and the wagon train, went with the 2d

Brigade. The 3d Battalion of the 51st lowas was left at the Rio Grande Bridge

to guard the stores and bridge. On May 4th the column formed in the following

manner: 2d Battalion of the r)lst lowas advance guard; two field guns and one

Gatling gun behind the advance party, for prompt action if resistance was

encountered; 1st Battalion of 51st lowas; remainder of artillery; 1st Nebraska Inf.;

1st South Dakota Inf. and wagon train escorted by squadron of 4th Cav.

At five o'clock the advance began. After marching a couple of hours, they

188 Campaigubig in tlic P/ii/ippincs.

reached some recently constructed, Init unoccupied trenches across the road. Re-

ceiving a report from Maj. Bell, who as usual was scouting to the front, that

there was a part}' of natives or insurgents half a mile ahead in the road, Gen.

Hale deployed the advance battalion, placed the guns near the road out of sight,

and went forward with Maj. Bell to reconnoiter. The suspected party consisted of

some uniformed insurrectos, and some natives in white, who were swarming in the

road, busy as ants in constructing obstacles to the advance of the Americans. Ashell or two from a field gun put to flight the trench builders, and also brought a

fusillade from a party of Filipinos to the right, sheltered in the woods. Another

field piece and a Catling gun were brought into operation, and the concealed foe

was silenced. The infantry devoted its attention to the road party which retreated

northward. The road which had just been the scene of so much industry was

discovered to be honeycombed with conical pits, in the bottom of which sharpened

bamboo stakes had been stuck, and the whole covered with light bamboo mats on

which earth was being spread to make the place appear safe. As the pits were in

front of a stone bridge, which had swampy ground on either side, it took some

time to build a road strong enough to support the artillery around the pits. While

BRINGING THE ARTILLERY .ACROSS THE RAGBAG RIVER.

this was being done, the artillery again opened fire on the insurrectos, who hadhalted and seemed disposed to make a stand, but who finally moved on. Whenthe column had passed the pitfalls, and come to where the enemj^'s fire had been

so annoying, they found a deep estero with a destroyed foot bridge.

Just before reaching this place, a battalion of the lowas which had swung out

to the left of the road, came upon a swamp and were obliged to return. At the

estero a strong fire from the enemy was encountered at 800 to 1000 }'ards to the

front and right. Hale replied with all the artillery he could advantageously place

on the road, and sent the Iowa Battalion to the right, along the bank of the

estero, and the Nebraskas still further to the right, with a view to their crossing

the stream and flanking the enemy. The Nebraskas, however, were greatly im-

peded by the deep swamps the}' encountered. A heavy artillery and infantry fire

for half or three-quarters of an hour producing no apparent discouragement on

the part of the Filipinos, it became evident that onh' a charge would drive themfrom their stronghold among the swamps. Gen. Hale found that the estero could

barely be forded by his troops, being neck-deep in places, with a foot or two of

Caiiipaii^iiiiis^ in the Philipf>iues. 189

GEX. MACARTIirR, GI;N. II\TI~ AXnCEN". OTIS AT .MAl.oI.ciS.

nuul. Nevertheless, he urj^ed the lowas across, and proceeding along the line to

where the Xebraskas were just arriving, on the banks of the estero, sent them

also across, instructing them to go to the right and ahead of the Iowa men, and,

if possible, to flank the enem}-.

As they advanced through the

swamps in execution of his order,

they were fired into on their

right and front. The fire on the

right, showing serious signs of

flank attack, the South Dakotas

were ordered to go to the Ne-

braskas' right and draw it off.

Thus, the three regiments ad-

^•anced, floundering through

swamps and mudd}' streams, fir-

ing as they went. On seeing this,

the Filipinos hastily retreated.

Gen. Hale crossed the river and followed the Nebraskas until thej' succeeded

in getting through the first branch of the Santo Tomas River. After this he

went to the left of the line, where the lowas, near the destroyed stone bridge,

were delivering a telling fire upon the insurrectos, driving them across the stream,

many of them throwing their guns into the water as they fled. When the General

found that the insurgents were retreating towards a strong line of entrenchments,

between the wagon road and the railway, he sent word to Col. Mulford of the

Nebraska Regiment to flank them out.

Col. Mulford in a few minutes appeared, covered with blue swamp mud, and

gave the gratifying information that his regiment had kept on, wading eleven

streams altogether, and had already taken the trenches in question.

This advance of the Nebraska, Iowa and South Dakota Regiments through

swamps knee- to waist- deep, and numerous stagnant, mud-bottomed esteros, waist- to

neck-deep, under oppressive

heat and in the face of a galling

fire, driving the enemy from

entrenched positions, which

would have been strong with-

out these natural obstacles, and

with them would ha\-e been

impregnable, if held by well

armed troops, may fairly be

considered the most remarkable

exhibition of persevering pluck

and energy during the cam-/tM t 1 ™ ..I. ..'. .' 1 ILU ixos. Photo hij Daney.

paign. The lowas, havnig con-

structed a floating bamboo foot-bridge across the river at the broken stone

bridge, began to cross and move forward, deploying on the Nebraskas' left

in trenches. Gen. Hale returned to the first river to .see what progress was

190 Ca)>ipaii^ni>!i^ in the J'/ulippi>tcs.

MAJ. I'lTZGERALn, CHIEF STRdEOX AT FIRST RKSERVK 11

PERFORMING AN OPERATION.

being made in bridging it and getting the artillery across. The engineers

were obliged to send back a considerable distance for bamboo to make a raft,

and it was doubtful whellier a rrossiii^ could be effected before night. Thepack-horses, un-

loaded, swamacross, the packs

being carried by

the men, but the

^^^ wheeled trans-

it 3 portation had to

remain. The re-

mainder crossed

• **on the foot-

bridge and de-

ployed on the

right of the Xe-

braskas. Thebrigade then advanced in line, and bivouacked on the road running northeast

from Santo Tomas railroad station. During the night, although exhau.sted by

the day's work, large details went back about three miles for the wagon train,

which could not cross the streams, and carried up rations and ammunition. Thedistance marched by the flank, not counting the trip to the wagon train, was

eleven miles, including about two miles of swamps and esteros. The casualties

for the day were, 1st Nebraska, two enlisted men killed and fi\-e wounded

;

lowas, three enlisted men wounded ; South Dakotas, one enlisted man wounded.

The next morning, Gen. MacArthur, having received report from Maj. Bell's

scouting party that San Fernando seemed to be held onh^ by a small force of the

enem}^, directed Gen. Hale to take two battalions and occupy the town. Twobattalions of the lowas were immediately formed and moved to the corner of

main San Fernando Road. The column marched northwest on the road to a

point near the entrenchments, about half a mile southeast of the river and

town. They proceeded north across open fields, forded a muddy estero, ad-

vanced beyond the bend in the river, and deployed parallel to river, facing west,

so as to enter the town on the east side.

Gen. Hale accompanied the right battalion, and Maj. Bell the left. On reach-

ing the bank of the river a brisk fire opened on the left. The right battalion

was rushed across the river which was about chest deep, and flung to the left, to

flank the enemy in front of the left battalion. The latter kept on, however, with-

out serious resistance, and the entire line wheeling to the left, reached the railroad

near the station, discovering and firing on some parties of insurgents escaping on

the roads to the w^est of Bacolor. From there companies were sent out up the

roads and the railroad, and others throtigh the town, all finally assembling at the

church.

killed. Sentinels were promptly posted throughout the town to protect property,

and a line of outposts established in semi-circular form from the river, southwest

Campaii^^iiini^ in the /Viilippiiics. 191

of town, towards Bacolor. Strict orders were issued aj^ainst looting, and it is

belie\-ed that the l)ehavior of troops in this respect was very exemplary. The vSouth

Dakota Regiment, in compliance with instructions from the Division Commander,was sent for, and arrixed at San Fernando about oi.'lO P. M., relieving the lowas

from interior provost guard duty. The railroad station, church, and a number of

buildings in its vicinity, had been burned by the insurrectos, but the greater part

of the town was uninjured. A number of warehouses containing a large quantity

of sugar were found.

Several vSpanish prisoners were discovered in the town, including the former

secretary of the province, a captain and other officers. The}' stated that from

1200 to loOO insurrectos had passed through to the north on the previous after-

noon, after the fight of Santo Toraas, and that Gen. lyUna was wounded on the

arm or chest, and was carried on a couch.

Next morning the Nebraska Regiment was ordered from Santo Tomas to SanFernando, and was quartered on the main road, guarding the front, from the

railroad northeasterly about 1400 yards. The 1st Brigade also came up, and

occupied the ground west of the railroad. The insurgents were located around

the entire front of our troops on the northwest side of the river, and had been en-

trenching, especially across the Mexico road, and the adjoining country.

From the outbreak of the Filipino war on its front on the night of February

4th, and the capture by it of the first Filipino position, taken by the American

troops on the morning of February 5th, the 2d Brigade of the second division fought

its way through fifty miles, as the crow flies, of hostile and strongly defended

country, marching, in its numerous turning movements and side engagements, as

measured on the way, o\'er two hundred miles. The entire brigade was involved

in eighteen battles; portions of it consisting of two or more organizations, had

eight engagements; and single regiments or parts thereof fought on nine other

occasions, making a total of thirty-five engagements in which the troops of this

brigade participated. It lost six officers and forty-seven enlisted men killed, twenty-

two officers and three hundred and thirty-one enlisted men wounded, making a

total of four hundred

and six casualties

—

the largest of any

brigade in the corps.

In the advance from

Manila to Malolos,

Gen. Hale and two

of his three staff

officers, Capt. Kray-

enbuhl and lyieut.

Perry were wound-

ed,—Capt. Krayen-

buhl mOrtallv. south DAKOTA boys ox the FIRIXG line. Photoby Lillie.

Three brigade orderlies were wounded during the campaign. Two staff officers

and four orderlies were compelled to return to Manila on account of heat

exhaustion, and other sickness, and another officer was rendered practically

li)i CaDipaigning in t/ie P/nlippiiics.

unfit for field service by partial sunstroke. These facts testify to the hard work

and excellent service rendered bv the brigade.

OPKRATIOXS OF WHE.\T()X'S BRIGADE, CALUMPIT TO SAX KERXAXDO.

The morning of May 4th, in compliance with instructions of Major-General

MacArthur, Gen. Wheaton advanced from the vicinity' of Calumpit to attack the

enemy in position near St. Toraas. His force consisted of the 20th Kansas and

1st Montana Volunteer Inf., with two machine guns on small cars pushed by

hand. The advance was directed along the railroad track, while that of Brigadier-

General Hale with his brigade and the artillery was directed along the wagonroad, a mile to two miles on Gen. Wheaton' s right. The country along each

side of the railroad embankment was found to be cut up with tide-water channels

or esteros, and marshy ground was so continuous that all the command kept on

the railroad. Upon approaching St. Tomas, about five miles from Calumpit, the

enemy was found entrenched upon the north bank of a river, deep and unford-

able, and the bridge broken down. Hale, upon the right, became engaged in

THE "THIN BROWN LINl, " BEHIND THE RICE I'ADDIES

spirited combat, and Gen. Wheaton opened upon the enemy's entrenchments with

both the Gatling guns and the Hotchkiss revolving cannon. Three companies of

the 20th Kansas were advanced and seized all points from which an effective fire

might be directed upon the enemy's entrenchments to the right of the railroad

bridge, and one company of 1st Montana was deployed to the left. A fire was

also kept up from points along the enbankment upon the enemy's works near St.

Tomas. After some time. Hale continuing to advance, and our fire increasing

in intensity, the enemy set fire to vSt. Tomas and soon after was driven from his

entrenchments near the bridge. Gen. Wheaton crossed the bridge with the 20th

Kansas, and a heavy fire was opened on the enemy as they evacuated the entrench-

ments on our left and fled beyond St. Tomas. The 20th Kansas was then ad-

vanced to the railroad station a half mile or more north of the bridge, and at once

became engaged with a large force of the enemy occupying two lines of entrench-

ments. With his staff, Gen. Wl:eaton at once proceeded to the place of combat,

I-OIR HIGH OFFICIALS IX VOLTNTKER REGIMKNTS WHO (iAVE UP THEIR LIVES IX THESERVICE OF THEIR COL-NTRY.

1. Colonel John M. Stotsenberg, First Xebraska, killed in action at the battle of Ouin<?ua, April 23 1899ion

Tenth. _2^iment Tulv 1KQQ J Onrr.'vrtrT ^Tttttitm n c

sbrtiary

Caiiipai,<^)tin<^ in the P/iiUppines. 1^3

and taking five companies of the 20th Kansas, in person, led a charge upon tlie

enemy's entrenchments, which were all carried, and they fled in the direction of San

Fernando. Col. Funston, 20th Kansas Volunteer Inf., was wounded at this

time. Capt. Cabell, 3d U. S. Inf.; 1st Lieut. F. D. Webster, 20th U. S. Inf.,

Aide-de-camp; Lieut. Philip P. Russell, 1st Nebraska Volunteer Inf., A. A.

A. G., and Lieut. Edward Kinnell, M U. S. Art., A. A. Q. M. ; all of the Gen-

eral's personal staff accompanied him in this charge.

On May ."ith, San Fernando was occupied, the enemy having burned the public

buildings and fled on the night of the 4th.

GEN. FUNSTON SUCCEEDS GEN. WHEATON.

On the 16th of May, Gen. Funston was assigned to command the 1st Bri-

gade, second division, at San Fernando, relieving Gen. Wheaton, and on the 22d,

having about recovered from his wound received on May 4th, at Santo Tomas,

assumed command.

On May 25th, at about 7 o'clock a. m., theenemj^ opened fire on the left of the

line occupied by the brigade, from a trench at right angles to the Bacolor Road,

and at a distance of about one mile from our outposts. At 8:30, the brigade hav-

ing been assembled at the outposts, two battalions of the Montana Regiment,

under command of Lieutenant-Colonel Wallace, were sent along a sunken road to

fall on the enemy's right, and two battalions of the 20th Kansas, under commandof Maj. Whitman, were sent to make a similar movement against the enemy's

left, while two guns of the Utah Art., under Capt. Wedgewood, took upposition opposite the enemy's center. The movement was completely concealed

until the two attacking columns had arrived within 200 yards of the enemy's

lines. The affair lasted less than one hour, both flanks of the enemy were rolled

back, and the entire force driven in confusion through Bacolor. The enemy's loss

was fifty-three dead, thirty-four wounded, and twenty-nine prisoners. Three horses

and all the official correspondence of the Filipino commanding officer were captured.

Our loss, one man killed, one mortall}- wounded, one officer and five enlisted menwounded in the Kansas

Regiment, and four menwounded in the Montana.

On May 25th, Gen.

Funston, with three com-

panies of the brigade and

detachment of scouts, madea reconnaissance to and

through the town of Santa

Rita, driving a small body

of insurrectos toward Porac,

with no losses. Upon his

return to this place, he skirmish T,IXR T-SIN-O SMOKKLKSS POWDKR. Plwto >,i/ LiIUk.

found that the enemy had appeared in force in front of the right of the brigade.

Taking eight companies of the Kansas Regiment, Gen. Funston moved against

the enemy's right flank, quickly repulsing them, and driving them back.

j;)4 Caiiipaig'iini^ i/i the Philippines.

About 4 o'clock A. m., on May 2()th, a slii^ht affair occurred on the right of the

Montanas' line, a scouting party of insurgents having cut off one of our outposts,

forcing it to move by the flank to escape capture.

At 4:05 A. M., June ."kl, the enemy opened fire from a point on the Bacolor

Road with artillery, and voUejs from infantry, advancing several hundred yards.

No reply on our part being made, the

enenn- quickly withdrew. On June 10th

the Brigade Commander with his staff

and one company, each, from the Mon-tana and Kansas Regiments, made a

second reconnaissance through and to

the north of Bacolor. Reaching Bacolor,

the Kansas company was left at that

point to protect the line of retreat, and

LuoKiM, KOK TROLBLE. tlic Tcmaindcr of the command advanced

towards Angeles. About one and a half miles beyond Bacolor a force of Filipinos,

deployed across our road, was met. Though about 200 in number, the forty men of

the Montana company were deployed, and opened fire on them. The firing was

vigorously replied to, and ten minutes later an additional force of about 250 of the

enemy opened fire from a distance of about SOO yards, and on our left flank. This

second party attempted to cut us off from Bacolor, by extending to their right. Awithdrawal was promptly ordered and successfully accomplished, the Kansas

company that had advanced at the sound of the firing covering the movement.

Two Montana men were severely wounded.

On June l()th, at about 4:45 A. :m., a general attack was made by the enemyfrom all around the town of San Fernando. They employed several pieces of

artillery, and it was estimated that at least 4000 infantry were in the attacking

force. Our outposts were promptly reenforced, and the enemy having advanced

all along the front of the brigade to within 500 yards, a sharp fight of about

an hour and a half resulted. A flank movement against an exposed portion

of the enemy's line was admirably executed b}- a battalion of the 20th Kansas,

commanded by Maj. Bishop, taking the enemy at that point entirely by sur-

prise. Thirty-six of the enemy were killed by this battalion in five minutes.

Total casualties in the brigade, six enlisted men wounded.

On June 24th, the 20th Kansas was relieved by the 9th U. S. Inf., Col. E. H.

Liscum commanding, and on June 28th, the Montana Regiment was replaced in

the brigade by the 12th U. S. Inf., Lieutenant-Colonel J. H. Smith commanding.

The four batteries of the 3d U. S. Art. were detached from the brigade on June

od. On June oOtb, at 10 A. m., and at 10:;)0 p. M., and at about 10 p. m., July

4th, desultory" firing by the enemy, at long range, was experienced. At no time

did the enemy attempt an advance, and but two casualties, both slight, resulted.

HALL'S MOVE OX MOROXG.

When Gens. Hale, Otis and Wheaton moved north. Gen. Hall remained in

the province of Manila, guarding the water-works, and meeting the annoying

attacks of the insurrectos. Gen. Lawton having relieved Gen. Anderson, in

Cainpaii^iiiiii^ in the /'/li/ipfiiiics. 195

command of the 1st Division, and subsequently been assigned to command of all

troops south of Caloocan, Gen. Hall was directed to make a mo\ement southeast

from the pumping station. His column, which was assembled at the water-works

on the evening of the 2d of June, consisted of the 2d Oregon Inf., a battalion of

the 1st Wyoming, four troops of the 4th Cav., one mounted on Americanhorses, the others dismounted, two battalions of 4th Inf., one battalion of the 9th

Inf., six companies of the 1st Colorado, and two mountain guns.

At four o'clock on the morning of the 8d, they began crossing the San MateoRiver, and about noon easily repulsed a considerable force of Filipinos, twelve

miles east of Manila. At the same time Col. Wholley, who relieved Gen. Kingin command of his brigade, proceeded east from San Pedro Macati, the two columnsapproaching each other. The town of Cainta was captured, with small loss. Gen.

Hall dri\ing the Filipinos from the vicinit}^ of Mariquina towards Wholley's

column. During the night of the od, a part of Wholley's Brigade, under Col.

Treumann, advanced to the Filipino position at Taj^tay, which the}^ reached at

daybreak of the 4th, immediately attacking. After a sharp engagement the natives

fled over the mountains. Col. Treumann pursuing. Many were killed, and manvcaptured, with their arms and ammunition.

Hall's Brigade moved at the same time toward Antipolo, leaving behind the

Oregon Regiment and 9th Inf., to guard Mariquina. The Filipinos made, as

usual, a vigorous resistance, feeling hopeful of success, Antipolo never having

been taken by the Spanish. Situated high up in the mountains and easil}' defended

it had always made a successful defense. After three or four hours' climb up a

steep mountain grade, the American lines, which were thrown around the townon three sides, closed in for a final advance, at 8:oO A. M., but closed upon a de-

serted city. The Filipinos had abandoned their last refuge in this direction.

Gen. Hall marched from Antipolo tov\-ards Morong, which lies about six anda half miles southeast of the mountain town, on the peninsula of Morong, stop-

ping at Teresa, half waybetween, until the morning of

the -"ith, when he advanced to

the town of Morong without

incident.

In the meantime Col.

Wholley, with eight companies

of the Washington Inf., had

marched by night from Taytay

to Pasig, where he embarked

on cascos, w^hich were attache!

by lines to the three gunboats showixg construction ok insl-rgent trenches.

NapidcDi, Covadonga and Ocsta, Ij^ing there ready to tow them to their destination

near Morong. Col. Treumann, with the 1st North Dakota and 12th Inf.,

advanced by the lake shore, clearing the country of the natives. Thus the large

force in the field was concentrated on this province, thought so important b}^ Gen.

Lawton, who had met Gen. Hall at Taytaj^ and was present in person at Morong,

and who had passed tw^o nights without sleep, directing the movements of his armj'.

19(i Caiiipaii^ning in fhc P/ii/ippines.

At Morong the Filipinos made a stubborn fight, using artillery, and sending a

shell into the Covadonga, but the contest ended, as was intended by Gens.

I^awton and Hall, with the evacuation of Morong, and its re-occupation by the

Americans.

In this movement on Morong peninsula. Gen. Hall completed the circuit of

twenty miles over a rough country, fighting two engagements, one of them severe,

and keeping up an almost constant fire against scattered parties of insurrectos for

almost twenty-four hours, from four o'clock on the morning of the od to about the

same hour on the morning of the 4th. The gunboats, as in so many other opera-

tions, had been of great assistance in driving the natives from their defenses. Thedifficult nature of the country prevented heavy artillery from reaching position.

Lieut. Hawthorne, w^ho was in command of the light mountain battery, was com-

pelled to burn his wagons to prevent them from falling into the enemy's hands.

The Washington Regiment, which returned to Pasig on the 5th, and which

had not rested for forty-eight hours, was exhausted, and all had found the service

hard, although cheerfully performed. On the (ith. Hall's Brigade, excepting three

troops of the 4th Cav., and all of Wholley's Brigade, excepting the North

Dakotas, returned to their quarters.

The excepted companies, under Col. Treumann, remained at Morong until the

7th of July, when six companies of the 21st Inf., relieved them. During the

month of June there were some slight skirmishes, in which twelve or fifteen Fili-

pinos were killed, and one American scout killed. The base of operations on the

lake shore was a mere hamlet of the " nipa " huts. On the 21st of July, the 21st

Inf., leaving a small guard, advanced along the lake shore to Paete, where they

were joined by other troops brought there on cascos. The town of Calamba was

taken by the 21st Inf., on the 26th of July. An attack was made July 29th, on

Santa Cruz, which Gen. Lawton had .selected for a base of operations, but the

American force was repulsed, and Santa Cruz remained untaken. The American

loss in this campaign, was ten killed and twenty-seven wounded.

With the exception of a movement of a part of Hall's Brigade, under com-

mand of Col. Summers, of the Oregon Regiment, from Bocaue, in support

of a northern movement by Gen. Lawton, of which some account will appear in

describing that expedition, this practically concludes the history of the opera-

tions of MacArthur's Division, for the spring of IS*)!:). The rainy season coming

on, no further active operations were attempted, pending the arrival of the new

troops to replace the volunteers whose terms of enlistment had expired. Our

lines were gradually contracted as our effective force diminished, and the territory

yielded was immediately re-occupied by the insurgents.

CHAPTER X.

LAWTON'S LAKE EXPEDITION,

[HIIvK the 2d Division, under Gen. MacArthur, was actively

engaged north of the Pasig, in its move on the insurgent

capital, the 1st Division, operating south ot" the Pasig, was

occupied with a series of expeditions, whose object was the

exploration of the country, the disposal of armed bands of

insurgents, the capture of supplies intended for the rebel army,

and, if it should be found possible with the force at command,

—which it was not—the permanent occupation of the covm-

try visited. With the occupation of Manila, Gen. Otis had

no military reason for the occupation of Camp Dewey, or

indeed any of the country between Manila and the peninsula of Cavite. Both

these places were securely held and the line of communication was by water, and

so long as there were to be insurrectos at all they might just as well be along the

bay shore between Manila and Cavite as anywhere else; perhaps better, as being

more conveniently found when wanted. The small size of his force compelled Gen.

Otis to contract his lines so as to include only Manila and a small district about

it, and upon the south the line was substantially that occupied b}^ the Spanish

before the surrender of Manila, resting on the bay at Malate. All the bay shore

and country between our lines and Gavite was promptly occupied by the insur-

rectos. As already stated the 1st Division, after the return of Gen. Anderson to

America, was in command of Major-General H. W. Lawton, with Brigadier-

Generals Charles King and Samuel Ovenshine in command of the 1st and 2d

Brigades respectively.

OBJECT OF THE LAKE EXPEDITION.

The first expedition undertaken was to the towns along the shore of the large

lake known as the "I^agunade Bay," of which the River Pasig is the outlet. Thedistrict to be reached was a beautiful rolling country, raised above the lowlands

which immediately surround Manila, densely populated and very wealthy, the

principal towns being ranged along the shore of the lake, from which the products

were transported to Manila by water. Besides the main Pasig, which is navigable

for small steamers, the lake has a large number of shallow outlets which unite

with each other, and then with the main stream below the city of Pasig. These

outlets which are navigable for cascos, are interconnected and form a series of

islands, of which some portions are swampy, but for the most part are high and

dry, and densely populated. The distance from Manila to the lake, at the outlet

of the Pasig, is about ten miles. The possession of so populous and wealthy a

198 Campaiji;^iiiiig in the P/iilippiiics.

district was of course of most importance to Aj^uiiialdo, not only as a source of

supplies, but as affording a point from which to make flank attacks upon our

ad\-aiiccd posts at the water-wo-k-^. The lake country, therefore, was obviously

the first district to be occupied

in a movement of the 1st

Division, auxiliary to the attack

upon Aguinaldo's main army at

Malolos.

The special objects of the ex-

pedition were three in number;

first, to secure several launches

and cascos still in possession of

the insurrectos, and to cut off

their most northerly fortress on

the lake, the town of Santa

GEx. LAWTox AXD STAFF IX THF. FIELD. Ctuz; sccoudly, to distributc the

proclamation issued bj' the American commissioners; thirdly, to sweep back

overland, and in conjunction with Gen. Ovenshine's command to crush the

enemv at Paranaque. The first two were brilliantly and successfully accom-

plished; the third was delayed by the recall of the expedition, after eight days, to

Manila, for other military movements.

Lawton's expedition on this occasion comprised 1509 men, and as it was led

through a portion of Luzon hitherto unvisited by our soldiers, it united to some

extent, the element of exploration as well as of military operations. The land

on either side of the Pasig River from Manila to the Laguna de Bay, is varied and

beautiful. First, there are the rich rice-lands bordering the river as far as San

Pedro Macati, then there are six miles or so of green banks and over-hanging

trees. As you near the island on which Pasig town is built, the view expands

into a fine vista of far hills, and near rolling fields. The air is sweet with the

odor of wild flowers; and the traceried branches of the palms and the bamboos cut

clear silhouettes against the sky, while the burned villages, and the ruined Guada-

lupe church, suggest the stern rigor of war.

THE DETAIL FOR THE EXPEDITION.

On the 6th of April, IS')!), the following order was issued from the Headquar-

ters of the 1st Division, <Sth Army Corps:

The following named organizations will be immediately prepared to take the field on a

special expedition. The}- will be equipped in light marching order and will be supplied with

20U rounds of ammunition per man and ten days' rations, two of which will be " travel rations,"

and will be carried in the haversack : 4th U. vS. Cav., Gale's Squadron, Troops C, G and L, 219

men; 14th U. S. Inf., Hasbrouck's Battalion, A, G, L and K, 311 men; Patten's Battalion,

Companies C, D, E and I, 290 men; 1st Idaho Volunteer Inf., Linck's Battalion, Companies

A, C, D and F, 225 men; 1st North Dakota Volunteer Inf., Fraine's Battalion, Companies C,

D, I and K, 248 men; two mountain guns, Hawthorne's Battery, Lieut. Koehler commanding,

with necessary equipment, etc., and sixt}- rounds of ammunition for each piece (shell and

shrapnel) sixteen men.

For the purposes of this expedition, the authorized sharpshooters, whose names have been

reported to these headquarters, with the officers selected to command them, will be temporarily

organized as follows:

Ca////>aix''>i!i/^- in tlw I'/ii/ippiiies. 199

First Company—14th V. S. Inf., nine squads, forty-five enlisted men, and 4th U. S. Cav.,

three squads, fifteen enlisted men, commanded by Lieut. W. C. Geiger, 14th Inf., sixty men.

.Second Company—1st North Dakota Volunteer Inf., eight squads, forty enlisted men,

commanded by 1st Lieut. H. J. Gruschus, 1st North Dakota Volunteer Inf.

Third Companv— 1st Idaho Volunteer Inf. , eight squads, forty enli.sted men, commanded

bv 1st Lieut. R. 11. Hartman, l.st Idaho Volunteer Inf.

Ivnirth Company— l.st Washington Volunteer Inf., twelve squads, sixty enlisted men, com-

manded by 1st Lieut. \V. E. Weigie, and iM Lieut. R. T. Ilazzard, 1st Washington Volunteer

Inf. Making a total of 1500 enlisted men.

With the exception of those belonging to the 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., sharpshooters

will remain for rations with their res])ective companies, and tho.se detached from companies

not taking part in this expedition will be assigned for rations to companies of their regiment

ab;)ve designated, but will be held under charge of squad leaders and the officers assigned to com-

mand them, in readiness to respond promptly to calls for service in their special duties. The

Washington detachment will be equipped as a separate company.

Maj. Weisenburger, 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., is a.ssigned to command the -battalion

of sharpshooters. Brigadier-General Charles King, L'. S. V., is assigned to command the forces

as thus organized, and will report in person to the Major-General commanding the division for

detailed instructions.

The Quartermaster and ]\Iedical Departments, and the .Signal Corps, will furnish the neces-

sary personnel and material.

Brigade Commanders are charged with the concentration of the troops of their respective

commands at a point and time to be designated by telegraph from these headquarters.

No transportation other than by boat will be provided except from camp to the place of

embarkation. As the journey by boat will probably be made during the night, company com-

manders will arrange to have coffee made and served during the night or just before landing,

which will doubtless occur about daylight or before.

It is the desire of the Major-General commanding the divi.sion that this expedition have a

thorough and complete organization, and, to that end, the companies will be divided into squads

and a non-commissioned officer as chief will be assigned to the charge of each. This assignment

to squads will be made permanent, and the men remain attached to the squads to which they are

assigned, except when changed b}' direction of the company commander, and the chief of squad

will keep in his possession a list of names of men in his squad, and he shall know at all times

the whereabouts of each man and be able to account for him.

In battle, the men of each squad will constitute "comrades in battle," and will support and

assist each other. In no case will a man be abandoned, except when specially so directed by

the companv commander in each case. When a member of a squad is killed, wounded, or

otherwise disabled, the fact will be immediately reported by the chief of the squad to his next

sujjcrior. In case it becomes necessary to detach individual men from .squads, they will be sent

in pairs, and the chief of squad will know that all his men are accounted for.

One of the purposes of this special expedition is the fulfillment of a desire and determina-

tion of the United States government to prove to and reassure the Filipinos that a campaign

conducted by Americans, through a hostile country, can and will be prosecuted according to the

most generous rules of civilized warfare. To this and General Orders No. 7, series 1898, and

No. 7, current series these headquarters, and paragraph No. 2, General Orders No. 15, current

series, Headquarters Department of the Pacific and 8th Army Corps, will be rigorously

executed. (These orders refer to looting, etc.)

Capt. F. A. Grant, Utah Volunteer Light Artillery, is assigned to command the gunboats

forming a part of this expedition; he will also arrange, prescribe and superintend the formation of

the flotilla and the order of the sailing of same, taking due and proper precautions against accident.

During the absence of the Major-General commanding the division on this expedition, the

line of entrenchments from Pasig to Pasai will be in charge of Brigadier-General Samuel Oven-

shine, U. S. v., commanding 2d Brigade, who will assume control of all the troops remaining

of the 1st Division. CLARENCE R. EDWARDS, Assistant Adjutant-General.

Bv command of Gen. Lawton.

200 Ca)iipaii^)iii!i; in the I'/ii/ippi>irs.

These orders are quoted at length, to show how complete and careful was the

preparation. Accompanying the expedition, were a number of war-correspondents,

and Hon. H. A. Ranisden, the English Vice-Consul, a man of very agreeable

companionship, and thoroughly in sympathy with out-door life, and with our

American boys. Brigade Surgeon Maj. George Shiels, with twelve assistants,

constituted the Hospital Corps. Early in the move. Gen. King had to be relieved

from his command, owing to an attack of heart trouble.

THK COMMAXJ) reCtIxs thk :move.

On April Sth, at orlo p. M., Lawton, with eight launches, seventeen cascos,

and two bancas left San Pedro Macati. The journey up the Pasig River, to the

lake, consumed the night until 4 A. m. next morning. The winding narrow

channel and inexperienced pilots caused much loss of time through the frequent

grounding of the launches and cascos, which had to be floated by the launch

Maria, acting under Capt. Grant's orders. Through the indefatigable and intelli-

gent efforts of Capt. Grant, the entire flotilla was formed at the entrance to the lake

t-w--

/A- .^ * .>-.

%Jtt^.̂

;#/ ¥^^- -.^•^**^**»

-^

, THE RIO CRANDE.

an hour before daybreak of the Uth. The Associated Press boat Orient volun-

teered its aid as a tug boat, and the three gunboats, Laguna de Bay, Oesta and

Napidan, also acted in the same capacity.

It was an interesting sight to watch the hulks of the black cascos lying be-

tween us and the rising sun; to hear the men chat and chaffer with one another

from boat to boat. They all went into the day's work as if they were going out

among the hills for a holiday. "Who are you?" one boat would ask another in

the gray light. " We are the 4th Cavalry." "Who are you?" "Oh, we are the

Hea^ First; we do all the scrappin', and we get all the praise." "Here you

fellows keep quiet, I can't hear the orders," yelled the Sergeant, as one casco

crashed into another. It was all taken in good part, and by daylight the whole

flotilla started up the lake.

Before noon we lay in front of Santa Cruz, a fine town strongly defended.

The winds ccme suddenly on lakes which lie among mountains, and a stiff" breeze

swept the waters as the men prepared to land. The infantry and battery were

Caiiipai<iiiiiiii in the I'/ii/ippiiies. 201

latuled on a l^each 'n front of a wide meadow. The wind interfered a good deal

with the landing, many of the men ha\-ing to wade ashore in water shoulder deep.

From the Associated Press boat, we could see the whole of the maneuvers on lake

and shore as on a chart.THE IvXriCDITIOX L.VXDKl).

Soon all the boys were on the land, except the 4th Cav. We could see the

long line form and the march begin. Soon a sharp fire opened on the right of our

advancing line. The boys started " the griiniing guns," and after half an hour,

(jtiietness fell on the scene. Darkness came quickly, as it does in the tropics, and

the .soldiers bivouacked for the night. The in.surgents were seen to be well forti-

fied on the beach where the cavalry were to land, so they stayed on the cascos all

night.

At daybreak of the lOth, Gen. Lawton, in person, landed on the left flank of

the line, walked along to the right, which he found resting on the main road leading

from the south into the town. A telegraph line was cut, thus destroying the con-

nection with Malolos. Owing to the illness of Gen. King, Maj. Weisenburger of

the 1st Washingtons, was put in command of the expeditionary brigade. Thecompanies were at once put into position; three companies of the Idahos on the

right of the road, the artillery .section on the road supporting Company I of the

Idahos; on the left of the road, Capt. Hasbrouck's Battalion of the 14th Inf ; the

Washington sharpshooters; Capt. Patten's Battalion, 14th Inf., and North Dakota

Battalion in the order named, the last resting its left flank on the beach. Theadvance toward the city was then begun. Gen. lyawton, himself personally super-

vising the right of the line; Maj. Edwards the center, and Maj. Starr the left.

In his report of the fight. Gen. lyawton highly commends these two stafi" officers

and Maj. Weisenburger. Meanwhile little opposition was met until the commandreached the main bridge of the city. Here Capt. Hasbrouck's Battalion of the

14th, and some of the Idahos and Washingtons made a beautiful charge, com-

pletely routing

the enemy, whoput up a plucky

fight. On the

north side of

the field of op-

era t i o n s , the

4th Cav. were

successfullylanded by Capt.

(iale. The gal-

lant Captainnot only landed

in the face of an

inSUro-ent firewoodkn (U-ns iski. m- iNstK(;KNTS. Plwtohy HUIe.

but dislodged the enemy and took their fortifications on the north. As the

rebels fled from the city, the gunboats under Capt. Grant did good execution;

for the Filipinos had to cross an open field, where they were exposed to the

202 CcDHpaiifniiifr in the Philippines.

hot fire of our men on land as well as a scathing fire from the gunboats. It

seemed as, from our coign of \antage, we saw these Filipinos running out of cover

into the field, and then saw our men after them like fury, that we were watching

some terrific football game.THU LOSS ON BOTH SIDIvS

The record of casualties on our side was a short one. No one was killed in

this action. William Somars, Company D, 14th Inf., was cut in the right arm

with abolo knife in the hands of a wounded insurgent; 1st Sergt. Wall, CompanyA, had a gun-shot wound in the wrist; Private Pitts, Company G, a gun-shot

wound in the head, which proved fatal. In the 4th Cav., 2d lyieut. Eltinge wa.s

shot in the finger, J. Grabowski, Troop G, shot in the head seriously; in the

Idahos, A. Pearson, Company A, gun-shot wound on the wrist; G. B. Manning,

Company C. shot in the foot. No one was missing. The enemy's loss was ninety-

three killed, thirty wounded, of whom three died; prisoners, forty-one. Thewounded both of the insurgents and ours were sent to Manila on a casco that

night.THE WORK OF THE GUNBOATS.

The gunboats the Lagiina de Bay, the Oesta and the Napidan did fine workunder Capt. Grant. Capt. Gale was put in charge of the city of Santa Cruz with

his command of cavalry; and at six o'clock, on the morning of the 11th, Lawtonset out to hunt up the fleeing Filipinos. Capt. Grant from his boat reported that

the natives were seen retreating towards the head of the bay.

Some of the reports of the subordinate commanders are good reading. Onecharacteristic report is that of Maj. Figgins, of the Idahos. He closes it with this

entry: "Estimate of killed and wounded Filipinos: April 9th, killed eight,

wounded none; April 10th, killed thirty, wounded none." It would seem from

this that the Idahos were out to kill, and that everything they hit died. Capt.

Gale reported that all he needed was ammunition, which he ran out of, or he

would have taken the town himself. One of the 14th Inf. boys stated to the

reporters that he had been gored by a carabao bull, as his regiment charged. Hewas, indeed, all torn and ripped. But he had self-command enough to take the

bull by the hind-foot and hold hira till the rest of his squad got together and shot

the animal. This is a better thing than taking the bull bv the horns.

MOVEMENTS AFTER THE FIGHT.

From Santa Cruz the Americans chased the enemy in the direction of Pagsanjan,

a beautiful village, nestled at the foot of the mountains, which, at this northern

end of Laguna de Bay, rise like a rim of bastions from the level face of the fields.

The broad avenues, well macadamized, which w^e marched over, indicated pros-

perity, and the fine cocoa-nut groves, that bordered our way, gave us grateful

shade, as we took a quick march among song-birds and the dew. We had gone

not more than a mile when the crackle-crackle-crackle of Mausers told us that

the day's w^ork was on. At 7:15 the 14th Inf. deployed into the palm woods; then

the Idahos came up and deployed to the right ; then the North Dakotas and

deploj'ed to the left. A general advance was at once made, but it met with no

further resistance. Pagsanjan was taken without a shot. In the center of this

Gxinpaignius; in tlw P/ii/i/>pincs. 203

fine town there is an old Spai',isli nionunient, from wliicli the natives ha\e taken

the orit^inal inscriptions and put in inscriptions of their own ; one of these is to

" E. Aguinaldo, el Libertador." In this town there was an air of so much refine-

ment and wealth that it seemed strange that such intelligent folk should run off

before a civilized array as if it were the hosts of Timur.

One poor woman was left in town ; but she was curled up in a clothes basket.

Lieut. Hartman, of the Idahos, discovered her there; but the gallant officer from

the Silver State was so embarrassed that he was golden in his silence, and bowedsweetly, smiled and vanished, finding the situation more trying to him than to the

poor, half-dead lady. Hens and chickens were in plenty. Dogs gave us but a

cold welcome. The soldiers halted an hour or two. Some geese and hens fell

under their conquering blades. But the town was policed and left in the samegood state of preservation in which lyawton's army found it.

Maj. Weisenburger took six troops of infantry forward along the lyUmban River,

to effect a junction at its entrance with the gunboat Laguna de Bay. About twomiles down the river the rebels again made a stand for a couple of hours, but weredislodged. The troops then niurclied to the lake and took their supper ow the l^each.

CIN. LAW IdN'S I.\Ki: K X 1>K DITION MOVINC, TROOI'S IN CASCOS T'l' THi: I'ASK. RIVI.R.

The Idahos under Maj. Figgins camped in the church at Lumban. The orders

were ver}^ strict about looting. But the old Major said he thought he could con-

strue them so as to let his men catch chickens, and take mats from the houses to

cover them from the dew. One brawny miner was hauling away a piece of

carpet, and was thus found by Gen. L,awton. Lawton took him up to Maj. Fig-

gins. "What is the charge, General?" asked Figgins. " I found this manlooting," answered the General. "All right. General," said Figgins, "leave himto me. I'll deal with him." When Lawton went away, the Major turned to his

man who was an Irishman :" You big galoot; why did you let the General catch

you? Now off" with you, and get your carpet, and don't let me see j^ou get

caught again."

During the action along the Lumban or Pagsanjan River, the expedition cap-

tured six rebel launches and two cascos. It was impossible to bring these out

into the lake until dredges were used. The insurgents had put obstructions in the

river and a bar had formed. While waiting for these bars to be removed, Maj.

Weisenburger led the advance along the lake from Lumban to Longos. He met

no resistance up to this point. The road was a good one, running between the

204 Cainpaiiinuiff in the Philippines.

, 1;NT army MAKl

lake and the mountains. As the soldiers looked around thera they saw scenery

which reminded some of California, some of Georgia, some of other fine

mountain lands they had seen. The valleys and ravines were thickly overgrown— with underbrush; but on high the'*^ palm tree lifted its disheveled head

like a woman in grief. Brooks

burst out of the side of hills, at

which the men filled their canteens

and were refreshed. About noon,

the column halted to take lunch

at Longos, a small town which

straggles along the road, has

good water, and a fine old church.

All the natives had left, and our

lads were enjoying a quiet meal.

All at once the bugles blew. Theboys laid down their half-eaten meal, and got out in the road in battle array.

One man in the ()th Art., loaned me his cup. It was full of hot tea, and he did

not want to have me throw it away, so he shouted to me as he unlimbered his

gun: "You keep the tin, and bring it on. I've got to go." He was off immedi-

ately. The firing increased and lasted for two hours. I waited at the old church

of Longos. At four o'clock a quiet little procession came, bearing three men,

one shot seriously, two fatally.

HEROIvSM OF THK \V0UNDB:D.

The doctor came in and told them they would die in an hour. One looked to

the other and smiled: " Well, it's all right, let us die bravely." They died at five

o'clock. Chaplain Father McKinnon of the 1st Californias, and Chaplain

Stephenson of the 1st Idahos, did beautiful service for the men that day. They

got them tea and food, or took their dying messages and prepared them for the

last. At six o'clock a second procession came with three silent stretchers — all

dead. They laid out on the church aisle at Longos five men, with strong, firm

faces, under the dim altar light. The firing ceased. Father McKinnon was

kneeling at the sanctuary with a wounded man, now giving him nourishing

draughts, now giving him consolation, now staunching his wounds. All quiet,

all sacred. Out in the sky the Southern Cross shone brightly; in the dim aisle

the face of the Virgin was suffused as with tears.

What had happened was this: Maj. Weisenburger sent Maj. Fraine of the North

Dakotas ahead to reconnoiter the road between Longos and Paete, San Antonio.

The battalion marched three-quarters of a mile in columns of fours, with point

two hundred yards in advance of column, point being followed by twenty sharp-

shooters, at a distance of one hundred yards, and with sharpshooters out on the

right flank in the jungle.

The country, away from the road, was an impenetrable jungle, and on the

right, rising at angles of about forty-five degrees, were gullies and dry beds of

water-courses. At half past three, the point signaled back that the insurgents

Caiiipaii^iiiiii;^ in Ihc /'/iili/>f)i)ie^. 205

were seventy-five yards ahead, behind strong entrenchments. Tlie sharpshooters

A\ere l)roUi;ht up and deplo}ed. At that time a heavy fire from our right flank,

extending the entire length of the command, was poured into us. A platoon from

each company was sent into the jungle, the left resting on the road, the right

swinging up the hill and making a left turn.

While this was going on Lieut. Brooke, of the staff, arrived, and shortly after-

wards Maj. Weisenburger with the mountain battery and tlie Washingtons. Theytook up a position in front of the entrenchment first noticed by our point. Lieut.

MAP SHOWIXr, MOVEMENT OF GEN. LAWTON'S LAKE EXPEDITION. CnpyriqTitedhy P. E Lamar.

Brooke deserves great credit for the coolness with which he steadied the men withhim. When that part of the line was receiving a terrific hail of lead, his courage,

good-nature and calmness communicated itself to the men. Everybody did his

duty well. After two hours' sharp fighting the entrenchment was passed, and the

Americans went on and entered Paete at six o'clock. The conduct of the officers

and men was exceptionally good on this occasion. IVIaj. Fraine said afterwards

that no fear was shown, no orders misunderstood, and all worked well. Hementioned the conduct of Lieut. Brooke, and also of Private John I. Wamples,Company D, Idahos, and Thomas Sletteland of Company C, who volunteered to

200 C(iiii/>aii:;iiiiig in tlie rhilippiiies.

take extremely dangerous positions where they could obser^-e the enemy in their

trenches. The loss to the one regiment of the North Dakotas was five killed andone wounded. The killed were, Corp. Isador Driscoll , Privates Peter Tompkins,Alfred Almen, William C. Lamb, Company C, and Musician George Schneller,

Company I. Wounded, Private Herbert J. Fyles, Company I. The Lagiina dc

Bay shelled the rebels in this engagement, and the 14th Inf. and 6th Art. re-

enforced Maj. Fraine. Sergt. Charlton, of the Washingtons, was also wounded.

RKTURX TO MANILA.

On the loth of April, Gen. Otis sent word to Gen. L,awton that the expedition

would have to return to Manila, owing to military necessities arising in other parts

of the field of war. Our men then rested qviietly at Paete for two or three days.

The town of Paete is situated at the mouth of a ravine. On the high hills

above us we watched the rebels bury their dead, after their fight on the 12th. Astrict guard was placed at all the avenues to the town. It was a pleasant camp-

ing ground. The streams that flow from the hills come through the town and

cool the warm heart of it. Springs and cool gardens abound. The palm and the

plantain throw delicious shadows. The hills are ever changing in glorious, verd-

urous robes. It is a land of sunny days and starry nights ; of river-beds gleam-

ing, and hills crowded with waiting metals.

Such is Laguna de Bay country—a land even richer and fairer than has been

described. The Idahos went to panning gold and found in the streams of Paete

that the waters do truly "wander o'er sands of gold." Of course, all were tired

of their cramped life and were glad when the orders came that embarked them on

the launches and cascos, and bore them back to Manila.

The expedition accomplished this: It captured six launches and two- cascos;

one hundred and twenty-five of the enemy were killed, thirty wounded and forty

taken prisoners. Sixty Chinamen, who begged to be taken from Santa Cruz,

were brought to Manila. When we pulled out from Santa Cruz, amid the golden

glory of mountain sunset, we saw the rebel fires on the hills and discerned that the

insurrectos were back in the town. Yet, much was learned on this expedition;

among other things the fine qualities of our .soldiers, and the wonderfully

rich and varied country which in Luzon lies near the door of the capital.

CHAPTER XI.

LAWTON'S NORTHERN EXPEDITION.

iPON his return from the hike expedition, Gen. Lawton was im-

mediately directed to prepare for an expedition upon a larger

scale into the country immediately east of that occupied byGen. MacArthur in who.se field would be located Lawton's

base of supplies, and from which a supporting column was to

join him. It appears to have been assumed that L,awton could

go where he plea.sed with his columns, but that insurgent bands

would close in behind him, rendering his communications with

Manila insecure, unless protected by a larger force than he

could spare. And such proved to be the case. The Dagupanrailroad, along which MacArthur was operating, runs somewhat we.st ofnorth from

Manila. Starting also from Manila a main road runs northerly with a deflection

from the north to the east. about equal to the westerly deflection of the railroad.

Along the general direction of this main road Gen. Lawton was to advance. It

is evident that as he proceeded north, he would continually be getting farther

from the main line of MacArthur' s Division. Upon the east of the Rio Grande

from Calumpit north lies an extensive swamp known as the Pinag de Candaba, or

Swamp of Candaba. This swamp was intersected in several directions by roads

built through it, but was otherwise impassable. All the operations of MacArthur's

Division had been conducted on the west of this swamp, while the route marked

out for Lawton's column lay to the east of it. The following account of the move-

ment is substantialh' that given by Gen. I^awton in his report to Gen. Otis:

ORGANIZATION OF THE COMMAND.

Pursuant to orders from the Corps and Department Commander, during the

afternoon of April 21, 1899, the 22d U. S. Inf., 1st North Dakota Volunteer Inf.,

2d Squadron (Gale's) 4th U. S. Cav., Hawthorne's Separate Mountain Battery

and Scott's Platoon (two guns), Battery D, 6th U. S. Art., assembled in the vicinity

of La Loma church, about four miles north of Manila. The troops bivouacked

for the night, and instructions were given for an early movement in the morning.

Eight companies of the 3d U. S. Inf., under the command of Capt. J. W. Han-

nay, of that regiment, were encamped about a mile distant and reported for duty

with the expedition.IMRPOSES OF THE EXPEDITION.

The purposes of the expedition or plan of campaign contemplated the advance

of this column on what appeared on most maps to be a practicable road through

Novaliches and San Jose to Norzagaray, where a large insurgent force was reported

208 Caiiipaiiiiiiit^- in the /7ii/ippiiics.

\^K

to have their headquarters. In front of Xorzagaray, junction with another column,

1200 strong, marching from Bocaue through Santa Maria, was to be made.

After the capture and occupation of Norzagaray, the road leading north from

there to San Miguel was to be thoroughly reconnoitered, especially as to

the practicability for this column. On the best credited map, this route is repre-

sented a good road. San Miguel was sup-

posed to be an insurgent stronghold, and

the probable rendezvous of the forces to be

defeated, but it was suggested that the 2d

Division column could move on San Miguel

along the road east of the swamp, thus making

a combined attack with the 1st Division. This

Novaliches-San Jose route would promise that

this column would get over on the extreme

right of the insurgents' left; would invade their

country; engage the enemy's forces, and pre-

vent a concentration of the forces in our front

upon MacArthur, if not at the same time turn

the enemy's flank and disconcert his plans.

The combined northern movement of both field

divisions, if unable to secure a decisive action

against the northern insurgent army, would at

least drive the enemy out of the Tagalog pro-

phntohy Darce,j. viuccs luto uorthem ones, whose inhabitants

were reported unfriendly to the insurrection. At five o'clock next morning,

April 22d, the command commenced the march northward, the 3d Inf.

joining the column at its formation.

TRENCHES AT S.AN" FERNANDO.

COLUMN MOVES IN LIGHT MARCHING ORDER.

The command was equipped in the lightest possible marching order compatible

with an expedition of the duration contemplated for this. Ten days' field rations

were taken in carts, drawn by carabao, or water buffalo, as was also a reserve of

100 rounds per man of ammunition. One hundred rounds were also carried

by each soldier on his person. The transportation was very limited and

orders were issued directing the loading of wagons to 3000 pounds and carts 1500

pounds, exclusive of forage for the animals. It was represented that the proposed

route was over a passable wagon road, and these loads were considered conserva-

tive maxima.NOVALICHES OCCUPIED.

The order of march for the first day placed the North Dakotas in the advance,

and Gale's squadron in the rear. The command passed the trenches of the 4th

Inf. shortly after leaving the camping grounds of the night previous, and ad-

vanced about six miles without incident when the enemy was encountered in small

•force, being developed by Company H, 1st North Dakotas, the vanguard of the

column. Companies A, B, G and I, of that regiment were immediately deployed,

and the enemy fell back making but feeble resistance. After driving the enemy about

70S

v\^

[AP SHOWING MOVEMENTS OF GEN. LAWTON'S NORTHERN EXPEDITION. Cupyrightcd by P. L\ Lamar

^'-r

4

AGUINALDO AND FOUR OF HIS LEADING GENERALS.1. Emilio AGUINALDO. 2. GENERAL Pow, au influential Chinese official in the insurgent army, and

brother-in-law of Aguinaldo. 3. General Pilar, one of Aguinaldo's ablest officers. 4. General Torres.5. Gexer.'\l Garcia.

Caiiipni^iiiN^' in ihc /Viilip/>iiii's. 20i>

a mile, the column was again formed. After proceeding about a mile further, the

enemy was again encountered in larger force, and made a determined opposition

to our advance, pouring in a strong hre on our front from both sides of the road,

principally from tlie left. The same companies were again deployed, and vigor-

ously engaged the enemy, completely routing them and driving them on through

the village of Novaliches, to a point about two miles be> ond. Our troops oc-

cupied the village about 10 a. m., and a line of outposts was established about the

town. Our casualties: Two enlisted men, 1st North Dakotas, wounded, one ser-

iousl>-, and several men overcome by heat.

Considerable difficulty was experienced in crossing the transportation over the

Rio de Tuliacan, as the north bank of that stream is of solid rock, and no suitable

approach to the ford from tliat side has ever been constructed.

During the afternoon the pickets of the 22d Inf., on the northeast side of the

village were fired on by the enemy who had entrenched about 1 ()()() yards away on

a hillside. Shots were exchanged during the whole afternoon, Scott's platoon

being brought into action, and the enemy finally silenced with the exception of

single shots throughout the night. No casualties.

The town being entirely deserted by its inhabitants, the troops occupied "nipa"

huts as quarters for the night. Nothing of value was to be found in the town,

practically all stores of rice and other provisions having been removed by the

people in their flight. At five o'clock next morn-

ing, the 2od, the command was again on the movetoward the north, San Jose being the objective

point. On leaving Novaliches, the road which

up to that village had been, with the exception

of the approaches to the ford, passable for wagons

and carts, now became a mere footpath, winding

its way over rice-fields wnth their innumerable

dykes, which were too high to permit the passage

of wagon and cart wheels, without work with

pick and shovel at each dyke. Great difficulty

was experienced by the rear guard of that da}-,

the North Dakota Regiment, in assisting the cart^

along. The "road" leads over a succession of

hills and valleys, on the former of which the

troops and water buffalo were exposed to the

burning rays of a tropical sun, and in the latter

they labored through jungles and mudholes.

The heat was intense, the loads so great (though

only absolutely necessary rations and ammunition

were carried ) and the trail so rough, that it was

necessary to unhitch the carabao on many of the divides and lead them down to

waterholes to soak for a half hour, thus greatly impeding the progress of the train.

Headquarters, the 3d and 22d Regiments of infantry, and Scott's platoon

reached the ford crossing the Pasunkambor River, about one and one-half miles

south of San Jose, at 3 p. M., having been delayed through not having any official

WOODEN GCN USED BY INSURGENTS.

210 Cnii!pai,iiiiiii>^ iii llic Philippines

guide, and being misdirected b>' an impressed native guide picked up on the

way. The advance during the day had been without contact with the enemy.

The 4th Cav., Hawthorne's Battery, and the North Dakotas, with the wagon

train went into camp about four miles back toward Novaliches, the men and ani-

mals being almost completely exhausted by hauling the transportation over

siui-scorched divides, and through swamp>' valleys and rocky gullies.

THK COLUMN RKACHKvS vSAN JOvSE.

Early on the morning of the 24th, the command, now separated into two parts,

through the failure of the wagon train to reach the river before going into camp

the night before, was in motion. The 22d Inf. advanced to, and occupied San

Jose without opposition, being accompanied by Scott's platoon. The 3d Inf. oc-

cupied the approaches to the ford and the adjacent thickets to guard the trans-

portation. The remainder of the command, with wagon train, resumed the

advance toward the river. The same condition, or worse, if possible, continued

to impede the progress of the wagon train as on the day previous. Capt. Gale,

I!Rin(>F \r H\(.l \c, KIVI R SHdWIN

with his dismounted squadron of the 4th Cav., furnished the advance guard and

convoy of the train, and with his entire command rendered valuable aid as en-

gineers in assisting to prepare the roads, building bridges, etc. I,ieut. Hawthorne,

with his mountain battery detached, and even Maj. Penrose, lyieut. Kemp of the

Medical Corps, with their hospital .squad, and Chinamen, lent a willing hand to

overcome what frequently appeared insurmountable obstacles to further progress.

But of the North Dakotas, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Treumann, Gen.

Lawton expresses special appreciation. They exchanged their well performed

duties of advance guard of the day before, for the laborious one of rear guard

of the two daj'S necessary to reach Norzagara}-. This regiment had orders to

leave nothing behind, and literally carried transportation o\er bad places and put

squads of men in the shafts to replace worn-out and dead bulls. Every service,

even to the use of pick and shovel was performed, from the Colonel down to the

private, with the same commendable earnestness that has given this regiment

its reputation for cheerful and effective accomplishment of any task set them.

Caiiipai<:;-iii)i<j^ i)i (lie Plnlif>f>ines,. 211

As rapidly as the troops came in, tliey occupied the deserted huts of the town,

(San Jose) and remained all niglit. The wagon train came in during the night,

men and animals completely exhausted, many carabao having died, the men tak-

ing their places and hauling the carts along.

During the afternoon 2d Lieut. C. H. Boyd, 4th Cav., reported Troop I, of

that regiment, for duty with the expedition. He had come with his troop, whi.-h

was mounted on nati\e ponies, from the vicinity of Norzagaray, to which point a

provisional brigade, composed of seven companies of the 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf.

and eight of the 115th Minnesota Volunteer Inf., and a section (one gun) of the

Utah Light Artillery, under command of Col. Owen Summers, 2d Oregon Volun-teer Inf. had been accompanied by Maj. Charles (x. Starr, Inspector-General,

U. S. v., from Bocaue, with a view to joining the expedition. Li-Ut. Boydreported that, while with Col. Summers' command, the enemy had been encoun-

tered and had made a stubborn resistance, but had been driven back throughNorzagaray and across the river, just east of that town, without serious casualty

on our side. Lieut. Boyd and his troop returned at once to Xorzagaray. Themarch was resumed at the usual hour, on the morning of the 25th instant, for

Norzagaray, with Troop L, 4th Cav., as escort, and advanced with headquarters,

without waiting for the remainder of the command, arriving at Xorzagaray about

12:30 P. M., without incident.

PARTIAL BURNING OF ANGAT.

"While on the march, dense smoke was obser\'ed, rising from the valley in the

direction of Angat. It was found, on arrival at Norzagaray, that Maj. Kastwick's

Battalion, of the Oregons, and Capt. Masterman's, of the Minnesotas, with the

Utah gun, had that morning routed the enemy from, and occupied the town of

Angat, some four miles northwest of Norzagaray, and that during the engage-

ment a portion of the town had been burned. During the engagement at Angatabout 200 men of those left behind at Norzagaray, while swimming in the

river, were surprised by a heavy fire from the enemy on the opposite bank.

The mounted troop was watering at the same time, but fortunateh' not a man washit. The enemy, in small force,

were entrenched across the river

from Norzagaray and scattered

through the bamboo. During

the afternoon they kept up a

desultory and annoying fire upon ^

the town, the bullets striking ^:-

the church in which a hospital

had been established. Xo casual-

ties resulted, as the firing was

at long range and not intelli-

gently directed. The transporta- bringing in wounded mkn on a handcar.

tion made but little progress as the road, over which our route lay, did not improve

until Norzagaray was sighted. The train camped some distance back, toward

San Jose, and, advancing next morning, was directed to continue to Angat and

212 Caiiipaia^iiiuji^ in tlie Pliilippiiit's.

o-o into camp at that place, which the ;kl and 22d Inf. and the Ist North

Dakotas, accompanied by Hawthorne's Mountain Battery, occupied the same day.

The mounted troop was sent on a reconnaissance along the west bank of the

river and about two miles west of Angat, at Marunco, encountered the enem}^ in

force reported to be about 500—200 were actuall\- counted by Capt. W. Iv. Birk-

himer, 3d Art., Acting Judge-Advocate. At the same time the cavalr}^ started,

one battalion of the Oregons, under Maj. Eastwdck, forded the river, just above

Norzagaray, and successfully dispersed the insurgent forces from the thickets,

along the river bank from east to west. ]\Iaj. Eastwick reported an insurgent loss

of five killed and several wounded. The following report will explain Gen.

Lawton's view of the situation at this time.

GEN. LAWTOX REPOPvTS PROGRESvS.

H?;ADOt;ARTKRS I'iRST DlVISIOX, ElOHTK ArMV CoRPS, I

In the Field, Norzagaray, Luzon, April 2H, 1899.)

To the Adjutant-General, Department of the Pacific and Sth Army Corps, :\Ianila, P. I.

Sir—Your messages of 9:30 and 9:35, 25th inst., reached me this a. m. The command with

transportation has not yet reached this point. I hope to get it all up this evening. The

mounted troops were sent this A. M., on a reconnaissance west along the bank of the river to

look at roads and fords. Two miles west of Angat, the enemy was encountered in force, reported

to be about 500—200 were actually counted by Capt. W. E. Birkhimer who accompanied the

cavalry. At the same time cavalry started, one battalion of the Oregons forded the river oppo-

site this place and drove the enemj' from the country opposite; they were plainly seen from this

point scattering, some fifty moved up the river in southeast direction, others moved toward the

main body. Our troops occupied high ground and moved down river opposite Angat. As soon

as my command arrives will cross Col. Summers' command and move by both flanks downriver and endeavor to throw flanks around the enemy and destroy some of them. Concerning

your message of 9:30, there seems to be no direct road from this place to Quingua. The only

route for wagons is via Baliuag to Bocaue. I will be prepared to follow instructions contained

in message of 9:35 as soon as my column has arrived with transportation, and I have drawn the

enemy from this vicinity. I desire, however, to submit the following suggestions:

From the best information I can obtain, I learn that there were at this place and at Angat

about 1000 men. Thev were reported to have plenty of ammunition and expended it freely at

long range, mostly Remington, but very little food. Gen. "Punta" Pantelon Garcia, command-

ing a few local troops, but mostly troops driven from Malabou about INIarch 25th or 2Hth. The

action of the enemy indicates that they are disintegrating, as small detachments have been

wandering in different directions over the country and there seems to be little organization.

They have been well cut oflF from the east and south and the mountains in the up-river country,

and the main force have been pushed north and west. I feel sure we are on their extreme left

and can double them up. Our problem is transportation. Buffalo carts are out of the question

for even ordinary marching except over smooth, hard roads, for rapid moving over rolling coun-

try tliey are impracticable. The conditions of marching are such that the soldier is taxed to

his utmost capacity of endurance to carry his rifle, ammunition and blanket roll, without being

yoked to a cart to haul the supplies as we have been obliged to do, and are doing at this moment.

A number of our bulls have died, I cannot ascertain how many, but ten or more, and the menpull along the carts. These bulls have died from exhaustion and not from disease. The four-

mule teams have done very well, with help over bad places and on the hills, but the two-horse

and mule teams could not pull more than the empty wagons. I have therefore no spare trans-

portation even after the reduction of weight after the consumption of rations; we have, however,

traveled over a rough country with no road. I hope when I get my transportation in to replace

dead bulls with others found in the country, to re-adjust and arrange it so that it can continue

Cainpaii^nini^ in ilic J'/ii/ippiues. 213

over good roads and make- short iiiarclu'S each day. The fifty pack mules will give us verylittle material assistance, as the}- will not carry one day's rations for the w'hole command, andI must still rely on the bull teams. I can, however, give the pack train to the sciuadron of•cavalry, including the mounted troops, and it will carry ten days' rations for the whole squad-

ron, and I can use them for flank or rapid movements as they will be strong enough to main-tain themselves anywhere.

My suggestion then is to let me move west down the river by both lianks to or near Baliuag,

where I should be met by a supply train with ten days' rations. Then let me move north alongthe road through San Ildefonso to San ]Miguel, and let MacArthur move over the road to the

west of the swamp along the river. I can keep my cavalrj- squadron on my right flank, and in

communicating distance, and thus the whole country between the mountains on the east andthe Rio Grande on the west will be covered. I believe the movement would disintegrate the

insurgent army in that section, and I gather from information received that the roads suggestedare very good. The signal officer has reported it impossible to maintain the telegraph line, it

having been cut many times between San Jose and Novaliches. He has sent out twice or oftener

•each day to repair it, but it is as often cut, and the last time a long .section was removed, and hedid not have wire enough along to repair it. I suggest that it be taken up from ^Manila andtoward Novaliches, and I will send out and take up from this end as far as possible, and thenthat a line be laid out to me with supply train, if it be sent.

I do not believe I will be much in advance of MacArthur, if my suggestion is approved; at

any rate I feel that I have force enough for any emergency. A reply by return of this escort

will reach me before I can be ready to move.

Very respectfully,

H. W.LAWTON,:Major-General, U. S. V., Commanding.

LAWTON'S COMMUNICATIONS DISTURBED.

As there wa.s no other means of communication Gen. Lawton was obliged

to send this by courier. No one had been over the route from Norzagaray to

Bocaue since Col. Summers' advance, and therefore the security of this route to

-small parties was problematical.

Maj. Charles G. Starr, Inspector-General, U. S. V., was selected for this duty,

which he unhesitatingly performed, accompanied only by his personal orderly.

With the exception of Troop I, 4th Cav., all the troops left Norzagaray for

Angat on the morning of the 27th, Col. Summers' command continuing two miles

further down the river to and occupying the town of Marunco. Much trouble

^vas experienced with the telegraph line, it having been cut many times betweenSan Jose and Novaliches. Information was received from Corps Headquarters,

that the line would be taken up from Manila to Novaliches, and the remainder

would be abandoned unless the command could recover it from the north. Thiswas afterwards done by Capt. F. A. Perkins, U. S. V., Signal Corps, escorted

by Troop I, 4th Cav.

From an insurgent officer captured by Maj. Eastwick's Battalion, of the 2dOregons, on the 26th, it was learned that the San Jose and Novaliches insurgents

did not obey orders from Aguinaldo, but acted separately; and that the insurgent

forces were falling back to San Miguel where Aguinaldo was supposed to be. It

was also learned from the same source, that if the soldiers of the insurgent armyknew of the treatment they would receive from the Americans, many would desert

and come into our lines, and that the officers, particularly, feared maltreatment byAmericans.

214 Caiiipaii^)ii)ti^ in the Philippines.

At 9 A. M., the commanding officers of regiments, battalions and separate organi-

zations were called together at headquarters, and were advised regarding treat-

ment of the property and persons of non-combatants, the purpose of the expedition,

and what was contemplated for the future. Two companies of the 22d Inf. were

sent back to Norzagaray to reen force Troop I, 4th Cav., the insurgents having

attempted to re-occupy the town.

Information was received from headquarters, that the fifty pack mules loaded

with ammunition, and the additional four-mule teams, hauling rations, would

leave Bocaue the morning of the 29th, and request was made that they be sent

via Angat to join the command. Instructions were received on the 29th, after the

first battle, of San Rafael, to remain at Angat vmtil supplies arrived.

GALLANT BEHAVIOR OF WILLL\M H. YOUNG.

At daybreak, on the 2«.)th, the 1st North Dakotas, 3d U. S. Inf. and Scott's

platoon, moved down the south bank of the river toward San Rafael. At the same

time Col. Summers' command, to which was added Hawthorne's Separate Moun-tain Battery, moved down the north bank of the river in the same direction.

About noon Col. Treumann's command developed a force of the enemy, afterwards

estimated at 400, which they drove on down the river. Here an incident took

^^^my

WORK OF IOWA REGIMENT AT SAN FERNAM

place which Cxen. Lawton says he shall not soon forget, in that it made him

acquainted with that splendid and gallant man and scout, William H. Young. He,

in citizen's clothing, was noticed walking well in front of the right flankers of the

advance point. Gen. L,awton ordered him in, intending to reprimand and send

him to the rear. Something in the man's bearing and appearance made the

General change his mind, and he directed him to go to the front and bring in a

citizen that the General might get definite information about the location of San

Rafael. He cheerfully complied, and in less than five minutes Gen. I^awton heard

three shots and Young appeared as cool and collected as ever, bearing a rifle and

haversack with eightj-six rounds of ammunition, dripping with blood. He had

run into an insurgent outpost of eight men, and had alone killed one and driven

the others off. His action prevented a surprise to our advance guard which was

soon under a rapid and hot fire.

THE COMMAND OCCUPIES SAN RAFAEL.

Col. Summers' command occupied San Rafael without opposition. Our casual-

ties: 2d Lieut. C. C. Todd, 3d Inf., slight gun-shot wound, right thigh, and two

enlisted men, 3d Inf., and one enlisted man, 1st North Dakotas, wounded, the latter

severely. One insurgent is known to have been killed. Scott's platoon of

Caiitpai^)iino in the Philippims 215

artillery participated in the engagement with some effect. Telegraphic instructions

were received from Corps Headcjuarters that peaceful conditions would obtain

while representatives of insurgent government, who had come in through i\^'.\.

MacArthur's lines, remained.

April 80th two companies of

the 22d Inf. were sent with

wagons from Angat to meet

supply train coming from

Bocaue and relieve its escort,

a battalion of the olst Iowa

Volunteer Inf., and allow part

of the wagons to return. In-

structions were received from

Corps Headquarters that upon

moving, the objective would

be Baliuag, where a strong sn ii 1

1

^ i - i i- t.vwton-s troops.

force (8000) of insurgents was reported to be. Information was received from the

same source that the armistice requested by the enemy had not been granted. Much

difficulty was experienced by the Quartermaster's Department in bringing supplies

from Bocaue. The mules were very soft, and the teamsters and packers, almost

without exception, were inexperienced.

YOUNG'S SCOUTS ORGANIZED.

Mr. W. H. Young, previously mentioned, was emplo^-ed as guide and scout,

and placed in charge of twenty-five selected men who were detailed by name from

the 4th Cav., 2d Oregon Volunteer Inf., and the 1st North Dakotas.

SAN RAFAEL CAPTURED AGAIN.

The rations arriving at Angat in good season. May 1st, issue was made as

speedily as possible, and the Oregons, Minnesotas, 8d Inf., Scott's platoon, under

command of Col. Summers, moved down the right bank of the river toward San

Rafael. Gale's squadron, 4th Cav., was ordered to be reported to Col. Summers

for duty with his column. The remainder of the expeditionary forces, under com-

mand of Col. Treuraann, moved down the left bank of the river as a co-operative

force. Gen. L,awton accompanied Col. Summers' column, and Maj. Charles G.

Starr of the staff, the force on the south bank.

The enemy was developed on the north bank by the scouts about one and one-

half miles above San Rafael. Private Harrington, scout, accompanied by one

other, was well in advance of the left of our skirmish line. They steadily ad-

vanced, taking advantage of every shelter, entered the village, constantly firing,

and steadily pushed back and drove a large force from the village and rang the bell

in the belfry before our troops entered. The enemy were driven through the

town under the fire of the Oregons and Minnesotas, and made a stand across the

river from the town. Scott's Battery was brought into action, and the force on

the south bank of the river co-operating, the enemy dispersed. The strength of

the enemy estimated at about 1000. Our casualties, one enlisted man, 13th Min-

nesota, killed; one man, Battery D, 6th Art., and three men, 2d Oregon, wounded.

21G Caiiipaigniiii^ in the P/ii/ippines.

The town of San Rafael thus occupied by our forces was found deserted by the

inhabitants. But little rice was found in the grainaries of the town. The troops

on the north bank of the river remained in the town during the night, those on

the south bank bivouacked opposite the town. Telegraphic communication was

now via Bocaue, from which point a line had been constructed with the advance

of the supply train. Information was received that a line was now in progress of

construction via Quingua, to meet the expedition at some favorable time and place

in the future.THE COLUMN REACHES BALIUAG.

At daybreak, the 2d of May, the commands on both sides of the river left

their bivouacs of the night and continued the advance down the river toward

Baliuag on the uorlh bank, and Bustos on the opposite bank. About one mile

from the latter town. Col. Treuraann's

command encountered the enemy, and

forced them back and through the town

which our forces occupied at 11:30 A. M,

A half hour later. Col. Treumann's

scouts crossed the river to Baliuag and

rang the cathedral bells to announce

their arrival. Col. Summers' column

developed a force of the enemy about

two miles out from San Rafael and

easily forced them back for about tw^o

miles, when we came in view of the

troops and citizens fleeing in great con-

fusion along the road to the north

(toward San Miguel). Owing to the

great number of women and children

and what appeared to be wounded,

being carried on litters, our fire ceased,

and a flag of truce was sent out,

hoping we might assure them of their

safety. Capt. J. F. Case, 2d Oregons,

Acting Engineer Officer of the expedi-

ixst-RCKNT TRENCHKs NKAR PASAi. tiou, wlth Privatc Schnuteuhaus, 1st

Idaho Volunteer Inf., as orderly, conducted the flag toward these people

until at a point within about 500 yards of them, fire was opened on the flag

detachment, and it returned to our lines without casualty. Col. Summers'

troops were then deployed in the hope of surrounding the fugitives by advancing

our right flank, but they scattered in dire confusion. Capt. Gale, in charge of his

three dismounted troops and the mounted Troop I, 4th Cav., was sent up the San

Miguel Road in the hope that a hurried march would allow him to get far enough

north to turn to the left and cut off"the fleeing force that was making for the marsh.

When about three miles out, this command ran into what was believed to be the

rear guard of the enemy, belonging to, or bound for San Miguel. A sharp engage-

ment followed, in which the enemy were driven rapidly north. It was midday

Ciiiii/yais^iiiiii^ ut thr J'/ii/i/>p'nn's. si-

alic! excessively hot, and this ])ursuit was at the end of a day's march. Theresultant strain on the men of this seasoned oro^anization, as Avell as on others of thecommand, ma\- be imagined, when the facts are considered, that in less thantwenty minutes thirt\-five men fell

out from the two dismounted

troops with heat prostration, eight

of them were in a comatose con-

dition. For this reason the pursuit

was discontiiuied. The loss suf-

fered by the enem\- was undoubted-

ly severe, as seen by our troops,

and corroborated by a Spaniard,

found at Baliuag. Large numbers

of dead and wounded insurgents

were carried toward San Miguel

on wheeled \'eliicles and on litters.

Several commissioned officers were iishinc, i or allk.atous in- thk tas:;, rivi;r.

included in the casualties of the enemy. It is known that six insurgents werekilled, and fourteen wounded. It was learned that Gen. Gregorio del Pilar hadhad his headquarters at Baliuag with a force of 800 men, but on our advance hadfallen back to San Miguel. Our casualties in the occupation of Baliuag were twoenlisted men wounded.

NATIVES FED FROM THE CAPTURED vSTORES.

The citizens of Bustos and Baliuag, like those of the other towns along our

advance, had fled from their homes, but within a short time after our occupation of

Baliuag many of the poorer class had returned to that town, and by dark, on the

first night our troops were there, the native population had increased from a scant

half dozen at noon, when we entered the town, to several hundred—so great was

their confidence in our humanity as reported to them by the natives through

whose territory we had hitherto passed. They immediately commenced to beg for

food, of which they claimed to have none, having been robbed by the insurgents.

Under the supervision of Capt. G. H. Gale, 4th U. S. Cav., Provost Marshal,

the granary of the tax collector of the place, Capt. Esteban, of the insurgent

army, was opened, and its 30,000 bushels distributed, each native, man or woman,who asked, receiving as much pilai, or unhulled rice, as he or she could carry. Toprevent conveyance of stores to the enemy, strict orders were enforced prohibiting

the departure of any one from the town, to the north only, except on presentation

of a pass from headquarters or other competent authority. All who wished were

permitted to enter the town, and in many instances the male members of families

having come in and investigated the conditions, they were allowed to return outside

our lines for the purpose of bringing in their women and children.

VARIOUS MINOR OPERATIONS.

On the 3d, Col. Treumann's command forded the river from Bustos, and joined

the remainder of the expedition at Baliuag. A suitable guard was left at Bustos.

About three o'clock on the afternoon of the 3d of May, a scouting party was fired

218 Cai>i/>d!x^>n>'.i,'' in the P/ii/ippi)if^.

on by the insurgents, some three miles northeast of Baliuag on the San Miguel

Road. Troop I, 4th Cav., was promptl>' sent out to assist the scouts. The

enemy, in strength about two hundretb was dispersed without casualt\- to us.

The pursuit was kejH up until darkness came on.

Upon information from the Department Headquarters to the effect that the

insurgents were constructing store-houses in the Maasim River country, scouts were

.sent out with instructions to destroy all stores and property belonging to insur-

gents, but to respect the persons and property of non-combatants.

Telegraphic commiuiication was established \-ia Malolos and Quingua, and

proved much more reliable than the Bustos-Angat-Bocaue line, which was a source

of much annoyance and hard work for the signal detachment, being frequently

cut. On the 4th, one company of the 22d Inf. was sent to Quingua in accord-

ance with instructions from Corps Headquarters, for the purpose of preserving

telegraphic communication, and to assist in guarding railway lines in the vicinity

of Malolos.MAASIM OCCUPIED.

Col. Summers with the Oregons, Minnesotas, .'Ul V. S. Inf., and the section of

Utah Volunteer Light Artillery was ordered out, and left Baliuag about 6 A. M., May4th, and advanced toward Maasim, a village on the Baliuag-San Miguel Road.

Instructions were given that scouting parties be sent out from Maasim to make care-

ful search of the country thereabouts to discover the insurgent stores reported to

have been taken there, and to destroy the same, great care being taken to respect

private property. Shortly before noon Col. Summers encountered the enemy and

an engagement ensued, lasting about an hour, when the insurgents were forced to

evacuate Maasim and retreat toward San Miguel. The enemy occupied trenches,

and their strength was estimated at about four hundred. Our casualties were

Capt. P. S. Heath, 2d Oregons, and two enlisted men, l-Uh Minne.sotas, slightly

wounded. Four dead insurgents were found on the field. This advance was

beautifully made in the shape of a "V," enveloping the enemy's position.

Col. Summers in his report of the occupation of Maasim stated that two store-

houses, containing about four tons of rice, had been found. He found the road in

some places impassable without repairs, and that another heavy rain would

render it altogether impassable for wagons.

LARGE AMOUNTS OF vSTOREvS CAPTURED

The search for insurgent supplies from Baliuag had resulted in the finding of

thirty-seven store-houses containing, on conservative estimate, 100,000 bushels of

rice and 160 tons of sugar. Many other store-houses had not been examined when

Lawton's report was made to Corps Headquarters. The buildings were ot stone,

with iron roofn, rendering it almost impossible to burn their contents—and from

their location, to have burned these store-houses would have resulted in the

destruction of much of the town. Instructions were requested as to the disposi-

tion of stores.

Chief vScout Young was instructed to proceed, on the afternoon of the 4th,

with the entire detachment of scouts, in a northeasterly direction, covering the

country between the San Rafael Road and the Maasim River, for the purpose of

CaiitpaiQii!?iii- ill ilic /'/li/ippiiics. 219

locatiii.^- and destro>ini;: all nui.^a/.iiies, store-houses and caches of insurj^ent sub-

sistence, or other supplies. He was instructed to keep a careful record of stores

destroyed; that liis i)arty would not carr\- rations, but would subsist on the

country traversed 1)>- them ; that the expedition should continue; that reports

of progress be sent in at every opportunity practicable, and that his movementsshould be concealed from the enemy as much as possible, with whom no avoidable

contact should be had, though he might, when returning, secure as many guns as

possible from the insurgents. The usual instructions as to private persons andproperty Avere given.

Troop I, 4th Ca\-., was sent up the ri\er toward the foothills of the mountains,

to search out supplies of the enemy. The wagon train left Baliuag on the 4th,

with ninety-two sick and wounded for Malolos, the sick and wounded to proceed

thence by rail to Manila, and the wagons to bring the supplies back to Baliuag.

r.Rorp OF worxnEn men at first reserve nospiTAi,.

On May 6th, Col. Summers reported the destruction of 2000 bushels of rice,

and that a reconnaissance toward San Miguel had developed the enemy entrenched

near San Ildefonso in force, about 1500, and extending for about one mile. Noshots were exchanged. It was reported to Corps Headquarters that the examina-

tion of store-houses had been completed, and that they contained at least 150,000

bushels of rice and 265 tons of sugar, in which estimate were not included small,

or apparently private stores. These amounts did not include the stores found in

Bustos, of which there was a large quantity, including maize. As the river from

Baliuag is navigable for bancas, it w^as suggested the stores be shipped to market

and sold at auction. To this .suggestion, reply was received that until the naviga-

tion of the river had been tested, it was not apparent how the stores could be

moved in that way. It was later directed that the .stores be confiscated, and pend-

ing final determination of the matter that they be distributed to families residing

in the vicinity vvho desired them. Col. vSummers reported that scouting parties

returning on the 5th, had destroved 17,045 bushels and 644 sacks of rice and

220 Ca)iipa!^-iiiii^- in the P/ii/ippiiics.

100 rounds of Reminj^jton ammunition. On the (ith, Capt. Perkins and a

detachment of the Signal Corps, escorted l)y a company of infantry, commenced

recovering the Bustos-Angat-Bocaue telegraph line.

A MYTHICAL INSURGENT ARMY.

At this time information was received from Corps Headquarters, that Gens.

Geronimo with 8000 troops at San Mateo and Pio del Pilar with 2000 at Antipolo

were reported as having received instructions from Aguinaldo, to proceed with

their united forces by a mountain road to

Norzagara}' and Angat, for the purpose of co-

operating against this expedition, and cutting

off our communication with the base of supply,

evidently thinking our route of supply was via

Angat. The reported line of advance of this

large force was Norzagaray, Angat. San Rafael

and Bustos. Caution was ordered to watch

with scouting parties the country to the east-

ward. To these instructions, reply was made,

that the mounted troop of cavalry would be on

the hills southeast of Norzagaray, on the San

Jose Road, from which the}' can view the

country for miles around, and that a company

of infantry was at Angat, and that three would

be sent to San Rafael to watch for the enemy.

Col. Summers at Maasim, and the command at

Quingua, were similarly instructed. Request

was made for authority to advance Col.

FILIPINO TRENCHES NEAR BAcnAo. Summers, dri\'ii:g out the enemy from San

Ildefonso, and to threaten San Miguel. Reply was received from the Corps Co:r.-

mander that it was "not prudent to advance Summers north until the reported

movement of insurgents from the south developed," and that his command should

be held in readiness to unite with the troops at Baliuag in crushing force on this

large body of insurgents, should they appear.

From Col. Summers it was learned that the enemy, who still continued on his

front, were reported by a captured spy to be about 2000 strong, and that at San

Miguel they had two large pieces of ordnance. Col. Summers also reported that

the parties from his command had just destroj-ed 8500 bushels and 644 sacks of

rice, 15 bells of sugar, and as many gallons of syrup, within a radius of two and

one-half miles from Maasim.

Reports were received of the destruction of quantities of military stores by

Young's scouts in the country northeast of Maasim. These scouts also reported

the killing of an insurgent officer and the capture of his mount, an excellent one,

A CIYIL GOVERNMENT ESTABLISHED AT BALIUAG.

On May 6th, large numbers of the inhabitants having returned to their homes

in Baliuag, a meeting, by permission of the Division Commander, was held in the

public square or plaza, for the purpose of electing a Mayor or Capitan Municipal,

Caiiif>aicci!iiti^ in ilw P/ii/ippiiics. 221

who might mlniiiiister the civil affairs of the town, an I lepresent its civil

popuhition in its official business with the military forces occupving it. SenorFrancisco Guerrero was the unanimous choice of the people, atid on the following

day was announced in Spanish, English and Tagalog, as Mayor of Baliuag, andgiven authority to select and appoint such assistants as might be necessary, noresponsibility for salaries or compensation of these civil officers to devolve on theUnited States go\-ernment.

A party of twenty-five insurgents was reported to have been seen in thevicinity of Nor/.agaray, and supposed to belong to a force of some two or three

companies scattered through the mountains to the northeast of that place, andthat they were foraging for food. Young's scouts were ordered to search for theenemy through the foothills east of Norzagara}-, and southward toward San Jose,

co-operating with the mounted troop.

From an insurgent officer, captured by the mounted troop, it was learned

that four or five miles to the northeast, in the mountains, there were four or five

companies of insurgents, and from captives it was learned that two days' march to

the northeast there were insurgents in large numbers, but nothing could be learned

of the large force under Gens. Geronimo and

Pilar. Maj. Fraine, commanding North Dakota

Battalion, along the river, in the vicinit}' of

San Rafael, reported that, with the excep-

tion of a force of 150 some four miles away,

traveling northward, his scouts had not been

able to discover any body of insurgents. Healso reported that from natives it was learned

that the hospital and cartridge factor^' had been

moved by the insurgents from San Miguel to vSan

Isidro. He also stated that he had about 20,000

bushels of rice under guard in warehouses.

Capt. Case, Acting Engineer Officer, was

sent to Maasim, and reconnoitered the lines of

the enemy for the purpose of sketching their

fortifications, which he did on the 8th inst.,

under the fire of the enemy, accompanied by

a portion of Col. Summers' command. Ourcasualties were Maj. A. W. Diggles, com-

manding 13th Minnesotas, seriously wounded

in the head, and one enlisted man, 2d Oregons,

slightly wounded. Shortly after noon, on the

9th, the Corps Commander authorized the with-

drawal of the scouting parties which had

been searching in vain for the San Mateo and Antipolo in^urgeiit column.

Much difficulty w'as experienced by the Quartermaster's Department in bringing

up supplies from Malolos. 'The acting engineer officer devoted considerable time

and effort toward making a satisfactory ferry or ford over the river at Ouingua.

While the command remained at Baliuag, practically the whole time was occupied

IXTKRIOR VIEW

222 Caiiipai,iii!in,i^ in flic Philippines.

by the transportation in brin;;ing np rations, ammunition and quartermaster's sup-

plies. The roads were in a passable condition, and the river at Quingua falling

slowly; but a heavy rain would render the roads, through a low, swampy country,

too muddy for wagons, and the river too deep to be forded, and too swift for safe

ferriage.EXTENSIVE RECONNAISSANCE MADE.

Being still dissatisfied with the results of the reconnaissances made at San Ilde-

fonso, and anticipating that any day might bring favorable answers to Gen.

Lawton's repeated request to make an advance on San Miguel, on the 11th of

May, Young's scouts were ordered to report to Col. Summers. Capts. Birkhimer

and Ca?e were sent to Maasim to thoroughly recoinioiter the enemj^ in Summers'

front. Capt. Birkhimer was especially directed to look up good artillery positions.

These officers were advised to confer with Col. Summers and request of him such

aid, including the use of the scouts, as was proper. The enemy's right and left

were to be investigated, but especially the roads to the enemy's left and rear, (San

Miguel way) with a view to a turning movement and subsequent advance on San

Miguel.A CONCERTED MOVEMENT PLANNED.

Information was received from Corps Headquarters that the command should

be prepared for a forward move on the 14th inst., and be rationed to include

the 25th; that a battalion of the 17th would be sent Saturday to join the

command; that Gen. MacArthur and the gunboats on the Rio Grande would

be ready to advance on Monday; that the movement would be by San Ildefonso

and San Miguel; and that Gen. MacArthur could join Gen. Lawton at the latter

place if found necessary.

Information was also received that one gun of Battery D, (ith Art., would be

sent by Gen. MacArthur, with two companies of the 8d Inf., from Calumpit to

join at Baliuag; and that three guns of Light Battery E, -M Art., would be sent

to join the command.

Word was received from Capt. Birkhimer that he and Capt. Case, with Young's

scouts, and eighty-four men, under Maj. Eastwick, of the Oregons, had flanked

and routed the enemy about noon from their trenches in front of San Ildefonso

and pursued them until thej^ had fallen back to a point some three miles from

San Ildefonso toward San Miguel ; and also that 2d Lieut. Perfort Reyes, of the

insurgent army, with an orderly, had come into our lines under a flag of truce,

with request from Gen. Gregorio del Pilar for safe conduct to Manila for the pur-

pose of arranging with the military' authorities there for a conference of the

representatives of the so-called Filipino government with the United States Peace

Commissioners. The mission of the insurgent officer and our occupation of San

Ildefonso was immediatel)' reported to Corps Headquarters with the remark that

Capts. Birkhimer and Case were sent to make reconnaissance, and it was not

intended to make any advance. Our casualties were, one scout wounded in knee.

Insurgent loss, four killed and six or more wounded, including one officer.

Instructions were received to have Col. Summers occupy San Ildefonso, leav-

ing the 3d Inf. at INIaasim; and to send in the insurgent officer to Corps Head-

quarters. L'^eut. Reyes was promptly brought in, and was accompanied from

Caiiipaiiiniiii^ in (lie P'lilipp'nws. 223

Baliuag by Capt. Sewell, Aide-de-camp, i^oing to Malolos ])y horseback, and from

there b)- rail to Manila, and reporting to the Corps Commander, who, after receiv-

ing him, gave Capt. Sewell written instructions for the Division Commander to

make the necessary arrangements for Gen. Pilar's visit to Manila. Capt. Sewell

and the representative of Cjen. Pilar immediately returned by the same route they

pursued in going in. I,ieut. E. L. King, 8th U. S. Cav., Aide-de-camp, escorted

the Filipinos through our lines.

RIOrARKABLK GALLANTRY OF Y()UNG\S vSCOUTvS.

When Capts. Birkhimer and Case arrived at San Ildefonso they requested, and

"were granted, two companies as a reconnoitering force. They first went to the

right of the line, and there found Young's scouts, who had preceded them,

heavily engaged, or rather by their tactics, drawing a heavj^ and continued fire

from the insurgents, and only returning a shot when a good target presented itself.

COXVALESCENTS AT THE FIRST RESERVE HOSPITAI,.

The enemy's line was thus w^ell developed and w^as conservatively estimated at

about 500 men, who wasted about 7000 rounds of ammunition. The scouts were

then sent to the left of the enemy's line with directions to the commanding officer

of the supporting battalion to make quite a detour, and keep themselves entirely

concealed. The scouts finally took position on a knoll that commanded the

enemy's left. A heavy fire was at once opened on them. Range flags, as well as

the fact that all bullets struck dangerously close, showed that ranges had been

carefully measured. The enemy could easily see and count on this hill our forces,

which consisted of the scouts and Capts. Birkhimer and Case, in all less than

twenty men. Their courage accordingly increased, in spite of the deadly aim of

the scouts, and it appeared that the latter would soon be surrounded. Messengers

were sent to tell Maj. Eastwick, but finally Capt. Case was successful in finding him,

and the battalion hurried gallantly to the rescue. As soon as the insurgents saw

this supporting force, although only eightj'-four men, they faltered and fell back,

224 Caiiipai,i;'>ii>i<^' lit the I'liilippitics.

closely pressed, and finally fled and evacuated the town. This heroic act of the

men on that knoll was to be duplicated, if not excelled, on the following day. Alist of the scouts selected by Chief Young and detailed by special field orders fol-

lows, as their achievements up to this time had already made the list an honor roll:

Fourth U. S. Cav.—Pri^•ates Eli L. Watkins, Troop C; S. Harris, Troop G;

Peter Quinn, Troop Iv. First North Dakota Volunteer Inf.—Corp. W. F. Thomas,

Company K; Privates A. Jensen, Company D; D. Powell, Company H; J. H. Illion,

Company H; J. C. Smith, Company K; P. Hussey, Company K; Christiansen,

Company G; Charles Davis, Company G; F. Andres, Company B; C. M. Luthur,

Company B; McBain, Company B; Sletteland, Company C; M. Glasley, Company

A; C. Wilson, Company A; J. R. Desmond, Company I; Otto Boehler, Company I.

Second Oregon Volunteer Inf.—Privates Jas. Harrington, Company G: F. High,

Company G; \V. Scott, Company K; J. B. Oneal, Company L; E. C. Lyon, Com-

pany B; M. Robertson, Company B.

Lieut. Reyes, the insurgent officer who entered the lines, reported that their

losses that day were twenty-five killed, including his Captain and 1st Lieutenant,

and about forty wounded, and also that the charge was blown three times without

results against that small body of men on the knoll.

Telegraphic information was received on the Lith, from Corps Headquarters,

that it was contemplated sending the entire 17th Inf., and one battalion of the Och

Inf., also part of Andrews' Light Battery, with three mountain guns, as an

independent column, on Candaba, with the gunboats. It was stated that junction

with this column could be made by this command at San Miguel, or on the river

south of San Isidro.

Suggestion was made that a detachment be left at Baliuag, as the town is an

important produce mart, seven roads centering there; and the large quantities of

rice and sugar, enough for six months' supply for the insurgent army, left by the

insurgents, showing in part the amount brought to that place for shipment to-

market. Its strategic value is also great.

Early in the afternoon of May 13th, Capt. Case telegraphed from San Ilde-

fonso that San Miguel was being held by our forces. Shortly afterwards informa-

tion was received from Capt. Birkhimer, stating that the scouts, supported by

Company A, "id Oregons,"^ commanded by Lieut.

Kelly, and Company H,

loth Minnesotas, Capt

both under Capt. Heath,

2d Oregons, Capts. Birk-

himer and Case accom-

panying, routed the enemy,

and occupied the town of

San Miguel at Lii.'SO p. :\r.,

May 13th, with a loss of one enlisted man, 13th Minnesota, seriously wounded.

Insurgent loss, three killed and several wounded, including two officers. Our

force was 118 strong; the insurgents under Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, were reported

3»-»_^ niA ---.'^'/^,^,,,,^J:,';:^;;;.1^m<^ *̂«^*^^^*^^^i'''^*^'' Bjornstad, commanding,

Campaifrninc; in the Philippines. 225

5^.

to have numbered 600. Again was demonstrated the \alue of these scouts. In the

quest of information for the objective attack on this reported stronghold of San

Miguel de Mayumo, Capt. Birkhimer urged forward the scouts, only eighteen of

them being able to turn out that morning. After a steady advance before anything

definite had been developed or known, the outskirts of the town were reached.

CHIEF SCOUT YouNc; MORTALLY worxni';!).

All of a sudden a heavy skirmish line appeared. It consisted of what wasthen estimated at 300 in view, behind rice dykes; the right upon the river con-

cealed in the bamboos, and left on a hill with raxine in front, both flanks unturn-

able. The enem}^ were not more than l-'O to 173 yards distant,—with Chief

Young opposite the center. There hap-

pened to be only 11 other scouts presen.,

tlieir names follow:

First North Dakota Volunteer Inf.—

•

Privates P. Hussey, Company K; J. Mc-

Intyre, Company B; J. R. Desmond,

Company I; G. Jensen, Company D;

F. Summerfield, Company K. Fourth

U. S. Cav.—Privates P. Ouinn, Troop L;

S. Harris, Troop G; Eli L. Watkins,

Troop C. Second Oregon Volunteer

Inf.—Private Jas. Harrington, CompanyCt. (Privates Mclntyre and Summer-field voluntarily joined the scouts after

detail was made.)

Taking the situation at a glance,

with the favorable endorsement of Capt.

Birkhimer, who was with this party

throughout. Chief Young, with scout

Harrington at his side, gallantly and desperately charged the center of this line,

unhesitatingly followed by the above loyal ten. The line faltered, and finally

broke and fled to the other side of the river. It was on this side of the river, on

this side of the bridge, that this gallant leader received a severe wound through

his knee, that subsequently proved fatal. These ten scouts were recommended by

Gen. Lawton, for a medal of honor.

Four companies of the 3d Inf were moved forward to vSan Miguel, where they

arrived aljout 8:30 p. M. without incident, and the telegraphic communication

was established with that place about the same time.

THE COMMAND OCCUPIEvS SAN MIGUEL.

Col. Summers had during the afternoon occupied San Miguel with his com-

mand, except two companies left at Maasim, and two at San Ildefonso. In com-

pliance with telegraphic authority, thirty dollars reward was offered for each,

insurgent rifle turned in. This information was published in Spanish and Tagalog,

and everv effort made to get it v\4thin the insurgent lines. On account of desired

226 C(i//ifiai,i^>ii>/,'^ ill the f'/iilippiiies.

concert of movement, with the column moving toward Candaba, the movement of

Lawton's headquarters from Baliuag toward San Miguel was postponed by the

Corps Commander. The piece of artillery (Battery D, Oth Art.), and Companies

E and I, od Inf., reported at Baliuag about four o'clock on the afternoon of the

14th. Orders were then

received for the movementof all the command, except

a battalion of '2'2d Inf. from

Baliuag to San Miguel.

This was made next day.

It commenced early in the

morning and headquarters

arri\-ed at San Miguel about

10 .\. M., without incident.

About three o'clock in the

afternoon Col. Summers

||-^ . '''^"- ^s|^^|fc^^|(^B with the 2d Oregons and

W^ -•- - '^.r?'*-'-'l^BB loth Minnesotas, accom-

panied by a section of

artillery, were advanced from San Miguel and proceeded north toward San Isidro,

to the village of Bulac (or on most maps, San Jose), a distance of about three miles.

About two and one-half miles out the scouts were fired on, and the command

deployed, driving the enemy who were strongly entrenched on the north bank of

a stream, about one and one-half miles north of Bulac, toward San Isidro. Our

casualties—one enlisted man, loth Minnesotas, very slight wound, not disabling

for continuance on duty with regiment. The insurgent loss—sixteen killed,

including at least one officer, and five wounded, left on the field. Twenty-one or

more guns and equipments were captured from the enemy.

On the morning of May Kith, Capt. Gale, commanding 4th Cav., moved out

with his dismounted squadron, two battalions 3d Inf., Troop I, 4th Cav., and

Hawtucrne's Mountain Battery, toward Sibul, for the purpose of reconnoitering

that town, and the insurgent stronghold known as Split Rock, and to destroy the

supplies supposed to be at the first-named place.

Sibul was reached by the middle of the forenoon and found deserted by the

insurgent troops, although a few of the residents of the town remained. Muchdifficulty was experienced by the wagons and artillery as the road passed through

muddy sloughs. An attempt was made to find the trail into the mountains, but

owing to unreliable information of natives, nothing was accomplished and the

reconnaissance was concluded by the return of the command to San Miguel in the

evening.

San Miguel was the most important town occupied thus far by the expedition,

with the exception of Baliuag. There were many handsome residences and other

evidences of the wealth of the people who had, with the exception of a very few of

the wealthy class, and a few hundred of the poorer classes, deserted their homes,

and gone to the mountains. Many came in as soon as the troops arrived and the

insurgents had fallen back toward San Isidro, and hundreds were returning daily

Campaigniui; in the I'hilippines. 227

as long us we remained there. As is the case with all these towns of considerable

size, no reliable information is at hand concerning their population. The inhabi-

tants cannot even guess, and it is not eas}- to form a satisfactory estimate, owingto the crowding of houses and huts customary among the lower classes of thenatives and Chinese. Of the latter a large lunnber appear to have lived in eachof these larger pro\incial towns, and to have constituted the commercial class,

conducting a multitude of small shojis. These Chinese merchants have beenscattered by the unsettled conditions in the provinces, some remaining, payingheavy war taxes to the insurgent officials, for which they are supjxjsed to receive

protection from the Filipino soldiers who are said to have ruthlessly slaughteredmanv.

IJia'T. THORNTON vSUCCI-.KDS CIIIKr SCOUT YOUNG.

About the time that Capt. C.ale's column moved out on its reconnaissance

toward Sibul, Col. vSummers and his colunni advanced toward, and occupied SanRoqtie, where they arrived about nine o'clock. The .scouts under 2d Lieut.

J. E. Thornton, 2d Oregons, (successor to Chief Scout Young) were sent forwardin search of water. Abouttwo and one-half miles out -'

—

^^SuJ^^^^^^^^^^^^K^Kk

they were fired on by the

enemy, whom they engaged

and forced back across a

river about forty feet wide,

and too deep to be forded,

necessitating the use of a

large wooden bridge by any

one desirous of crossing to

the north bank. The insur-

gents retreated across the

bridge, which they set on

fire, and entered their

trenches which commandedthe approach to the bridge

by a frontal and enfilading

fire. The scouts charged across the bridge, followed by a battalion of the Oregons,

and engaged the enemy in their trenches, completely routing them, with a knownloss of six killed and eight prisoners, six of whom were wounded. Fourteen

Mausers and two Remingtons with equipments and ammunition, were captured.

Manj" killed and wounded are known to have been carried away to San Isidro,

which is not far from the bridge.

INSURGENTS FISH I: I

vSCOUT HARRINGTON KILLED.

Our loss was numerically small, but was nevertheless severe, in that Scout

James Harrington of the 2d Oregons was killed. As Young's assistant, he haddone many gallant deeds of which official records exist. Prior to the organization

of Young's scouts, Harrington's reputation as a successful, intelligent scout hadextended beyond his regiment, his many daring encounters with outposts of the

22>! Caiiipaiij^iiiiig^ in the Philippiues.

enemy being known t^enerally tliroughout the whole command; and after the

beginning of the operations (>f the scouts as an organization, he wasinvariably placed in charge of any detachment sent out from Young's charge.

The bridge was saved from destruction by the efforts of the Oregons and the

scouts, and, occupying both sides of the river, they set about repairing it, wisely

recognizing the delay that would otherwise be caused the main command in

advancing. Col. Summers and his troops were again commended in reports, and

great regret expressed at the loss of the two most important and valuable membersof the detachment of scouts.

TIIK COLUMN REACHES SAN ISIDRO.

Orders were then issued for an advance on San Isidro, the new objective, to

take place early on the morning of the 17th. Col. J. W. French, 22d Inf., command-ing his own regiment and the 1st North Dakotas, was sent forward in the evening

of the 16th to join Col. Summers for the contemplated movement of the morrow.

About four o'clock, May 17th, Gen. I,awton and staff left San Miguel for the

front, which was found to be just north of the bridge and trenches occupied the

day before by the scouts and the 2d Oregons. Telegraphic communication wasestablished with San Miguel and Corps Headquarters without delay and the

movement on San Isidro commenced. Col. Summers deployed the column; the

22d Inf. on the left, their right resting on the road, the 1st North Dakotas and 1st

Battalion, 2d Oregons on right of road; along which Scott's Battery followed; the

scouts preceded the right of the line. Troop I, 4th Cav., operated on the left of

the road.

The command advanced toward the town, and when within about 1800 yards

of it, fire was opened on the scouts and on the right of our line. The advance was

continued and the city occupied by our forces. Our casualties, one enlisted man,

each, loth Minnesotas and 2d Oregons slightly wounded. Insurgent loss, fifteen

killed, twenty wounded, three prisoners. Seven guns and four horses fell into our

hands. Several Spaniards who claimed to have been held prisoners by the insur-

gents were found in the city, among them three ofiicers. ]\Iany wealthy natives

remained with their property and families, and at once applied for, and were

accorded protection by our troops. Dr. Albert, a former Peace Commissioner

selected by the Filipino Congress, of which he was still a member, reported the

presence at his residence of a large number of non-combatants, including the wives

and children of insurgent officers, and gave much imformation concerning the

doings of the insurgent leaders.

THE FHJPINO PEACE COMMISSION.

Arrangements were made for the entry of Gen. Gregorio del Pilar and three

other members of the Filipino Peace Commission, who desired to go to Manila

for conference with the American Commission, with a view to the termination of

hostilities. These persons came within our lines. May 18th, and next morning started

for Manila, accompanied by Lieut. E. L. King, Aide-de-camp, with orders to com-

manders of all forces of this expedition, located on their route, to secure for the

part3^ every accommodation and courtesy possible. It was learned that the

Caiii/itiis^niiii^ in tlic /'/ii/ip/>i)ies. 229

insurgents had had at this pUice tourlecn ])risc)ners, tldrteen Americans, including

a lieutenant of our na\ y, and one Englishman, whom they had moved back into

the mountains on our advance. The afternoon of the capture of San Isidro, it

was reported that the enemy iiad fled toward Gapan, a town of considerable

importance, about four miles east of vSan Isidro. The insurgents liad a hospital

there, which was reported to be filled with wounded Filipinos. It was further

alleged that stores and munitions were there located.

One battalion of Oregons and one of Minnesotas were sent to (iapan from

San Isidro, and their departure so timed as to effect a junction with another

column, under Capt. Hannay, from San Miguel, by way of cross-roads at San

Roque, the second column consisting of (bale's dismounted squadron and a battalion

of the Hd Inf. The two columns joined as anticipated, and with the exception of

a desultory fire from the other side of the river, no resistance was encountered.

'The town was deserted. The San Isidro troops were returned next morning and

the San Miguel troops were sent to San Miguel the same afternoon.

Capt. Hannay, with ten companies of the 3d Inf. and one gun from Haw-thorne's Mountain Battery, was ordered to remain at San Miguel, and Gale's

squadron, with another gun from Hawthorne's Battery, was ordered to reenforce

the garrison at Baliuag, which was reported to be in danger of attack by a large force

of the enemy.AN ENGAGEMENT NEAR SAN FERNANDO.

Col. French with the 22d Inf., 1st North Dakotas and Scott's Battery (two guns),

proceeded down the Rio Grande toward Candaba, on the afternoon of the 18th.

When near San Fernando they met the enemy in trenches, or behind embank-ments commanding the road, and an engagement ensued which lasted until

EXOrN'FKR COTtPS REPAIRIXO RAILKOAI) TRACK TORN V V V.\ I^ ^IRi .1 NTS.

darkness came on, the enemy being forced back across the river, where they

poured in a hot fire from that side of the stream. Scott's guns were brought up,

and threw shrapnel at point-blank range. Many of these shrapnel burst in the

piece, the projectiles falling harmlessly into the water. This frequently occurred

during the campaign, and experience had rendered the use of shrapnel foi

the protection of our advancing infantry too dangerous an experiment to hazard.

2o0 Cauipaiii>iiiii^ in the /'/li/ippiiics.

However, the effect of such shrapnel as did reach, was the next day attested by

our cohimn on that side of the river finding several rifle-pits filled with new earth.

Our loss, suffered from the first fire from the barricade across the road, w^as five

wounded, two of whom afterward died. The enemy left two killed and four

wounded. Col. PVench's command bivouacked when darkness overtook them,

and next morning moved out and occupied Cabiao.

THE EXPKDITIOX REACHEvS C.VNDABA AND BREAKS UP.

On the morning of the 2()th, the entire command left San Isidro, proceeding

down the river toward Candaba, with the exception of the signal detachment,

which returned toward San Miguel, recovering the telegraph line. Lieutenant-

Colonel Yoran and the two battalions of the 2d Oregons, crossed over to the west

bank of the river, the remainder of the command moA-ing along the road on the

east bank, arriving at Cabiao about 10 A. m., at which point Col. French's com-

mand joined the main column, and all proceeded on down to the vicinity of Mount

Arayat, and went into camp about dark.

Just before starting from San Isidro, two or three Mauser volleys were fired

from across tlie river, some of the bullets going through the house occupied as

Division Headquarters. The scouts under Lieut. Thornton, 2d Oregons, as

planned the night before, shortly afterwards crossed over, and under cover of the

morning mist, secured a good position directh^ in the enemy's rear, and waited to

communicate with the force under Col. Yoran. Col. Yoran' s column after cross-

ing the river at San Isidro proceeded up the road toward San Antonio, where,

after a junction was effected, the>- engaged the enemy under Col. Tecson, in force

of about five hundred and fifty, who were driven back in great disorder, leaving

five dead on the field, and with an estimated loss of twenty-five. Col. Yoran then

proceeded down the west bank of the river and re-crossing, joined the main com-

mand at Cabiao. The entire command left its bivouac early on the morning of

May 21st, and proceeding down the river, arrived at the ferry near the town of

Arayat shortly afcer sunrise. Much to our surprise, no resistance was encoun-

tered. It was an ideal place for defense, and the crossing was commanded by

many deserted rifle trenches.

Much difficulty was experienced in preparing the approach to the ferry for the

passage of wheeled vehicles, and in improvising a suitable raft for the crossing of

stores and ammunition. The river at this point was about four and a half feet

deep, and, as indicated b>- its banks, is subject to a considerable rise at some

seasons of the year.

The advance of the column, a battalion of the 22d Inf., entered the town of

Arayat at 7:12 a. m., and found no evidence of the presence of the enemy any-

where in the vicinity. Many of the residents of the town were in their houses,

and many others came in during the da>'.

As rapidly as possible the command was ferried over to the west bank of the

river, and entered the town. Col. French's command was brought over before

dark, and even Col. Summers completed his crossing before the end of the day.

The column which had been advancing up the river under command of Maj. J. A.

Kobbe 3d Art., joined the expedition at Arayat, and remaining over night

Caiiipaie;i!i)ii^ in the /Vii/ippiucs. 231

accompanied the main column down the river toward Candaba where they arrived

withont incident. The hiunch and cascos carrying sup])lies had grounded about

two miles below Arayat, and no effort was made to push them further up the river.

At Candaba were found the U. S. A. gunboats, Laguna de Bay and Covadonga,

the armored launch Oicaiiia, and cascos carrying supplies. Telegraphic commu-nication was again secured, and instructions were received to send the Oregons,

Minnesotas and Andrews' Battery to the south side of the river at Calumpit.

These organizations left en route to Calumpit early in the morning of the follow-

ing da}'.

During the day, after the departure of the troops for Calumpit, considerable

firing was heard to the eastward in the direction of San Miguel and Baliuag. Abattalion of the 22d Inf., commanded by Capt. Ballance and the detachment

of scouts were sent in the direction from which the sound of firing came,

but were unable to discover anything, the swamp preventing their continuing

to the San Miguel-Baliuag Road. I^ater it was learned that the troops in San

THIKl) ARTILLERY TRKNCHES NEAR CALOOCAN.

Miguel in obedience to orders from Corps Headquarters had, under command of

Capt. Hannay, 3d Inf., started to Baliuag to join the garrison at that place, and

had met the enemy near San Ildefonso, and were engaged almost continuously all

the rest of the way to Baliuag. The insurgents were in strong force and suffered

severel}-. Capt. Hanna}" was prostrated by heat, result of over-work during the

expedition. Insurgent loss estimated at fift}' killed and fifty wounded.

Capt. Hannay' s command performed an excellent day's work, comprising, as

it did, fifteen hours' marching, covering a distance of fourteen miles, during which

time the command fought four different battles. Capt. J. W. Hannay was

awarded much credit for the way he handled his regiment, (ten companies) during

a series of difficult situations. A battalion of the 22d Inf. came to the support

of the 3d just after the last skirmish. The two Captains who had been captured

wxre sent to IManila, and turned over to the Provost Marshal-General.

During the evening of the 23d, telegraphic orders were received from the

Corps Commander breaking up the expedition, stating that it was contemplated

assigning Gen. Ivawton to the command of the forces, including and south of the

2,32 Ca»i/>(J!i^?i!>i<^ ill the P/ii!ippincs.

Caloocan, Tagiiig and Pasai line of trenches, except certain organizations in the

city of Manila performing special dnties. In accordance with these instructions,

one battalion of the 22d Inf. and one Utah gun were left at Candaba and San

Luis, with orders to report to (ien. MacArthur. The remainder of the troops

composing the expedition with the exception of the four troops of 4th Cav., the

1st North Dakotas, the battalion of the 9th Inf., and Scott's Battery, which were

ordered to return to Manila, were turned over to Major-General MacArthur.

On May 24th, Gen. Lawton proceeded by steam launch to Calumpit and thence

by rail to Malolos to carry out instructions from the Corps Commander in regard

to distribution and rationing of troops added to Gen. MacArthur' s command,

and to supervise the re-arrangement of the 13th Minnesotas, guarding the railway.

On May 26th, it was reported that a force of the enemy was being concentrated in

the vicinity of Baliuag, and instructions were given to the commanding officer at

that point to send out reconnoitering parties in the direction of the enemy to

a.scertain the facts. One company of the 3d Inf., under 1st Lieut. Moore, of that

regiment, developed a force of the enemy in the direction of San Rafael, and being

encumbered with two wounded men was forced to continue the engagement until

relieved by two more companies, when the enemy were dispersed in short order.

Other scouting parties failed to discover evidences of the enemy.

The troops destined for Manila were shipped in by rail from Calumpit as rapidly

as possible, and the wagon train marched in overland.

Gen. Lawton returned to Manila on the 27tli, with his staff. The wagon train

arriving in the city on the 30th, closed the expedition, although it was practically

completed at the breaking up on the 23d at Candaba.

VIKW OF FORTSON'S K.NOLL. Pliitltt l,if Javlisnn.

CHAPTER XII.

LAWTON'S PARANAQUE CAMPAIGN.

EX. IvAWTON'S command, composed of the following-named

troops, concentrated at San Pedro Macati on June 9th, for opera-

tion against the insurgent forces in the vicinity of Paranaque,

Gen. Wheaton now commanding King's old brigade.

Gen. Ovenshine's Brigade— l.Sth U. S. Inf. (complete); 14th

U. S. Inf. (nine companies); 12th U. S. Inf. (two companies);

two guns, 6th Art. (Battery D); two guns, Hawthorne's

vSeparate Mountain Battery; two guns, Andrews' Battery E, 1st

Art. Gen. Wheaton' s Brigade—9th U. S. Inf. (eight com-

panies); 21st U. S. Inf. (eight companies); 1st Colorado

A'olunteer Inf. (six companies); two guns, 6th Art. (Battery D); two guns, Haw-thorne's Separate Mountain Battery; two guns, Andrews' Battery E, 1st Art.

On the following morning, June 10th, the command left camp at San Pedro

Macati at 5 A. m., and moved in the direction of Paranaque. The line of marchwas over the ridges of Guadalupe to attack the town in the rear. The intention

was to clear out the countr}' lying between Eaguna de Bay and Manila Bay. It

is a rough grazing country, cut by gulches and overgrown by grass and chaparral.

While the men slept with no tents, the rain poured down heavily for an hour.

The men only laughed, for in the gentle air of these favored isles, rain, howeverit may dampen, seldom chills one. Then again, the lust of war was in our blood,

and we knew that to-morrow would show us the terrible beauty of skilled and

legal murder.

Before dawn we passed out of the shadow of the church and in sight of the

benediction in the chapel. Out to war and past the blessed Christ who taught

us to love one another; along Pasig River; then up past ruined Guadalupe; over

the hill, till we came to a high ridge, where the white tents of the 12th Inf. kept

watch and ward over the sleepy fields. A long procession of men, miles long, a

file of ruthless steel, a wall of iron and will, came over the ridge and went across

the face of the ground towards Paranaque, hidden in the woods, yet revealing

the white steeple of a church, and pointing a finger to the skies, and to the infinite

Justice throned there.

THK CLICK OF THE GUNvS.

A kind of soothing rap-tap-tap, tickety-tick-tick, comes to your ears, and some-

body looks two miles off among the ranges and ridges. "They are using black

powder," he says. We had heard that the Filipinos were manufacturing their ownpowder at Lipa, in Batangas province, out of the sulphur from the volcano of Taal,

234 Cajiipaii^iiiji<^ in tlic P/ii/ippi):es.

This tapping is not hard or unpleasant. If this is death, you say, it is an easy

death ; some such quiet feeling as a man has who has taken laughing gas. Heknows something tragic is going on, but he does not care nor bother about it.

At last, as we look over the land we see long files of brown men stalking knee

deep in long grass. Some one says, " That looks like the Colorados." No. TheColorados are liway a mile and a half making those rapid tick-tacks which are so

soothing. A big

vase seemed to burst

at our feet. But it

was not a vase; it

was lyieut. Scott's

first shot from the

artillery at the line

of insurgent de-

fense. He hit close

to it and exploded

some shells right

over them. But sly

Pio del Pilar was

too old a rat to be

caught in a cheese trap like that. You could see his men vamoose over the

hill, and no cannon could shoot away a hill. Not yet. Pilar, whether you are

a traitor or a patriot, shall Yankee hands be laid on you.

We are standing under a tree, which, from its shape, the boys have christened

the "T" tree. It is on the topmost ridge and commands the prospect of the

field of fight and flight. But we want to hear those tick-tacks a little closer. So

we follow a trail down the hillside and into a valley. Tick-tacks over in these

wolds. The 14th Inf. must be tacking up proclamations of the peace commis-

sioners. What did you say about peace? Did you notice those "rookies," or

new men, duck? Did you hear an angry bee buzz past your ear? Well, then

listen, and look out. You ma}- not be an inch from death.

ARTII.M k nOX, NEAR ANGELES. Photo hi/ LilUe.

THE SIGNAIv CORPS AT WORK.

As we marched into the rough land, we were surprised to see a man uncoiling

a wire. He must be out surveying the land for a farm. No. He is the Signal

Corps man. His wire does not measure land, but conveys thoughts. It runs

from Lawton's headquarters to those of Otis. It took a curt message to-day.

Otis is fussy, sends word to Dawton about something. He thinks so and so,

and like a school girl, wants to talk it over. Dawton can't be reached. Again

and again Otis tries to reach the Indian Exterminator. At last, he gets this out

to him: " Where is Lawton ?" The grizzly fighter sends back in reply: "At the

front firing line with his men, where he ought to be."

The Signal Corps are brave. To-day they got ahead of their body-guard, and

were almost bagged by Pilar' s men.

Anon, Maj. Penrose of the staff goes over a hill to a grassy field. Here he

establishes a temporary hospital. No sooner is this done than the enemy fires

C(7!///>(u]i; >/!)/i;' ill llir PhiUppiurs:. 235

into the hosjMtal. \Vc, who are unarmed _u;et behind the ammunition boxes and

"Suave qui pent," is in order. Forty riflemen come up and fight the trees and

fields for two hours and a half. But thick and fast flow events. Here is a woundedman: "Company K, wounded in right forearm, not serious."

A hundred feet behind the Chine.se have a litter. They carry a silent form,

a young boy of seventeen j-ears. Ten minutes ago that was Healy—little Joe

Healy of Compan}' M, 18th Regulars. Somebody in America to-day is poorer

because of the rich Philippines. Joe was terribly young. He had a surprise look

of wonder on his face. What could death have told him that surprised him so?

Ask the Sphinx. Why did the tap-taps come out of the woods and cut his throat

like that? Not much had happened to Joe. Only "shot in the neck fatally."

Ah, Joe, what makes you lie so still, gazing intently up? You are not always

serious, you w^ere gay and sprightly, Joe.

And now the tropic sun is getting up above our heads. The boys are young,

and many are for the first time under fire. Under a tent cover in this long, hot

grass, are two men overcome by heat. A comrade watches by. This one is pros-

trated by the heat, and that one has fever coming on.

THE WORK OF THE EXPEDITION.

What had happened in military details is this: The Colorado Inf , the 9th and21st Inf., and one troop of the Nevada Cav., swung around the hilltop of the ridge

above Guadalupe church and opened battle at 6:30 a. m. The rebels made noresponse from the hills and the Colorado men cautiously advanced through the

thick grass until they were confronted by a trench.

The Colorado Regiment then advanced toward Laguna de Bay. Two com-

panies encountered trenches on the top of a knoll, w^here the Filipinos stood waist

high above a trench, pouring a volley upon them. They charged and drove out

the enemy, Lieutenant-Colonel Moses being wounded in the arm as he jumped into

the trench. On the

Paranaque side, mean-

time, Scott's Battery

of the 6th Art., shelled

the first line of insur-

gent defense with good

effect. Then a part of

the 13th and 14th Regi-

ments formed in skir-

mish line, extending a

mile to the right, and

supported by the rest

THK BUR NINO OF CALOOCAX. Plinto h,i K. T. F.of the regiments swept

down the valley and up the hillside toward another trench. The approach

through the morass seriously hampered the 14th, and the rebels, taking advantage

of this, poured a galling fire upon them for thirty minutes. The 14th was twice

compelled to withdraw for the purpose of finding a safe crossing in the swamp.

Finally the trench was enfiladed on both flanks. The rebels fled to the woods

236 Caiii/'amiiiii^- in tlir /7iilipp!iics.

and sustained severe loss. I^ieut. Cieiger of the 14th with forty-fi\-e men took a

hill from 300 Filipinos. About three o'clock in the afternoon, Gen. Wheaton's

Brigade, headed by Gen. Lawton, who, in his white clothing and helmet, on a

big black horse, was a shining mark for the enemy's sharpshooters, circled to

the south of Las Pinas, encountering a large force of Filipinos in the shelter of

TRAIN WRKCKKI) T!Y IXSrROKNTS NEAR ANOELKS. Pnit; hi, Ullie.

the trees. Gen. Lawton had a narrow escape. In the first volley of the enemy

the horses of three officers were shot from under them. The Colorado Regiment

and the Dth Inf. bore the brunt of this attack and dispersed the Filipinos.

Hardly had they finished off that lot w^hen a large force appeared in the rear,

which the 9th Inf. and a part of the Colorado Regiment drove away. By this time

nearly the whole division was around Las Pinas.

During the march, men w^ere prostrated on all sides, owing to the lack of water

and exposure to the sun. It is estimated that forty per cent of the troops were

exhausted. Our men threw away their blankets, coats and even haversacks,

stripping to the waist and trusting to luck for food. Water could not be obtained,

and there was much discomfort after the canteens were emptied.

While the troops were advancing the army gunboat .V.;?/'/^'^?;/, on the river near

Pasig, shelled the enemy, killing .several of them. The monitor, Monadnock, and

the gunboat Helena, shelled Paranaque and Las Pinas, all day wuth the full power

of their batteries. The rebel sharpshooters kept in hiding until the American

lines had passed, and then attempted to pot stragglers from the trees. Owing to

their poor marksmanship their efforts were without result.

The Americans made camp for the night, south of the town, during a heavy

rain. Gen. Ovenshine's Brigade did not come into camp until after dark. Strag-

glers came in all during the night. Men had fallen on the way and were able to

continue their march o\\\y after rest and the coolness of evening had refreshed

them. At six o'clock on the morning of the 11th, Gen. Wheaton advanced upon

Las Pinas with a troop of cavalry, the 2ist Inf., the Colorado Regiment, part of

the 9th Inf., and two mountain guns, crossing two streams and entering the tow^n

without firing a shot. He then entered Paranaque.

PARAN.\OUE OCCUPIED.

Gen. Ovenshine came into Paranaque with his brigade about 10 A. jr. The

troops had been stalled in mud, two feet deep. Only by proceeding in single file and

each man treading in the footsteps of the man in front of him were they able to

Caiiipaii^iiiiii^ in Ihc J'/ii/ippims. 237

advance. How the arliller\- was hrouj^iit throiij^li these bogs is a mystery. lyieut.

Scott, of the 6th Art., and Lieut. Fleming l)rought up cannon and horses.

The women and children and, for that matter, many men, remained in the

towns. Xo houses were destroNcd, though man\- were torn b>- the shells from the

warships. Kverywhere the Americans found white flags flying.

So far as could be ascertained, the Filipino loss was about fifty killed, about

three hundred and fifty woundeil and twent\" taken prisoners. The l.Sth U. vS.

Inf. and the Colorado \'olunteer Inf. were ordered to return to Manila, leaving

Las Pinas about •") p. M. same da>-.

On June 12th, the command remained in tlieir relati\'e positions during the

day, except that outposts south of the camp were strengthened by artillery.

During the afternoon of the same day the Commanding General examined the

insurgent's position along the bay, on board the launch Helena.

THE FIGHTING CONTINUED.

Early the following morning. Gen. Lawton, with two companies, 21st Inf., left

camp at Las Pinas and proceeded towards Bacoor to reconnoiter the enemy's posi-

tion. After going about one mile, the enemy was encountered in large force.

They opened fire from all sides, the fire being returned by our men with good

effect, and the gunboats in the bay shelled the enemy's trenches. The enemy was

found to be too strong for our small force, and they were obliged to retreat for a

short distance. Reenforcements were brought up about noon, and a hot fight

ensued, lasting until about 5 p. M.

After an artillery battle and some lively skirmishing, an advance was madein the direction of Bacoor, and it developed into the hardest fight since the hosti-

lities with the Filipinos began.

The main work was the direct attack on Zapote Bridge. Kenle^^'s Battery of

four mountain guns and two 3-inch guns, with Compau}^ E of the 14th Inf. as

support, advanced straight along the road to the bridge. The other companies of

the 14th Regiment moved forward to the right and left of the road.

iNsru.,1 xr TKi.xcin.s at ^r.M.iNTA. Photo htf Darcey.

The rebels had dug enormous trenches along the Bacoor side of the river and

had burned the planking in the middle of the bridge to prevent the Americans

from crossing and taking their positions. Our men pushed steadily forward until

they reached the bank of the river. Then Kenley took his mountain guns right

up to the bridge and poured a heavy fire into the trenches, but they were so well

238 Ca!/i/>(u''^ /I !)!<,' ill the /'hi/ippities.

constructed that it was inipos.u])le t;) damage them greatly. So close were we to

the enemy that we could see their heads above the earthworks. Gen. Lawton

told the writer that the Filipinos here made the bravest defense he had ever seen.

Our artillery was within thirty-five yards of their trenches.

A tremendous fire was set up in spite of the galling return. It was not long

before the rebels began to grow restive under the hail of bullets that was being

poured into them, and finally they broke and ran. That part of our army in front

of the Filipino trenches then ran along the bank of the river, and standing

upright, directed a terrible fire upon the fugitives. The 14th Inf. swam across the

river and found many Filipinos dead and dying in the trenches and fields. Prob-

ably fifty dead natives were found in the vicinity of the bridge.

The rebels had a second line of trenches half a mile away. Half an hour after

the retreat from the first line, firing was re-opened from this second line. Fresh

troops were hurried forward to relieve the tired men who had captured the first

line, and a heavy fire was opened on the enemy, who responded only for a short

time and then fled. Gen. Wheaton was slightly hurt by falling from his horse.

Gen. Ovenshine commanded the attack on the bridge. Gen. Lawton personally

directed the movement. The latter was a conspicuous mark for the enemy. He

is a big man and his uniform and his white helmet could be easily distinguished

for a great distance, but he went up and down the line unscathed.

Ensign Davis of the Helena came ashore with a Colt rapid-fire gun and saw

lively service. He captured a Filipino cannon, which had been placed below the

bridge, and found a supply of canister shot and brown powder.

Almost at the same time the 9th and 12th crossed a bar of the bay and came

upon their left flank at a point where a body of marines, with Maxim guns,

landed under protection of the ships' batteries and fired upon the enemy's left rear

with a demoralizing effect. The 21st crossed the river by a bridge as soon as it

could be mended. Sixty-five Filipinos were found dead in the trenches, most of

them shot through the head. Several five-inch smooth bore guns were captured,

with ammunition marked "United States Navy." After crossing the river, the

troops were withdrawn, with the exception of the 9th and 21st, these regiments

being left with four guns to guard the bridge.

As they were being formed into companies, the insurgents commenced to fire

volleys from the bamboo jungle three hundred yards away. The regiments formed

into line coolly, though under fire, rushed to the woods, driving the enemy a mile

away, the Filipinos disputing every foot. The 14th camped across the river, the

men caring for many of the Filipino wounded. Eight prisoners were captured.

The majority of the FiHpinos wore red uniforms. The American loss in the fight-

ing of the 13th was nine killed and thirty wounded. The Filipino loss was

heavy.

After the engagement of the loth, the Filipinos retreated to the strongly forti-

fied town of Imus. The shelling of our warships drove the rebels from Bacoor.

The Americans by these operations gained control of several miles of the coast,

w^hile the long line of entrenchments facing our south line had been cleared.

On the 14th, Gen. Lawton and his staff, and a troop of the 4th Cav., started to

ascertain the nature of the insurgent's position. He rode five miles along the

Caiiipai^)ii?i_<^ i?/ l/ic I'/n/ippiues. 239

coast to Bacoor, without disco\erini; theenem}'. He found the town full of white

flags, but there were no soldiers there. The women and children who had fled to

the w^oDds during the bombardment were camping in the ruins of their homes.

The shells had knocked the town to pieces. The l)ig church was wrecked and

many buildings were ruined. Kven trees and shrub])ery were torn as if by a hail-

storm.

Several hundred women and children came into the American lines for refuge,

and the road from Bacoor was covered all day with natives on foot and in carts,

driving animals and carrying goods on their heads. The appearances of the battle-

field testified to the fierceness of the fighting. The trees along the river were

almost torn down by bullets. The American oflScers estimate that one hundred

insurgents were killed and three hundred wounded during the engagement.

^ r\Kis it 1 iitii\ Kn II over the remains of three soldiers, Privates in the Kansas, Washington andl.lli Inlanlrj I'his made a total of 'ilil men buried in this place to date, June 2, 1S99.

All day many hungry Filipinos were fed at Paranaque and I^as Pinas. Thefirst issue of rations that morning consisted of rice and canned roast beef. Someof the beef issued was spoiled. On the 18th a strong reconnaissance had been

made south of Noveleta. It was reported that a strong force of insurgents was at

San Francisco de Malabon. Gen. Wheaton started a reconnaissance toward Perez

Dasmarinas also. The country to the south of Imus had not been scouted. Therebels were reported to be concentrated at Perez Dasmarinas.

June ISth, our troops having occupied Imus, and the enemy threatening anattack from Dasmarinas eight miles north, Gen. Wheaton was sent by the Depart-

ment Commander to assume, under Gen. Lawton, command of the troops at Imus.

On the morning of the 19th, a battalion of the 4th Inf. and one gun, under Maj.

John W. Bubb, was sent on the road from Imus in the direction of Dasmarinas to

240 Cauipai_s^iiino;- in the Philippines.

make a reconnaissance, and found the enemy in force on the road, and about onemile from Imus. A spirited combat ensued, and Gen. Wheaton, at Imus, hearing

the firing, proceeded at once to reenforce the battalion with the other two battalions

of the 4th U.S. Inf., with three guns. The enemy, about 2500 strong, were imme-

diately attacked in the flank by a heavy fire from the artillery placed by Gen.

Wheaton, and the infantry advanced upon him. He was routed with great loss,

and fled in the direction of Dasmarinas. The 20th Inf., Gen. Wheaton advanced

on Dasmarinas with the 4th Inf., one battalion 14th U. S. Inf., one battalion

9th U. S. Inf., one troop Nevada Cav. (dismounted) and seven guns. Dasmarinas.

was occupied and the enemy's force entirely dispersed.

RESULT OF THE OPER.\TI()NS.

In this series of operations the enemy were driven from the country in the

vicinity of Manila Bay and north of the city. Their loss in killed, wounded and

captured was at least 2000 men. Their forces were in a great measure dispersed.

-ri**^

li:l^l

^l:-

CHAPTER XIII.

EXPEDITIONS TO THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS.

(CKHU, PANAV, NK(^,R()S AND Sl'LU.)

NTlIy the treaty of peace should be ratified or rejected by the

United States Senate, the political situation in the Philippines

was uncertain, but under the instructions of President McKin-

ley, Gen. Otis was ordered to take and hold all the ceded terri-

tory. At this time the islands were entirely in the control of

the nativ^es, with the exception of the port and the city of

Iloilo on the island of Panay. Here the Spanish force still

held the city, but were closely besieged, and Gen. Otis had

been notified by Gen. Rios that he could not hold the place

against the insurgents. With the uncertainties as to the dis-

position of the Philippines by the Spanish Cortez and the American Senate,

neither the Spanish nor American commanders wished to disturb the status unless

pressing need required it. It was for this reason that the command of Gen. Miller

was left inactive and on board the transport off Iloilo so long.

^

OPERATIONS OX PAXAV.

On December 24, 1898, Gen. Otis, by order, created the "Separate Brigade,"

and assigned the command to Gen. Marcus P. Miller. The order directed that

the command should proceed to Iloilo and there execute the special instructions

which the commander might receive from headquarters. That part of the order

relating to this matter is as follows:

Headquarters Department of the Pacific ^

Gexeral Orders,}

~ and Eighth Army Corps. I

No. 29.S i

Manila, P. I., Dec. 24, 1898. }

1. Brigadier-General Marcus P. Miller is assigned to the command of the following

designated troops, viz: Light Battery G, (>th U. S. Art., 18th U. S. Inf., 51st Iowa Volunteer

Inf., and will proceed with them to Iloilo, island of Panay, by transports, Xewport, Arizona

and Pennsylvania, under such naval escorts as the Rear-Admiral, commanding the Asiatic

squadron, may furnish him, and there execute the special instructions he will receive from these

headquarters. These troops will constitute the Separate Brigade within the meaning of the 73d

Article of War, to be known and designated as the 1st Separate Brigade of the 8th Army Corps.

They will be equipped and supplied as orders already and hereafter to be issued indicate.

By command of Major-General Otis.

THOMAS BARRY,Assistant Adjutant-GeueraL

242 Cainpaiiiiiiiig in the Philippines.

The importance of this \^isayan group will be understood by reference to the

chapter entitled, "The Philippine Islands and Their People." The principal

islands in the group are Panay, Cebu and Negros. The distance from Iloilo to

Cebu is about (H) miles; from Cebu to Escalante on Negros, about 50 miles; and

from Bacolod, on Negros to Iloilo on Panay, about 35 miles. This is by the

.,,_ . usually tra\-eled routes, and the distance from the nearest

point in the group to Manila is 355 miles. The military

operations in these islands could not, in detail, be well

directed from Manila, but they are in such close proximity

that in any important movements there, the forces could

support each other. While these islands, under Spanish

rule, were divided into provinces, and had separate com-

mercial centers, still there was such interchange of

commodities and business that the inhabitants had become

closely allied. The population of Panay is 781,325; that

of Cebu 504,076; and of Negros 321,777; and the total

population of the whole Visayan group is 2,384,142.

vSo closely affiliated are the people of these islands,

that immediately after the surrender of the Spaniards,

under Gen. Rios, to the insurgents, the people organized

"a Visayan Republic," with Iloilo as its capital. The

governments in the different islands, howe\-er, were

practically independent. The climate in these islands

is salubrious, and the country well adapted to nearly

all branches of husbandry. Next to Manila, the great

centers of trade of the archipelago are here. It is not

onl}- a fine grazing country and well adapted to stock-

raising, but sugar, hemp, tobacco, the cereals and a great

varietN- of fruits are grown.

The expedition, under Gen. Miller, left Manila,

December 26th, convoyed by the cruiser Baltimore. Onarrival at Iloilo it was found that the vSpanish garrison

had withdrawn to Zamboango, and that the city was

in possession of the insurgents. The expedition remained on the transports until

February 11, 1899, pending instructions to meet the changed conditions. The

51st Iowa returned to Manila, and its place was taken by the 1st Tennessee, which

arrived on February 10th. The Baltimore was replaced by the Boston and Petrel.

On the morning of February 11th, after bombardment of the insurgent posi-

tion, the Tennessee Regiment and 18th Inf. landed, and took possession of the

city, driving the insurgents from their positions, on the outskirts of the town,

along the river, and saving much valuable property from incendiary fires. Capt.

Richmond of Company C, 1st Tennessee, was placed at some sandbag entrench-

ments, on the point, to prevent the insurgents on the opposite side from firing on

the landing party. The remainder of the force, accompanied by Gen. Miller,

marched to the Plaza and Custom House, beyond which point were the insurgents.

Here Col. Childers, of the Tennessee, assigned Companies A, Capt. Reed; E,

Prison at Makilos, where five

Americans were kept lor

nearly three months.

Campaif^ning in {he P/ii/ippint's. 243

Capt. Hager, and F, Capt. Gilaen, all under Maj. Bayless, to that portion of the

city along the river front and Progresso street, where they engaged the insurgents

who occupied the entrenchments and houses on the opposite side of the river. Bytheir prompt movements this command saved much property from destruction by fire.

Companies B, D, L, and M, under Maj. Cheatham were sent up the river to

Jaro Bridge, which position they occupied. Companies B, H and K, under Maj.

McGuire, were instructed to encircle the town for the purpose of flanking the

insurgents, which was done by a movement to the left until the beach was reached,

and then up the bridge to the old cemetery which had been fortified by the insur-

gents, while they changed position to the right through the native village and

through rice-fields, to the barracks on the Iloilo River and Molo Road. Here the

insurgents were found in force and were driven hurriedly across the bridge to

Molo by the American force.

On the morning of February 12th, Companies B, D, ly and M, under Maj.

Cheatham, made a reconnaissance through Molo, but found no armed insurgents.

On the same day the 1st Battalion of the 18th Inf., under Maj. Charles Keller,

consisting of Companies A, C, H and I^, under the respective commands of 1st

Lieut. A. E. Lewis, Capt. O. B. Warwick, 1st Lieut. D. H. Wells and Capt. E. E.

Hatch, were ordered to make a reconnaissance toward Jaro, to which place the

€nemy had retired. The reconnaissance led to the sharp engagement at Jaro and

the capture of that city. The battalion lost one killed and five wounded, includ-

ing one officer. Nine of the enemy killed were buried.

Up to February 2Bth, all of these captured positions were held b}- the Americanforces, who were continually harassed by the picket firing of the insurgents, andthere were numerous outpost skirmishes. On that date a reconnaissance in force

"was made, under command of Maj. fc^^^

rrCheatham, marching to Molo, where

the troops crossed the Iloilo River,

and proceeded to Mandurriao.

While resting there, a scouting

party reported an insurgent outpost.

After driving in this outpost, an

advance was made on the main body

of the force. This was attacked

and dislodged, and rapidly driven

through the woods and rice-fields

for a distance of three miles, whena halt was ordered and the force re-

turned through Jaro to Iloilo. Theinsurgent loss was reported heavy,

but nothing definite as to this

could be ascertained. On March1st, reconnaissance was made to the

north of Jaro by the 18th Inf., and the Battle of Jaro River was fought. Theinsurgents quickly gave way to the onslaught of the American force and retreated

in great disorder and confusion. The only loss on the part of the Americans

'III

'k

4nJ

'''*'!*«S*«^.

Unexploded shell fired from Ihc Charleston, and picked upon the battlefield of Caloocan by K. I. Faust and JohnW. Taylor. Photu hy K. I. F.

244 Caiiiptiii^>iiii<i' ill the fVtilippiiics.

was one killed and two wounded. On March Kith, a force of insurgents,

estimated at over 1000 men, suddenly precipitated itself upon the town of

Jaro, now occupied by the l<Sth Inf , which they attempted to carry by assault.

Five companies of the ISth, under Maj. Keller, crossed the Jaro River and

engaged them. Companies B, C, L and M, and the Tennessees, under com-

mand of Col. Childers, with Maj. Cheatham, were sent as reenforcements.

Crossing the Jaro River, and forming with their left on the river, the Tennessees

came in on the right flank of the enemy, who were driven back towards Pavia,

the insurgent force continually retreating until dark, which prevented our further

advance. The insurgent's loss was known to be 150 killed and many wounded.

Having learned that Gen. Araneta, with 800 insurgents, had occupied Oton, a

citv about seven miles from Iloilo, an expedition was made, with a view to effect-

ing their capture. Sending Maj. Cheatham, with Companies L,, D and K, of the

Photo hy Lt. Tliomas.

CAPT. STEWART, OF COLORADO RHGIMENT ''SITTING IN CHAIR), TAKEN* SHORTLYBEFORE HE WAS KILLED.

Tennessees, by boat to a point about one mile beyond 0:on, Col. Childers, with

Companies A, B and F, with Maj. Bayless and Capt. Bridgman, of the 6th Art.,

with two guns, started before daybreak on the morning of the 8th of April, and

proceeded to Molo and Aravelo, where they made a junction with troops sent by

boat, and surrounded Oton at 7:30 a.m. The insurgents, however, decamped.

The Tennessee Regiment had a peculiar aptitude for winning the favor of the

natives. Their authority was tempered with a kindness which made itself soon felt

and respected. It was no uncommon thing for the officers and .soldiers to be seen

in the native houses of worship, and their commingling was of that character so

observable in our own south between the whites and the blacks. The obedience

and respect of the latter wa=! very evident, while the former yielded much to the

little whims of the blacks. Such methods gained the good will of the blacks, who

at the same time retained their self-respect. The same spirit exhibited through-

out the Philippines would do much to the restoration and maintenance of peace.

To the discretion of the Tennessee Regiment may be attributed the peaceable

Cawpaigtii>io; in the IVii/ippincs. 245

occupation of Panay up to this writing. There have been occasional outpost

skirmishes, but rather with the marauding class, who at all times have infested

the country. There is a rebellious spirit in the i.sland, but, up to this time, it has

not broken out. Besides Iloilo the Americans have taken possession of the townsof Molo, Trinidad, San Juan, Arizalo, San Nicolas, Gagarman, Oton, Cagbran, SanDiego, Butang, Mandurriao, San Roque, Jibadan, and other small places. Theadministration of civil affairs is proceeding with little friction.

OPERATIONS IX CKBU.

The instructions to Col. Miller were, after establishing American authority at

Iloilo, to proceed immediately toCebu and occupy that place. Pursuant to this

instruction the Petrel was despatched to Cebu. Resistance was expected, but it

was thought advisable to disclose to the native population the purposes of the

government.

The situation in Cebu at that time is disclosed in the following statement

made by the German Consul to the writer:

Cebu was surrendered under protest by the influence of Majie and Llorente, the two ablest

Filipinos in the island, on February 17, 1899. There was a stormy meeting of the townspeopleupon hearing of the approach of the Americans. The young men advised the burning of the

town and fighting to the bitter end, but the older men advised calmer councils. There was asecond meeting at noon and the wiser heads prevailed. On the 21st of February, the U. S.

Petrel vfsis seen, and Llorente, Garardo, Qui and Chimaco, leaders in Cebu, went out to meether. When told by Mr. Sidebottom, the English Consul, acting for the American governmentthat the American Commander desired to treat, Majie said that "the people of Cebu, finding

themselves abandoned by the Spaniards, have joined the Filipino Republic." The Commanderof the Petrel gave them until eight o'clock on the 22d to surrender. A great many were in

favor of burning the place, but at seven o'clock on the night of the 21st of February it wasagreed to yield to superior force and to give up the town, protesting against doing so, and stat-

ing that they had no order from Aguinaldo to that effect. At 8:30 on the morning of the 22dthey sent this word to the Commander of the Petrel. At 9:30, forty sailors were landed, and at

9:40 the Stars and Stripes were hoisted at Cebu.

On the 28th of February, the 1st Battalion of the 23d Inf., under Maj. Goodale,

left Manila for Cebu to complete the American occupation. While the natives

demurred to occupation by the Americans of territory outside the citv of Cebu,the objections were overcome and the American occupation resulted in the estab-

lishment and maintenance of order under Col. Hamer of the Idaho Regiment, as

Military Governor of the island, and for the period intended to be covered by this

history there was peace in the island.

The writer, during that time, visited the island for the purpose of observing the

local conditions, and there met Ivieutenant-Colonel Bayless, of the TennesseeRegiment. He said :

There is a little trouble in Cebu, but it is not serious. Dissatisfaction exists in certain

quarters. The Secretary of the Treasury for the Filipino government, Seiior Majie, has beenstabbed, and the murderers cannot be found, because the native police will not give them up.They have fled into the mountains to a place named Sudlon, which is surrounded by an amphi-theater of hills. They have 150 stands of Mausers and Remingtons, and some old rifles, and1000 bolos. There is only one road into this town. I can take it any time. The native police-

men are unreliable, so I have to place night patrols of Americans.

246 Canipaii^niui^ in the J'/ii/ippiiirs.

Col. Hamer, the Military Governor, said to the writer that " Seiior Flores,

who was President of tlie island at first, was a weak and vacillating man, so the

Americans put him on the retired list, and Llorente was elected. lylorente is not

a very stron.<^ man, he is a Mestizo, half vSpanish and half Visayan, and has been ap-

pointed by Cxzw. Otis one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of Manila."

In regard to the future government of the islands, the Colonel remarked:

What the conditions vvill be when the Governor has perfected his functions, I do not

know. vSome of thes? people are still for Aguinaldo, and it will be hard to make theni discard

him. The better class are shrewd enough to see that sooner or later the Americans will take

posse-ssion of the archipelago, and have quietly changed their political belief without excitin;

unfavorable comment. The Filipino Governor is in the same building with myself, and we

have the anomaly here of American Governor and Filipino Governor in the same building, and

getting along on a very friendly basis. The native police are not reliable, and we cannot ferret

out the crimes of the Bolo men. They are suspicious of us, especially the lower classes, which are

the most numerous. I have a theory of the government of these islands. I do not believe the

native government should be general at first. I think it would be better to begin at the

bottom and organize upward; for example, organize the town first, and not the Provincial

government. Preferably, let the Americans appoint a president of the town, let the natives

elect and make a selection, subject to the American approval; leave the qualifications of voters

for future consideration; elect a president and justice and clerk from the natives; but let their

records and official acts pass under American inspection. Make the towns " kindergartens " to

give the people a chance to learn the art of self-government; divide them into wards, some to be

American wards absolutely. Permit the people to elect aldermen aud councilmen, and make

the city council a " kindergarten " in which to give these people a chance to learn the American

system of self-legislation. I would give the president, or mayor, of the towns the absolute veto

rio-ht, supervised by the United States authorities. My impression is that these officials should

be required to report all their acts in writing to some Central American Supervisor or Governor

of the islands.

There are several classes of people here to be considered. The rich and intelligent, and a

few Spanish, would favor the American control. Majie was our best friend and was the best

man in the island. There are certain ambitious fellows, without property interests, looters and

highwaymen and pirates by nature; they get a crowd around them and by intimidation and

bribes, make trouble, in order that they may be able to levy tribute in the dress of the Filipino

army, and make i)eople take off their hats to them. There is a third class of citizens in Cebu, the

hill-folk, they are a still lower class, both in intelligence and property. They want the oppor-

tunity to make a living, but are easily led, and very susceptible to military influence. They

seldom visit large towns and then only on market days. They seldom go even to the local

villages, and then only to procure necessities. The hill-folk are deceived by monstrous stories

circulated by the military party. vSome of them actually believe that the Americans are black,

and eat children and live on babies, and many join the insurgent army because they are afraid

to do otherwise. There are few schools here, and the well-to-do send their children to Hong-

kong or Manila, especially to Hongkong, because they have there the advantage of learning

the English language. The poor class have no education to speak of, and not twenty-five per

cent of the inhabitants can speak Spanish, they speak Visayan and nothing else. The young

men and women of Cebu are very anxious to learn English. For the present, religion should

be let alone, absolutely as it is. The priests here are mostly Mestizos.

Governor Llorente received me with the politeness which characterizes the

Spanish Mestizo. He was very frank, and spoke in an interesting way of the

change which the coming of the Americans had made in Cebu. He thought, as

Col. Hamer did, that the best people of the island favored American control.

"What elements are against the Americans?" I asked. He replied that there were

only a few, and generally the most ignorant. Their leader was Arcadio Maxillon.

Ca>n/)ai}^)iiii<^ in the I'/ii/ippines. 247

The}- were not stron.L;- in rilles, lia\-ing less tliun 2011. " Wluit aljout religion?" I

inquired. "The Filipino government," he answered, "wishes its church andstate separate. It would l)e a pit\ , howe\-er, 1 > introduce the discussion of a

Protestant Mission at this time, l)L'cause the public mind is pretty well unsettled

just now. I would fa\-<)r absolute freedom; of religion when things are in a

settled condition. The vSpanish rule here was \er\- rigorous. Tliey treated us

like sla\-es. There are about l(l() Spaniards here in Cebu."

The discontent of the nati\-es of late has created some apprehension that anuprising was imminent, and to prevent this the Supreme Justices from both

Negros and Cebu \isited their respective islands and good results followed for a

time, but in Cebu the insurgents ha\-e become acti\-e again, and at the date of the

publication of this volume, there is fighting going on with what results cannot yet

be ascertained.OCCUPATION OF NEGROS.

The American occupation of the island of Negros was similar, in character,

to that of Cebu, with the exception that the local authorities at that time weremore amicable and more in hearty accord with American domination than those

FILIPINO TRENCHES. Photo hy Darcey.

of Panay and Cebu. The inhabitants of this island had been in revolt against the

Spanish government, and had practically overturned all Spanish authority, so

that, on November 1'2, 189S, a Provisional government had been established by

the inhabitants with Anissitto Lacon, President, and Jose Luis Luzuriaga, Presi-

dent of the native Congress. A Cabinet was also created with functions similar

to that in all republican governments, and the Congress was made up of thirty-six

deputies. Preceding the American occupation, a deputation composed of many of

the representatives of this government, including its President, waited upon Gen.

Otis in Manila, and expressed their desire to co-operate in the amicable establish-

ment of American rule on the island. Indeed, so hearty was this concurrence,

that previous to the advent of the Americans on the island the American flag

had been raised there by the natives, and the subsequent coming of the Americans

was distinguished by an ovation rather than the reluctant submission of a defeated

people. It was apparent that with such manifestation of fealty and submission it

behooved the command to maintain its prestige by giving to the people the largest

liberty compatible with the military occupation of the country by the United States

248 Cai/i/>cu[i;n!/!i^ i?i the J'/iilippiiies.

In the island of Nej2:ros, then, it was determined to test in the largest measure

this capacity of the inhabitants for self-go\'ennnent, and with this ol)ject in view,

it was desirable to place one who was well versed in law and ci\ic affairs at the

head of the military government of the island. Col. James F. vSmith, of the 1st

California X'olnnteers, afterwards General, was found to be admirably qualified

for this position to which he was appointed by Gen. Otis.

Col. Smith, with the l.st Battalion of the California Volunteers, Maj. Sime,

commanding, acting upon the request of the deputation, proceeded by the transport

St. Paid from Manila, and, on the 4th of March, 1899, landed at Bacolod on Negros.

The deputation accompanied the command but landed the previous night to arrange

the welcome. Half an hour after landing, Capt. Tilly had re-opened communica-

tion with Iloilo by cable, and the first message over the line was the following:

The Governor and inhabitants of Negros to Gen. Miller, Iloilo.—We affectionately saUite

and congratulate ourselves upon the happy arrival of Col. Smith and troops, under your orders,

and beg you to send this salutation and congratulation to Gen. Otis, Manila, as the representa-

tive of the United vStates in the Philippines. ANICETO LACSOX.

Col. Smith proceeded at once to recognize and continue in force the existing

civil government. In adju.sting this authority to the needs of the military gov-

ernment a little friction was created, but patience and good judgment prevented

any outbreak. The same class of law-breakers, however, are found in Negros as

elsewhere in the Visayan Islands. These largely came from an unsubdued class

of brigands for whose subjection time will be required.

In March, Lieutenant-Colonel Duboce arrived in Negros with a battalion of

the Californias, and immediately the command was called upon to subdue an out-

break of this brigand class. These hill- tribesmen were under the leadership of

one Papaissor, and were looting and destroying—their depredations being largely

tipon the inhabitants of

the lowlands. Their

effort, also, was to incite

insurrection against the

Americans. These

brigands had killed

many, taken more into

captivity, and pillaged

the lowland districts.

The Californias were

despatched against

them, two companies

under command of Col.

Dtiboce, proceedingoverland, and Maj.

Sime, with two othertutrh arth.lf.rv in the trenches. Photo hy K. T. F.

companies by water, on April 2, 1899. The command of Col. Duboce made a

forced march of twelve miles and captured Labzid, where the insurgents were well

fortified, and destroyed the town, taking thirty-five prisoners, the remainder of

the force scattering into the mountains.

Caiiipaijrimi^ iii the /'/ntipf>ii!CS. 249

Ciov. vSmith retained exclusive control of the customs, postoffice, telegraph and

police force, while all other civil affairs were left in the hands of the natives. Thepolice force was constituted of natives, officered by Americans. Some time after

the occupation, Capt. Tilley, of the Signal Corps, was murdered while he was

preparing a telegraph

line, under a flag of

truce. As a punish-

ment, Gen. Smith cap-

tured Escalante, where

the murder occurred,

and killed the natives

who were implicated in

the defense. During

the spring and early

summer, several expedi-

tions were made into the

interior, and across the

island. Among the most

important of these was

one which resulted in an

action at Bobong. This

was an entrenched insurgent position, and was carried by the American forces in a

hand-to-hand fight, the insurgents leaving one hundred and fifteen killed on the

ground. The American loss was one killed and one wounded. There was another

sharp engagement at Tibunan, of which Gen. Otis cables as follows:'

' lyieutenant-

Colonel, 6th Inf., with eighty men, encountered one hundred insurgents entrenched

in the mountains of the island of Negros and routed them after an hour and a

half of severe fighting. The Americans had three men slightly wounded. Nine-

teen insurgents were found dead in the trenches. It is supposed the insurgents

were armed Tagals, who, a few days since, had crossed from Panay in boats."

I.OO'-;lXf', I-OK " DINERO.

THE SULU ARCHIPELAGO.

On May 20, 1899, Capt. Pratt and his command, consisting of two battalions

of the 2od Inf., according to previous arrangement, peaceably received the sur-

render of the Spanish garrison at Sulu, and thereupon the United States succeeded

to this, almost the only actual possession of Spain in the Sulu Archipelago, but at

this time there was a ruler of Sulu whose power was far greater than that of Spain,

whose title the United States acquired.

Through the fanaticism of the Mohammedans, the Sultan of Sulu is far more

powerful than the United States can hope to soon become. Capt. Pratt, soon after

his arrival, was waited upon by the Sultan, and in turn Capt. Pratt sought out

his Majesty, whose mind may be gathered by these questions then put to Capt.

Pratt by him:

"Why did you come here? For land, you have plenty at home. For mone}^

you are rich and I am poor. Why are j'ou here?"

250 CaiiipaiQiinii^' in the P/n/ippincs.

In July, 1S99, Capt. Pratt was succeeded by Maj. Ooodale, and subsequently

Gen. John C. Bates arrived and concluded a "Treaty" with the Sultan. Gen.

OlIs summarizes this treaty in the following communication to the War Depart-

ment, under date of August 24th, last:

All agreement was made with the Sultan and Datos whereby the sovereignty of the United

States over the entire Jolo Archipelago is acknowledged; its flag to fly on land and sea; the

United States to occupy and control all points deemed necessary. Introducing firearms is pro-

hibited. The Sultan is to assist in suppressing piracy. He agrees to deliver criminals accused

of crime not counmttcd by Moras ai^ainst Moras. Two other points in the archipelago will

be occupied by the United States troops when trade and commerce can be controlled.

As with trifling exceptions the popula-

! tion is Moro, it is evident that the Sul-i

I

tan's power is not greatly interfered with.

I

The Mohammedan is the dominant

creed in Borneo, Sulu Archipelago and the

great island of Mindanao. What is knownas the Sulu Archipelago consists of about

150 islands, capable, so far as known,

of cultivation and possessing some natural

resources. What has led to much con-

fusion in the enumeration of the numberof islands in the Philippines, is the fact

that some have attempted to include in

the enumeration all the isolated ground

surrounded by water, while others confine

the estimate to those of some considerable

dimensions or inhabitable. The Spaniards

estimate that some ninety-five of the

islands in the archipelago are inhabited,

but very few of these have any import or

export trade, and, with few exceptions,

\ ^"^• 'i/' the great mass of natives in the archi-

i' '<"',, ' : pelago live with little trade. There are

i|^. • .^f'^'''^'' some localities in which agriculture is

L^i^=ii*^'3^\.««»4iBBii«L^^ *AP^^'-'^^ed. The principal products of foreign

BRiGADiER-cEXEKAL HALF AND urto ADF-sTRGEON tradc arc copra aud coiiee. iill the ni-

MAj. roTTKR AT sAMPALoc CHURCH. dustrles iu thc Islauds are in a very

primitive stage. The islands generally have a salubrious climate, and may be madever}' productive of all tropical products, but production, for a time to come, must

depend upon the native industry, and this .seldom looks beyond present needs.

It is probable that trouble may arise should our government attempt to enlarge

the control imparted to it by the Spaniards, and hence it is well to examine the

nature of the Spanish authority in the archipelago.

Many 3'ears since, the weaker of two contending "vSultans" sought an

alliance with the Spanish government at Manila, which was perfected upon the

agreement that he would recognize Spanish dominion in his territory, under cer-

tain restrictions, in consideration of which Spain should subdue the opposing

> '*.

Ca/>i/>ai<;H!>/<^- in the Pliilippiiics. 251

X- "i

WHi-Ri-; THiRTV-F.rr.nT r,omi:s\vi v.

command perished.

"Sultan." While wailing for vSpain's co-operation, the Sultan who was to be

aided by the Spaniards, attacked and dispersed the insurgent forces, losing his

life in the engagement. The vSpanish fleet finally arrived, and, finding the Sultan

. . - -_,- dead, returned to Manila

;without, in an>- manner,

complying with the agree-

ment. Adasaolan suc-

ceeded to the vSultanship

and made a new alliance

with the Mindanao Sultan

as well as the Sultan of

North Borneo.

Later, the vSpaniards at-

tempted to establish their

rule in the archipelago,

claiming the right by

virtue of the old alliance.

Tnis was resisted and

nearly the whole Spanish

The Moros, for a long. time thereafter, pursued a kind of

predatory warfare in which piracy and brigandage were the chief features. Underthese methods they took, and, for a long time held possession of Cebu, Negros,

Leyte, Bohol and certain provinces in Panay. Spain, by a series of victories,

finally drove the Moros out of their territory and built at Zamboango, a strongly

fortified place which they used as a base of operations against the Mohammedans.Disease attacked the Spaniards at this place and out of a total of 1000

men, 850 died in a twelfth month. In 1770, a kind of treaty was arranged

between the governments, so that further warfare was averted, excepting occa-

sional piracies, and this condition prevailed for nearly a century. There nowfollowed a period of

years in which the

Moros again pil-

laged and destroyed

Spanish coast towns

so that in 1876,

Spain despatched a

force against the

Moros which effect-

ually quelled the

disturbance. In

1887, the Moroswere again found in

revolt, and this

being suppressed, was succeeded by another revolt. In ISSS, an agreement

was made which recognized the rule of the Sultan, subject to a kind of Spanish

suzerainty, under which Spain paid a yearly stipend to the Sultan for its rights,

wm''m^mtt*^-Wk

T'Xni.R TIT AV

252 Canipaigniug in ihc PMhppiiics.

which, under the treaty conchxded by (jen. Bates, is to be continued by us.

Even under this treaty, Spain had never exercised any control in these ishinds,

except in some of the sea-coast towns, and tlie popuhition in the island interior has

known no rule but that of the Sultan. How ineffective was Spanish rule in these

islands may be understood from the fact that so late as lSi)2, the Spanish Gov-

ernor attempted to enforce, for the first time, the collection of a tax upon the

Moros. The Sultan with a lar.i^e following visited the Governor, and in token of

his good will, presented him with a basket of pearls. While the Governor was

in the act of receiving them, the Sultan drew a barong and split his skull to his

teeth. The population of these islands cannot be even ai)proximately given, but

whatever it may be, the people have never been subdued, and thus far the Ameri-

cans have made no serious attempt to do so.

KANSAS MKN CROSSIXO THK CALUMl'IT RIVKK. PItntn l„j EiiriUsh

CHAPTER XIV.

TPIE GUNBOAT FLOTILLA

^HROUOHOUT the operations against the followers of Aguinaldo,

the improvised gunboats under the command of Brevet-Major

F. A. Grant, of the Utah Light Artillery, took a very import-

ant part. The first boat to be put into .service was the Laguiia

dc Ba\\ and her work in assisting the land forces to clear the

Pasig River was looked upon with such favor that later two

other boats were armed and fitted out for the service.

Many engagements were had with the natives, especiall}'

along the upper Pasig River and on the lake, Laguna de Bay,

after which the boat w^as named. As the boat was the largest

and the first to be fitted up, a short account of her wnll be given.

THE " LAGUNA DE BAY "

The boat was an old side-wheel steamer owned by a Spanish company, and

built especially for trading on the lake and Pasig River. She is 120 feet long, 40

feet beam, and of very light draft. Under orders of Major-General Otis, Maj.

Grant was instructed to fit her out, and on the 27th of January, she was ready for

duty. The report of the completion of the boat showed that the main deck of the

boat had been completely surrounded with two thicknesses of steel plate as a pro-

tection from rifle bullets. Two three-inch marine guns comprised the forward

battery, with portholes so placed that they could be fired straight aliead or on

either bow. The after battery consisted of two 1.65-inch Hotchki.ss rifles, arranged

to fire broadside or to the rear.

A turret of steel plates was erected on the top deck, inclosing and protecting

the men working at the wheel, and also the secondary battery of four 45-caliber

Gatling guns set on tripods.

To support the armor and guns the deck had to be strengthened with heavy

timbers, and when this was done the boat was complete and read}^ for service,

with a full and complete equipment of working lines and ship stores on board.

Capt. B. H. Randolph, of Battery G, 3d U. S. Heavy Artillery, was placed in

command of the boat, with a detachment of twent}'-nine men from his batter}- to

man the guns on the main deck. Ivieut. R. C. Naylor, of the Utah Art., with

ten men, was also detailed on board the boat. Lieut. Naylor was given commandof the guns, and the Utah men under Corp. \Vm. Nelson were assigned to the

Gatling battery. Lieut. E. A. Harting, with a detachment of twenty-five sharp-

shooters from the South Dakota Regiment, completed the fighting force of the

254 Caiiipai_ii)iiiig in the J'/ii/ippiiies.

boat. Lieut. S. G. Larson, also of the vSouth Dakota Rei^iment. was deiailed as

navig;ating officer, his experience before joining the arm\- fittiiii; him for the position.

As a crew to handle the boat was necessary, the whole army was picked over

for men who were suited for the work. vSergt. H. F. Juirs, of the Signal Corps,

Avas made chief engineer. No less than six regiments were represented in the

crew. The greatest difficulty was had with the old engines, which were of a dif-

ferent pattern to those used at the present time, but all difficulties were finally

overcome, and the boat was ready late in January and anchored in the river each

night below the out}')osts.

V.\RIOUS FIGHTS ON THE RIVERS.

On the historic night of February 4th, the Laguna de Bay was at her anchor-

age, and bullets struck all around her and whistled over her decks. Nothingcould be done during the night, but early on the morning of the oth, an aide

appeared on the bank and gave an order to Capt. Randolph: "Gen. Otis directs

you to proceed to the firing line and engage the enemy."

On arrival at the front a Filipino flag could be seen floating over Santa Ana,

and a vigorous cannonade was opened on this place, which was soon in flames.

The church of San Juan del Monte came in for a heavy fire. These places were

later occupied b}' the infantry. In the thick jungle, near Santa Ana, a part\- of

insurgents annoyed the boat and also the Nebraska camp with a Mauser fire, so

the boat rounded the bend and drove the insurgents beyond the San Juan River

with the Gatling guns.

The natives were then pushed up the river by Gen. King's Brigade, the gun-

boat operating with him. On February 9th, the guns of the boat commanded the

town of Pasig, and Gen. King demanded its surrender, which was complied with.

At this time the river was free of natives to the lake, which was visited 1)\- the

gunboat. The line to the north of the river had been weakened, and the natives

threatened to break through, so the boat received orders to drop back and anchor

above Santa Mesa, where a wide stretch of level country could be commanded by her

guns. The next active service of the boat was on February 14th, when it was decided

to evacuate Pasig and fall back to San Pedro Macati, to shorten the line to the

south of the river. The natives were in large force at this point, and sufficient

troops could not be spared to hold such an advanced point as Pasig. The retreat

of the California Regiment from Pasig was a perilous undertaking, and the boat

was sent up to protect the rear. At Pasig ferry the infantry made a stand, with the

gunboat lying in the middle of the stream. At this point the first casualty on board

the boat occurred, when Lieut. Harting was drowned, while attempting to land a

Hotchkiss gun in a rowboat which capsized. The gun was lost. All efforts to rescue

the officer were futile, and his body was not recovered until the current of the

river washed it ashore at Manila. The next day the natives continued the fight,

and for more than two hours the boat kept up a terrific fire on a swamp and jungle

in which they had taken up their position. The same evening the infantry

retreated to Guadalupe church, without losing a man, although the natives fol-

lowed them closely. The boat returned to her position above Santa Ana, where

the next day Maj. Grant came aboard, relieving Capt. Randolph of his command.

Caiiipaiiiiii)!'^ in the IVii/ifipiiies. 255

It was then decided to al)aii{l()ii (Uuulaluiic church, and retire to vSati PedroIMacali, and a.i^ain the /.a^inia dc /yay adxanced to co\er the retreat. All night

long a desultory tire was kept up on the boat and between the outposts. At day-

light on the li'th, the church was hred by the infantry, which at once retired to

San Pedro Macati. The church and hill, u])on which it was situated, wereiniinediatel\- occupied by the natives, whose sharpshooters began firing on the boat

and outposts. At ten o'clock Maj. Grant decided to test the boat by running upbetween the natixe lines and see what the effect would l)e. As the boat advancedshe recei\ed a hail of bullets from the native rifles, but the st^el plates wardedthem off. For half an hour every gun on the boat was turned loose, and shells

and bullets whistled into the insurgent position. At the end of the fire not a shot

came from the natives, who were completely silenced. The boat again returned

to a position below San Pedro Macati. The skirmish at Guadalupe had the

effect of quieting the natives, and when they afterward became troublesome,

the boat would be sent for.

Five times similar engage-

ments were had at Guada-

lupe, but so effective was

the armor that but one manwas killed, he being Private

John Toiza, of Battery G,

3d Art., who \vas killed b>

a rifle ball on March -Jtlr

After the arrival of more

troops it was again decided

to clear the Pasig River.

On the morning of March

14th, CtCu. Whea ton's

Brigade advanced to the

attack. The Laguna dc

y5av drove the natives from "war is hell." piwtohyMckm,,.

the hill and it was occupied by the infantry without interference. A short

distance above Guadalupe, sunken cascos in the river prevented the gunboat

from cutting off the natives, who escaped across the river. After a brief delay, a

channel was found in the river through the obstructions, and the boat again

advanced to the attack. The natives were in their trenches across the river from

Gen. Wheaton's Brigade, but when the boat arrived they broke and fled toward

the cit\ . A heavy fire was kept up, and on arrival at Pasig, in the open fields

beyond the town were seen thousands of natives, soldiers and non-combatants.

These were hurrying for shelter in the woods beyond and were not fired on. Twolaunches left Pasig as the gunboat neared the town. They were fired upon

repeatedly, but succeeded in making their escape out into the lake.

The next day the Ocsfc, a tug protected with steel plates and armed with a small

cannon and two Gatling guns, joined the Laguiia de Bay. She was commandedby Lieut. \V. C. Webb, of the Utah Art., and manned by men from the larger

boat.

256 Cainpaii^niitf^ in tJic Philippines.

IN vSUPPORT OF EXPP:I)ITI()XS.

The next move was to fit out an expedition to capture the towns on the lake.

A company of the 'i.'kl Inf. was sent with the boats to accompHsh this. Thetowns of Morong and Jalajala were taken. No resistance was met, but at the

former a quantity of .stores were burned. The next morning Santa Cruz was

visited. The locality was reconnoitered, but it was decided that there was not

sufficient force at hand to land. The steam tugs belonging to the insurgents were

located in the Lambang River.

When the advance on Malabon was contemplated, the Laguna de Bay was

ordered to that point to operate in the shallow bays and inlets which are every-

where along the coast, and which kept the ships of Admiral Dewey's fleet away

from shore. The towns along the coast were shelled by this gunboat. On the

2oth of March, the Napidan joined Maj. Grant. She was commanded by Lieut.

Franklin of the 23d Inf , and manned by men from the same regiment. She

carried two six-pound rifles, and two Gatling guns. The" two boats operated

along the shore in the advance on Malolos. The next move of the gunboats was

in a campaign against Santa Cruz, and a direct move to cripple and destroy the

power of the Filipinos on the lake. Major-General Lawton took great interest in

Maj. Grant's report concerning Santa Cruz, and he decided on a move against

that place. Before daylight on April 9th, there were assembled on the lake,

besides the three gunboats, a number of tugs and cascos, on which were 1500

men of the 14th Inf, the 4th Cav. , dismounted, and the North Dakota Inf.

Major-General Lawton and Brigadier-General King were at the head of the

expedition. The fleet started directly for Santa Cruz, under the convoy of the

gunboats.

On nearing the city a plan of campaign was adopted. The troops landed at

a point about five miles from the city, under the guns of the Napidan, while the

Lagiuia de Bay and the Ocste, with three troops of cavalry, anchored directly in

front of the city. The land forces met little opposition, and succeeded in sur-

rounding the city. The next morning the bombardment was commenced, and

early in the forenoon the city was in the hands of the Americans. The Filipino

loss was heavy, and many prisoners were taken. The loss of the land forces was

light.

The troops scoured the surrounding country, while the gunboats directed their

attention to the six captured tugs in the river. The natives had disabled the

engines, but enough were repaired to tow the remainder to the city. On April

17th, the whole expedition returned to Manila, after a successful campaign.

Maj. Grant next made an attempt to ascend the Malolos River, to co-operate

with the land forces in the advance on Calumpit, but it was found to be impossible

on account of low water. The boats are now doing duty guarding the lake and

upper waters of the Pasig River.

On May 7th, the Laguna de Bay and Covadonga, ascended the Pasig River

to Guagua, to establish water communication with Major-General MacArthur's

Division. No opposition was encountered until the boat arrived at Sexmoan,

where a force of natives were found strongly entrenched. After a. brisk skirmish

Caiiipai^iiiiii^ in the Philippines. 257

for a few minutes, the natives retired, firing the town. Guagua, a mile further upthe river, was also evacuated and set on fire. With this move the advance line

north of Manila was put into communication with the city by an open water-way

as well as by the railroad.

Gen. MacArthur failing to meet Maj. Grant at Guagua as arranged, the boats

waited at the town from 1 until 5 p. m., and as they could not hold the townwithout assistance it was left for the time.

On May 10, 1899, the LagiDia dc Bay and Covadonn^a entered the Rio(irande Pampanga River and made their way up to Calumpit, where they werein a position to assist the land forces and carry supplies up to Gen. Lawton's com-mand at Candaba. On May 17th, the boats led the advance of Maj. Kobbe's troops,

driving the insurgents before them and capturing San Luis. On the following

day the town of Candaba was surrendered to Grant, Maj. Kobbe's command arriv-

ing about three hours later.

C.\PTURES BY THE FLOTILL.A..

The Laguna dc Bay, Napidan, Oesfe, Covadonga and Oceania captured over

two hundred thousand dollars worth of coal, cascos and steamboats from the

insurgents. In all eight steamers were captured, and at Guagua the enemy burnedone gunboat and sunk another large steamer.

Gen. Lawton, who operated with the boats more than any other commander,was very loud in his praise of the work done by them.

The foregoing is a correct statement.

F. H. GRANT,Late Maj. Utah Art., Commander United States gunboats.

CHAPTER XV.

THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS AND THEIR PEOPLE.

.HE story of the campaii;ii in the Pliilippines cannot be intelli-

gentl>- followed without some knowledj^e of the islands and

their people. It is also evident that, for other reasons, all

that pertains to the countr}- and its inhabitants is at this time

of deep concern to the people of the United vStates. While no

argument will be made upon questions of public policy, the

facts set forth herein may be of benefit to those seeking a

judicious solution of the vexed questions arising from our

occupation; and while the moral and intellectual worth of the

islanders is of grave consideration to those seeking their

iDetterment, the material conditions and possibilities of the country will be

important factors in shaping our policy with regard to it.

All that will be attempted, however, is a brief statement of the essential facts,

leaving the reader to pursue such further research into non-essentials he maydesire. While the descriptive matter is necessarily brief, it will be found well

supplemented by the various maps, charts and illustrations.

The Philippine Islands (so called in honor of Philip II of Spain) extend over

an area of about one thousand miles north and south, and ^ix hundred miles east

and west. The number of islands is variously estimated at from four hundred to

two thousand. Of these many are unknown even by name, and of those enumer-

ated many are wholly or in great part unexplored. All of the present maps and

charts of the islands are very defective, even those which relate to the harbors,

the bays, and the coast line. The value of each island to the group, or of that of

the group to the world, can at best be but imperfectly understood until their

interiors are better explored, and the numerous bays, harbors and channels

properly surveyed. The maps and charts give substantially the location of the

archipelago, or group, in reference to the seas and the continents. These should be

considered in connection with a study of established steamship lines to or near the

islands.

Some twenty islands are named as being considered the chief in size and

importance, the principal of which is IvUzon, upon which Manila is situated.

"Their particular specification will not add to the value of this summary. Their

estimated area is 114, o56 square miles. lyUzon has 41,000 square miles, Min-

danao has 37,500 square miles, and five of the others have over 10,000 square

miles each. Luzon has been compared to the State of Virginia in size, and that

of the group to Arizona.PHYSICAL ASPECTvS.

The physical aspect of these islands is of interest. Throughout the groupthere is a mountain sj^stem with a trend north and south, with occasional deflec-

tions. From sources in these mountain ranges spring a great multitude of rivers

and rivulets, which make their outlet into the sea. In these, cascades, cataracts

260 Citiiipaii^iiut^i^- ill the I'/iilipputrs.

and rushing torrents are very common. Between the ridges, and along the

streams are found alhivial deposits, which broaden and widen as they approach

the sea, until, in the region of their mouths, they constitute a vast plain, unsur-

passed for fertility and productiveness. But it must not be inferred that this

excellence of soil is restricted to the plains; rank vegetation and towering hard-

wood trees cover the major part of these ranges to their summits. There is a gro-

tesque grandeur in the scene. The abrupt declivities, the precipitous walls, the

rugged, towering pinnacles and peaks, are exhibitions of Nature in its wildest

aspects. There is Mindanao, a wonder and surprise throughout the whole

10,000 feet of elevation from the sea to the summit of Apo. This is likewise

true of Halcon in Mindoro, 8900 feet, and also Mayon, in Luzon, over 8000

feet. This last is well known to have been a volcano, and not long since in

violent action; in fact the whole region may be said to be a land of extinct vol-

canoes, giving evidences of the most destructive eruptions. The latest convulsions

are those noted as occurring in 1863 and in 1880, when the destruction was great

in Manila. In 1627 one of the most elevated mountains in the province of Cagayan

disappeared, and in 1675 a passage was made to the sea on the Island of

Mindoro, from which a vast plain emerged.

KARLY HISTORY UNKNOWN.

But little is known of the origin and early history of the inhabitants of

these islands. Their traditions, which should give us some clew, appear,

under the educational influences of the Catholic clergy, to have been sup-

gjs,^ pressed, changed, or inex-

tricabl}' intermingledwith inventions of the

friars themselves. It

is believed that the

original type is

found in the Aetas

or Negritos, a

species of dwarfish" blacks now found

^ .^ in the mountain

--^rt^ i. regions of Luzon

and Negros, but

fast becoming extinct.

Large areas in the interior,

however, are inhabited by the

Their number is unknown, but

from the best information obtainable, is supposed to approximate one million.

All estimates, however, of the total population are conjectural, as there has

never been a complete or reliable census of the islands. The estimates vary,

and range from eight to ten millions. We should judge from the density of the

population of the provinces best known—a tabulated statement of a few of which

is subjoined—that the above total is rather under than over the actual number.

' ».u

V^'

n"ativf:s grinding rice.

savage natives, of whom but little is known.

Caiiipaioiiiiii^- in llic I'/ii/ippiui's. 2(51

The population of the best known provinces is exceedingly mixed. Malays

predominate largely, and with these are found Aetas, Negritos (pure blacks),

Chinese, Japanese, Indios, Moors and Europeans, and every conceivable shade of

intermixture. It is estimated there are quite as many different tribes as islands,

and that at least five hundred different languages and dialects are spoken. It

may be said generally of the inhabitants that they are amenable to government,

that the Malays are superior to many other Asiatics, and that the^- are honest,

honorable, and readily yield obedience to better influences.

POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS.

A province under the Spanish dominion was a division of land, with a capital

and government of its own, but all subordinate to the Governor-General at Manila.

lyUzon had thirtj'-five of these subordinate provinces, as follows

:

PROVINCE POPULATIOK CAPITAL

Abra 49,702 BanguedAlbay 296,850 Albay

Amburayan 30,150 Allien

Apayaos 6,000 BagubaguBataan 52,000 Balanga

Batangas 212,192 Batangas

Benguet 15,932 La Trinidad

Binatangan Binatangan

Bontoc 24,502 Bontoc

Bulacan 230,000 Bulacan

Cabugavon CabugavonCagayan 112,357 TuguegaraoCamarines 185,878 Xueva Caceres

Cavite 133,926 Cavite

Caj-apa Caj'apa

Ilocos Norte 156,900 LaoagIlocos Sur 172,8.36 ViganInfanta 10,200 Binangonan de LamponIsabela de Luzon 46,846 Ilagan

Itaves 15,208 , MacogaoLaguna 177,000 Santa Cruz

Lepanto 19,422 Cervantes

Manila 400,238 ManilaMorong 42,748 MorongNueva Ecija . . . 155,000 San Isidro

Nueva Vizcaya 23,520 BayombongPampanga 250,000 Bacolor

Pangasinan 295,105 LingayenPrincipe 5,000 Baler

Quiangan 29,800 QuianganTarlac 97,947 Tarlac

Tayabas 105,576 TayabasTiagan 3,041 San EmilioUnion (La.) 119,421 San FernandoZambales 87,641 Iba

The province of Manila, the seat of the general government, has an area of2(')4 square miles, and a population of over 400,000. Manila proper, or Old Manila,

contained a population, previous to the war, of 110,000. The main part of the

2ti2 Caiiipaiiiiii)i<;- in the Philippines.

population of the locality known as Manila was in the suburbs, chief of whichwere: Pueblo, Binondo, San Jose, Santa Cruz, with fifteen wards

;Quiapo, with

two wards; San Miguel, with seven wards

; Sampaloc, with thirty-nine wards,and Tondo, with eighteen wards. All of these suburbs are easy of access, and in

them are centered the chief mercantile transactions of the islands, while not only in

business, but in most of their attractions, they far outrank Old Manila. The total

distance east and west, in a direct line through Manila, is \% miles, and total dis-

tance north and south, 4'/^ miles.

The following are the chief cities and towns of the province:

^JAME POPULATION DISTANCE FROM MANILA

*Caloocan 9,843 5 miles from city limits

Dilao 4,825 3 miles from city limits

Ermita 4,726 X miles from city limits

Las Pinas 4,000 8 miles from city limits

Malate 2,319 ^ mile from city limits

Malabon or Tambobong 25,000 6 miles from city limits

Malibay 2,890 4 miles from city limits

Mariquina 10,313 7 miles from city limits

fMontalban 3,055 16 miles from city limits

Muntinlupa 5,0()8 21 miles from city limits

Navotas 9,154 fi^^ miles from city limits

Pandacan 2,446 2 miles from city limits

Paranaque 9,8(53 i\yi miles from city limits

Pasig 22,000 7 miles from cit}^ limits

Pateros 2,842 3 miles from city limits

Pineda 9,825 Zyi miles from city limits

San Felipe Neri 5,465 2^ miles from city limits

San Juan del Monte 2,011 2 miles from city limits

San ]\Iateo (),700 17 miles from city limits

San Pedro Macati 3,921 3 miles from city limits

Santa Ana 2,194 3 miles from city limits

Taguig 9,6(i2 9'-2 miles from city limits

* The distances given are calculated from the Walled City or Old Manila

f With highway to Caloocan.

Cavite is the capital of the province of Cavite. The province has an area of

480 square miles, and within this is a population of loo, 926. It is contiguous to,

and closely identified with, Manila in its enterprises. The towns and cities range

from 1000 to 15,000 in population. Bulacan, the capital of the province of Bulacan,

has a population of 13,186, distant 22 miles from Manila. The area of the prov-

ince is 965 square miles, and it has a total population of 230,000. This is one of

the richest provinces in the archipelago, and maintains a variety of industries,

agricultural, manufacturing, and commercial. The cities are in close proximity

to each other, wath good means of communication.

Close at hand, and north of Manila province, is the province of Pampanga; it

has an area of 787 square miles, and a population of 250,000, distributed among22 pueblos and 329 barios. Bacolor, the capital, has a population of 10,642, and

is situated 47 miles from Manila. The pueblos or cities range in population

from oOOO to 20,000, and are distant from each other and the capital from 1 to 20

miles. The foregoing will suffice to illustrate the distribution of the great bulk

of the population of the Island of Luzon.

Caiiipaii;>ii)ig in the J'hilippines. 203

THE VISAVAS.

Constitutiui?^ a part of the Philippine system is a group of islands known as the

Visa>as, which ha\-e long been famous for their fertility and productiveness, and

here is found a verita])le mass of humanity. Up to the present time, except at

Iloilo, and slight disturbances in the Islands of Negros and Cebu, there has

been no special opposition to American control.

The population can be better eiuimerated by the provinces as follows:

l'Kl)\INCK POPULATION CAPITALAntique 1 19,35() vSau Jose de Buenavista

Bohol 247,745 Tag1)ilaran

Capiz 189,171 Capiz

Cebu 504,07<) CebuConcepcion 19,342 ConcepcionIloilo 472,798 Iloilo

Leyte 270,491 TaclobanNegros Occidentales 22(i,995 BacolodNegros Orientales 94,782 DumagueteRomblon 88,1)38 RomblonSamar 200,753 Catbalogaii

Three of these provinces are on the Island of Panay, viz., Capiz, Iloilo, andAntique; and, as the table shows, their total population is 781,325, while the area

is 4540 square miles. The province of Iloilo is 99 miles in length by 27 miles in

width. Iloilo, the capital, is 355 miles from Manila, and has a population of

10,3S0. The distribution of the population may be set down as follows:

NAME POPULATION DISTANCE I-ROM ILOILO

Alimodian 11,837 12 miles

Auilao 2,(iV»9 12 miles

Arevalo 3,594 4 miles

Banate 6,7()4 ;;i miles

Barotac Nuevo 11 ,805

Barotac Viejo 5,590 32 milesBuenavista 3,497

. 1 mileCabatuan 18,177 13 milesCalinog 8,866 23 milesCordoba 2, 744 2 milesDingle 11,000 21 miles

Buenas 7,130 28 milesDumangas 14,114 24 milesGuini]>al 10,958 18 milesIgbaras 12,140 24 miles

Janinay 28,738 3 miles

Jaro 9,482

Lambuano 7,989 21 milesLeganes 2,875 6 milesLeon 18,950 16 milesLuceiia 6,511 7 milesMaasiu 9,674

Manduriao 6,749 4 milesMiagas 22,100 24 milesMina 4,357

Molo 9,547

264 Campaigning in the Philippines.

NAME POITLATION DISTANCK FROM ILOILO

Nagaba 8,000 Smiles

Oton 13,3(53 7 miles

Passi 13,802

Pavia 10,221 6 miles

Paz (La.) 3,641 % mWePototan 14,512 18 miles

San Dionisio .... 1,782

San Enrique 3,015 . . 27 miles

San Joaquin 13,918 34 miles

San Miguel 7 300 9 miles

Santa Barbara 13,000 K) miles

Sara 10,950 75 miles

Tigbauan 9,109 7 miles

Tubugan 4.3(i8 31 miles

Zarraga 5,208 8 miles

The province of Cebu comprises the island of that name. The capital, Cebu,

has a population of 35, "240, and is distant from Manila 460 miles; the area is 2UV)0

square miles, and population, as before stated, 504,076. The city and locality of

Cebu long ranked Manila in importance, and is now considered the most import-

ant of the Visayas. On account of its varied industries, commercial facilities and

numerous inhabitants, it may be fitly termed the mercantile center of the islands.

The following indicates the distribution of population:

N'AME rOlH'LATION DISTANCE FROM CEBU

Alcantara 4,080

Alcoy 5,040 44 miles

Alegria 11 ,460 90 miles

Aloguinsan 3,993

Argao 34,050 33 miles

Asturias 6,000 109 miles

Badian 9,409 5 L miles

Balamban 9,610 43 miles

Bantayan 10,016 62 miles

Barili 20,914 52 miles

Bogo 16,350 69 miles

Boljoon 7,413 57 miles

Carcar 30,300 23 miles

Carmen 6,673 25 miles

Catman 6,098

Compostela 4,393

Consolacion 4,616 7 miles

Cordoba 5,009

Daan Bantayan 8,530 103 miles

Dalaguete 21,323 49 miles

Danao 15,483 4 miles

Dumanjug 13,171 42 miles

Ginatilan 12,144

Liloan 8,380

Malabuyoc 13,113 83 miles

Mandaue 15,307 41 miles

Medellin 8,221

Minglanilla 6,310 5 miles

Moalboal 9,509

Caiii/)aigiiiii<r til the J'/ii/ippiiics. 2(i5

NAME POPUr.ATIOJJ DISTANCK FROM CKBU

Naga lO.itlM 11 milesNueva Caceres :^,:5:{!» 42 milesOpoii 11 ,")()(; y milesOslob (),013 78 milesPardo(El.) 10,047

Pilar 4,21)8 ;{.S milesPiiia Mungajan 5,o7S

Poro 7,000

Samboan 10,422 i :8 milesSan Fernando 12,155 y milesSan Francisco 6,5(i7

San Nicolas 17,800

San Remigio 6,102 (19 milesSanta Fe 3,102

Santander 4,(i8() 88 milesSibonga 23,455 31 milesSogod 6,719

Tabogon 8,631

Talambang 6,226 1 mileTalisay 19,000 6 milesToledo 10,922 39 milesTuburan 10,760 51 miles

THE vSULU ARCHIPELAGO.

South of this group in the PhiHppine system are the Sulu Islands or

archipelago. The natives here are less civilized than those of Luzon and the

Visayas, and while they have warlike proclivities they are wanting in many of the

qualities of the barbarian. Of the Mangayans,— there are two distinct types, the

highland and the lowland. The lowlanders for centuries have felt the contact of

civilization, and morally, physically and intellectually, it has been to their

detriment. The highlanders have had less intercourse with the white races;

and as a race they are physically superior, having a well defined moral code, adue regard for the virtues of sex, the sacredness of the marriage relation, and the

obligations to offspring; they are both brave and honest. A certain wild

domesticity, sacredly observant of home and family ties, and scrupulous in regard

to the higher virtues of life, permeates the life of the pure native Filipino whereverfound ; and it would seem that no race with such characteristics could be essentially

vicious or take delight in the atrocities of the barbarian. The native learns easily

and readily takes to books, education, mechanics and the arts. Such a nature

must be susceptible to the good with which it comes in contact. How much then,

of what he now is, is due to vSpanish misrule, and now, divested of that, what will

the Filipino be or soon become ? It is this question with which some of the best

of our countrymen are so greatly concerned to-day. There may be those who holdthat in national affairs "public good makes public right," but with the majority is

the desire that justice shall be done. Looking at the great admixture of races the

wonder is that any special tj-pe should remain. It would be interesting to studyin detail the effects of the curious intermingling of races which has taken place in

these islands, but for want of space we must pass over a long period of bigotry and

26(5 Caiiipaigiiiiig in the Philippines.

superstition, of burdens and exactions, to a time when we see the primitive

Filipino; then place him in comparison and contrast with the Filipino of the

present.

AN EARLY ACCOUNT OF THE ISLANDvS.

De Morga, a writer and author, whose work appeared about 1009, wrote

extensivel}' on the Philippine Islands. His position in their government, and his

reputation, makes his work credible. De Morga Street, in Manila, was named

after him. The following are largely paraphrases or excerpts from his book:

"The people who inhabit this great Island of Luzon, both in the maritime

districts and in the interior of Camarines province, are of middling stature, of the

color of boiled quinces ; well featured, both men and women;the hair very

black, scanty beard; of a clever disposition for anything they undertake ;sharp,

choleric and resolute,

gains, fishing a n d

sea from island to

one province to

natives of the other

island, as far as Caga-

sort and quality, ex-

by tradition that those

neighborhood were not

but had come to it

bygone times, and that

natives of other islands s^^.T^

in various parts of"^^

"

There are a number

color, with tanglednot very tall in stature,

with good limbs.

barians and of little

no houses nor settled

tribes, and bivouac in

craggy ground, chang- A FILIPINO BELLE.

All live b}' their labor,

trade ; navigating by

island, and going from

another by land. Theprovinces of this

yan, are of the same

cept that it is knownof Manila and its

natives of the island,

and settled there in

they were ]\I a 1 a }• s

,

and remote provinces

the Island of Luzon,

of natives of a black

hair ; men and womenthough strong a n d

These men are bar-

capacity ; the}' have

dwellings; they go in

the mountains anding their abode accord-

ing to the season from one place to another, maintaining themselves with some

little tillage and sowing of rice, which they do temporarily,and the game which

they shoot with their bows, with which they are very dexterous and good

marksmen ; also with mountain honey and roots which grow in the earth.

They are a barbarous people, with whom there is no security ; inclined to

murder, and to attack the towns of other natives, where they do great mischief,

without its having been possible to take effective measures to prevent them, either

to reduce them to subjection or to bring them to a state of peace, although it is

always attempted, by good or evil means, as the opportunity or necessity demands.

" The province of Cagayan is inhabited by natives of the same color as the

other inhabitants of the island, though of better shaped bodies, and more valiant

and warlike than the rest. Their hair is long, hanging down over their shouldeis.

Caiiipai^i^iiiiii^ in tlw riiilippiiic. L>B7

MARKET WOMEN.

They have been in rel)ellion and insurrection twice since they were reduced to

submission, and there has been much work on different occasions to subject themand pacify them again. The costume and dress of these inhabitants of Luzon,

before the Spanish entered the country, usually consisted,

for men—coats of Conga n, with collars sewed together

in front, with short sleeves, coming a little below the

waist; some blue, others black, and a few of varied colors

for the chief men; these they call Chinuias. A colored

wrapper is folded at the waist and between the legs, so as

to cover their middles and half way down the thigh;

these they call Bahaques. Their legs bare and their feet

unshod, their head is uncovered save for a narrow cloth

wrapped around it, with which they bind the forehead

and temples, called a Potong. Chains of gold woundaround the neck, worked like sperm w^ax, and with links

in our fashion, some larger than others. Bracelets on the

arms, which they call Calontbigas, made of gold, very

thick and of different patterns, and some with strings

of stones, carnelians and agates; and others, blue andwhite stones, which are much esteemed amongst them

;

and for garters on their legs, some strings of these

stones and some cords pitched and black, wound round many times.

" In one province which they call Zambals, they wear the front half of the

head shaved, and on the skull a great lock of loose hair. The women in the

whole of this island wear little frocks, with the sleeves of the same stuffs and cf

all colors, which they call Varus, without shifts, but they have white cotton

wraps, folded from the waist downwards to the feet, and other colored garments

fitting the body like cloaks, which are very graceful. The great ladies wearcrimson, and some have silk and other stuffs woven with gold, and edged with

fringes and other ornaments. Many wear gold chains around the neck, Cal-

ombigas (bracelets) on the wrists and thick earrings of gold in the ears, rings

on the fingers of gold and precious stones. The hair is black, and tied

gracefully with a knot on the back of the head.

" Since the Spaniards have been in the country

many of the natives do not wear Bahaques, (waist

cloths) but wide drawers of the same stuffs, and

wrappers—and hats on their heads. The chiefs l^

wear braids of beaten gold, and of various work-

manships, and use shoes. The great ladies also

are daintily shod, many of them with shoes of *

velvet embroidered with gold, and white robes like

petticoats. Men and women, and especially the

great people, are very cleanly and elegant in their person and dress, and of

goodly mien and grace. They take great care of their hair, rejoicing in its

being very black. They wash it with the boiled rind of a tree, which the}^

call (rogo, and they anoint it with oil of sesame, prepared with musk and

sPART OF THE FAMILY.

263 Caiiipdm'iiiii^' 111 llw J'/ii/ippiiics.

other perfumes. All take much care of their teeth, and from tender age they

file and make them equal in size Avith stones and instruments, and they give

them a black color which is perpetual, and which they preserve until they are

"^, ver\- old. They very generally bathe their

^ v'^l whole bodies in the rivers and creeks. They

^-iiaarfSffi^ 'V' jgj JBi|BBMy«M>-^i£M, .say it is one of the chief medicines with

'^wll^'i,'^''^"^^^^. A.^L^^^»ih^ '^S which they are acquainted. When a little

/_^^,4*5^wHr£*^ ^m' child is born they immediatelv bathe it, and

*^ MjM^'-^'^!4f^is*^Lri K^ the mother likewise. The women have, for

'''^'^^ y [^WiS^^lt^ ,their employment and occupation, needle

' '^^fc*i-'*'^*N|%^» O S?iPIS^Jl""' work, in which they excel very much, as in

^•^•. ?/- ,*^—»-

all kinds of sewing. They weave coverings

NATIVE FRUIT SI AND. aud Spin cottou, Eud serve in the houses of

their husbands and fathers. They pound the rice for their meals, and prepare

the other victuals. They rear fowls and suckling pigs, and take care of the

houses, while the men are attending to the labors in the fields, their fishing,

voyages and gains. In their visits, and in going about the streets and to the

temples, both men and women, and especially the principal ones, walk very

slowly, and pay attention to their steps, and with a large following of male

and female slaves, and with silk parasols, which they carry as a protection

against sun and rain. The ladies go in front, with their maids and slaves, and

behind them their husbands, fathers and brothers, with their servants and slaves.

"Their ordinary food is rice, ground in wooden mortars and boiled, which is

called Morisqueta. This is the ordinary bread of all the country. Boiled fish, of

which there is great abundance, is a favorite food, and flesh of swine, deer and

wild buffalo, which they call Carabaos. They also eat boiled Camotes, which are

sweet potatoes; French beans, Quitites, and other vegetables. All sorts of plan-

tains, guavas, pineapples, custard apples, oranges of various sorts, and other kinds

of fruit and vegetables; in these the country abounds. What is used for drink is

a wine made from the tops of cocoanut palms and nipa trees, of which there is a

great abundance, and they are grown and cultivated like vines, though with less

labor and tillage. When the sap is taken from the palm they distil it in retorts

with their little stoves and instruments of a greater or less strength, and it

becomes spirits, and this is drunk in all the islands. It is a very clear wine, like

water, but strong and dry, and if it is used in moderation it is medicine for the

stomach; when mixed with the wine of Spain it becomes a sweet liquor, and is

very wholesome." The weapons of these people are in some provinces bows and arrows, but in

general, throughout the isles, they use lances with well made blades, of a

middling size, and shields of light wood, with their hands fixed on the inside,

which cover them from head to foot, which they call Carasas. At the waist a

dagger four inches wide, the blade ending in a point, and a third of a yard in

length; the hilt of gold or ivory; the pommel open, with two cross bars or projec-

tions, without any other guard; they are called Bararoes, and are two-edged; held

in sheaths of wood or buffalo horn, elegantly worked; with these they strike with

the point, but more usually with the edge. They are very dexterous; when they

Cauipaii^nii/j^ in the P/iilippiiif. 2(i9

reach their adversary, if they lay hold of his hair with or.e hand, with the other,

at one blow they often cut off his head. Since they have seen Spaniards use their

arms, many of them handle arquebuses and muskets verj^ dexterously. Before

this time they had small brass cannon, and other pieces of iron cast, with whichthey defended their forts and towns, thou^ii: their powder was not as fine as that

of the Spaniards.

"Their boats and ships were of many kinds, for on the rivers and creeks within

the country they used canoes made of one very large tree and others with benches

made of planks and built with keels; also Virevs and Dura7igay s, y^'hich. are

vessels very swift and light and low in the water, joined together with woodenbolts ; as slender at the stern as at the bow, which contained many rowers on both

sides, who with Buzeyes or paddles and with oars, rowed outside the vessel, timing

their rowing to the sound of some who kept singing in their language things to

the purpose by which they understood whether they were to hasten or retard their

rowing. Above the rowers there was a bailior, or gangway, upon which the

fighting men stood without embarrassing the crew^ of rowers. These w^ere built

with out-riggers, to prevent sinking or capsizing, and carried sails. Another craft,

of larger proportions, and differently constructed, was in use for freighting between

the islands. Some of the fighting ships could carry one hundred and fifty men."

THE VISAYAS IN EARLY TIMEvS.

As to the inhabitants of the Visayas, the narration says:—"The Bisayas, also

called Pintadoes, are thickly peopled with natives. All the inhabitants of these

islands, both men and women, are well featured and of a good disposition, and

more well conditioned and of more noble conduct than the inhabitants of the Isle

of Luzon and other neighboring isles. They are different from them in their

hair, which the men wear cut in a cue like the ancient Spanish fashion, and their

bodies painted with many designs, without touching the face. They wear very

large earrings of gold and ivory, and bracelets of the same material ; their head

dresses are twisted around their heads like turbans, with graceful knots and muchstriped with gold; jackets with light sleeves, without collars; with skirts half

way down the legs, fastened in front, of Mcdrinaque and colored silks. They do

not wear shirts nor drawers, but Bahaques of

many folds, so that their middles are covered

when they take off the jackets and skirts.

"The women are good looking and pleas-

ing, very elegant and slow in their gait

;

their hair black and long, and tied upon

the head ; their wrappers are twisted around

the waist and hang down over them: they

are of all colors, and their jackets of the

same, without collars. They all go, men and

women, without cloaks or other covering, and barefoot, with much adorning of gold

chains, earrings, and wrought bracelets. Their weapons are long knives curved

like alfanges, lances and shields. They use the same boats as the people of Luzon,

They have the same labors, fruits and occupations, as all the other islands."

CAMP LIFE.

270 Canipai^i^iniiii' in the I'/ii/ippiiws.

The Island of Cebu was inhabited by the same class of natives, and abounded

in provisions, mines and gold washings. On the Island of Panay were some large

rich towns, atid stocks for building ships of large size, and a great plenty of timber

for construction. There was also

great abundance of rice, palm wine

and provisions. The natives were

skilled shipbuilders, and close by

was a small islet where the natives

were all carpenters and fine work-

men, following no other employ-

ment. This was the Island of the

Cagayans. All of the islands were

thickly inhabited; the people indus-

trious, pursuing different avoca-

tions, such as tilling the soil, fishing, shipbuilding, stock raising and trading.

Their language was the same, and they communicated by speech and writing, and

in this had letters and characters of their own, which resembled those of the

Arabic. The writing was mostly done on the leaf of a tree.

The language of the natives of Luzon and neighborhood was unlike that of

the Visayas. There were many different languages in Luzon. That of the

Tagals in the province of Manila was elegant, copious, and abundant, and was

not difficult to learn or pronounce. In all the islands they wrote well, using

characters something like Greek or Arabic. There were fifteen letters used, three

were vowels, the rest consonants. They wrote from right to left in the Arabic

fashion and there were very few who did not write well and correctly.

The houses of these natives were fixed, and all built on a similar

method or plan, the purpose being to avoid the torridity of the climate, and

annoyances of the vermin and rats. These houses were built up on piles,

there being sufficient space between the ground and the first floor for the fowls and

animals ; the roof was thatched with palm leaf, which is considered much more

effective in resisting sun and rain than shingles or tiles. Ascent was made to the

living apartments by ladders.

ANXIENT FORM OF GOVERNMENT.

They had a well defined form of government, which not only made provision

for its permanence, but also for the social well-being and protection of the prop-

erty and person of the subject.

De Morga says of the government existing at the time of the Spanish invasion :

"There were neither kings nor rulers who governed after the manner of other

kingdoms and provinces, but in each island and province the natives recognized

many of their number as chiefs, some greater than others, and each one with his

own partisans and subjects, divided into quarters and families. These chieftainships

and lordships were inherited by filiation and succession from father to son, and

their descendants, and in default of them, the brothers and collaterals succeeded.

Their duty was to rule and govern their subjects and partisans, and assist them in

their wants and necessities. What these rulers received from their subjects was

Caiiipai^^iiiiio ill Uw J'/iilippims. 9-^

respected and revered by the ruler, and a regular system of tribute from the subjectobtained, by means of which the authority of the government was maintained/'

THE SYSTEM OF SLAVERY.

The descendants of the rulers were regarded and treated as nobles, and their

women had the corresponding rank and respect shown them. The rule of thechief was a kind of absolutism, in which he could, for a trifling offense, make thesubject a slave; however, there were certain restrictions, involving a humanityand decency, unknown in our own late slave system. If the owner of a slave hada child by a slave mother, thereupon both mother and child became free, so that

no man could traffic, sell, or hold in bondage his own child or its mother. Thegrievances between subjects involving property interests or damages to the personwere held and determined by the " Ancients," that is, certain of the older mem-bers of the tribe. The parties were present, and witnesses heard in a mannersimilar to our regular court procedure, and their determination was a finality, andeffect given to the judgment at once. The laws were unwritten, but were well in

effect by custom and tradition. There

were three distinct classes—the nobles

mentioned; the Timagiias, this being

the plebeian class; and the slaves

belonging to these two. There were

many peculiarities in this slave system,

which would have been very tolerant

if they had formed a part of our own.

There was permeating through the

whole system the possibility of free-

dom to the slave. By far the major

part of these slaves were only slaves

in part; for instance, a half, third, or minor part of the slave's time only wasgiven to his servitude, and the rest of his time was for his own exclusive benefit,

at which time he was absolutely free. Again, when only one of the parents

was slave, and the other free, and there was only one child, he would be half

slave and half free, and if more than one, the first child would take the con-

dition of the father, whether slave or free, and the other the condition of the

mother, and so on alternating. If there were an odd number, he would be

half slave and half free. The offspring of such children would still be so appor-

tioned as to being slave or free. These part slaves could also oblige their

owner to emancipate them entirely upon payment of a just sum. This wasregulated as to price, dependent upon conditions, and ranged from forty to eighty

dollars. Much of the time of the courts was taken with the adjudication of

these matters.

It is not known how the slave system became inaugurated, but it is supposed

to have come in the way of conquest and usurious contracts, which provided for

taking the body of a debtor in liquidation, upon forfeiture of debtor. Crimes

were punished at the instance of the aggrieved part}', and robbery might be

272 Caiiipaigiiiiig ill the J'/iilippiut's.

punished by death or slavery. Insults by words might be punished to the same

extent. Under certain circumstances such insults were regarded as more aggra-

vating than violence to the person.

MARRIAGK INvSTITUTIONS.

The marriages were mostly confined to the same class. Nobles with nobles; Tim-

a^nas with their rank; and slaves with slaves. They had a system of contract

marriage, agreed to by the parents and relatives, which Vv^as celebrated by feasts

and a public recognition. There was one real wife, who had property rights, and

the children had inheritance and descent; she was called Unasaba. There were

other wives called friends; the children of these did not inherit, but usually were

apportioned. The marriage portion was brought by the man, and his parents

gave him this, but the wife brought nothing till she inherited from her family.

Marriage was dissolved by the judgment of the Elders, in which parents and rela-

tives had consideration. If the husband were at fault his marriage would be

retained by the wife, otherwise it w^ould be returned to him. The property

which they had acquired together was divided equally. There was judicious

provision made for the adoption of children, and the inheritance and descent of

property.

DETERIORATION OF THE FILIPINO.

The foregoing may suffice to show the attributes and character of the primitive

Filipino. His love of home, country and order are strikingly manifest in those

early times; his interpretation of rights and wrongs are all in accord with feelings

of justice and humanity, and there is not in the characteristics of the

rative in those early times, a single disclosure of the instinct of savagery. In all

tlie arts of peace he was certainly quite abreast of his

limes, while in warfare and defense he had the

necessary bravery and fortitude, but without the art of

military organization and effective weapons. For

centuries this people must have existed as a pastoral

peasantry, and were wanting in the polish and tarnish

of modern civilized life. If we regard him now, wemay find a defacement of his former self. He is as

brave now as in those generations past when Magellan,

under the direction and supervision of his astrologer,

discovered him; for what can be stronger proof of

courage than the act of coolly facing death? TheFdipino to-day, knowing his inequality, coolly stands in

his trenches to receive the fatal bullet of the Volunteer.

His institutions now are as they were then, and his

impulses the same, but there is in him a timidity and

A YouNw REiiEL. cvasiou, a wariness and caution, that leads you to

watching his deceits. It is scarcely human not to live to profit—even to profit by

deception—and a little insight into his past will indicate the cause of his weakened

moral fiber. It is said that perjury has controlled the Spanish Courts of Justice

Caiiipaigniii^L^ in the I'Inlippuics. 27:>

in the Ph'lippines for ages past, and that intrigue and deception is the rule of

conduct in the governing class. It is also true that in pursuit of their oppression

and exactions, the Spanish not only practiced i;ilri-ue and deceit, but fraud andviolence, and these, by precept and ex-

ample, entered largely into the business

life of the people. The varied, iniquitous

devices to enforce Spanish misrule upon

the Filipino cannot be given within the

confines of a chapter, but the whole

system was a net-work of wrong, entering

into the judicial and executive functions,

and lowering the social standard of the

people. How any residue of manliness

and honor could outlive it all is a source a nativi, ^m.K train'.

of wonder; the fact that much has remained will always bring sympathy and

esteem to the native Filipino. His status under the Spanish rule has received the

condemnation of all who have written upon the Philippines, other than those

of Spanish origin, and their conclusions concur as to the baleful effects of the

Spanish policy.

In 1842 L,ieutenant Wilkes, in command of the United States exploring expe-

dition, makes the significant statement: " That they (the Filipinos) are an

industrious class; that they are extremely hospitable, tractable, and possessed of

quick apprehension; that they are intelligent and orderly, and govern themselves

without the aid of the military; that their wages then were twelve and one-half

cents a day in Manila, and six cents to nine cents a day in the provinces," and he

says: "The government of the Philippines is emphatically an iron rule, and

how long it can continue so is doubtful."

Under the present conditions, with his quiet reticence, the native seldom mani-

fests his true character to those outside his class, and what he is or was before the

insurrection must be largely gleaned from those who were his familiars at such

time.

Professor Dean C. Worcester of the late Commission to the Philippines, had

previously spent some years in the islands in his pursuit as a naturalist. Hesummarizes the Filipino then, and his relation to Spanish rule, as follows: " Asa rule the civilized natives are orderly, and when well drilled they make excellent

soldiers. Many of the natives are quick to learn, and' are anxious for the oppor-

tunity, so that their education reduces itself to a question of ways and means.

By centuries of oppression and injustice this naturally gentle and peace-loving

people has been drawn into armed revolt. One of the chief causes," he con-

cludes, "is that a school system is provided for by the Spanish law, but favoritism

prevails in the choice of teachers, who are often grossly incompetent, while the

practical workings of the schools are frequently interfered with by the friars. Thelaw provides that Spanish shall be taught, but as it suits their convenience in the

more out of the way places to be the only means of communication between the

government and the natives, they often forbid this. A few prayers, and a little

writing and arithmetic, comprise the course of instruction in many of the schools.

274 Cainpaigitiiig in the Philippines.

The relation of the friars to the free school system naturally leads to the discus-

sion of a delicate question, but it would be idle to treat of the problems of the

Philippines withovit discussing the predominance of the friars, and the character

of their influence.

" A clear distinction should be drawn at the outset between the friars and the

priests. Some of the priests have accomplished an immense amount of good, as

the Jesuits. Their ' Ateneo Municipal' at Manila is, with possibly one excep-

tion, the best educational institution in the archipelago, and numbers among its

faculty many able and competent men. -For some unexplained reason they are

allowed to do missionary

work only in the Morro

country, where there is

much danger and hardship.

"The priests of the mis-

sion are often very superior

men, abuses are absent, and

much good has been accom-

]ilished. Many parishes are

held by a class of friars

which would not be tolerated

in any other country.While it is by no means

true that all of these friars

are incompetent, it is never-

theless a fact that many of

them are ignorant beyond

belief, and are given over to

open and brutish licentious-

ness, practice inhuman ex-

tortion, especially in con-

nection with the solemniza-

tion of marriage and the

l)urial of the dead, while

they interfere with the ex-

ecution of the laws, and

themselves openl}^ violate

them when it serves their

ends to do so. The inevi-

table result is the utter demoralization of the communities which they control.

There is no doubt that their evil practices have contributed, as much as any other

one cause, towards bringing about the present revolution, and one of the demands

of the insurgents has been that the friars should be expelled from the country.

" It is true that there exists a large class which has suffered at the hands of

the friars wrongs which it is not human to forgive. Spain has purposely kept

the natives in ignorance, has prevented them from communicating freely with one

another, has removed men who showed capacity and inclination to become

CO\-^ 1 KI ^ riNG A NATIVE HOUSE.

Cainpaigiiing in the IViilippines. 275

leaders, and has above all, prevented the bringing in of firearms and ammunition.

The name of existing codes is legion, and a law-suit under any of them is the

worst misfortune that can befall a man; precedent can be found for anything;

bribery is universal and justice virtually unknown. Notwithstanding this, it is

considered that a larger percentage of the Christian natives can read and write,

than the percentage in Spain.

A BRITISH OPINION OF THE FILIPINOvS.

In a British Consular report on the Philippines are these statements:'

' Rarely is an intro-tropical people a satisfactory one, but this cannot be said

of the Philippine Malay, who, in bodily formation and mental capacities alike,

may fairly claim a place not among the middling ones merely, but among the

higher ones included in the world's national scale. He is characterized by a con-

centrated, never absent self-respect; an habitual self restraint; a word and deed

F^^' '"^^^

STREET SCENE IN SAN FERNANDO.

very rarely broken, except when extreme provocation induces the transitory, but

fatal frenzy 'Omuah;' an inbred courtesy, equally diffused throughout all classes,

high or low; by unfailing decorum, prudence, caution, quiet cheerfulness, ready

liospitality and correct, though not inventive taste. His family is a pleasing

sight; much subordination, and little restraint ; unison in gradation; libert}', not

license ; orderly children, respectful parents ; women subject, but not oppressed

;

men ruling, but not despotic; reverence, with kindness; obedience in affection.

These form a lovely picture, by no means rare in the villages of the eastern isles."

The construction and operation of the only steam railway in the islands affords

another illustration of the capacity of the natives. The Manila and DagupanRailway was constructed on a guaranty by the government of an income of eight

per cent on the investment, and as the government has never been called upon to

liquidate the guaranty, it may be assumed that the investment is a paying one.

276 Caiiipaii^iiiiig in IJic IViilippiiws.

The road is one hundred and twenty-three miles in length, and extends from

Manila, through and along the length of one of the largest, and perhaps the most

productive valley in the islands, to Dagupan, a small port on the west coast. It

has a good roadbed, well ballasted, elevated some three or four feet above the

adjoining land; hardwood ties and steel rails ; the gauge is three feet six inches.

There are some sixteen iron bridges crossing the streams on the course, and the

line is almost entirely on the lowlands, in order that it may be accessible in mov-

ing the large rice crops which grow in what might be termed the swampy part of

the valley. On the higher and dr3'er land grow the sugar cane and cocoa crops.

The line, then, is peculiarly subject to washouts and overflow^s, common to certain

periods of the year, owing to torrents of rainfall. The construction was begun.

in 1887, and completed in four years.

BUSINESS CAPABILITY OF THE NATIVES.

It goes without saying that a high order of intelligence and great trust-

worthiness on the part of the employees of our ordinary American railway is

required; and it is apparent that the construction and maintenance of such a line

as the Manila and Dagupan Railway, under the circumstances and conditions

described, would call for the highest type of these qualities on the part of the

emploj^ees.

The railway was built, and has ever since been maintained by Filipinos under

the supervision of English management. Up to the time of the insurrection

there had not been a single loss or accident chargeable to the neglect or want of

skill on the part of an employee. There were some twenty-eight stations on the

line, and with the exception of three Spanish station agents, all the rest were

Filipinos. In fact, with

the exception of the

general manager and a

few English overseers,

the whole force, clerical

and otherwise, were

Filipinos. Their apti-

tude for this service is

a revelation when it is

further known that

they had no prior train-

ing or discipline in the

work. It is said that

the clerks compare

1^ ^ very favorably with the

IGRITOS CAPTrRED NHAR TIIK DETOSITO, ON FEBRUARY 5tH. EurOpCaUS iu thC HkC

service. Their wages were six to twenty dollars per month, and this service in-

cluded Station masters, telegraph operators, conductors, engineers and mechanics,

the great bulk of them drawing the lower salaries. This is only one instance

of the capacity of the Filipino, and may be an overdrawn statement. Under

the restraints attending his position in this conflict he is too exclusive to

Caiiipaii^iiiiig in the Pliilippi)tcs. 277

an American to be by him fairly judged, but we ma}' safely say of him that

he is open-handed, capal^le, cheerful and hospitable. He does not count him-

self in his hospitality to the stranger; he never turns one of his kind from his

door. If cleanliness is next to godliness he is to be commended; public and private

baths are universal, and are daily

used by all classes. There is a

prett)' custom at vespers, which has

often been mentioned: "In an

instant a hush comes over the homeand place; in each house father,

mother and children fall on their

knees before the image of some saint

and repeat their prayers; then, rising,

each child kisses the hand of its

mother and father and bids a good

night; then obeisance is made to his

fellow children, and if there is a

guest present he is saluted with a

bow, and to a white man they

usually kneel and kiss his hand."

The Filipino is a kind father, a

dutiful son. His aged relatives are

never allowed to want where there

is wherewithal to give, but depend-

ents are taken to the home and

in all ways share in the living of

the famil3^ He is genial with his

race; is a natural musician, and

loves to sing, dance and be merry.

Fearless himself, he much adinires

bravery in others. Such is the kind

of people to be subdued in this conflict— persistent, indefatigable, brave.

once the science of arms is known to them it is the consensus of opinion among

the volunteers that their subjugation and defeat can only be compassed by great

eflFort and sacrifice.

CLIMATIC CONDITIONvS.

Before turning to the topography of the country in which the campaign has

been, and must for a time continue, consideration must be given to the cli-

matic conditions under which the war has been and must be waged. "Seis meses

de lodo,"— "six months of mud." "Seis meses de palvo,"—"six months of

dust." "Seis meses de todo,"—"six months of anything." This is what the

Spaniards said after losing twenty-five per cent of their command in fifteen months

in the Philippines. While the climate in general is tropical, there is great varia-

tion, and this should be apparent when we consider the extreme length of the

group, from north to south, their northern limit extending to a point north of the

tropical zone; the variable winds and currents are more or less unlike in their

NATIVl-S IN THE IN I IKIIIK

When

HOT

Campaigning in the Philippines. 279

THR TYPHOONS.

There are three well defined classes of wind in the Philippines—the Calla,

Nortada and Baguio, the last being more generally known as the typhoon. TheCalla usually lasts three days, at the end of which its subsidence is usually percep-

tible; during this time, however, it has a varying force, but is constant from a given

direction, although generally it has the accompaniments of calms, squalls, and then

heav}' dashes of rain. The Nortada is as a rule premonitory of an approaching

or passing t>phoon. It is in the nature of a constant wind, and is most commonin the northern portions of the islands. It is in these localities that the typhoon

is usually known in its season. This season proper is in the months of July, Augustand September, although it may be expected any time between May and Novem-ber. Due to causes not 3'et definitel}' known, these

terrific wind centers have their origin in the ^Pacific Ocean, thence take their way ^/j

across the China Sea, during which ^^-"^^Jj.

THF. FILIPINO SI Pholo liy Lillie.

time they seem to augment in power and force, striking in their southwesterly

course from the northeast, the northernmost parts of the islands. As the summertime passes, their frequenc}' increases, and with this their track extends south-

ward. Their course seldom extends south of 9° North latitude. Such regularity

governs the action of these winds that the time of their regular coming at Manila

is fixed for the latter part of October or the first of November. It is not the

rapidity of the progressive motion of these winds and storms that is alarming, for

they have never been known to exceed fourteen miles an hour; their usual speed

is eleven or twelve miles per hour; but the spiral or gyrating motion is the

destructive force, which seems to draw everything within its path into the vortex

of destruction and death. The diameter of this wind circle ranges from forty to

one hundred and thirt}' miles, with an axis or central wind vacuum of eight to

fifteen miles. The length of time, then, that this wind or storm ma}' continue at

a given place, is usually less than ten hours. At times there is a deluge of rain,

and from the low, dark clouds there is emitted a continuous electrical discharge.

280 Campaiscninsc in the P/iilippines.

^'i c

The China Sea Directory treats of the typhoon as follows: "The earliest

signs of a typhoon are clouds of a cirrus type, looking like fine hair or

feathers, or small white tufts of wool, traveling from east or north; a slight

rise in the barometer; clear and dry weather and light wind. These signs are

usually followed by the usual ugly and threatening

•..^ Jjfc, appearance of the weather which forebodes most

lBiBHB|K storms, and the increasing of the number and severity

^^^H^^ of the gusts of wind with the rising of the storm.

I ^m^ In some cases, one of the earliest signs is a long,

heavy swell, and confused sea, which comes from

the direction from which the storm is approaching,

and travels more rapidly than the storm center.

The best and surest warning, however, will be found

in the barometer. In every case there is a great

barometric disturbance; accordingly, if the barometer

falls rapidly, or even if the regularity of its diurnal

variation be disrupted, danger may be apprehended.

No positive rule can be given as to the amount of

depression to be expected, but at the center of some

of the storms, the barometer is said to stand fully

two inches lower than outside the storm field.

The average barometer gradient near the vortex

of the most violent of these storms is said to be

rather more than one inch in fifty nautical miles.

As the center of the storm is approached, the

more rapid become the changes of wind, until at length, instead of its direc-

tion altering gradually, as is the case on first entering the storm field, the

wind flies around at once to the opposite direction, the sea meanwhile breaking

into mountainous and confused heaps. There are instances on record of the •;\-ind

suddenly falling in the vortex, and the clouds dispersing for a short interval,

though the wind soon blows again with renewed fury."

A CHINKSK .MKSTIZA.

THE OCEANIC CURRENT.S.

The oceanic currents have much to do with climatic conditions in the Philip-

pines. What is known as the Equatorial Current, exists between the 26° South,

and 24° North. This consists of two mighty currents coming from east to west,

on either side of the Equator, while between the two is the great Counter Equa-

torial Current, running from west to east, and having an average width of three

hundred miles. The Trade Drift which flows to the westward between the parallels

of 9° and 20° North, on reaching the eastern shores of the Philippines again

turns to the northward, forming near the northern limit of that group the com-

mencement of the Japan Current; the main body of the current then flows along

the east coast of Formosa, and from that island pursues a northeasterly course

through the chain of islands lying between Formosa and Japan, and sweeping

along the southeastern coast of Japan in the same general direction; it is known

to reach the parallel of 50° North. The limits and velocity of the Japan Current

Caiiipaii^iiiiio; in the Philippines. 281

are considerabh- influenced b\- the monsoons in the China Sea, and l)y the prevail-

ing winds in the corresponding seasons in the Yellow-Japan Sea; also by the var-

ious drift currents which these periodic winds produce. It is thus easy to infer

that the whole Philippine group presents a variable climate. It is told by a party

of travelers that they passed a whole year in the Philippines, and at no time were

in a localit\' during a rainfall. The intersection of storm currents by mountain

ranges, and the change and alteration of these currents in the seasons, makes

this possible.UXHEALTHFULNESS OF MANILA.

The salubrity of man>- localities, including some entire islands, is unquestioned,

but Manila and its environments will ne\er be noted as a health resort. Goodsanitation will dispel much of the pestilential conditions, but it will always be a

marked place of discomfort. Healthfulness did not enter into the question of its

founding. When first known by the Spaniards, there was a large center of popu-

lation here, and the place was called by the natives, "Manila." There wasanother large city at hand, called by the natives, "Tondo," and under different

chiefs. It was then a fortified place, with mounted bronze cannon, but there is

no record by whom or when founded. The Pasig River was on the north, the

bay in front, while swamps were south and east. For

defense, it was a place easil\- fortified, and in a large

measure made impregnable to the old methods of

warfare. The ground is but a trifle above sea-le^•el.

This place is now known as "Old Manila." It is a

thing reinarkable that in all the centuries since the

Spaniards have but added to the noisomeness of the

place. Internal improvement does not accord with

the Spanish mind and Spanish official thrift. Here,

with a population approximating 350,000 souls, there

is not an artificial sewerage system in the whole place.

The city depends almost entirely upon nature for

sewerage, as the people do largel}- for a living. A few

natural cuts or water-ways, which serve as conduits

when there is an overflow caused by exce.ssive rainfall

at certain seasons of the 3'ear, is the only way of

cleansing the city of its filth. The water is so stag-

nant that this is only in part w^ashed from the city,

but the decompositions of the season are left in solu-

tion, to impregnate and saturate the soil. When these

water-beds become dry, and the black scum covers

them over, the exhalation is aw^ful. As a source

of pestilence, it is difficult to conceive its equal.

It is said that the old moat surrounding the Old ' ' ' " ''"" ^'•^''••'

Manila wall has never been cleansed since the first century of its existence.

It was formerly constructed so that it could be flooded through a number of

gates, but the gates got out of repair soon after they were built, and as all

the revenue was needed I)}- the officials in their affairs, the necessar}' outlay

282 Campaigning in the Philippines.

to put them in repair could not be made ; so for centuries since the moat

has remained uncleansed, and there it is to-da>', extending around the city,

along the wall, a distance of two and one-quarter miles, a reeking putrescent

mass. An apology has been made by the vSpanish authorities that it could

not be disturbed because of the pestilence it would breed. The sanitary

condition of the city, through the work of " the details," has been much improved

since the American occupation, who did much to rid the city of its putrefaction.

With a heavy rainfall about one-third of the

year and blistering sun the major part of the

remainder, health conditions could not be

desirable. There are few days in the year

when the people are not compelled to remain

indoors, avoiding, in a wa}-, the excessive

heat during this heated term. Still, this is

the headquarters of our army, and for

months this army of inactivity was kept

bottled up amid these stifling elements of

death. This plague-spot has many trilni-

taries and ramifications, in which the mili-

tar}- campaign must be made. Directly

back of Manila, interior and northward, are

the rice-fields, a fact sufficient of itself to

account for the long campaign; and for

months the army has been largely kept

in the trenches, on the march or in battle

in this miasmatic place. As was to be

expected, there was enervation, exhaustion,

debility and death. It is estimated that there are approximateh' ii, 000,000 of the

civilized natives. With few exceptions they seem to be hostile to our occupation.

Their homes and property, without our lines, are largely in the great valley

extending northward from Manila, and through which the Manila and DagupanRailway, before mentioned, extends.

The region of the rice-fields is largely made up of small holdings,

and here there is a dense population. Further north, and on the higher

ground, of which San Fernando may be called the center, is the sugar-producing

region, and beyond this the tobacco countr}'. Nearly all the products of the

island are grown in great abundance in this valley and its tributaries. Here is

largely centered the wealth of Luzon Island. It maj^ cost much in money and

men to take and hold this countrv.

NATIVES OI MINDANAO.

COMMERCE OF THE ISLANDS.

The following compilation is largely from the British Foreign Office report of

1897 and a United States Consular report of 181)S:

The export staples from the Philippines are tobacco (manufactured and raw),

cocoa, coffee, sugar, Manila hemp, and certain textile fabrics, consisting of baskets,

ropes, mats, hats, carriages, musical instruments, pottery and furniture. During

Campaionins;- in the I'liilippiiies. 283

the quarter ending December 81, 1897, there were exported to Great Britain andthe United States 21(),S<)S bales of hemp ('iSO pounds to the bale), of which138,798 bales went to the United States and 78, IOC) bales to Great Britain. Duringthis year the hemp trade increased as follows: To Continental Europe, 19,741

bales; to Australia, 2192 bales; to the United States, 183,896 bales. To GreatBritain there was a decrease of 22,348 bales. Thus, it will be seen, in this

increase the United States is 'AA per cent greater than all other countries

combined. Of the total export of hemp from these islands for the ten years

ending with 1897, amounting to 6,."')28,9(ir) bales, or 914,0o.i tons, 41 per cent

went to the United States. During this time sugar was exported from the islands

amounting to ir)l,582,904 tons, of which 875,150 tons went to the United States,

666,391 tons to Great Britain and 41,362 tons to Continental Europe. By com-parison, then, it will be seen that 55 per cent went to the United States. English

reports estimate the imports into the islands, for the year 1896, at $10,631,250,

and the exports at $20,175,000. The general imports being flour, rice, dress

goods, wines, coal and petroleum.

The following is given for 1897:

COUNTRY IMPORT EXPORTGreat Britain |2,467,090 $7,467,500

Germany 744,928 223,700

France 1,794,900 1,987,900

Belgium 272,240 45,660

United States 1()2,446 4,982,857

China 103,680 13,770

Japan 98,782 1,387,909

NATURAL PRODUCTvS.

An important item is the vast area of primeval forest. There is not a timber

growth essential in any wood work that is not found here in the very highest

stage of excellence. Those in most common use are found in abundance, and

with them in like quantities ma}- be found ebony,

cedar, spanwood, logwood, gumtrees, cocoa, nucifera,

bamboo, arcea palm, and two woods, the bonava

and malavea, which resist the action of water for

centuries. There are over two hundred varieties of

wood, and some most excellent for shipbuilding. In

the southern isles there are reported to be over fifty

varieties of food producing trees. It must not be

assumed that these forests are isolated, or inacces.

sible; on the contrary, it would perhaps be difficult

to find any considerable forest tract that is not

easily approachable, either b}' stream, waterway or

otherwise. What then, in the near future, maj' not "good tiuxg; push it along.•1.1 .. t-,1 Ti rii->\i This will only be appreciated by thosebe the status of the manufacture or lumber? And who have been in Manila.

when the vast deposits of coal and iron are utilized, what will be the condition of

shipbuilding, now in its infancy? In fact, any art in which wood and iron

form an essential part should soon find rapid growth in the opportunities of the

284 CaiiipaigJii7i<^ in the Philippines.

Philippines. Practically, the products include all citrus and many deciduous fruits,

and much in plant life indigenous to the country, and not successfully grown else-

where, such as Manila hemp. It is not to be said that all these varieties which

enter into our consumption are common to all localities, but that each finds local-

ities suitable to its cultivation and growth. Mangoes, plantains, jack-fruits and

all the Malayan fruits grow abundantly.

The hills or higher altitudes are well adapted to stock-raising. There are now

in these regions, or rather were before the beginning of the insurrection, great

herds of cattle, hogs, horses, buffalo, and many in a wild state. The buffalo, or

"Karba," as called by the Malays, is the beast of common burden. In the wild

state he is intractable, but

domesticated, suits the pur-

pose of the natives well.

Of a grayish or mouse color,

and smaller than our native

ox, he is strong and hardy

as long as he has his fill of

water, and the frequent in-

dulgence of a mud bath.

He has many peculiarities,

one being the shape of the

horns, which is much like

a three-cornered file, being

flat on top. The native

horse is small and unseemly,

but enduring and strong.

Before the outbreak, the

best ranged in price from

$100 to $150, but the aver-

age per pair for ordinar\^

draft purposes was from

$15 to $20. The husbandry,

which obtains in the Phil-

ippines, is very crude. In

the cultivation and manufacture of hemp, sugar and rice, and in all the affairs of

agricultural life, the primitive ways of centuries past are still in vogue; the reason of

this is due to Spanish design or inertia. When the re-habilitation takes place, and

the industries there adopt the science and appliances of modern times, the awaken-

ing will be astonishing. Indeed, the business world is already turning its atten-

tion to these islands. The '

' march of empire '

' is rapidly in the westward trend,

and in this we are ourselves active participants. We can easily recur to that time

when the Mediterranean was appropriately styled "the mid-earth sea." Thecentral carrying trade became shifted to the Atlantic Ocean; and now there is

every assurance that this is soon to shift to the Pacific.

With the decade ending in 1894, the shipping on the Atlantic decreased over

130,000 tons, while there was a corresponding increase on the Pacific. Now

'ETER MAC QUEEN AND BODY-GUARn ON HIS \VAV TO VISITTHE SULTAN OF SULU.

Caiiipaig?ii?ig in tlie JViUippiiics. 285

the commerce of the Pacilic is rapidly increasint;-, and we can see that with

the new era of commercial enterprise it must soon be immeasurably expanded.

The factors promotive of this may be stated in brief.

What pertains to ourselves may be considered known, but looking beyond this

continent we see populations having the Pacific Ocean as a shore line, v.-hose busi-

ness interests will revolutionize the future. The carrying trade will have in view

a desirable interchange of commodities, and in this, regard will be had to the vast

populations bordering on the waters, and to economy in time and distance.

These populations may be set down as follows:

The Chinese Empire and Islands 400,000,000

British Indies and Dependencies 290,000,000

Japan and Formosa 45,003,000

Corea and Eastern Siberia 21 ,000,000

The Malay Peninsula and Siani 9,000,000

The Philippines, Australasia, Dutch East Indies and the islands of Oceanica 52,000,000

The total Western Slope of America 40,000,000

It is readily seen, estimating the total population of the earth at 1,500,000,000,

that more than one-half of it is included in the above enumeration.

The enormous expenditures in the recent pa^t in railway and maritime con-

struction, the vast outlays in developing natural resources and other like sumsgiven to commercial and manufacturing enterprises, all these tend towards mak-ing the Pacific the carrying center of the world's business and traffic. Russia is

hastening the completion of the Trans-Siberian Railway, and bending her com-mercial energies to share in this new field. England is directing her colonial

enterprises to this end. Japan

has arisen from her lethargy of

ages. Thirty-five years ago she

had not an iron rail, a steamer,

or manufactures; now her man-

ufactures are in active competi-

tion with the best the world

produces, and her foreign com-

merce, in 1<S97, amounted to

quite $200,000,000. Certainly

much must be expected of China,

in this behalf. Her richest part

is the valle}' of the Yang-tse-

Kiang, covering over 600,000

square miles, through which

the great river flows to the

Pacific. Here we find Shanghai, with already an annual foreign trade of

$80,000,000. Corea is another instance of rapid growth. A few years ago she

had comparatively no foreign trade, but in 1897 this amounted to $11,755,625.

The Dutch Colonial Possessions are all in place, and ready to avail themselves of

the new trade and traffic. It is easy to see that soon much of our European traffic

will be diverted into this new field, where the con-umer is not likewise competitor.

A YOUNG CHINESE MESTIZO.

286 Cainpaigni}ig in the Philippines.

Our relation to this situation, together with that of a home government to its

colonies, may be briefly indicated by noting the following: In 1 892 our export

trade to China amounted, in round numbers, to $9,600,000, and in 1896 this had

increased to $17,675,000. The English

.-r

^VCELEBRATINO AGUINALDO S ELECTION AT MALOLOS.

1 say the Americans have an aptitvide

for manufacturing what the market

demands, while they (the English)

manufacttire what they think the

people otight to have. This seems to

be supported by the facts.

Our exports have increased in the

last six years from 15 to 20 per cent,

which is not equaled in the English

trade. Our total exports for 1898 were

$1 ,277,000,000. Since 1888 and includ-

ing 1897, Great Britain, Germany,

France, Spain and the British colonies

have lost in exports $1,518,127,850,

and during this time the United States

gained $270,000,901.

England, it is estimated, controls

practically 22 per cent of the entire area

of the globe and 27 per cent of the population of the world, and has about 55 per

cent of the carrying tonnage; still she lost in exports $566,000,000, or 7^^ per

cent of her export trade; but in her exports to her colonies she lost 10 per cent

of this trade, or $200,000,000.

Our exports to the Philippines for the past eighteen years average less than

$i;)0,000 yearly, this being from 1880 to and including 1897. For the last year,

as shown by the Treasury Department Report, it was $127,804. Comparing this

with our world's business, it is about 1-100 of 1 per cent.

MINING INDUSTRIES.

Much has been said of the mining interests in the islands, but at present these

are almost unknown. However, there is sufficient information to justify explora-

tion, when conditions will permit, although no one now seems to be possessed of

absolute knowledge of the mines. Perhaps a reason may be found for this in the

early accounts of De Morga. He says:

"All the islands are rich in gold washings, and in ore of this metal, which the

natives extract and work; although, since the Spaniards are in the country, they

proceed more slowly with this, contenting themselves with what they already have

got in jevv-els, and from a far distant time, and inherited from their predecessors,

which is a large quantity; for he must be a very poor and wretched person who

does not possess any chains of gold, bracelets and earrings. In the province of

Camarines, Paracali, they work some washings and mines where there is good gold

upon copper, also in Ylocos, this merchandise is dealt in, because at the edge and

back of the province, which is on the edge and coast of the sea, there are some

Canipaignin}^ in the rhilippines. 287

high and craggy mountain ranges, which run as far as Cagayan, on the slopes of

which many islanders dwell. These are not yet subdued, nor has any entrance

been made amongst them; they are named Ygorrotes. These possess rich mines,

many of them gold upon silver. From these they only extract as much as they

require for their wants, and they descend with this gold, without completing its

refinement, or bringing it to perfection, to trade with the Ylocos in certain places,

where they exchange the gold for rice, swine, buffalo, wraps and other things, in

which they are deficient; and the Ylocos finish the refining of it and getting it

ready, and by their means it is distributed over the whole country.'

' And although steps have been taken with these Ygorrotes to discover their

mines, and how they work them, and the method they possess for extracting the

metal, there has been no means of knowing it, because they are apprehensive of

the Spaniards who would go to look them up for the sake of their gold, and they

say they keep it better taken care of in the earth than in their houses.

"In the other islands there is the same plenty of mines and gold washings,

especially in the Pintadoes River of Botuan in Mindanao, and in Sulu, where a

mine is worked and good gold extracted, named Taribon, and if the industry and

labor of the Spaniards were applied to working the gold mines, as much would be

extracted from any of these isles as from the other provinces in the rest of the

world, but attending to other gains more than to this, as will be said in its place,

this was not attempted with design or purpose."

lyieut. Wilkes, before quoted, having been in charge of government explora-

tions for many years is certainly an authority. He was in the islands nearly

sixty years ago, in the same service, and says of the mines: "There are manyvaluable mines of gold, lead, copper and iron, besides coal; and the geological

formation indicated a large area of these ores and deposits;" and concludes:

"With such mineral resources, and a soil capable of producing the most varied

vegetation of the tropics, a liberal policy is all the country lacks."

SAN JACINTO STREET, MANILA.Showing the office of Campaigning in the Philiptines.

THE VOYAGE FROM SAN FRANCISCO TO MANILA.

DESCRIPTION of the Philippine Islands would be unsatisfac-

tory without reference to what must necessarily be considered

in their connection—the trip to the islands. The great

distance separating these islands from our Western Coast adds

an especial interest to what is already an absorbing subject, in

very much the same manner that distance lends enchantment

to the view, and the voyage of nearly 17,000 miles from SanI'Vancisco to Manila and return is a feature of not the least

importance. It seems appropriate, therefore, that the writer

should gi\e a brief description of the trip made for the purpose of obtaining infor-

mation contained in this book, which, by the way of calling up pleasant memories,

becomes a very agreeable task.

After having decided to make the trip the next question to be considered was,

which steamship line offered the best inducements to the prospective tourist. It

was found, after a careful investigation of the various routes, that the Occidental

and Oriental Steamship Company's terms and accommodations were the most

satisfactory', and passage was secured at their office. No. 421 Market street, San

Francisco, on the steamer Gaelic, sailing from San Francisco, December 24, 1898.

The route of travel between San Francisco and Manila is via Honolulu, Yoko-

hama and Hongkong, the latter city being the terminus of this Steamship

Company's lyine. Connections are made with steamers running between Hongkongand Manila, and through tickets are sold by this company from vSan Francisco to

Manila as follows: First-class cabin passage, one way, $261.00; four months

round trip, $397.50; twelve months round trip, $453.75. All passengers holding

cabin tickets, who desire to lay over at Honolulu or at any port of call in Japan

and China, are at liberty to do so and resume their journe}^ by any steamer of

either the Occidental and Oriental, Pacific Mail or the Toj'O Kisen Kaisha Steam-

ship Companies.

Families of United States army and naval officials, also missionaries and their

families and servants accompanying same, are accorded special rates. Cabin pas-

sengers are allowed to carry 350 pounds of baggage free. The distance between

San Francisco and Hongkong via the above-described route is 7579 miles, and it

takes twenty-eight days to make the trip. From Hongkong to Manila the dis-

tance is 850 miles, which is made in about three and a half days.

One would naturalh' suppose it would require a good deal of preparation for

such a long voyage, but upon inquiring at the steamship company's office you

are advised to take no unnecessary baggage, and divest yourself of all non-essen-

tials in wardrobe or personal effects, except such as are necessary for ordinary use.

Of course, customs change in the Orient, but j^our wants can be supplied much

290 Cauipais;ii'u!s; in the Philippines '

cheaper there than here. \Vhen settled clown on board you will find yourself sur-

rounded with all the luxuries of a first-class hotel in one of these splendidly

equipped steamers, and you are not long on the voyage when you commence to

have a home-like feeling, which is hard to shake off when you find all too soon

that you are obliged to bid farewell to your pleasant environments.

The scene at the Steamship Company-' s dock on the day of departure of one

of their trans-Pacific liners is at once novel and interesting. The custom officials

are busy marshaling on board the hundreds of Chinese, who constitute a large

percentage of the human freight carried by these steamers. The Gaelic on this

trip carried over 4o0 "Celestials," who occupied a portion of the ship especially

set apart for them, and are, therefore, not brought in contact with the cabin pas-

sengers in any way that is offensive. Passengers who have not already had their

baggage checked are rustling around attending to this important duty, assisted

by obliging and courteous employees. Friends of the passengers form an inter-

esting feature of the crowd which is always present to watch the departure of one

of these vessels. It was particularly noticeable on this occasion, as Lieut. Hobson,

the hero of the Mcrrimac, was to be one of the passengers, and the esteem in

w^hich this gentleman is held by his admiring countrymen and "countrywomen"

was shown by the great throng which had gathered at the dock to catch a glimpse

of him and, if possible, shake his hand and wish him a pleasant vo^-age. The

autograph and kodak "fiends" were well represented, and the gallant and oblig-

ing Lieutenant had much difficult}- in elbowing his way through the crowd to the

ship, shaking many hands and leaving his autograph on many slips of paper

thrust before him.

The chorus of good-byes shouted back and forth soon make us realize that weare slowly backing away from the dock, and, as the ship swings around and points

her bows toward the setting sun, we remember that it will be many moons before

we can hope to again see those left behind. Out through the Golden Gate, past

the light-ship, and we are on the great Pacific Ocean, steering a course for

the Hawaiian Islands.

The trip from San Francisco to Honolulu has been described as "drifting to

paradise on an even keel." Whether the expression originated with some enter-

prising real estate dealer of Honolulu, or is the product of a bard of modern lore,

we are unable to say, but, after having made the trip, one must become convinced

that there is at least as much truth as poetry in the statement. Certainly no

ocean voyage could be more delightful than this, and it would be difficult to

imagine any combination of earth, sea and sky that would better represent the

average mortal's idea of an earthly paradise than that which unfolded itself in

these beautiful islands of the sea. Masters in the art of word-painting have sung

their praise in poetry and prose; yet, after beholding this marvelous work of

nature, one can but realize the inadequacy of words to describe this " Paradise of

the Pacific."

Our life is much as we make it, whether aboard ship or elsewhere. After find-

ing yourself pleasantly ensconced in one of the light and airy cabins for which

these ships are justly famous, if you are like the rest, you soon join the genial

Cauipais^niHg in the /'/lilippines. 291

throng and become one of them. On the CiacUc there was a continued overflow of

this exuberance, and acquaintance speedily ripened into friendship, the memories

of which will be life long.

Our cabin passenger list, as is usualh' the case with the vessels of this line

ran up to the ship's full complement, and while the different walks of life were

represented, the highly cultured class predominated. As it is desirable to have

the best associations during this long voyage, one should be careful where he

pitches his tent. The real luxuries of life are less in food supplies and physical

comforts than in the satiation of our mental desires.

The courtesies of the ship were soon marked l)y the whole cabin. Fromgenial Capt. Finch down through the gradation of attendants there was appar-

NUUANU AVENUE, HONOLULU.

ently nothing left undone that would add to the welfare and comfort of the

passengers. A good library supplies the best literature, and a piano, organ and

music-boxes furnish opportunity for those musically inclined to gratif\' their tastes.

Games for upper deck, such as shuffle-board, quoits, etc., are provided, and an

obliging attendant is always at hand to supply your slightest wish.

All the passengers, as a rule, participated in these sports, and even the venera-

ble Dr. Allen, who, for forty years, has served as a missionary in China, and

during this time has crossed the Pacific a dozen or more times, seemed to forget

that he had passed the three-score-and-ten mark, and joined in the games with

-^^^

i bo

< _2

Caiiipaig-iiing in the Pliilippincs. 293

as much enthusiasm as the two little girls who called him Santa Claus. Lieut.

Hobson was always ready to join the party, and we found him a very agreeable

and interesting traveling companion. His unassuming manners and gentlemanly

conduct won for him the esteem of all on board, and the charming young lady

from Georgia voiced the sentiments of us all when she said that " he was just

the nicest gentleman that she ever did see."

We must not forget to speak of the ample provision made for supplying the

desires of the inner man. To say that this far exceeded our expectations is but

to poorly express our appreciation of the excellent fare served on the (raclic. Togive the reader an opportunity to judge for himself we print one of the daily

dinner bills of fare.

DINNER

Eastern Oysters on Half vShell

Celery Anchov}' Toast Olives

SOUPSGreen Turtle Consomme

FISH

Boiled Salmon, Parsley Sauce

ENTREES

Kidney, Vol au Vent Haricot Ox Tail

Quail on Toast Peach Fritters

BOILEDMutton, Caper vSauce Calfs Head, Brain Sauce

Ham, Champagne Sauce

ROASTS

Sirloin of Beef, Yorkshire Pudding

Turkey, Cranberry Sauce vSuckling Pig, Apple vSauce

VEGETABLESCauliflower Green Peas

Maitre d'Hotel and Boiled Potatoes

PUDDING AND PASTRY

English Plum Pudding, Hard and Brandy Sauce

Compote of Pears

2!)4 Caiiipcii^')iii!g ill the Pliilipp'uics.

After six daj-s of this kind of life, land is sighted, which proves to be Diamond

Head, and now we have reached the famous Paradise of the Pacific. There is a

cha'-m about the Hawaiian Islands which increases with your stay. The delight-

ful languor of a restful repose is the first pleasing emotion of a visitor to these

islands, and he then easily finds himself en rapport with his surroundings. Theclimate is so equable that one scarcely notices the change of seasons. For

instance, the morning temperature at six o'clock, for the year, runs from 07 to 75

degrees, a variation of eight degrees. The noon temperature, from 7"i to <S4

degrees, and the evening, nine o'clock, from 63 to 76 degrees. The rainfall at Hono-

lulu averages twenty-five inches a year. On other parts of the island the rainfall

is very heavy, while in others it is much less. The Hawaiian archipelago con-

sists of about twenty islands, the entry ports of any note being Honolulu, on

Oahu; Hilo, on Hawaii, and Kahului, on Maui. The resources of the country

are now in process of rapid development,

and if the traveler has the time the situ-

ation will well repay his consideration.

The population of Honolulu, prior to

annexation, was about 25,000, but this is

rapidly increasing, and the English

language is generally understood. Onewill want to see the Punch Bowl Hill,

an extinct crater—a few minutes' walk

from the hotel. Go from this to MountTantalus, where you reach an altitude of

'JOOO feet, and the view covers a large

area. Mount Konahuanui has an altitude

of 4000 feet, from the summit of which

the island of Oahu may be viewed. All

these tours take the traveler through a

country grandly picturesque, and in which

the flora is bewilderingh' beautiful. It

takes about ten days to make the trip.

Waikiki is the bathing resort. This is

some three miles distant from Honolulu. It is said that no one has had the

full luxury of a sea bath unless he has laved himself in the sea at Waikiki.

After spending a most delightful day in Honolulu, we reluctantly returned to

the ship, regretting that circumstances would not permit us to take advantage of

the stop-over privilege which cabin passengers are entitled to. As if to more

iirmly rivet the chains which Honolulu's natural charms have placed about the

admiring tourist, young ladies are at the dock with garlands of flowers which

they place about the necks of passengers, and a native band plan's some of their

"vveird pathetic music, which adds a peculiar fascination not easy to shake off". Asthe steamer backs awaj^ from the dock the passengers join in singing "Some DayI'll Wander Back Again," and you sincerely hope that Providence may sodirect your

footsteps. The usual schedule time from Honolulu to Yokohama, is ten days. The

voyage is largely a repetition of the trip down to Honolulu. Friendships become

CAPT. \VM. I'INCII.

Camp.iiii^jniiv^ in the f'/ii/tppiiws. 295

more cemented, and the ties are more and more like those of the family group.

The first t;limpse of the "Island Ivmpire" is had at Yokohama. This is the

largest of the treaty ports, and practically the port of Tokio. If you are bent

upon a thorough inspection of this new wonderland, you quit the steamer at

Yokohama, and with the stop-over ticket, proceed through the interior, bj^

rail, to the temples and shrines, and many places of absorbing interest. A little

note on climate that you may prepare yourself accordingly. To speak generally,

the summer is hot, with occasional rains, and during September and a part of

October very wet. Beginning late in autumn, and through the first part of win-

ter it is delightfully cool and dry. February and March are variable with more or

less snow, and in the late spring considerable rain and. high winds are interspersed

with beautiful days. For thirteen years the mean temperature was 56.5°. Thelowest, January, 3(i.7°. Highest, August, 77.9°. Mean rainfall 58.33". Num-ber of raiin- da>s 13S.7, and days with snow 8.5.

Japan has been called "the pleasure ground of the universe," and it is said

one always leaves the country with regrets, no matter how short or long his stay.

Dr. Dresser said, while exploring the country: "I am getting weary of beauty

and I am weary of writing of the beautiful." Percival Lowell says in the Soul

of the Far East: " The Japanese makes love to Nature, and it almost seems as if

Nature heard his silent prayer and smiled upon him in acceptance, as if the love-

light lent her face the added beauty that it lends the maids. For nowhere in this

world probably is she lovelier than in Japan. A climate of long happy meansand short extremes. Months of spring, and months of autumn, with but a few

weeks of winter in be-

tween ; a land of flowers

where the lotus and the

cherry, the plum and

wistaria grow wantonly

side by side ; a land

where the bamboo em-

bosoms the maple ; where

the pine at last has found

its palm tree, and the

tropic and temperate zone

forget their separating

identity in one long self-

obliterating kiss."

Japan "can be done"

in three weeks, but three

months is preferable. It

is best also if you want japanesk klowkr merchant.

the best of everything to start on an excursion in the morning and avoid night

travel. Of course one must be armed with a passport, for this is in constant

requisition. An excellent view of Yokohama and its approaches is had from

Noge-Yama. Here are various shrines such as the Shinto God of Akiha, the

great Buddhist God and the Sun Goddess of Ise.

296 Ca)n/>ai<^!i2>fo- in {lie PInlippines.

SWIMMIXa TANK ON THE "CIAKLIC

It is eighteen miles from Yokohama to Tokio, the capital. The journey is made

by rail in fifty minutes. It was the first railroad built in Japan and was opened in

1872. Tokio has good hotel accommodations and is the center of the trade in

curios. On the road hither from Yokohama an excellent view of Fujiyama, the

highest mountain peak in

Japan ma}^ be had. It is

12,400 feet high. At XenoPark the Cherry Blossom

festival is held each year in

April. If the traveler re-

turns to Yokohama he maygo by steamer to Kobe, the

distance being 348 miles.

If he goes by rail the dis-

tance is ?)76 miles. Most

travelers go by rail as they

may thus visit Osaka,

Kyoto, Nagoya and other

desirable places en route.

The road runs through a

densely populated region

and these cities are amongthe chief in the Empire. Kobe is the center for travelers, being situated accessible

to the great Inland Sea and also communicating by rail with the interior important

cities. The famous landscape gardens are in this region, and numerous temples of

antiquity, while the scenic effects are incomparable. Lake Biwa is a national resort.

It is -36 miles long by 12 miles wide, has an elevation of 340 feet and its depth is

325 feet. The oldest Buddhist temple in Japan is found near here and has manyrelics of antiquity. The bronze work in these temples is very elaborate. In one

the bell was cast in 732, contains 37 tons of metal, is 14 feet high, 9 feet in

diameter and 8)^ inches thick at the edges.

The Inland Sea of Japan is famous the world over. Its length is 240 miles,

and is studded with beautiful islands, similar in contour and aspect to those in the

St. Lawrence and Puget Sound. It is justly styled the most magnificent sheet of

water in the known world. It narrows in places so that two ships can hardly pass,

and from the time the steamer enters it, through the Straits of Akashi until she

goes out through the Straits of Shimonoseki, it is one gorgeous panorama, a verit-

able sailing through '' fairy-land." The islands and country are in a high state of

cultivation and the whole scene is so emblazoned with grandeur that the travelers

quit their meals and feast their souls on the beauties of their surroundings.

Emerging into the open sea from the Straits of Shimonoseki a detour is madesouthward, where Nagasaki is reached. The steamer remains here usually oneday for the purpose of coaling, and this is done by men, women and children with

small baskets. The adults standing in a row passing the basket along the line

from one to the other to the boat, the children gathering up the empty baskets.

The women receive for this work nine cents a dav and the men twelve cents. The

Caiiipai_<^iii>io- in the IVii/ippiiics. 297

largest engineering and ship-building works in the far East are situated here, also

the Tateganii dock, cut out of solid rock and costing over $1,000. ()()(). It is avail-

able for the largest ships afloat, and is a remarkable piece of workmanship.

The distance from Nagasaki to Shanghai is about 400 miles, and Shanghai from

Hongkong about 870 miles. Shanghai is termed the "Paris of the far East"because of its pleasures and social gaieties. Its population is about 400,000 with 5000

foreigners. It is the largest treaty port in China. Usually the traveler takes a

stop-over trip at Shanghai, partly because ofthe sights there and because he wishes

to see the great cit}' of Peking, about <S0 miles inland, and the distance is

covered in less than four hours. There are fine roads and beautiful drives in this

region and a very profitable staj^ can be made in the study ofthe antiquities, habits

and customs of the people. Peking became the capital ef China in 1491 and its

present population is placed anywhere between 1,000,000 and 1,750,000. Thenatives call the city Ching. It is surrounded by walls, the outer of which is dis-

tant about 130 yards and runs parallel to the city. Then high walls and open

spaces surround the inside of the Imperial City of Peking and separate it entirely

from the city itself. The great wall of China is 45 miles from the city, and

the road leading to the nearest part is paved with solid granite slabs 10 feet long.

The city and its surroundings are replete with curiosities, and well worth a visit.

It is about four days by steamer from Shanghai to Hongkong. Hongkongis styled the "Revelation" owing to its development since the incoming

of the English in 1841. In that year the Island of Hongkong was ceded to

Great Britain by China, the island then having a population of 2000, consisting

of Puntis, Aboriginees, Hakkas, or strangers from the highlands, and the Hoklos,

hailing from the coast ports of the North. The island is about three miles in

width and twelve miles in

length. It now has a popu-

lation approximating 250,-

000 and is cosmopolitan in

appearance. Those journey-

ing to the Philippinesusually want to spend about

three days on their outward

trip, viewing the many in-

teresting sights in and

around Hongkong, and

should by all means take a

flying trip up to Canton,

which is reached in about

seven hours by boat. Here

is found the temple of Ho-

nan, the finest temple injapaxesk moi.s.

China, with its gardens, in the kitchen department of which there is a Colum-

barium similar to the one discovered at Pompeii. A Buddhist monastery and

nunnery with w^ater clock 800 years old and the five-storied Pagoda are also

here. Another day is usually given to Maco where great gambling games

KXTERIOR AND INTERIOR VIEWS ON BOARD THE "GAEUC.

Caiiipaii^iiiiiic i'l the /'/nlipphies. 2m

similar in style to those at Monte Carlo are carried on. At Hongkong we l)i(l

good-bye to the good ship (raciic, genial Captain Finch and his courteous officers

and each one prepares to go his own way, and in winding up this short descrip-

tion of a most charming sea voyage, the writer feels it incumbent upon him to

say that all the promises made by the steamship officials were more than fulfilled,

and this was the concensus of opinion throughout the ship.

From Hongkong to Manila, the distance as heretofore stated, is about 8oO

miles and the trip is made in about three and one-half days. The China Sea is

well known to be a body of rough water and you do not look forward with muchpleasurable anticipation of the trip. How-ever, it has to be made, and your first inquiry

is, which of the steamship lines have the

safest and best boats. There are several small

boats running to Manila, and if you happen

to be a passenger on one of these in some of

the storms which are quite frequent in this

latitude, you may not only have occasion to

regret your experience, btit there is also

actual 'danger to life. It is generally the

wisest and best in such cases to patronize an

old established company as they all usually

know by experience the existing conditions

and are prepared for emergencies. Theevents of the past 3ear in the Philippine

Islands have caused a good deal of travel to

Manila and this has made the steamship busi-

ness unusually brisk and as a result a numberof boats have been taken off other routes that

are less profitable and put upon this one.

The oldest firm operating a line of steamers

between Hongkong and Manila is Warren,

Barnes & Company. We took passage on

their steamer Esmeralda and have never had

occasion to regret the choice. Of course the

change in our surroundings was quite notice-

able as compared with those we had been accustomed to on the good old Gaelic, but

as compared with some of the boats of the other steamship companies w^e think wewere very fortunate in making the choice. The sea was very choppy and rough

and although we had experienced only slight symptoms of seasickness in crossing

the Pacific Ocean we are willing to admit that there w^ere only two occasions whenwe answered the call of the dinner bell, once before the steamer left the harbor of

Hongkong and the other after w^e were inside Manila Bay.

As we enter the historical waters of Manila Bay, past the guns which frown

upon us from Fraile Rock and the forts on Corregidor Island, w^e remember with

a thrill of admiration that a little less than a year ago a very unassuming Com-modore in the American Navy, with his slim fleet entered these same waters.

JAPANESE PAGODA.

300 Ca}}ipais:ninn; in the Philippines.

silenced these guns, and passing on up the bay engaged and entirely destroyed

the proud vSpanish fleet which were there awaiting him and by this act changed

the theater of war and focused the eyes of the world upon these islands in this

remote corner of the globe—when we remember all this we are proud to pay

homage to America's greatest hero in the late war with Spain—Admiral George

Dewey.

MONCMENT NEAR MALATE, SHOWING EFFECTS

OF MAUSER BULLETS.

SUPPLEMENT.

THE STAFF DEPARTMENTS OF THE ARMY.

TUP" attention of the public is so much occupied with the fightin.s^ ])ortion of the army

—

known as "the line"—that it usually gives little thought to those less prominent, but

equalh' essential services which feed and clothe the army, transport it from place to place,

care for the wounded and sick, minister to its moral and spiritual needs, arrange its fortifica-

tions and buiUl its bridges and roads. The following is intended to give some idea of the nature

of these services, which are performed by a number of departments, collectively known as " the

staff." Officers of the very highest ability are selected for staff service. Any brave man can

fight, but the number is comparatively limited who have the organizing and executive ability

required for carrying on business upon the enormous scale requisite for the support of a large

army. In time of war it is sometimes very difficult to keep these able officers in the compara-

tively obscure positions of the staff. They wish to be on the fighting line. In time of peace

they are best satisfied where they are.

THE p:ngineer corps.

The planning and construction of the national defenses and the operations of an army in

the field require a great amount of skilled work, which must be directed by the highest intel-

ligence. Scholarship, especially in mathematics, is an essential prerequisite for the engineer

service, and a certain number of the graduates of West Point who stand highest in scholarship

are assigned to the Engineer Corps. In times of peace this is the most desirable assignment in

the army, as the construction of harbor defenses and of river and harbor improvements, which

are also usually directed by engineer officers, commonly goes on in the neighborhood of large

cities, where conditions of life are most agreeable. In time of war, however, it is diflFerent, ar

the engineers, while quite as much exposed as those of other branches of the service, and

engaged in the most arduous labor, are not in the line of promotion to high command, and

have little hope of attaining the great military reputation which is the dream of all soldiers.

The chief of engineers is a Brigadier-General, and is stationed at Washington. All plans

and estimates for the construction of national works pass through his office for approval before

being submitted to Congress for authorization, and he makes the details of engineer officers for

service in all parts of the country. When an army takes the field there is a chief of engineers

attached to the .staff of fhe commanding general, and also, usually, to Division Headquarters.

Other engineer officers are assigned as occasion demands, it being necessary that every body

of troops moving independently in an enemj-'s country should be accompanied by a skilled

engineer.' As all West Point graduates, however, have had instruction in engineering, it is

not alwaj^s necessary that engineer officers should be detailed for the purpose.

THE BATTALION OF ENGINEERS.

In time of peace the construction force for government works can usually be employed on

the spot, when necessary, although for the most part such works are executed by civilian con-

tractors, but such operations as the mining of harbors, torpedo work, quick bridge building,

trench and fort construction in the field, reconnaissance and quick map making, require not

onl)' skilled direction, but a force of trained men for execution. For this purpose, there is con-

stantly maintained a battalion of engineers whose headquarters are at Willets Point, on LongIsland, a few miles from New York City. Here the men are trained in all kinds of engineering

•work, and kept in constant readiness for military operations. In peace, the strength of each

302 Cai)ipaii^)iins:- in flic P/iilippiiu-s.

of the four companies of the battalion is kept at about eis^hty enlisted men, but in war time the

company is filled up to one hundred and twenty. There is the regular company and battalion

complement of officers, and the battalion is armed and drilled as infantry, doing its work in

the field under arms, and serving as infantry as occasion requires.

Tin-: HNrrlNRKR C(_)RPvS IN THR PHILIPPINES.

During the Philippine campaign, Lieutenant-Colonel Charles L,. Potter has been Chief of

Engineers, on the staff of Major-General Otis, commanding the Corps, and Maj. J. F. Bell, upon

the staff of Gen. MacArthur, commanding the 2d Division. Lieut. Edward L. King of the

8th Cav., has acted as Chief of Engineers, on the staff of Gen. Lawton, commanding the 2d

Division. Lieut. W. G. Haan of the 3d Art., was in command of the company of the Engineer

Corps until March S, 1S99, in which capacity he repeatedly distinguished himself. He was

succeeded by Capt. PVancis R. vShunk. Other engineer officers were detailed for various ser-

vices as occasion retjuired.

THE OUARTERMAvSTER'S DEPARTMENT. *

The duties of the Quartermaster's Department are to provide means of transportation of

<£very character which may be needed in the movement of troops and the materials of war. It

furnishes clothing, camp and garrison equipage, barracks, store-houses and other buildings for

the accommodation of soldiers. Under the direction of the engineers it constructs and repairs

roads, telegraph lines, railways and bridges ; it charters ships and boats, docks and wharves

needed for military purposes. Moreover, all the disbursing of civil funds to pay ftir the fore-

going is done through this department. The work of the Ouartermaster's Department in the

field is well illustrated by the efficiency with which, assisted by details of skilled mechanics-

from the volunteer regiments, it rose to an emergency in the Philippine campaign. Lieutenant-

Colonel James W. Pope, has until quite recently, served as Chief Quartermaster in the Philip-

pines, and has received great commendation for his efficiency.

OPERATING A RAILROAD.

After the fight of Saturday night and Sunday, February 5th and 6th, it was found that the

last engine on the Manila and Dagupan Railroad had gone north and through the lines, con-

veying M. Haggin (the Superintendent of the road) into the insurgent lines. The road was

thus rendered valueless to the American forces, while the insurgents were able to use it to their

own very great advantage. Matters remained in this unsatisfactory shape until the night of

Friday, February 10th, when Gen. MacArthur advanced and took Caloocan. INIaj. C. A. DevoL

Transportation Quartermaster, obtained Corp. J. J. Haish, 20th Kansas, an old Rock Island

railroad man, to follow and see what could be found at the Caloocan round house. The

Corporal appeared the next morning with a small yard engine, crew and all, fired and ready for

work. The round house was found to contain three large engines, more or less disabled, and

two small ones. The insurgents could readily have permanently disabled these engines and thus

seriously crippled the American advance, but probably not realizing the ready ingenuity of the

American soldier, they thought that an engine taken apart and resting on jacks was not of

service. As the insurgent lines were just beyond Caloocan and firing almost continuous. Gen.

Otis directed the five engines brought down at once to Manila that night, if possible. IMaj.

Devol at once proceeded with all available railroad men to the shops at Caloocan, and

during the afternoon repaired and fired the least disabled engine, intending to pull the others

down. Steam was not gotten up until after dark, and then all hands stood around while the

engineer opened the throttle to see if she would work. Slowly and majestically she ran out of

the house and up the track amid a general sigh of relief, when a crash and dismal rattle told

experienced men that she had gone off the track. It was a bad derailment, and time was-

precious. Jacks, lanterns, pins, etc. were finally found, and after about seyen hours' hard work she

was on, and ran into Manila at three o'clock in the morning. The engines were repaired one

after another. The 20th Kansas and 1st Montana furnished invaluable aid in the services of

*The work of the Quartermaster's Department in San Francisco has been very fully described in Chapter

rv, in connection with the movement of the troops to the Philippines.

Caii!fia!<j^iiiii,i^ i?i the FVtiUppincs. 303

their railroad men These men didn't like to leave the firing line, bnt there is something aboutrailroading that makes an old railroad man long to get back on an engine ag.iin, if only for a

time, and as the engines, whenever they appeared, were usually saluted bv a long rangefire from the insurgent lines, (they carry to this day marks of the Mauser bullet) the train

crew did not have a chance to worry much about not being on the firing line. The train service

settled into a steady routine supply of Gen. Mac.\rthur's Division at Caloocan, until his

advance on his long march to San Fernando. As soon as he had passed the Friageus River it

was found that the track was torn up across the bridge and quite an embankment thrown across

the track on the other side. The railroad wrecking gang, assisted by the engineers, immediatelybegan to repair the bridge and track and had a train over in a few hours. All along the advancethe track was found torn up at intervals and bridges damaged. Twenty railroad men weredetailed from the 1st Colorado Volunteers and sent up to assist in the work of following the

firing line. The track to Malolos was damaged at Tinajeus River, Malinta, Manlao, Bocaue,

Bigaa, Guiguinto and Malolos, each break worse than the preceding one. The wrecking crewand engineers worked night and day and the trains followed the advance, supplying condensedwater, fresh beef, bread and ammunition and nearly every night carrying to Manila the menwho had lost their lives or been wounded in the advance.

On the night before ]Malolos was taken, the headlight of the locomotive was on the firing

line, and the train delivered some badh' needed ammunition to the battery. The stop at

Malolos gave the enemy time to badly use up the road from this on to San Fernando. Realiz-

ing the futility of tearing up the track, they dropped a span of the bridge at Bagbag into the

river, and tore up the track clear into Calumpit. After Gen. MacArthur had advanced, this

span was repaired by trestling up from the inclined span. The similar break at St. Tomas wasrepaired in the same way. At Calumpit, twelve of the tie-bearing girders had been taken

entirely away. These were made in a few days in Manila.

Too much credit cannot be given to the trainmen and crews during this long advance.

They got no extra pay for this arduous and dangerous service. Trains ran day and night—all

day with the advance, carrying rations, ammunition and bridge-builders' supplies, and all night

with the dead and wounded, back to Manila. They had every difficulty to overcome. Newand hastily repaired engines, uncertain roadbed, constant danger in night runs of being derailed

by insurgents, loss of sleep and often scant food. Not a man of them would have stood this

sort of service back in the States for any amount of money, but they were working with the

firing line ipr the glory of the American soldiers, and they stood by their work to the end.

THE SUBSISTENCE DEPARTMENT.

The Subsistence Department of the U. S. A. is that branch of the service charged

with the duty of supplying food and articles of consumption, such as groceries, fruits

and other articles which comprise the rations of the troops, as well as such luxuries as they andother persons in the service of the United States are allowed to purchase from the government.

Whenever it is practicable, the needed supplies are bought in the United States, but circum-

stances have arisen in the distant Philippine Islands, when the stocks of certain articles were

depleted, that compelled the chief commissary at Manila to effect his purchases through ten-

ders from local dealers, who, in the main, obtained supplies from Hongkong and Singapore.

Distribution of rations to the troops takes place at stated intervals by the depot commissary,

who delivers the supplies to men detailed from each regiment, who are authorized to receive

the same b}' the officer charged with the duty of attending to the feeding of the command.This system applies when troops are in garrison.

In the field each brigade has a chief commissiiry, with a commissary for each division

when practicable. These officers make requisitions upon the depot commissary for supplies

for sale and the rations allowed by law, and upon receipt of the same apportion the allowances

and regulate the issuances and sales to the respective regimental officers.

The company cooks of each regiment, under the supervision of Sergeants, prepare the

rations. The officers and men buy articles from the sales depots of such food products as are

not comprised in the ration list.

304 Cainpaii^iiiiis;' in flic j'/iilippiiies.

RATIONvS ON THE TRANSPORTS.

The followinjj table shows the quantity and description of food issued to the troops on

board the transports en route from the United States to the rhili])i)ine Ishmds; the ronii)iita-

tio:is are for 1000 men:

^^v..^'^^. Poui.ds Onions, 200 i)ounds>

!,,","""

^^^^ ''''

Canned Tomatoes, oOO pounds \

Bacon l-'iO

Fresh Beef 875 pounds, or Fresh

Beef 750 pounds and Canned vSal-

mon 125 pounds 875

Coffee, green 100

Sugar 150

Vinegar .'JO

Candles 15

Fi.ovR. Soap 40

Flour 1125 Salt 40

VEGETABivKS. Pepper 1 •>

Dry Beans or Peas 75

Rice or Hominy 50 For 1000 men . . , 3877 5

Fresh Potatoes, 800 pounds, or Pota- Per man one ration . .."5 88

toes 700 pounds 800

RATIONS IN THE FIELD.

The following table shows the rations issued to the troops when in the field. Cotnputt-d

for a body of 1030 men:Pounds

Bacon ""i"

Hard Bread 1000

Beans l-'^O

Potatoes, Onions and Canned Toma-

toes (when possible) 1000

Coffee, roasted 80

Sugar 1-^0

THE TRAVEL RATION.

The travel ration when en route, computed at the rate of 1000 men:

FOR FIRST FOUR DAYS.

Hard Bread

Canned Beef

Baked Beans, (3-pound cans)

Coffee, roasted

Sugar •

Caiiipai^'iiiui:^ in the I'/ii/ippinrs. 305

The Chiff Surgeon of an Army Corps is an officer allachcd to the staff of the commandinggeneral, and is charged with the supervision of all matters pertaining to the health of the com-mand. This includes sanitation, the hospital and ambulance service, the detail of medical

officers and the obtaining, distribution and care of medical supplies. He prepares general

orders, when necessary, which are signed and promulgated by the Corps Commander. TheChief Division and Brigade Surgeons have similar duties within their divisions and brigades.

The regimental surgeon has charge of the health of his regiment, and the treatment of temporary

ailments, all serious cases being sent to the brigade, division, or general hospital, as circumstances

may recjuire. There are attached to each full regiment, one surgeon, ranking as Major, and two

assistant surgeons, ranking respectiveU', as Captain and Lieutenant. When in action, field

hospitals are established in sheltered places, as near the firing line as possible where temporary

treatment is given, and are manned from the staff and regimental surgeons as circumstances re-

quire or permit. The organization of a medical service in a campaign is constantly changing,

according to circumstances, but severe cases of wounds or sickness are sent as soon as possible

to the general hospitals, where the best care can be given, and which are under the control of

the Corps Surgeon. Each hospital, however, is an organization of itself, in charge of a surgeon

and as many assistants as necessary, the surgeon in charge reporting to the Corps, Division, or

Brigade Surgeon as the case may be. All officers and men are under the direct medical and

sanitary direction of the regimental surgeons, until transferred to some hospital.

THE SUPPLY AXD AMBULANCE SERVICE.

That part of the medical service which in civil life is known as the "drug store" is in

charge of non-commissioned officers, known as " Hospital Stewards." For the positions of

hospital steward and acting hospital steward, special examinations are necessary, and these are

made l)y a medical board. Candidates must be unmarried and be physically and mentally

capable of endurance, and have had experience in discipline and control of men, nursing anddispensary work, clerical work, cooking and mess management, hospital corps drill and minorsurgery. Their duties are to care for the hospital stores and property, to compound andadminister medicines, supervise preparation and serving of food, maintain discipline in the

hospitals and watch over their police, and to supervise the duties of the Hospital Corps in the

hospital and in the field. The Hospital Corps consists of stewards, and acting stewards andprivates who are assigned to regiments as required.

Tiie ambulance service is organized for the transport of the sick and wounded Ambul-ances are attached to each regiment and hospital and are under control of the surgeons, and

there is an Ambulance Corps organized for general service, in removing the sick to hospitals andthe wounded from the field of battle.

Except under special circumstances which justify the expectation that their rights as non-

combatants under the Geneva Convention will not be recognized, no arms are issued to the Hospital

Corps. During the war with the Filipinos, however, it has been frequently necessary to armthem, as they were not respected by the enemy.

The ambulance and hospital service of each command is under the supervision of its chief

surgeon, who makes all necessary arrangements for the care of the sick and wounded, and their

transportation during action. These arrangements are so made that they may receive

attention with the line of battle under fire, at the dressing stations, at the ambulance stations

and at the division, brigade and field hospitals.

To the ranking surgeon also falls the duty of detailing the number of medical officers,

hospital stewards and privates of the Hospital Corps for duty with the advance line. First

dressing stations are established at places near to the combatants, but where the wounded andthose attendant upon them will not be exposed to fire. These dressing stations are distin-

guished by Red Cross flags in the day and by red lanterns at night.

MEDICAL DEPARTMENT OF THE EIGHTH ARMY CORPS.

At the head of the medical service of the 8tli Array Corps was Surgeon Henry Lippincott,*

U. S. v., with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Deputy Surgeon-General. Immediately

upon his arrival at Manila, Col. Lippincott was compelled to deal resolutely with the subject of

* Since relieved by I,ieuteuaut-Colouel Alfred A. Woodhall, U. S. A.

:i06 Caiiipaii^iiii/L;' in Ilie Philippines.

sanitalioii. There was iiuirh sickness in the army, ])artly j^rowing out of the iilthy conditicn of

all l)uildings and places which had heeii occujiied by vSpaniards or Filipinos, and parth- by rea-

son of the imprudence of the men, who did not willingly submit to the strict regulations con-

cerning diet, drink and exposure w Inch were necessary undir the circumstances. By vigorous

jueasures, however, the surroundings of the troops were made and kept clean, the menrestrained from indulgence in unwholesome fruits, and compelled to drink no water which had

not been boiled. As a residt sickness rapidly decreased, and by the end of August, ISitS, the

health of the command was fairly good.

The surgeons had much to contend with on arrival, as transport work between the vessels

and Camp Dewey and Cavite was difficult and dangerous, owing to the very stormy

weather and heavy rain prevailing at the time. Much valuable property was lost or ruined,

while lives of patients were endangered in the landing under such circumstances. On the

organization of the Medical Department, under Col. Lippincott, the Volunteer Hospital Corps

was transferred to the regular establishment. This secured many excellent men, and a.sufficient

number of privates was furnished for duty in the Divisional Hospital Corps and for attendance

ujion the sick in transports.

VICTIMS OF WAR IN THE PHILIPPINES.

The following is a complete list of the deaths, as copied from the records in the vSurgeou-

General's office, occurring in the U. S. A. operating in the Philippines up to June 2, 1S99:

Cauipaigni)ii;' in the I'liilippincs. ;J07

Tverc shot down in battle- and Ihc other 7 died of disease. In the case of the men, 294 died of

-wounds received in action and !) were killed accidentally. In addition to the above, 1 officer

cind 18 enlisted men died on transports returning to San Francisco, and 1 officer and 155

-enlisted men had died in the general hospital at San Francisco up to September 30, 1899. The»rand total of deaths in the Philijjpine campaign up to October 1, 1899, is 25 officers, 1 retired

officer, 872 enlisted men and 14 civilians, in addition to deaths in the islands between June 2d

^nd October 1st, and a small number who died on hospital ships not reported at DepartmentHeadquarters.

NOBLIv WORK OF THE VOIvUNTEER LADY PHYSICIANS.

It would be improper to close this sketch of the work of the Medical Department in the

Philippines without mention of the effective aid given by several lady physicians, who were

•early on the ground, by permission of the government, and who placed their services at the

disposal of the medical officer. The true physician is devoted to his profession and unsparing

-of himself in emergencies, and it would be improper to say that these ladies were any morezealous in the service than the medical officers, who exposed themselves on the field when occa-

sion demanded, as freely as those bearing arms; but it is true that in the womanly touch

there is a deftness and in the womanly nature a tenderness which are wanting in the kindest

man; and the gentle ministrations of these faithful co-workers in the hospitals, comforted the

<ieparting hour of many a dying soldier, and live as a grateful memory in the hearts of hun-

•dreds of those who survive.

THE RED CROSS WORK.

In connection with the Medical Department, it is appropriate to make some mention of the

*' Red Cross Society." It is the duty of all governments to care for their wounded and sick

.soldiers, and they all seek to discharge that duty, but with the progress of civilization there has

.arisen an earnest and world wide desire to supplement government care with the gifts andservices of private devotion. During the Crimean W^ar, in 1854, Miss Florence Nightingale at

the head of a body of women nurses sent out by the British government, first demonstrated, on

a great scale, the effectiveness of women in organized work of relief, and while the Red Cross

Society was not founded by women, they have alwaysborne their full share of the work, and, in

this country, have usually been the recognized leaders.

The immediate occasion of the founding of the Red Cross organization was the dreadful

suffering which followed the Battle of Solferino in 1859, when the army surgeons were utterly

unable to deal with the thousands upon thousands of the wounded of the two armies. Henri

Dunand, a Swiss gentleman, who was present and aided in this care, was so much impressed

-with the inadequacy of government efforts, that he began an agitation which resulted, in

August, 1894, in an official convention of delegates representing sixteen governments, whichformulated articles " for the amelioration of the condition of the wounded in the armies in the

field," and which, as modified in a later convention, have received the formal adhesion of the

^governments of nearly all civilized nations. The badge, the red cross on a white ground, is the

national colors of Switzerland reversed, and was adopted as a compliment to the nation where

Tjoth the treaties have been formulated, and which is the home of the International permanent<2ommittee. This Committee however, is only maintained as a bond of unity between the

national committees, which are entirely independent.

The United States was very slow in giving its adhesion to the movement. In 1864, during

-our Civil W^ar, the " vSanitary Commission" wassuccessfullydoingits work, audit was not, at the

time, thought best to commit the government to an}' other movement. Subsequently, in 1877,

a letter from the President of the International Committee sent through Miss Clara Barton, to

President Hayes, does not seem even to have elicited a reply. Later, however, in 1881, a copy

of the same letter presented by Miss Barton to President Garfield, received prompt attention,

and as a result, the American Association of the Red Cross was immediately organized, and the

United States, in 1882, agreed to the convention of Geneva, beingthe thirty-second nation to do so.

The American National Society has its auxiliaries in all parts of the United States. Its

organization is permanent, and it pursues its work of merc}^ not only in war, but at all times

-when sudden emergencies arise. It seeks to be constantly ready for duty, both as to material

308 Caiiipafi^^niiig in the I'liilippuies.

and personnel. Its badge has become familiar wherever there is great trouble. Miss Clara Bar-

ton, as is well known, has been at the head of the American Society ever since its organization.

The American Red Cross had been active in Cuba, previous to the breaking out of the war,

and immediately upon that event, and coincident with the raising of volunteer troops, RedCross Societies, with or without formal connection with the National Society, sprang into

existence everywhere. The headquarters of the National Society are at Washington, but its

greatest center of work is in New York, where, at the beginning of the war, a powerful Relief

Committee was organized, under the Presidency of Bishop H. C. Potter, which had received,

up to March 17, 1899, over $320,000 to be applied to the work. To "Auxiliary No. :^,'" at NewYork, of which' Mrs. James Speyer is President, was assigned the duty of caring for the soldiers

in the Philippines, and nurses and supplies went forward by the first transport sailing from

New York.

Immediately upon the call for volunteers a meeting of patriotic ladies and gentlemen was

called in San Francisco and met at the California Hotel, on April 23d, Mrs. \V. B. Harrington

presiding. Other meetings were held in rapid succession in other cities of the State, and the

result was the organization of a California State Red Cross Society of which Mrs. \V. B. Har-

rington has been President, and which has been remarkable for its effectiveness and for the

personal devotion of its officers and members. At first the main thought was for provision for

the California soldiers, and the natural official affiliation of the society was with the California

National Guard. There w^as no time to seek instructions from the National Society, and

apparently no necessity, the proposed duty being mainly the proper equipment and care of the

California Volunteers; but with Dewey's victory, and the American occupation of the Philip-

pines, all this was changed. San Francisco would evidentl}- be the post of departure for the

troops for the Orient. Soldiers from many States would be for weeks in camp here, and later

would be returning, in both cases needing such care as no government ever did or ever can supply.

How nobly the women of California rose to the unexpected opportunity has been told in

emphatic language from the lips of every soldier wlio has passed through San FYancisco.

Originallj' organized to aid the soldiers of California, the charity and loving care of the society

has known no bounds. Soldiers have been cared for regardless of State bounds. Although a

local society it has been doing a national work. It has not only cared for soldiers in San Fran-

cisco, but has sent nurses, agents and supplies to the Philippines for the succor, not only of

Californians, but of all in distress. It has had the aid of more than one hundred local auxil-

iaries, of which that of San Francisco, under the presidency of Mrs. John V. Merrill, has

naturally been the largest. Large sums of money have been expended \)\ the State, San Fran-

cisco and Oakland societies. It is not yet possible to give the aggregate of the disbursements ofthe

California Red Cross Societies, but the State Society alone expended |22,494 during the year

ending October 17, 1899. The money was expended for the support of nurses and supplies sent

to the Philippines, and employed in San Francisco, where a convalescent hospital was main-

tained. Indentification medals were supplied to all soldiers, and nearly all organizations,

passing through San Francisco, w'ere met and fed on arrival. The Society acted as bankers for

soldiers paid off", and distributed literature and stationery in great quantities.

THE SIGNAL CORPS.

The Signal Corps is the staff department which is charged with the duty of maintaining

communications between commanding generals and their subordinates in the field, by means

of telegraphs, telephones, flag signals, balloons, carrier pigeons or whatever other means of

communication may be found practicable. The head of the department is a Brigadier General,

at Washington, and there are signal officers attached to all armies in the field according to their

requirements for the time being. The enlisted force consists of Sergeants, Corporals and Pri-

vates, as in the line. In the reorganized regular army there are six companies, fully officered,

the aggregate enlisted force being about 750 men. There is a school of instruction maintained on

the Atlantic Coast where men are trained for their duties. In time of war the service is rapidly-

recruited, mainly from telegraph operators and others accustomed to electrical work, and where-

ever an army moves the Signal Corps men go with it, the telegraph lines being kept as close as

necessary to the firing line, so that the commanding general is kept in constant touch with.

Campaxgniug in the Phxlippmes. 309

Division and Brigade Headquarters. It is a laborious and hazardous service, as no point is moreeagerly sought for attack than the communications of an enemy. The lines are often put upand maintained under fire, and during the Philippine campaign many acts of heroism have been

performed by the men of this corps who freely exposed themselves to sharpshooters in climbing

poles and trees while stringing the telegraph hues. Lieutenant-Colonel R. E. Thompson has

been Chief Signal Officer upon the staff of the Corps Conmiander, during the operations of our

armies in the Philippines.THE CHAPLAINS IN THE ARMY.

[According to army regulations, there is attached to each regiment a Chaplain whose duty

is to conduct religious services when possible, and otherwise to minister to the regiments in the

field as he would to a congregation at home. Being non-combatants, they are not necessarily

exposed to the fire of the enemy, but to the credit of our Chaplains be it said, that where there

was a soldier needing their attentions, there they were to be found, whether on the firing line

or elsewhere. It has not been found possible to procure any complete record of the services of

the Chaplains in the Philippines, and it has seemed best to give in full the following personal

narrative, which includes merely a record ofa few incidents coming under the personal observa-

tion of the writer, but illustrates better than any more formal statement, the life and work of

the Chaplains in the army. It is proper to say that the writer of the following was a Press

Correspondent who is also a congregational clergyman, who was himself several times wounded,and who was as active and helpful in ministering to the soldiers, as those whose services he

chronicles].

" The Chaplain is the true knight of the battlefield. His high dut}- it is to march with the

soldiers, assist the weak, succor the wounded, administer to the dying, and bring the consolation

of God to the dripping edges of the battlefield.

" There were not wanting in our army in the Philippines splendid and heroic Ministers of

various denominations and creeds of Christianity, who abandoned their homes and their workin order to be of use and blessing to the soldiers fighting in the distant land. I have seen these

Chaplains on the firing line, with the Hospital Corps, the Military Reserve Hospitals, and be-

side the soldier's grave. No class of men behave with more gentleness and chivalry than these

devoted Soldiers of the Cross. It would be invidious to select from so able and perfect a bodyof men any particular members for special praise or consideration, but I was fortunate enoughto meet and campaign with several of them, while I was not able to see them all on the battle-

field. Among the very best and most heroic of these men was Rev. Father W. D. McKinnon,Chaplain of the 1st California. He it was who entered Manila under the fire of the Spaniards,

walking along the shore near old Malate, in order to interview the Archbishop and to ask himif Manila could not be surrendered without loss of life. He told me himself that in this expedi-

tion he received a wound in the fleshy part of the leg, which he tried to treat himself, and which

after a couple of days gangrened, giving him considerable trouble. He was not a spectacular

man. Father McKinnon, but did his work in a kind, gentle and modest way which attracted to

him the hearts of all who met him. Among all the regiments I think no Chaplain was moresincerely loved by men of all denominations and creeds than Father McKinnon. Together wetrudged along dusty roads, through the rice-fields and through the cane-brakes on the torrid,

dusty battlefields between Caloocan and Malolos.

" I remember one morning, as we came along the railroad beyond Bocaue, how we found a

poor Filipino lying with his leg broken at the thigh. He must have been running and fell into

one of the deep ravines, for his clothes w^ere saturated with water, and his hands and feet were all

pale and white. Two soldiers had brought him from the swamp and laid him on the dry ground

beside the railway. I was ver}- much touched at the way in which Father McKinnon, with the

aid of IVIr. Waage, of the California Red Cross, worked over the restoration of this poor man.

The Padre went across the scorching rice-fields to get some branches of bamboo to shade the

man withal, while Mr. Waage, from his medical kit, gave restoratives and hypodermic injec-

tions to the sufferer.

" Again on the Santa Cruz expedition, I met Father McKinnon and Mr. Waage. There

was no duty too menial, no work too hard, and no task too perilous for the Chaplain to under-

take. He would walk by the side of a soldier and encourage him in a kindly way and help him

310 Campaigning in the Philippines.

with his knapsack, or Irv and get food or medicine for the poor fellows who fell out from the

heat of the sun. Between vSanta Cruz and Pagsanjan, while we were on the roadside waiting for

the artillery to come up, a great fellow over six feet tall broke in from the cocoanut groves,

saying he was prostrated by the heat. It was evident that he was thoroughly demoralized, and

perhaps his brain touched by the sun. It was a telling sight to see Father McKinnon encour-

age the poor fellow, and by a few restoratives bringing him aroiind so that by afternoon I .saw

this same man fighting away on the firing lines as if he had never been injured. I shall never

forget a night that the reporters, chaplains and military attaches encamped at Longos church

on Laguna de Bay. That day a part of the North Dakota Regiment had been ambushed and

five of its men killed and .several wounded. The killed and wounded were brought back as the

evening shades grew to gray around the old church walls. One poor fellow was shot through

the lungs, another was shot through the neck. They were both alive when brought to the

church. Still a third had been shot through the spine. He also was alive. From five in the

afternoon until midnight, Father McKinnon was engaged with these men. From some he took

their confessions, to some he brought tea and such other restoratives as we could get ready.

"There was also with us that night a very noble man, the Rev. Mr. Stephenson of Idaho.

These two Chaplains exercised a wonderful influence in the tragic .scene. Here in the dim

church aisle were stretched in pathetic windrows, the living and the dead, and up under the

altar, where the dim light of the candles throws a shadowy lay the man who was wounded in the

lungs, and in the little sacristy lay two of the mortally wounded. When the Chaplain told

these men they had but an hour to live, one of them, a young bugler, sipped a cup of tea and

turning to his friend, who was also mortally wounded, said: 'Well, Jack, let us die bravely.' Chap-

lain McKinnon sat up most of the night with the man who was shot through the lungs. I

remember looking along the floor of the church that night, and the shadow of the sentinel

pacing to and fro, mingled .strangely with the shadow of the preacher as he bent above the

agonized and dying. It was a scene to live in a man's memory forever. As I went outside the

stifling church—for in that tropic countrj- decomposition .sets in as soon as death, and the odor

of chloroform and decomposition was stifling— I looked up at the skj^ and saw the ' Southern

Cross.' It seemed to me almost a sign from Heaven. Out in the dew where the .stars are

alwavs peaceful, the 'Cross' seemed like an emblem of Hope. It .seemed as if God knew

that our hearts were hurt and weary. In the early gray of dawn, I walked down to the church

again and found the Chaplain there. Still those pathetic windrows of the dead, and those

pathetic faces of the living. The .stars were shining still. The 'Sign' was hung out in the

branding sky, and in the dim aisles where the altar candles burned the face of ' Our Lady

'

was suffused as with tears.

" In L,awton's expedition north, there campaigned with us Father Hart of the 3d Art., and

Father Fitzgerald. In the expedition to San Isidro, we traversed a countn,- that was almost

impassable. Few armies would have been able to cross it except under such a brilliant and

determined a man as Major-General Lawton. To watch the battle was interesting, and to march

with and talk to the men was an education for a lifetime, but as a change I sometimes fell back

to talk and interchange views with the Chaplains. In places, these men were under severe fire

because the insurgents fire high and the spent bullets usually take effect with the Hospital

Corps and the Signal Service men, who are in the rear. At San Rafael we had various skirm-

ishes, but you could see these Chaplains moving to and fro along the road, which was a very

exposed and dangerous place, helping the men and cheerfully doing any task or duty that came

their way. One day w-e were led off" into ambush by a spy, who was our guide. After the army

had wandered two or three miles across the country, we discovered a native priest who offered

to .show us the way to San Jose, our next town. It was impossible, however, to get very much

out of him, as he did not understand Spanish very well, but Father Fitzgerald was in the

expedition, and I suggested to Gen. Lawton that perhaps Father Fitzgerald could understand

the priest's way of expressing him.self. I went back about two miles and found Father Fitz-

gerald at dinner, which consisted of one slice of bacon and one and a half hardtack. He

immediately left his luxurious meal, and accompanied me across the hot stifling landscape in

the middle of the day. Reaching the tent where Gen. Lawton and the Filipino priest were.

Father Fitzgerald engaged the priest in conversation iu Latin, and in a few moments was

BfRIAL SCKNES IN THE GRAVEYARD NEAR FORT SAN ANTONIO.

CHAPLAIN PIERCE, OFFICIATING.

312 Caiiipai^s^aiiii^ :>i the Philippines.

able to find out froiii him the various trails and roads leading to the town we were looking

for. Cien. Lawton spoke to me in terms of highest commendation of Father Fitzgerald.

" It was upon a dark night in front of San Rafael. I reached the camp at midnight, worn out

with the journey of thirtj'-five miles, and lay down upon the road beside a carabao wagon. Abull was tied to one side of the wagon and in between the shafts was a heap of hay. As I lay

down with a groan I was surprised to see this heap of hay move, and Father Fitzgerald extri-

cate himself from the shafts of the wagon, saying to me in a kindly voice, ' I know you have

come all the way from Manila. You get in this hay. I can sleep on a board which the China-

man, our cook, offered me this evening.' It rained that night and, as I was a sick man, I felt

how good a turn the priest had done me. I should have been very comfortable under mycoverlet of hay, only the old bull, in the middle of the night, became hungry and ate up this

unusual counterpane.

"After the fall of Malabon, Father Hart was stationed in that town for sometime. The

natives were a little shy of him when he came in an American uniform, but when he brought

his Catholic vestment and conducted their services for them, they opened their hearts and homes

to him, and he told me that never in his life had he been received with such courtesy and loving

kindness as by the inhabitants of Malabon. I think it would be of immense value to these

Philippine Islands to import into the Catholic Church there a large number of our American

priests. Here in America the Catholic priests have become so thoroughly imbued with the

ideas of universal liberty that they could not but impart to the Filipinos a great deal of the

results ofAmerican training. A man like Archbishop Ireland, in my opinion, could do more for

the Islands, with an able staff of Catholic priests, than all the armies that we can send against

these benighted folk.

" Chaplain Stephenson of the Idaho Regiment was a man for whom the whole army had the

highest respect; a man who lived with the troops, who partook of their scanty fare, journeyed in

their hard marches, shared their dangers, and did all these things with a modesty of forgetful-

ness for self, which creates the true gentleman hero.

" Chaplain Pierce of the First Reserve Hospital, has been of great help to the sick soldiers,

and of great use to the country by reason of his carefulness in burying the dead and markingtheir graves against the time that their friends at home may wish to remiove their heroic ashes.

Since Chaplain Pierce came to this work no single American soldier has been buried without

military honors. We have lost by disease and battles a good many men in the Philippines.

The cemeter}' at Battery Knoll is filled, and a new cemetery was opened on the level ground,

near old Malate Fort. As we passed one day, we saw a long trench like a deep gash in the

face of nature. A few graves were already there. A week later I visited the same place andfound the significant line of graves had lengthened, and the gash in nature was being filled.

After a few weeks this long trench was nearly filled in, and one quiet afternoon, as we neared

the place, we saw four hearses there. There were no mourners, only Chaplain Pierce standing

bareheaded, while four coffins were lowered into the graves. The wild waves beat on the shore

of Manila Bay, as if to sing a requiem for the brave dead who woufd never see their native land

again. A strong wind was blowing across the level lands, and in the woods the cooing

of the ring-dove sounded strange and weird. The Chaplain read, as he stood alone, the

glorious words of the burial service of the Episcopal Church. The weed-grown grave, already,

nearby, was the scene of the burial of a child, and the service of the Chaplain, as it rose free to

the sky in that desolate and lonely place seemed a fitting prayer for the child who had died onits mother's knee, and the man who had hobbled across the hospital of life to the grave on the

other side. There was a prayer for the 'Martyr,' a prayer for the 'Suffering,' a prayer for

all in ' Trouble ' and a Benediction.

" As I went away from that sad place the grand words seemed to mingle still upon the air

and make it sweet, tho' lonely. Some of the words kept coming back like the words of anunforgotten song.

" ' Lord, have mercy upon all who are wounded or suffering. Let thy grace be their comfort,

tho' kindred and friends be faraway . . . Almighty God, with whom do live the spirits of

just men, made perfect after their delivery from their earthly presence, we humbly commandthe souls of these thy servants, our brothers, into thy hands. . , .

Cainpais^yiino; in the Philippines. 313

" ' Lord, support us all day long of this troublous life, until the shadows lengthen and the

evening comes, and the busy world is hushed, and the fever of life is over and its battles done.

Then, in thy mercy, grant us a safe lodging and holy rest and peace at last.'

"These words seemed so gracious on the horrid edge of war. They seem to grow into our

memory like a little root of daisies blooming undefiled amid the riot of the battlefield. It

seemed to send the throes of grace and poetrj^ into the hard and sordid world. The dead hadnot died in vain, their friends remembered them: ' Tho' kindred and friends were faraway.'

They were sustained by the prayers of those across the sea: ' Support us all day long of this

troublous life, until the shadows lengthen and the evening comes, and the busy world is hushedand the fever of life is over and its battles done.'

vSKRTCHES OF SOME CHAPLAINS.

" Rev. Charles C. Pierce of the Episcopal Church in Philadelphia, a graduate ofShurtleff Col-

lege, Illinois, was the Chaplain of the Regulars at Camp Merritt. He has been in the army for

thirteen years. When active operations began in the Philippines, he was in the Second Divi-

sion, Chaplain with the Regulars on Gen. MacArthur's staff, and was ordered to the First

Reserve Hospital, his duty being to take charge of and identify the dead, prepare them for

burial, make arrangements for the sounding of the taps over their graves, and for the sending of

the clergyman to conduct the services. He has charge of the coffins and the supplying of

clothes, carriage escorts and buglers. When there is no other Chaplain at hand he goes to the

grave himself. He told me of a case of five men who were killed at Paete and brought

down in the middle of the night. They had been dead several days, and in the tropical

climate decomposition had strongly set in. These bodies were placed in the aisle of a hospital

among the sick people and were a danger and menace to health. Dr. Pierce came in at mid-

night and found this condition of things. He made a protest but could find no one to help himin the difficulty. Finally he engaged a dozen natives and with them set out himself to Battery

Knoll, placed the soldiers in graves and located each body, so that they could be found whentheir friends at home sent for them. He had buried, when I saw him on the 16th of Junesince March 29th, 217 American soldiers. Not one man had been buried without the honors

of war and the Chaplain. That is, the sounding of the taps and the wreathing of the grave with

the American flag. The work of this one man shows the value, courage and constancy of the

work done by the Chaplains in the army.

" Sometimes men are inclined to slight the Chaplains. This happened to be the case in the

Kansas Regiment, where the Chaplain, Dr. J, S. Schliemann, was supposed to be too much of a

recluse and religious man to suit the fighting blood of Funston's soldiers. Time went on and

open war began, and the temper of the Chaplain had never been known to his regiment until

the night of the fight at Caloocan, when the Kansans discerned the tall and rail-like figure of

their Chaplain stalking through the woods with a gun, bringing down the wily sharpshooter

from his perch in the trees, even as the hunter brings down his game. From that moment Dr.

vSchliemann was one of the chief heroes in the Kansas Regiment, 'that body of heroes and hero-

worshipers.'

" We read of the Tennessee Chaplain dying at his post from the plague of smallpox; of

the Washington Chaplain also falling martyr to duty, and it would be invidious to mention one

without naming all for heroism and duty well performed. The only reason why I cannot give

a sketch of the work of each Chaplain, is that I am speaking now only of those with whom I

came in contact. I have heard of the work of all of the Chaplains, and I have heard them all

highly praised.

"Rev. W. S. Gilbert, Presbyterian, of the Oregon Regiment, was a man who impressed mewith his great common sense, and his deep interest in the welfare of his men. He prepared a

tablet for me showing how the army influences the character of young men. He prepared

several questions which he gave to each one of the Captains and Sergeants of the Oregon Regi-

ment, in relation to the moral influence of the army life, and received in reply an almost

unanimous answer, that in every respect, with the exception of profanity, the men had improved

in character since coming to the Philippines.

314 Campaigning in the P/nIipp7nes.

"There is every reason for me to believe tliat the Chaplain was an instrument of good

among the men. This is true, not only in regard to those I have mentioned, but in regard to

all the Chaplains in the field.

" Chaplains Stull and Cressy were especially prominent in their efforts to give the soldiers

and civilians religious exercises on Sunday. There seemed to be no distinction of sect, all

difference of belief seemed to sink in the face of heroism and dutv. I have seen a Catholic

priest and a Methodist minister bending over the same, wounded, dying man, and giving him

whatever human help they could.

" The Y. M. C. A., under Messrs. Glunz and Jackson, did splendid and effective work in

helping the men along the lines. They used to go along the firing lines with note paper, pens

and pencils so that the soldier did not feel himself utterly abandoned if he happened to fall in

the fight, but was able thus to send messages, oftentimes his last word to his kin bej^ond the

sea. The Y. M. C. A. also had a tent near the Bridge of Spain, near Manila. Their books,

papers, periodicals, and all kinds of writing material were given to the soldiers free of charge.

As one crossed the Bridge of vSpain, nights, the kindly lights of the Y. M. C. A. tent gleamed

out amid the tents of war and the .streets of turmoil, like a silver beacon along the wave-

tormented coast.

" Rev. James B. Rodgers and the Rev. E. S. Hubbard of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign

Missions, conducted the missionary work in the city of Manila, in a quiet, modest and sub-

stantial way. Just at present, owing to the unsettled condition of Luzon, and, in fact, of all the

Philippines, the work of the missionary will necessarily be very slow. Only the very wise and

level-headed preachers should attempt any of that work to-day in the Philippines, because the

people are ver^- strongly opposed to Protestantism, and feel that if we thrust Protestantism into

the islands, we will take away their religious, as well as their political liberty. This was the

case with the Rev. Dr. Hermann in Cebu. He had distributed some tracts among the Bisayans.

The tracts were harmless in themselves, but the town priest and local paper immediately

became enraged, and Col. Hamer, the American Military Commander, was forced to send Mr.

Hermann to Manila."

A DESERVED ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

An interesting chapter might be written describing the circumstances under which many of

the views which appear in this book were taken. The writer's own personal experience with a

kodak could be made, with a little embellishment, into a very exciting tale. Many of the

pictures were taken in the open battlefield, under the fire of the enemy, and several men were

wounded while thus engaged. It requires as much nerve to take a photograph of a companyof soldiers charging the enemy's trenches, as to be one of those engaged in the movement

—

possibly more, when the enemy is firing wild, or when they happen to select the camera for

a target.

Special mention is due to the following soldiers of the different regiments, who have

furnished us with photographs, taken on the field or elsewhere. Their addresses, as far as wehave them, are given for the benefit of those who may be collecting war views:

W. H. Lillie, official photographer, 8th Army Corps, box 614, Leadville, Col.

Harry Coombs (1st Washington), North Yakima, Wash.; C. C.Jackson (1st Washington),

Dayton, Wash.; Howard Page (13th Minnesota), Minneapolis, Minn; Wni. Darcey (remained in

Manila); J. E. Northrup (20th Kansas), Lawrence, Kas.; C. C. Cole, (20th Kansas); Arthur C.

Johnson (1st Colorado), Denver, Col.; Lieut. G. E. Thomas (1st Colorado), Pueblo, Col;

Geo. R. Boomer (1st Nebraska), Beatrice, Neb.; Wm. H. Reedy (1st Nebraska), Beatrice, Neb.;

Lieut. Van Valin (1st Nebraska), Nelson, Neb.; John W. Jones (2d Oregon), Portland, Or.;

C. C. Stoakley (6th U. S. Art.), remained at Manila; C. B. Bishop (6th Art.), remained at Manila;

Steward Wells (Hospital Corps), Corregidor Island, P. I.

Sam C. Partridge, 121 Post street, San Francisco; B. F. Rahmeyer, Greenwich street, SanFrancisco; Hodson, 416 Gearj' street, San Francisco, have photos of companies and officers in

volunteer regiments.

OFFICIAL

HISTORY OF THE OPERATIONS

OF THE

First Washington Infantry, U. S. V.

IN THE

CAMPAIGN IN THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS

WRITTEN BY

ADJUTANT WILLIAM L. LUHNWho was with the Regiment throughout the Campaign

IHROUGH THE COURTESY OF

COLONEL JOHN H. WHOLLEY

ADJUTANT LUHN WAS PERMITTED TO USE THE OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE

REGIMENT in COMPILING THIS HISTORY.

To Whom it May Concern:

I certify that the accompanying historical matter and

rosters, written especially for " Campaigning in the Philippines,"

relative to the First Washing^ton Volunteer Infantry, are official, the

account of the field operations having been compiled by Adjutant

William H. Luhn, from the official records of the regiment.

JOHN H. WHOLLEY,Colonel First Washington Infantry.

^S' ^"^ *^

"J-^m4... r ,i(,^-

4

COLONEL JOHN H. WHOLLKV TAKEN IN FRONT OF HIS QUARTERS AT I'ASIG.

FIRST WASHINGTON REGIMENT.

AR having been declared against Spain and the President of the

United States having called for 125,000 volunteers on the 25th

day of April, 1898, "To serve for two years unless sooner

discharged," the State of Washington found her quota of the

125,000 troops to be one regiment of infantry.

The work of organizing this regiment was commenced with-

out delay. At this time the National Guard of the vState con-

sisted of parts of two regiments of infantry, a squadron of

cavalry and one battery of light artillery. It was principally

from these organizations that the regiment of volunteers wasmade up. It should be noted here that this State military organization was of the

most excellent and effective character. This was strikingly evident in the subse-

quent career of the regiment in the volunteer service, which, under the splendid

military discipline obtaining in this regiment, at once placed it in the first rank

in the service, not only in the way of military discipline and effectiveness,

but more especially for its superior marksmanship. His Excellency, John R.

Rogers, Governor of the State of Washington, found quite a task on his hands

to select, from the many organizations and individuals offering their services,

material with which to organize the 1st Regiment of Washington Inf., U. S. V.,

and the selection, as finally made, was not because of the superior excellence of

those taken above those unchosen, but was rather made under a s^'stem of just

apportionment to the different localities in the State.

The first and most important appointment to be made was that of a Colonel to

command the regiment. This position was offered to John H. WhoUe}', 1st lyieu-

tenant, 24th U. S. Inf., by whom it was accepted, with the consent of the WarDepartment. Col. Wholley was at that time professor of military science and

tactics and instructor in civil engineering and mathematics at the vState Univer-

sity, located at Seattle, and previous to this had been United States recruiting

officer at Seattle for two years and with a residence in the State of eight years had

a large interest in the State's welfare.

A site for the State rendezvous was selected near the city of Tacoma and

named " Camp John R. Rogers." Col. Wholley immediately communicated with

the various companies of the National Guard which were to form a nucleus for

the regiment. Companies were selected from the principal cities of the State as

'follows

:

From Seattle, tw^o companies of infantry; from Spokane, one company of

infantry and a battery of light artillery, volunteering as infantry; from Tacoma,

one company of infantry; from W^alla Walla, one company of infantr}- from North

Yakima, one troop of cavalry, volunteering as infantry; from Waitsburg, one com-

pany of infantry; from Ellensburg, one company of infantr}-; from Centralia, one

2 Cauipaii^iiiHi^ in the Philippines.

company of infantry; from Dayton, one company of infantry, and from Vancouver,

one company of infantry. These companies were selected from the many that

volunteered their services to eng^age in the war against Spain. They were ordered

to proceed to Camp Rogers, and there report to Col. Wholley, and the morning

of May 1, 1898, found the twelve companies assembled at Camp Rogers, ready to

be mustered into the service of the United States. Capt. Frank Taylor, 14th

U. S. Inf., was detailed as mustering officer, and Captain and Assistant Surgeon

John L. Phillips, U. S. A., was detailed as medical examiner, and the work of

mustering in the regiment was commenced.

The field and staff of the regiment was mustered in as follows: Colonel, John

H, Wholley, U. S. A.; Lieutenant-Colonel, William J. Fife, Tacoma; Major and

Surgeon, Lewis R. Dawson, Seattle; Major, John J. Wei.senburger, New What-

com; Major, John Carr, Dayton; Chaplain, John R. Thompson, Aberdeen; Assist-

ant Surgeon, Elmer M. Brown, Tacoma; Assistant Surgeon, Wm. McVan Patten,

Walla Walla; Adjutant, William L. Luhn, Spokane; Quartermaster, Albert W.Bryan, Seattle.

The different companies took the oath of allegiance and were mustered into

the volunteer army of the United States on dates as follows: May 6th, Company D,

Seattle, with Capt. Frank E. Adams, 1st Lieut. Henry L. Egell, 2d Lieut. George

B. Lamping; May 7th, Company B, Seattle, with Capt. George H. Fortson, 1st

Lieut. Matt H. Gormly, 2d Lieut. Harvey J. Moss; May 9th, Company A,

Spokane, with Capt. Albert H. Otis, 1st Lieut. Edward K. Erwin, 2d Lieut.

Wm. I. Hinckley; May 9th, Company E, North Yakima, with Capt. Marshal,

S. Scudder, 1st Lieut. Fred T. Briggs, 2d Lieut. William L. Lemon; May 9th,

Company L, Spokane, with Capt. Jos. M. Moore, 1st Lieut. R. J. Koontz, 2d

Lieut. Charles E. Nosier; May 10th, Company I, Walla Walla, with Capt.

William B. Buffum, 1st Lieut. Morrow C. Gustin, 2d Lieut. Thomas D. S. Hart;

May 10th, Company F, Dayton, with Capt. Chester F. Miller, 1st Lieut. Charles

A. Booker, 2d Lieut. George B. Dorr; May 11th, Company G, Vancouver, with

Capt. M. F. Ellrich, 1st Lieut. William V. Rinegart, 2d Lieut. William E. Weighes;

May Uth, Company H, EUensburg, with Capt. Alfred C. Steinman, 1st Lieut.

Samuel C. Davidson, 2d Lieut. Edward G. Southern; May 12th, Company K,

Waitsburg, with Capt. Charles T. Smith, 1st Lieut. Jesse K. Arnold, 2d Lieut.

John B. Caldwell; May 12th, Company C, Tacoma, with Capt. Edward A.

Sturges, 1st Lieut. Samuel C. Bothwell, 2d Lieut. John B. McCoy; May 18th,

Company M, Centralia, with Capt. John E. Boyer, 1st Lieut. George M. Drehen,

2d Lieut. Russell T. Hazzard. A regimental band was organized, under the

leadership of Chief Musician Loren L. Day, by selecting musicians from the

different companies of the regiment.

A short digression should be made here to record what should have been stated

in the sequence of events. The State of Washington has always, since her advent

into the sisterhood of States, felt herself .strongly intertwined in the destinies of the

republic, and as such has felt keenly every national impulse and inspiration. In

her whole commonwealth is found the best blood and sinews which make a people

.strong and great. In her financial, manufacturing, and commercial life are found

the highest types of the business world. In all her commercial centers the

Canipaigniiis; in tlw IVuIippines.

observer is first struck with the keen sagacity and unflinching probity of her busi-

ness men. In the agricultural and other industrial pvirsuits one is deeply impressed

with the high character of mind participating in these vocations.

Patriotism takes a deep root with such a people, and it is not the kind

of emotion upon which anarch}' is fed, but rather that upon which stable republics

rest—it was this class which gave of its ver}- best to do their part in the then

Spanish-American War—and the regiment as constituted was known within the

borders of the State at that time, and afterwards in its .splendid career, as being a

representative body of men in manhood, character, and honor. When war was

declared the enthusiasm ran through Washington like an infection, and although

Init few could be recei^•ed into the ranks, with these few went the prayers

and benedictions of all. The pageants and ovations which greeted the

organizations in their farewells will ne^'er be torgotten by the Washington

boys. Until the last battalion quitted the vState the people never tired of

their good offices.

On May 9th, orders were received to send the 1st Battalion, under command of

Lieut. Col. Fife, to San Francisco, Cal., to report upon arrival to the commandingGeneral, Department of Cali-

fornia. This battalion con-

sisted of Companies A, B, Dand E, commanded by Maj.

Weisenburger, and embarked

at Tacoma on the steamship

Senator on yi?iy \^\.\i. After a

pleasant and uneventful voy-

age, Lieut. Col. Fife and his

command arrived safely at San

Francisco and were quartered

in the large brick warehouse

of Fontana & Co. , afterwards

called Fontana Barracks. OnMay 14th, the "id Battalion, consisting of Companies F, G, I and L, commanded

by Maj. Carr, received orders to proceed to San Francisco. This Imttalion

embarked at Tacoma on the steamship City of Peking on May loth, had a

safe and speedy voyage and, upon its arrival in San Francisco, was quartered in

Fontana Barracks with the 1st Battalion.

San Francisco was ablaze with the spirit abroad in the land and incoming regi-

ments from the sister States had been received and welcomed with no uncertain

chivalry and hospitality. Unlike the rest, the Washington Battalion had stolen

quietly into the confines of the city unobserved, but it was too marked a bod}^ of

men to remain long undiscovered. The superior excellence of the command and

the accomplishments of officers and men soon brought to the attention of the citi-

zens these battalions, and from this until their final embarkation for Manila

regard for them increased with their stav.

EN ROUTK TO SAN FR.ANCISCO.

4 Caiiipaiii'iiiiio- in (Iw Philippines.

On May 24th, headquarters and the od Battalion, consisting of Companies C,

H, K and M, were ordered to proceed by rail to \"ancouver Barracks, Wash.,

and there take station. They left Camp Rogers on May 2oth and arrived at \"an-

couver Barracks the same night at 11 :.')() o'clock. The 1st and 2d Battalions at

San Francisco and the 3d Battalion at Vancouver Barracks now commenced work

in drilling and getting in shape for active service.

The 1st and 2d Battalions in Fontana Barracks were very comfortably

quartered comjxired to the many troops who were put in camp on the sand hills

of vS.in Francisco, known as Camp Merritt. The headquarters, band and

od Battalion were very fortunate in being assigned to garrison duty at Van-

couver Barracks, which is one of the finest military posts of the United States.

With Col. Wholley in command of the Post they were given every opportunity to

drill and equip, and were soon prepared for any service that might be assigned

them. Shortly after the regiment was mustered in, 1st L,ieut. Koontz of Company

L resigned, and John E. Ballaine, Adjutant-General of the State, was appointed

by the Governor to fill the vacancy.

On June loth, Company F was ordered from Fontana Barracks to Angel

Island to garrison that Post, and on July 1st the remainder of the 2d

Battalion, under command of Lieut. Col. Fife, proceeded from Fontana Barracks to

Angel Island, and there went into garrison wdth Lieut. Col. Fife in command of

the Post, previously commanded by Gen. Shafter. On June 23d, the 1st Battalion,

under command of Maj. Weisenburger, was ordered to the Presidio of San

Francisco and there went into quarters, where it speedil}' acquired excellence

in tactics. On July 21st, the long-looked-for order was received, ordering head-

quarters and the 3d Battalion from A'ancouver Barracks to San Francisco. Thejourney w^as made by rail, and Col. Wholley reported to the General Commanding,Department of California on July 25th, from whom he received orders to go into

quarters at the Presidio of San Francisco, thus bringing the regiment together

with the 1st and -kl Battalions at the Presidio, and the 2d Battalion at Angel

Island, just across the bay. Previous to this time the 1st Washington Regiment

had received notice that it was destined for foreign service as a part of

the expeditionary forces in the Philippines. Later, it was assigned to the Depart-

ment of California.

On August 31st, the two battalions stationed at the Presidio took part in a re-

view of the expeditionary forces, comprising the Independent Division, 8th ArmyCorps, with Col. Wholley in command of the 1st Brigade. This division was re-

viewed by its commander, Brigadier-General Marcus P. Miller, on the Presidio

Heights. On September IDth, orders were received for the regiment to prepare to

proceed to Manila and great was the rejoicing thereat.

Upon receipt of this order the regiment was relieved from duty in the

Department of California and assigned to the Independent Division, 8th ArmyCorps, as part of the expeditionary forces, although the 2d Battalion remained

in quarters at Angel Island and the 1st and 3d Battalions remained in

quarters at the Presidio until the day of embarking. On October 19th the

3d Battalion left Angel Island, embarked on the United States transport

Ca!iipai_<iiiiii_ii' in the J'/ii/ippi)it's.

Valencia, steamed out of San Francisco Bay and was on its way to Manila with

the advance guard of the Washingtons. The I'a/ouia touched at Honoluhi to

coal, where a few very pleasant days were spent by both officers and men, seeing

the sights in and around Honolulu and enjoying the entertainment and hospitality

of the inhabitants of that beautiful city. It arrived at Manila November 22d,

afLcr a pleasant and uneventful voyage, no accident or serious illness occurring to

mar the enjoyment of the voyage. On October 28th, headquarters and the 1st

and ;5d Battalions left the Presidio of San Francisco, embarked on the I'nited

States transport Oliio, and at ll:oO o'clock p. m., left the pier and started on the

long vovage to Manila. The 0/iw touched at Honolulu the morning of Novem-

ber 5th, and, after coaling, continued the voyage to Manila, leaving in the minds

of all on board ver>- pleasant impressions of the beauties of Honolulu and the sur-

rounding country, and of the courteous entertainment of the charming residents

thereof.

The 0/iio arrived in Manila Bay on the morning of November 26th, having

had no casualties or serious illness aboard during the vovage. The three

battalions were at last

united in Manila Ba}-,

waiting for orders to dis-

embark. Quarters were

finally obtained and the

regiment ordered to dis-

embark and take station

in Paco district, Manila.

The 1st Battalion was

quartered in one wing of

a large tobacco factory ;

the 2d Battalion in a marchino w market street, ban i raxcisco.

large and handsome building kno.vn as the Bishop's palace; the od Battalion

w^as divided, two companies occupying a building on Calle San Marcelino and two

in buildings in East Paco. Headquarters were established in a small house at

No. 7;5 Calle Nozaleda. Thus, it will be seen that the regiment was at last

settled, if the term may be used in view of the uncertainties of a soldier's

stay or abode. We now could survey ourselves and our surroundings, and

in taking account of stock could see that, thanks, perhaps, to the most efficient

medical staff that left the States, the regiment, with the exception of trifling

intestinal disorders, was in excellent health. This staff also was carefully and

judiciously supplemented by the regimental commander in what pertained to

sanitary measures. This included, of course, cleanliness of person, but with

this went careful scrutiny into food conditions, and it must be said that the

Washingtons, w^hether detached in battalions and commanded by either Maj.

Weisenburger or Maj. Canton, or the command being under I^ieut. Col. Fife

•or Col. Wholley, had all the consideration given to the comforts of life that it

was possible to bestow. The regiment had arrived in what is known there as the

"Delightful Season," but even then there was much that was trying to the

unacclimated new-comers. We found ourselves upon what was already historic

I•rw- '^^'tv* » ,rT" r^ ' 'fi^^ -f

4."'-""^

i

CAMP I.IFK AT THE PRESIDIO.

Caiiipaii^niiiii in llic /'/ii/if>f>i)!rs.

Sronnd, for it was here that the vSpaiiish battalions had so long held our forces

at bay, precedini;- the capture of Manila, but above all else of interest, there wasalmost at our touch what then a])pearetl to be a stronji;^ inenacingj foe. Thenumber was uncertain, and their lowg lines and military eciuipment took on ([uite

the form of a military ad\-ersary.

The regiment was assigned to the "id Brigade, 1st I)i\-ision, Sth Arm>- Corps,

but shortly afterwards was assigned to the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, with (ien.

King as brigade commander and Gen. Anderson division commander. Ourduty commenced on December Sth, six days after landing, by furnishing the

guard for outpost dut>- at block-house No. 11, where the post of our sentinel was

on one side of the Concordia bridge, while that of the insurgent sentinel was on

the other.

Concordia bridge is so called because it spans the small creek of Concordia. It

is a small stone bridge, perhaps twenty-five feet in length, and is on the main road

leading from Santa Ana to Manila. During the rainy season this is the onl\- public

avenue between this district and Manila that can be used for highway purposes.

As this rainy

season lasts

most of the

year, it will be

seen, from a

military point

of view, in con-

nection withthe block-houses, to con-

stitute a stra-

tegic point. The insurgents at this place had concentrated a strong support of

their advanced line, the outpost insurgent sentry being in position at the .south end

of the bridge, while our outpost sentry held the north end. The delimitation

between the American and insurgent forces had been thoroughly defined and

assented to by the two commanders, and the stations of the two sentries at the

bridge were on these lines, and any advance by either would be an encroachment

which justified forcible resistance. Notwithstanding this, the sentry was in the

habit not only of invading the neutral ground, but taunting and daring our sentry

to molest him. At different times so threatening was the situation because of

this that the command was called under arms.

On December Dth, we furnished, besides the guard at block-hou.se No. 11, two

companies for outpost duty on the Cingalon Road, thus doing double guard duty.

As a matter of fact, the Washington Regiment was put to the front, where it

had its full share of outpost and other duty from the start. First Lieut. Davidson,

who was left at Angel Island, Cal., on account of physical disability, was dis-

charged, and on December 9th, 2d Dieut. Southern was promoted to be 1st Lieu-

tenant in his place, and Regimental Sergt. Maj. Joe Smith was commissioned a 2d

Lieutenant to succeed Lieut. Southern. Private Thomas W. Lemon, Company A,

was appointed Regimental vSergeant-Major to succeed Joe Smith.

BRKAKINf. CAMP AT THE PRESIDIO.

8 Caiiipaioiii)ig in the I'/iilippi>ies.

All through the month of December the situation in and around Manila was

more or less threatening, and an eruption of the natives seemed inevitable in

the not far distant future. The regiment continued to perform outpost and guard

duty during the months of December and January, and as we had orders to be

prepared to turn out at any time, at a moment's notice, the men had little rest,

but were alwa\s on the qi/i vivv. False alarms were of frecjuent occurrence, and

more than once the regiment was asseml)led in East Paco

ready to support the outposts should hostilities commence.

After January I'ith, one battalion was usually sent out at

night to support the outpost at block-hou.se No. 11, which,

in addition to their other duties, was pretty hard on the

men—sometimes sleeping in the rain and always on the

damp ground, with no shelter above them but the canopy

of heaven. During the month of January, 2d Lieut. Weigle

was promoted to be 1st Lieutenant of Company O, vice

Rinehart resigned. February 4th, the Washington Regi-

ment had its usual guard of thirty men, commanded by an

officer, at block-house No. 11, and a guard of ten men,i.oiNu .^Bo.^RD. under a non-commissioned officer, at block-house No. 10.

These outposts were supported in the evening by two battalions of the regiment,

and at 9:80 p. m., when firing commenced on the Nebraska front, about two miles

to our left, the remaining battalion was ordered out, and the entire regiment was

at once ordered by Col. \Vh0lle3' on the firing line, at our extreme front, the

companies occupying^positions as follov.s:

The detachment of thirty men at block-house No. 11 was of Company B, com-

manded by Lieut. Gormley, and the ten men at block-house No. 10 were from

Company D. On the extreme left, in front of block-house No. 10, were Companies

E, F, G and L under command of Capt. Fortson. To the immediate left of

block-house No. 11, Companies C, H and the remainder of Company B were

placed in line of .skirmishers, with Companies A, M and L to the right of the

block-house in like formation, and in the order named. Company K and the main

body of Company D were still further to the right, supporting Battery I) of the (ith

U. S. Art., on Battery Knoll.

This was the position of the regiment when the insurgents opened fire on our

front at 2:40 A. m., February ")th. We had now been in position about five hours

awaiting this attack. During this time, while owing to the intense darkness, no

glimmer could be had of the combat, still, from the time of firing the first shots,

we could hear the firing, and with intense anxiety noted its significance, as its

nearness to our positions increased and the enemy seemed to be augmenting.

Suddenly this ceased, and then again, of a sudden, like a fury it broke upon our

front. The supreme moment had at last come and we were read>', and the whole

command, without a faltering word or act, received the terrible ^'olley. Wereturned the fire by firing volleys by companies, platoons or squads, according to

the intensitv of the fire desired. A heavv and continuous fire was maintained by

Caiiipaii^iiino in the Philippines. i

both sides during the dark hours of the morning, and daylight, although slow

in coming, finally dawned upon us, and was never more welcome.

At S o'clock in the morning Lieut. Hutton, aide-de-camp to (ien. King,

rode up to where Col. W'holley was stationed, near Block-house 11, with instruc-

tions to the Colonel to advance. Orders were inunediately sent to the different

company commanders to advance directly to the front towards .Santa Ana, wad-

ing the stream when necessary. Previous to this movement, all the companies

had been replenished with ammunition, carrying from 100 to loO rounds of

Springfield amnumition upon the ad\ance. The fire from the enemy quickened,

the principal firing coming from the redoubt which was afterwards captured by

Capt. Fortson. In moving forward the command moved as a body, the line being

MARCHING TO THE TRANSPORT.

kept straight, the men firing as they were walking forward. The object was to

close the insurgents in the town of Santa Ana, which was in a loop of the Pasig

River at that point. A short distance after crossing the little stream in front of

the position which we held during the night, could be seen the effects of

our fire. The grounds in our front were level and were used as rice fields,

and behind the dykes could be seen the bodies of the dead and woundedon the line the insurgents had tried to hold. r3uring all our advance the

fire was kept up, and upon arriving at the position of the wounded of the

enemy, our men did not hesitate to hand their canteens to the insurgents whodesired water. It was noticed, when we were close to the town, that the

insurgents were leaving their redoubts and their entrenchments in Santa Ana and

10 CiDiipaij^mno in Uw Philippines.

going in all directions. However, each one would stop and fire a shot when-

ever the opportunity occurred. The position on the left of our line touched the

Pasig River, so, in order to shut the enemy in the loop, it was necessary to

swing around the right flank of the line, which was done. When we arrived at

the town of Santa Ana many shots were fired, but most of the garrison of the town

had fled, man>- of them trying to swim the Pasig, of whom few reached the

other bank. Those of the insurgents who remained in town tried to conceal

themselves, but were later on captured by patrols and we counted 200 prisoners.

The troops immediately took quarters and sent for their equipments, and

made themselves comfortable in the town which, a few days before they had

been unable to visit. In the advance we were accompanied by two companies

of the 1st California, and a battalion of the 1st Idaho, under Maj. McConville,

who followed closely wdth the Washington Regiment. Maj. McConville advanced

to assist Capt. Fortson in the capture of the principal redoubts in which, while

leading his men, he lost his life.

Upon being settled we immediately started to bury our dead. Details were

made, and we utilized the Filipino prisoners to dig the holes. Upon tallying, we

found that 150 dead insurgents were known to be buried. These were what were

left after the insurgents had ceased carrying off their dead and wounded. Col.

Smith swung his command to the right, going into San Pedro Macati. Shortly

after the town was captured, it was learned that Capt. Fortson, assisted by the

Idaho Battalion, had carried the redoubt, killing between thirty and forty of the

enemy.

While all this was transpiring in the vicinity of block-house No. 11, Capt. Fort-

son with his battalion, w^hich was about half a mile to the left of block-house No. 11,

was not idle. The enem}^ in his fromt was entrenched on top of a knoll about

twentv-five feet high, rising abruptly from the level field with a creek on two sides

of it. From this knoll they were pouring into the ranks of his command a very

hot fire.

Seeing that this position must be taken, Capt. Fortson prepared his men and

ordered the advance and charge. He led his men across the Concordia Creek and

open rice fields up the almost perpendicular sides of the knoll, making the most

gallant and courageous charge of the day. The enemy was completeh' routed,

leaving thirty-three dead in the trenches on the knoll, besides many wounded and

taken prisoners.

Companies D and K supported the battery of artillery until after the advance

was made, when Company K was sent into the woods on the left of the 14th U. S.

Inf., and fought that day with the 2d Brigade, rejoining the regiment next morning

at Santa Ana. Company D was sent to take the Paco Church, from which the

insurgents were delivering quite a destructi^•e fire. This was soon effectually

accomplished. Capt. Adams and his men, entering the church, captured or

killed all the insurgents in sight, and then burned the church.

Gen. King, speaking of the action of the Washington Regiment when the

advance order was given, said :

.\t that moment the 1st Washington had six companies at our front, supporting block-house

No. 11. This gallant regiment had been the delight of the brigade commander for weeks past.

Caiiif>ai<^>iiiiil in the /'/n/ippiiu's. 11

It was so soldierly, so well (IrilU-il, ami so llioroui^h in l-vltv dulw Now it had to lie down in

the rice fields and answer as best it could a raspinj^ firj coniinj^ in three directions from across

the stream—a narrow estuary of the I'asij^, that formed the dividinjj^ line between Manila limits

and the territory of the insurj^ents.

Every minute the fire became hotter. The I'ilipinos had been taus^ht that they had only to

advance and open fire and t)ur fellows would go back. * * * * (.^q ugly was the fire in our

front that the situation became almost unbearable, and at .S in the morning I wired division

headquarters, begging permission to charge and clear the front. The answer was. "Defendyour line, but do not attack," and under these orders the brigade had to act until broad dav-

light. Then, at last, the order came—and then the result.

I have seen the hounds loosed from their leash, and the racers of the best States given the

drum tap and the word "go," but in all my life I have seen no moment, known no exhilaration

like that that came when, launching the Washington State Volunteers acrcss the stream andletting the Idahos follow close, I rode into the attack. Hawthorne, with the A.stor Batterv

niK " v.\i,KNei A.

guns, was alreadv well forward near the Santa Ana bridge and, unlimbering, let drive shot

after shot across the rice fields to our left front, aiming ever at the blaze of the hitherto con-

cealed Krupps. To the right and left of the old bridge that had so long been the one medium

of communication between the Filipino land and Yankeedom on the eastward front of the city,

the Washingtons took the plunge into the narrow^ little estuary and clambered the opposite

bank, mud up to their middles, but in an instant their vSpringfields were blazing across the

fields, and Johnny Filipino streaked it for his entrenchments, dived into them like so manj-

prairie dogs, and then, turning, let drive with Mauser and Remington on the steadily advanc-

cing lines. * * * * The hottest, heaviest fire came from our left front, where, sheltered

by the big walled enclosure of the Norwegian Consul's house, and by the convent walls, seven

hundred vards away, the little rascals let drive for all they were worth. The sight of the Idaho

Regiment coming up from Paco with colors flying (they wouldn't leave them behind) seemed

to set fire to every wall and hedgerow, and the bullets buzzed like wasps in a fury, sweeping

Santa Ana bridge diagonally, smashing lamps into flinders, and sending the chips flying from

12 Cdiitpai^iiiiii^ in the I'/ii/ippincs.

the stone parapets. * * * • Soiiielliing had to he done to at least partially (juell that in-

fernal lire from the left front, and looking ahout me for available infantry, I could for an

instant see nothing but the dead and wounded of the Washington still lying on the original

battle line, where so long we had been held in check b}- orders from the rear.

I think I never knew a- sensation quite as thrilling as when from just behind the .slowly

advancing firing line at the center on the Santa Ana Road, I heard the crash of McConville's

(Idaho) and Fort.son's (Washington) volle^^s at the left rear, and saw them leap out of their

cover on its left and, obedient to the chief, swing upon the enemy and head for the Pasig

—

the right and center going .square into and through .Santa Ana, and the center sharing in the

glory of the left in the capture t)f the Krupps and carrying the redoubts. I can still hear the

glorious bursts of cheers with which the center went over to the enemy's works, and the echo-

ing hurrahs where, just a fourth of a mile away, I<'ortson with his Washington Battalion, and

McConville, with two Idaho Battalions, were making mincemeat of the west redoubt. * *

In killed and wounded we had lo.st some gallant officers and men—seventy was the number

sent in by the surgeons that night—but the fields over which we charged, the earth-works, the

redoubts, the ;^illage streets, the river banks, were strewn wath the insurgent dead. They

fought .savagely on the mound and about their Krupps and there the sight was like one of

Vere.stchagen's pictures of the Plevna campaign. * * * * The only brigade in the 8th

Army Corps composed wholl}- of volunteers, had the stiffest fight and achieved by far the

biggest results.

The Krtipp gutis of which the General .speaks, were captured by lyieiit.

Southern and his brave fellows of Company H. In the rttsh they had no time to

hatil the gnns, but took the breech-blocks, sights, lanyards and primers. The

blocks were rettirned to the guns, bttt the sights, lanyards and primers are now

in possession of the regimental commanders. The motind on the left was

captured by Capt. Forston with ninety-seven men. In the charge was a part of

Company D, a part of Company B, and Companies E, I and G. In the darkness

of early morning, men became .separated from their commands, and dropped in

wherever the>' found an opportunity for hot work. The motind was probably the

strongest fortified field position on the Island. In the trenches stirrounding it

were fotmd thirty-eight dead Filipinos. One htmdred and four prisoners were

taken, twenty-one being wounded, and 128 rifles capttired.

Tiiis was the heavie.st battle of the war. With a very few exceptions among

so ne old regulars who had enlisted in the regiment, there was not a man whoha 1 ever been under fire. Every man stood to his dtity, and this can be no more

CO uhisively proven than by the fa?t that the casualties were 17 per cent greater

tha 1 in any oLher orgauiza^.ion. While fighting was at its heaviest on the line,

those who had been left sic'c in qtiarters were having a hot time to the rearward

in Paco. To again quote from Gen. King:

In the village behind the line, Paco, the insurgents occupied the church, and from there

and from dozens of nipa huts, fired on our orderlies and wounded men drifting back from the

front. The moment I saw this, I ordered the destruction of the huts. It took a fight co get

the insurgents out of the church, " but that's another story."

Well, here's the story. It is short, but it tells of a deed of unflinching bravery that adds

honor to the name of the regiment.

The two detachments of Company D were ordered up from their position on Batter}- Knoll,

to assist in the capture of the chiirch. While Lieut. Lamping, with twenty men were routing

the insurgent stragglers from the nipa huts of which Paco was largely builded, Capt. Adams,

who had returned with the company, together with Lieut. Egell and the remainder of the

company, stormed the building in the face of as heavy a fusillade as the insurgents could give.

Caiiipaiii)ii)i<i- in the J'/ii/ippiiics. 13

A ineiiil)ei" of the- Washiii;j;tun band procured coal oil, and Ihc Regimental Onartennaster

applied the match which soon caused the splendid landmark to he a heap of ruins. While a

battery from the (ith Art. had shelled the church, it was ineffectual. After the Iniilding was in

flames and the insurgents on the run, another battalion opened fire, afterward claiming credit

for the whole affair. Lieut. Col Fife, who was returning to his quarters from the knoll, fired

the first shot and took a hand in the mix-up, using a vSjjringfield with deadly effect. Capt. Ruf-

fnm, of Company I, ill in (juarters, also took a ])art. as did the Washington sick men in (|uarters

just across Paco Creek.

This, in brief, is the history- of the first ])attle in wltich tlie 1st \\'ashin,L(ton

Volunteers participated. Our lo.ss in this engagement was nine killed and forty-

six wounded. Lieutenants Ivrwin and vSmith being among the latter.

A battle does not afford to all participants like opportunities for distinction.

At the same time, manj' acts of heroism are likely to go unnoticed, depending

more or less tipon the circumstances and the person of the hero. When the field

is extended or ob.scure, the commanding officer is not apt to be an observer of all

that happens, and when this is the case, unless the individtial disclo.ses his par-

ticipation, his act of valor is likely to pass unnoticed and unmentioned. Again,

in a battle it may be said that it never happens that all parts of the command are

alike put to the valorous test. The test may happen to be given to a single indi-

vidual, a squad, a platoon, a compan}-, or a whole organization. In the Wash-ington Regiment there is no instance when either officers or men failed to fill every

post of duty to its fullest requirements. The following were recommended for

consideration and promotion for gallantry in action in the battle of Santa Ana.

A number of others deserving would have had like notice had the facts of their

service been known; Col. Wholley, commanding; Major-Surgeon Dawson, Maj.

Weisenburger, Capt. Fortson, Capt. Otis, Capt. Smith, Lieut. Luhn, Lieut. Erwin,

Lieut. Briggs, Lieut. Dreher, Lieut. Southern, Lieut. Hazzard and Lieut. Hart.

Regimental headquarters were now established at Santa Ana, and all were

waiting for the next move. On February 7th, the regiment was a.ssembled on the

street at Santa Ana, and Gen. King extended to us the thanks and congratula-

tions of the corps commander for the "gallant work performed on February

5th." On February 7th, Companies G, C and M, under command of Capt. Fort-

son, were sent to San Pedro Macati to support the California Volunteers. OnFebruary 14th, Companies 1), E, L and H, under command of Maj. Weisenburger,

were sent to San Pedro Macati, to act in conjunction with the Californians. Col.

Smith of the California Regiment, who was in command at San Pedro Macati,

w^as ordered to draw in his forces and establish a line south from vSan Pedro

Macati, on which line, on February 17th, Companies C, D, E, G, H and L of

our regiment were placed, with Companies K and M in reserve, at the church.

This was the advance line, and we immediately commenced making trenches and

throwing up earthworks for protection. Col. Wholley assumed command of that

part of the line occupied b}' the companies of his regiment, and, with his staff,

established headquarters at San Pedro Macati.

The record of events of Compan}^ M, 1st Washington Inf , U. S. V.. for the

month of February, 1899, contains the following, relative to the expedition across

the Pasig River, from San Pedro Macati, Februarj' 20, 1899:Wash 2

14 Catnpai,s'?iiiiii- in the PliUippines.

At 1 V. M., I'ebruary 20, 189it, iht- t-ntire coini)any, with Company K, Ist Washington Vol-

unteers, under command of Maj. Bell, U. S. A., crossed the Pasig River at San Pedro Macati

for the purpose of clearing the vicinity of the enemy's sharpshooters. An outpost company of

the insurgents, consisting of 100 men, was outflanked and driven from the field by a firing line

of twenty men of Company M, who killed six and took three wounded prisoners. Another

detail of thirteen men, under command of Lieut. Dreher, posted on the right flank, took six

prisoners. After the skirmish the companies were re-formed and marched up the river, oppo-

site Guadalujie Church, to drive the enemy from that vicinity. After a sharp fight at close

range, lasting from 4:50 to 5:15 p. M., the insurgents retreated, having suff"ered severely.

Private John I'. Adams received a gunshot wound through both upper legs in the engagement,

and died from the effects of the same about 0:30 P. M., February 20, 1899. The two companies

returned to quarters about 7 P. M.

The officers who took part in this expedition were as follows: Company M,

Capl. John E. Boj-er, Lieut. George Dreher, Lieut. R. T. Hazzard; Company K,

Lieut. Jesse H. Arnold in command, Capt. Smith being sick, and Lieut. John B.

Caldwell. The day previous, Maj. Bell, then acting as Chief of the Government

Bureau of Sectirity and Information, had made a reconnoissance with a detail

from Company M to a point nearly opposite Guadaltipe Church, and found quite

a body of armed instirgents, from which Mauser bullets were coming at all

hotirs of the day and night, disturbing the work and rest of those at Gen. King's

headquarters. These it was necessar}- to disperse. As soon as the companies

landed on the north bank of the river, Maj. Bell formed the battalion as fol-

lows: Company M to form the advance, with a detail of sixteen men under Lieut.

Hazzard to protect the left flank, and Company K to act as a reser\'e. In this

formation the battalion had proceeded, about a mile back from the river to avoid

being seen by the enemy, and was making the turn to the right, that should bring

them opposite Guadalupe, when word was sent to Maj. Bell at the head of the

column, from both Lieut. Arnold and Lieut. Hazzard, that there was a large party of

armed insurgents on our left flank and rear. Maj. Bell was provoked at the

interruption, and refused to believe the report or interrupt the advance, until

Lietit. Arnold went to him in person and assured him of the imminent danger of

having the battalion cut off by the large party of insurgents plainly seen by him.

The advance was then halted, and the Major went to the rear, where he was made

to see that it was no idle alarm that had halted the battalion. The two companies

of Washington Voltmteers, numbered together a little over one hundred. It was

learned from one of the wounded prisoners the next day that the expedition had

come into the territory of one of the instirgent outposts held by three companies

of 100, 108 and 110 men, respectively. The day of the expedition the company

of 100 was on duty, with the other two in reserve. They had discovered

the party of sixteen flankers tinder Lieut. Hazzard, and had sent thirty men

around the flank to cut them ofi". It was at this juncture that Maj. Bell was

forced to believe that there were insurgents getting in his rear. His plan of action

was admirable and quickly executed. Leaving Lieut. Hazzard with five men,

under orders to keep in sight to attract the attention of the enemy, he posted

Lieut. Dreher, with about thirteen men of Company M, to guard against attack

on the right flank, and ordered Capt. Boyer, with the rest of his company

—

twenty men—to proceed as quickly as possible to surprise the enemy on the left

Ca!iipai(^)n>t_<^ in tlw I'/ii/ifypinrs. 15

flank, keepintj; behind the crest of a hill leading in the desired direction. Themovement was successfully executed b\- Capt. Boyer and his men. Secured from

view of the insurgents by the crest of the hill and the bamboo and banana palms,

which grew thick in that locality, they crept and ran SOO yards, till, emerging

into the more open ground at the top of the hill, they found themselves back of the

left flank of the insurgents and within 250 yards of their line. Both parties opened

fire at once, but, completely taken by surprise, the insurgents soon gave waybefore the determined advance and sharp fire of the attacking party, and disap-

peared in the ravines and jungles, leaving six dead and three wounded on the

field to test the marksmanship of the Chehalis County Volunteers. Recall being

sounded, the wounded insurgents were carefully attended by Major-Surgeon

Shields and sent, on litters borne by six Filipinos captured by Lieut. Dreher in

the vicinity of his post, to San Pedro Macati. Though more work was to be

done, ten of our men were left as a guard and to assist in carr^-ing the woundedprisoners to headquarters.

Much greater loss would have been inflicted on the enemy had Company Kbeen added to the firing line. That this was not done was due to an oversight on

HATTI^E OF SANTA ANA.

Maj. Bell's part in first ordering Lieut. Arnold to remain with Lieut. Dreher

and then making no further disposition of his company for co-operating with Com-pany M in the attack. The companies, secured from attacks in the rear, then

proceeded to carry out the original plan, to drive out the sharpshooters opposite

Guadalupe Church. After a very tiresome march with Company K in advance

and in reserve, they arrived near the positions they were to occupy and were

halted in the thick brush 150 yards back from the bluff" of the river.

Maj. Bell's plan was for Company K to strike the river a short distance below

and opposite Guadalupe Church and dri^•e insurgents, supposed to be in that

locality, up the river, where they were to encounter a flank fire from Company M,

hidden behind the crest of the river bluff. The plan failed for lack of insurgents

in the expected quarter, but a hot fight was not lacking. The insurgents had been

apprised of the movements of the volunteers by an amigo who had presented him-

self to Maj. Bell from the direction of the in.surgent outpost just before the first

engagement, and, after being questioned by Maj. Bell, who shared the belief of

16 Cai)ipaio)ii)ii^ ui (Iw Philippines.

Gen. Otis and some other regular army officers that no Filipino was an insurgent

unless he was caught with a Mauser in hand and was clothed in the insurgent

uniform, was sent to his alleged home, back of the battalion line, with injunctions

to stay there until the next day. The amigo was seen by one of the flankers after

he had got out of sight of the main body of volunteers to Ijreak into a run in the

direction of where the insurgents had been located the day before. When the

volunteers arrived on the scene, the insurgents had crossed the river to their

stronghold, (xuadalupe Church, and were ready for action. Before the volunteers

had an opportunity to reconnoitre the ground and take advantage of such pro-

tection as the neighborhood might afford, their presence was discovered and a hot

fire of Mausers from the opposite bluff of the river poured in on them while they

were still entangled in the jungle. Without thought of shelter or regard for dan-

ger, both companies sprang to the edge of the bluff where they could get a view of

the enemy, and soon the bark of Springfields was answering the pop of Mausers.

The insurgents had the advantage in their longer-range rifles but the better mark-

manship of the Americans soon reduced their fire and drove them from their

breastworks. At this time the sound of Springfield volleys was heard from the

opposite side of the river, lower down, and Springfield l^ullets began to buzz

around the ears of the Washingtons. It was afterwards learned that the California

Regiment had been ordered towards Guadalupe from San Pedro Macati, and see-

ing the Washington fire from the opposite bank, had mistaken them for insurgents

and made them the targets for their rifles. Though disconcerted by this fire, the

Washingtons kept up their work and, after a hot engagement, lasting twenty-five

minutes, the fire of the enemy was entirely silenced. At dusk the two companies

withdrew down the river carrying with them the dead bodies of two of their bravest,

private Alton A. Rinehart of Company K and private John F. Adams of Company

M, both shot through the upper legs by bullets severing the femoral arteries,

causing almost immediate death from loss of blood, notwithstanding the use of the

First Aid bandages. The following day a view of the ground disclosed thirty-two

dead Filipinos as the result of the second engagemet.

Just before noon, February 22d, an order was given by the brigade com-

mander to clear out the insurgent sharpshooters between our position at San Pedro

Macati and Guadalupe. An order was received to send one company, but, feel-

ing that the position was much stronger than supposed, another company was

sent. Company H was the first company ordered, and Company E was sent in

support. The firing became so brisk that it was evident that many sharpshooters

were in the vicinity, which subsequent events proved was the case. A platoon of

Company D was sent to support the other two companies, and later, a platoon of

Company G. These troops met with considerable resistance. The country over

which they were obliged to fight was about the worst outpost on the islands. It

was an old quarry, full of pits, caused by taking out of stones, concealed by

the overgrowing shrubbery. During the sharpest part of the engagement the

force of the insurgents, consisting of a battalion, was seen to come from their

rendezvous near Guadalupe ridge. To meet this force, and to prevent them from

assisting the troops at Guadalupe Church, Company C was sent out, which had

the desired effect, their mere presence driving back the reinforcing troops. It

Caiiipaigiiiiig in the PhUifi[>i)ics. 17

was an exceedingly hot day, and, fearin.^' thai our own troops would %o too far,

orders were sent out to have them return, which the\ did, after clearing out all the

insurgents in the \icinit\- of Guadalupe Church. Upon the return of these

troops one man was l)rought back mortally wounded, several others having been

slightly wounded during the engagement. The enemy left thirty-seven dead and

twenty-nine guns on the field. From this date until March 18th the commandremained in the trenches at San Pedro Macati. Col. W'holley, having the field

command of the line-» established his headquarters just in the rear of the trenches.

During all this time the position was expo.sed to desultory firing on the part of the

insurgents, and at times this firing was heavy and more or less effective, but as

orders were simply to hold the position without an ad\ance, nothing was attempted

in the way of dislodging the enemy. Our troops, notwithstanding, bore up under

the trying ordeal without complaint, although at different times they saw their

comrades fall by their side from the effects of wounds caused by the enemy's fire,

and the hardship and exposure in consequence of constant duty in the trenches

was trying in the extreme. While holding this position in this manner, there

were, on March od, three men wounded, on March 4th, one man wounded, on

March ()th two men wounded, on March 7th, one killed and two wounded, all

enlisted men.

On March loth, a provisional brigade, under Gen. Wheaton, moved against

the insurgents from the south. The object of this movement was to determine

the force of the insurgents in that direction, and to thrash them where found. In

the movement it was the object to so swing the brigade, which was composed of

the 1st Washington, 2d Oregon, 20th U. S. Inf. and the 22d U. S. Inf., as to entrap

the insurgents at Guadalupe and, if possible, to capture them. It was certain

that one of two things would happen. Either they would all go into the strong-

hold at Guadalupe Church, or flee farther to the south. The latter occurred. In

the movement, as the brigade swung to the left, the insurgents were fleeing from

Guadalupe Church, and were met by a part of the 4th Cav., which was also a part

of the brigade, and there about the only resistance was met. The movement and

capture of Guadalupe district, which was in part due to the Washington Regi-

ment, met with very little resistance, there being a slight fire at the beginning.

There were no losses. Upon the re-forming of the brigade in this swinging move-

ment, the 1st Washington was given the charge of the pack-train, which they

guarded the remainder of the day, and the next morning moved forward some dis-

tance beyond the firing line. This occurred from the fact that we were ordered to

take position on the left of the firing line, but being unable to find it, proceeded

until we came in contact with the insurgents, who at once made themselves felt.

A part of the guard in front of the train was put into skirmish line and delivered

a heavv fire. Across the river, in the town of Pateros, the Filipino sharpshooters

were firing, killing one of our men, \'an Vuskirk of Company E. Losing this

man made us feel that the enemy on the other side must be driven out; conse-

quently, two companies, L and G, were sent over the river in canoes, ten at a

time. These men crossed the river under the direct fire of the insurgents, but,

fortunately, received no injury in landing. As each squad landed on the other

side they immediately attacked the insurgents, who were in entrenchments, until,

18 Caiiipaiguiug in the Philippines.

finally, both companies were there and drove back the insurgents, killing at least

thirteen. Their movement across the river was covered b\- the fire of Companies

C and E.

After the capture of Pateros, Companies C and E were sent there, the regi-

mental commander placing Maj. Weisenburger in command of those across the

river. Col. W'holley superintended this entire movement, but could not leave his

command, which was supposed to guard the pack-train. Next morning, however,

the Oregon Regiment relieved the Washingtons as guard of the train, and the

remainder of the two battalions were sent across to Pateros, moving forward

through the town under command of Col. Wholley. Xo resistance was met in

the town, and when the open fields, at the other end of the town were met, the

town of Taguig with its stone church could be seen, with the enemy making

preparations for defense. A skirmish line was immediately formed, with Maj.

Weisenburger's Battalion on the right and ]\Iaj. Canton on the left. The line was

perfect, the men erect, expecting at any time to receive the fire from the insurgents.

We made Taguig Church our central object, protecting, of course, our flanks,

withdrawing the left slightly and making the right touch the stream which separ-

ated Pateros Island from the mainland. The line advanced beautifvilly across the

open fields, and were met by woman and men with white flags, who came to protect

the town and to cover the retreat of the insurgents. The line still advanced.

Upon reaching the town of Taguig we found it almost empty. Across the little

stream however which we now reached, and which separated the town of Taguig

from the little island forming a portion of what is known as Pateros Island, could

be seen a large number of insurgents with rifles in their hands. Our men waded

the stream close around the bamboo thickets and captured the insurgents in them,

who yielded without firing a shot. The total number captured was nearly five

hundred. It was evidently the intention of the insurgents to offer resistance, for

their numbers must have been two to our one.

However, the action of our men, who showed

themselves so daring, caused them to change

their intention.

Having passed through the bamboo thicket,

the beautiful lake of Laguna de Bay could be

seen. It was a beautiful, novel sight, besides

being the object of the movement to the south,

and the strategic point of the campaign. There,

could be seen the native women, dressed in

costumes of many colors, trying to escape with

their children and household effects in little

After clearing out the bamboo thicket thoroughly,

They counted several hundred. The families whohad been thus overtaken in there retreat remained to return to their homes, while

the insurgents were sent to the city. Two battalions remained there.

This achievement on the part of the Washington Regiment has pa.ssed into his-

tory as one of the exploits of the war. It is especially notable in this, that the

striking success was due to the method and manner of attack. Undoubtedly a

INTKRIOR OF TACC) CHtRCH

bancos which lined the shore,

the insurgents were lined up.

Cajnpaii^iiiii^ ui the I'/ii/ipptJifs. 19

serious resistance was conteniplaled on tlie part of the insurgents, as it had been

ainpl\- pro\ided lor, but the daring movement of a command so few in numbers, and

moving, apparently, to their death, undou])tedly thwarted the insurgents' designs.

The following day orders were received for the Washington Regiment to pro-

ceed the next day to the town of Pasig, to relieve a battalion of the 2()th Inf.,

which had captured the town the day before, leaving behind one compan\-, O.

Our orders, upon occupying Pasig, were to keep the Pasig River open to the

lake, a most important object. On the afternoon of March ISth, the insurgents,

on what was known as the south line, made an attack in large luimbers upon our

small company at Taguig. Then a platoon of Company G, about thirty in

number, was sent out against the insurgent forces, which numbered twent>- to our

one. Company H was ordered to the position at Taguig, leaving Guadalupe,

which position it took on the morning of our advance. From that place, also, a

platoon of Company B went over to Taguig to support. In the meantime, this

number of thirty men had driven back the insurgents, who were thrown on a bat-

talion of the 22d Inf. It was evident that the movement on the preceding days

had not properly quieted the insurgents on that island, so that night Gen. Wheaton.sent orders for a battalion of the Washington Regiment, to be commanded b>Col.

Wholley, to form a part of the brigade to the south, and to report at a position on

the main line, opposite Pateros. A battalion. Companies C, U, K and M, under

command of Col. Wholley, with Maj. Weisenburger in direct command of the

battalion, crossed the river about midnight, reported to Gen. Wheaton and biv-

ouacked. Breakfast was served at 4 o'clock A. M. for the command, and when the

remainder of the brigade was about to move, Col. Wholley had been given orders

to act as a sweeping force on the left flank of the wheeling movement, to use his

own discretion, and to be independent of any other orders, only to sweep along

the road which skirted the lake, Laguna de Bay, in such a manner as to flank the

insurgents' line and, if po.ssible, drive them in front of the remaining

brigade. A skirmish line was immediately formed, and the entire Wash-ington command moved out in single file, meeting Company H on its

way to the road on the southw^e^t shore of the lake. Company H joined

the command, and the whole moved forward, ver>' much in the shape of the

letter "L," the smaller portion being left on the line, in order to connect the moving

column with the line of brigade. Company K, in the first part of this movement,

was sent in advance, and about three miles from our starting point discovered the

enemy several hundred yards in their front. The enemy retreated and CompanyK took its place with the rest of the command to continue to move forward. At

about four miles, a strongly entrenched hill alongside of the road was met and sur-

prised. Of our command only that small portion that was on the line was at first

met, but upon hearing the shots and judging that a force was in front, a

portion of the regiment in column, immediately moved to the right flank

and up a hill, driving at and to the front of the remainder of the brigade, a

large body of insurgents. About four of our men were seriously wounded, though

none fatally. The command then continued moving along, exchanging shots here

and there, fighting our way, but not meeting an}' strong force of the insurgents,

until a point about fifteen miles from our starting point was reached. Then we

20 Ca)iipa!o>iiii,<^ in the J'hilippiiics.

halted, took a little coffee, and marched back to Pasig, arriving there in the even-

ing. The distance covered was about thirty miles in an intense heat, every man

on foot, including the Colonel. The result of this movement was to cover tempor-

arilv our front from the infesting force for a distance of fifteen to twenty miles,

leaving us undisturbed for a period of several days. A large nvimber of dead Fili-

pinos were found in front of our line ; a conservative estimate would give their

number as sixty. The succeeding days were occupied in policing the town of Pasig,

which was filth\-, the houses containing a year's accumulation of rubbish. Outpost

duties were kept uj), although no immediate attack was expected. A number of

houses were burned in the town, both by Chinamen and Filipino sympathizers.

Two houses flying the French flag were saved.

The conditions under which we were occup3ang Pasig require some explana-

tion. Col. Treumann of the North Dakotas was ordered to assist us at any time

that we might call for him, and we were supposed to inform him in time of any

attack; the gunboat Laguna de Bay, also, was anchored in the Pasig River at a

point midway between the town of Pasig and the lake, with instructions to act in

conjunction with our movements. It now became necessary to prevent the insur-

gents from throwing up breastworks and establishing themselves in our vicinity.

We were a small garrison, probably four hundred .strong, while they were as

manv thousand, a few miles to the northeast, with numerous avenues for approach.

All these avenues were under cover of bamboo and palm, and even in daylight a

number could conceal themselves in our vicinity without detection. Our little

force was not half large enough, even if put on one day's duty, to form a con-

tinuous line around the town at a distance sufficient to prevent a surprise, so that

the duty of guarding the town must be left to small detachments who were strange

to the territory which they guarded, and proved their inability to properly pro-

tect us.

The importance of holding this position must be understood. There was a

wedge-shaped portion of land, which consisted of Pateros Island and what was

originally Pasig Island with the River Pasig flowing between. The troops sta-

tioned in the town would form a wedge between the insurgent forces known as

the north and south lines. To prevent the uniting of the two insurgent forces

these positions must be held.

At about 2.30 in the morning on Saturday, March 2('>th, it was reported to Col.

Wholley, at headquarters, by Capt. Booker, officer of the day, that insurgents had

been .seen near his outside guard, and were throwing up entrenchments. Col.

Whollev immediately dressed and proceeded with Capt. Booker towards the scene

of the movement of the insurgents. Though the numlier of insurgents was re-

ported to be small, two comparies were ordered out immediately. The remaining

companies were ordered to fall in and await instructions. These instructions were

given by the commanding officer himself. To prevent having our movements

known to the insurgents and so that we might properly surprise them and drive

them away and prevent their getting a fast hold in our vicinity, instructions were

given to Company A to proceed through the basement of its headquarters and

take its position. While Company B was marching towards the bridge, the com-

manding officer halted it, giving instructions to wheel into line and gave instruc-

\0-

22 Cainpaii^niii<^ in the Pliilippincs.

tions that it was necessary to act tjuietly, cautiously, not to smoke cigarettes or talk

if it could be helped. Other instructions were given to Capt. Fortson to drive

awa>- the insurgents on the right road and prevent them from building entrench-

ments there. Similar instructions were given to Company A.

Capt. Fortson advanced beyond the bridge and there halted. Upon his halting,

the commanding officer went to where he was standing at the head of his companyand about five yards beyond the bridges. He then gave the Captian instructions,

personally, to send out the necessary advance guard before proceeding, which de-

tail was there made, and were personally instructed by the commanding officer to

be cautious, even to the extent of advising Sergt. McKay to take off his white

chevrons. The instructions seemed to be satisfactory when, having turned

away, a volley was received from the insurgents, who had, unknown to us, eluded

the permanent guard stationed several hundred yards in advance of this position.

It must be stated in this connection that a camp fire had just been started immedi-

ately in our rear, blazing up and making the companies stand in outline, thus

causing them to be very good targets for the insurgents. The commanding officer

immediately saw the necessity of having this fire put out, and started in that direc-

tion, not having his orderly with him, and gave instructions to the cook personally,

and also gave instructions to Companies M, C and I. After having started in

the direction of the camp fire, several volleys were fired, with the result that he

learned for the first time, while passing near the hospital in the Plaza, of the wound-ing of some men whom he learned, later, were Capt. Forston and Sergt. Courtney.

It then became necessary to follow out the instructions of notifying the gunboats, and

North Dakotas, that they might co-operate. For this purpose, the com-

manding officer proceeded to the telegraph office and there gave instructions to-

Lieut. Moss to signal the gunboat, and a telegram was sent to Col. Treumann.

Further instructions were given to Col. Fife and Maj. Canton regarding their duties-

as battalion commanders and to Lieut. Gormley as to the position to be taken by

Company B. At daylight the battalion was ordered to proceed in rear of the

insurgents and to cross the stream near the San Mateo River, there to sweep the

insurgents back to their position near Cainta. Just previous to this order

it was evident that fire was coming from two buildings flying a

French flag in the stream opposite our position. Private Harlan, under

instructions from the commanding officer, crossed the stream and entered

the building, and reported that a number of insurgents were surrounding-

the house, and requested volunteers, to which seven men answered, five

from Company B and two from Company A. Among these volunteers was Sergt.

Courtney, who had been previously wounded. While passing through this build-

ing and jumping over the stone inclosure, these eight men, the seven volunteers-

and Private Harlan, jumped into a body of between thirty and forty insurgents,

and immediately opened fire upon them and drove them from their position. In

this encounter Sergt. Courtney was again wounded, from the eftects of which he

died. The insurgents came pouring out from around the building, but in order

to protect the few men that we had in the building no firing was done on our side

of the stream. Maj. Canton's command, assisted by Company K, drove the

insurgents back to a safe distance and returned, reporting the result. A telegram

Caiiipai^iiniii!^ i>i the I'hilippines. 2S

was iinmediatel>' sent to lirigade headquarters, with the information of the attack

and the persons wounded. An aide to Gen. I^awton then sent a telegram to his

commander that the situation was well in hand.

\'ery close scrutiny has been given this affair b\- military authorities, owing to

the deplorable death of Capt. Fortson, and it is the consensus of opinion that the

American occupation was not only well planned but the position judiciously and

bravely defended. Capt. Fortson' s death was most lamentable, but in war and

battle the brave are apt to fall. Capt. Fortson was absolutely without fear, and

all his acts carried with them evidence of knowledge of his responsibilities. Hewas, in other words, not brave through emotion, but through a noble purpose

which counted its cost before he proceeded to act. This was his character in civil

as well as military life. He never faltered in his assaults upon wrong, let his

effort cost him what it might. Being above the influence of selfishness he seemed

to merge his personality into his conception of duty. These traits of character he

carried into his niiliturx life. The welfare of his comrades, his company, his

rh„i„i,u j„ik.,jii.

VIEW OF BfRXED DISTKICT IN PASAI AND BRIDCiE WHERE C.^PT. FORTSON WAS MORTALLY WOUNDED.

associates, was, with him, a constant care, and all loved him for his noble qualities.

His fine physique, clear mind and his fearless conduct made him at once a towering

figure among men. He was at once recognized for his genuine worth; Gen. King

never tired of sounding his praises, and the recollection of his virtues will abide

with all who knew him through all the dim vista of the coming years. He died the

next day after receiving the mortal wound, and his body still lies buried at Manila.

Peace to his ashes. There was another death which preceded this which should

be noticed—Chaplain Thompson died on February 20th. He was feeble from the

start, and indeed there is scarcely another circumstanced as he was, who would have

made the attempt to discharge the duties of Chaplain in the trying campaign in

the Philippines, but Chaplain Thompson seemed to know no restraint and always

felt that he was doing his Master's will. In this he was always diligent and persever-

ing. His life was a continual daily sacrifice for the good of those about him and thus

he continued till in the good service the body failed, and he passed from among us.

24 Cai//pa!x''/n'>i<^ in tlic P/iilippiiics.

Early in the month of April, lSi)9, the authorities determined to send an expe-

dition into the heart of the enemy's country, both for the purpose of demonstrat-

ing to the Filipinos the folly of further resistance, and to assure them of the good

intentions of the United States authorities toward the Filipinos. With this in view,

a provisional brigade was organized, which, together with the fleet of tin-clad armygunboats, constituted the expeditionary force. Of the 1st Washington Regiment,

U. S. \'., a selected company of the best shots in the regiment was organized, to

form a part of a sharpshooter battalion, of which Maj. Weisenburger of the 1st

Washington was to take command.

vSANTA CRUZ RXPEDITIOX UN1)P:R COMINIAXD OF MAJ. WELSENBURGER.

On the 7th day of April, Maj. Weisenburger was temporarily relieved of his

command at Taguig and ordered to take the command of a battalion of sharp-

shooters for a special expedition on the La^^iiua de Ray. This battalion of sharp-

shooters was composed of four companies, made up from men selected from the

companies of the 1st Washington, the 14th U. vS. Inf., the 4th U. S. Cav., the 1st

North Dakota and the 1st Idaho Volunteers. The Washington company of

sharpshooters was the only one that was organized as a complete company. There

were two officers accompanying that provisional company. First Lieut. E. E.

Southern of Company H was placed in command of the Washington company,

with Eieut. R. T. Hazzard, second. This company was rationed and equipped as

a company. Each of the other three sharpshooter companies were only such for

the purpose of their field operations, and the men composing them were sent back

to their individual commands for the purpose of rations and equipments dur-

ing the expedition. The expedition, in addition to the battalion of sharpshoot-

ers, was composed of two battalions of the 14th U. S. Inf., one battalion of the

North Dakota Volunteer Inf., one battalion of the Idaho Inf., and one squadron

of the 4th U. S. Cav. and a mountain battery of artiller}-, together with the fleet

of tin-clad gunboats, consisting of the La^iina dc Bay, Oestc and N^apidaii. Theland forces were in the immediate command of Brigadier-General Charles King,

and the gunboats in command of Maj. Grant of the Utah Battery, and the whole

expedition was under the command of Major-General Lawton.

The expedition assembled at San Pedro Macati, and embarked on cascoes and

were towed up the Pasig River to the lake, on the 8th day of April, 1S9;). It took

all night to get the troops eight miles up that river. The tugboats that were to

tow the cascoes were manned by Filipino crews, and they appeared to experience

a great deal of difficulty in keeping to the channel of the river, and every one of the

tugboats and cascoes were aground from one to half a dozen times in going that

eight miles, and very often the men would have to get off into the water and lift

the cascoes and tugs bodily off" the sand bars. The consequence was that we did

not reach the lake until daylight, on April 9th. After getting into the lake the

expedition steamed across to a distance of a little over twenty-five miles,

directly towards Santa Cruz as the objective point. The town of Santa Cruz is

located on the east shore of Laguna de Bay, and contains about 18,000 inhabi-

tants, being the most important town on the lake, and one of the most important

interior towns in the Philippine Islands.

CaiJipaii^niiio in (/w J'hilippincs. 25

The troops were landed on the southwestern side of the city, between three

and a half and four miles therefrom. The first troops to land were the sharp-

shooter battalion. The cascoes were towed as close in shore as the tugs could

safely go without grounding, when thej' were manned by men with poles andpushed toward the shore until shallow water was reached. When they werewithin about one hundred and twenty-five yards of the shore the men disembarked

from the cascoes into the water, it being a little more than waist deep, and wadedashore. There was no resistance made to the landing. The sharpshooters were

at once thrown out in skirmish line and covered the landing of the other troops.

While the landing was being effected, Maj. Weisenburger was relieved from the

command of the sharpshooters in order to take command of the brigade, as Gen.

King was taken seriously ill, and could not proceed further with the expedition.

All the sharpshooters, with the exception of the companies of the 1st Washing-ton, were then ordered back to their respective commands, with orders to hold

themselves in readiness to report for sharpshooter duty at any moment, dav or

night, when their services might be called upon for that purpose. The Washing-ton sharpshooters were then placed in the center of the line. Gen. Lawton sent

his aide and ordered Maj. Weisenburger to have the line formed and to com-

mence the attack upon the town immediately. That order came a little after 5

o'clock in the evening of April 9th. The line was formed wdth the 1st Washing-ton company of sharpshooters in the center, one battalion of the 14th Inf. imme-diately to the right of this, the Idaho to the right of this battalion of the 14th,

making the Idahos the extreme right of the line, one battalion of the 14th Inf. to

the left of the Washington sharpshooters, and the North Dakota Battalion to the

left of these two battalions of the 14th; the squadron of the U. S. Cav. was sent

to effect a landing and take the town almost directly in front of the cit}', so the

attack was realh^ being made from tw^o sides, from the bay and from the southern

side of the city, the main attack being in the nature of a left-turn movement. Theidea was to have the left of the line rest upon the lake, the right sweeping around

and enveloping the city, with the 4th Cav. coming on the eastern side, closing the

enemy in from the two sides and cutting off his retreat. The turning movement

had been about three-fourths completed, when the Idaho Battalion met with a

sharp fire from the insurgents, who were concealed in a thick clump of bamboo

and a temporary trench which they had hastily thrown up. They had a very

sharp skirmish there but drove the enemy from this position in from fifteen to

twenty minutes, when the whole line again advanced and, after going about three

hundred yards further, so that the line was at right angles with the lake shore,

met with a fire along almost the entire front, the insurgents being posted in small

parties. There did not appear to be any heavy force to resist, but still there was

a fire directly along the entire line. The heaviest fire w^as in front ofthe Washington

sharpshooters and the battalions of the 14th Inf. to their right. They had to ad-

vance against a pretty hot fire and, after a short struggle, carried the line of

entrenchments which the insurgents had erected in a grove of cocoanut palms.

The insurgents, being concealed not only in the trenches but behind the large palm

trees, were firing on us from the front and from the trees. They w^ere soon

driven out and the line continuing until night, bivouacked on a road that

26 Caiiipaigaing in ihc Philippines.

ran perpendicularly to the lake shore. The command drew out pickets and

also flanking parties to prevent a surprise at night. There was a considerable ex-

•change of shots between our pickets and those of the eneni}' during the entire

night. \The advance was resumed under Gen. Lawton's orders at daylight on the morn-

ing of April 10th, and the line advanced with but slight resistance until it reached

Santa Cruz River, which is a swift stream with banks about twenty feet high above

the river bed. The right battalion of the 14th Inf., the Idaho Battalion, and a

portion of the Washington sharpshooters forded the stream in the face of quite a

heavy fire which the insurgents delivered from the opposite bank of the river. Theremainder of the command crossed the river on a bridge across which the insurgents

had built strong breastworks from behind. They were delivering a heavy fire, but

were driven from their position. A few of the men of the Washington sharp-

shooters and the 14th Inf. struck across the bridge and over the breastworks in the

face of the fire and drove the insurgents from the breastworks and advanced on the

town."-'-

The whole force swept through the tow^n, driving the insurgents out

of it and across an open country on the north side of the town, where they were

exposed to a fire from the Gatling and rapid-fire guns on the gunboats. In going

across this open field the gunboats and the fire from the rear killed nearly one

hundred men of the insurgent army. The right of the firing line swung around to the

north side of the town, passing about a mile beyond, driving the insurgents,

following them as long as they were in sight, and then resting for the day. The

town was carried about 8:30 o'clock in the morning. It is not known exacth- how^

manv of the insurgents were buried, but those who were buried had been killed on

the streets of the town and in the immediate vicinity, within a quarter of a mile of

the to'.vn. There were many dead that were not buried, in other portions of the

field.

The expedition rested in the towai of Santa Cruz the remainder of that day and

that night. Our loss was xoxy light, only one man killed in this advance and

three or four slightly wounded and one or two seriously. At daylight the following

morning, April 11th, the expedition started on the road to attack the town of

Pagsanjan. At this place the insurgents had a number of steam launches which

were used in the service of the insurgent army, and which it was one of the objects

of the expedition to capture. The insurgents had run them into the Pagsanjan

River w^hen the\' heard of the expedition, and had them concealed, as they sup-

posed. As we advanced on the road towards Pagsanjan the Washington sharp-

shooters uncovered a body of the insurgents on the opposite side of a small lake,

behind trenches and in bamboo thickets, who opened quite a rapid fire upon the

sharpshooters as they advanced in skirmish line. The remainder of the command

was immediately deployed in line in practically the same formation as in the ad-

vance upon Santa Cruz. Shortly after the insurgents opened fire, Lieut. Southern

*While the main line advanced from the southwest, four troops of the 4th U. S. Cav., under

Capt. Gale, advanced against the city from the lake side. They were met with a sharp fire, but

notwithstanding this, continued to press forward, driving the enemy before them, and they

were the first American troops to enter the town.

CAPT. GEORGE FORTSON, MORTALLY WOUNDED AT PASIG, MARCH 2t;th.

28 Caiiipaigiiiii^' in ihc I'/ii/ippincs.

of the sharpshooters was wounded and compelled to go to the rear. He was sent

to the hospital that night and took no further part in the expedition. As soon as

the line was formed the order for a general advance was given and the whole line

went forward practicalh as one man and carried the insurgent position. The in-

surgents broke and ran and we had no further resistance that day. We entered

the town of Pagsanjan and found the six steam launches, took possession of them

and found nearly all of them in good condition, with the exception of one or two

which had parts of the machinery removed, with the idea of disabling them so that

we could not take them away. This machinery however, was afterwards found con-

cealed in one of the buildings, and the launches were sent to Manila under their

own steam.

The Pagsanjan River had some obstructions placed in its mouth, with the idea

of preventing either the ingress into the river of our gunboats or the egress of the

insurgent launches. Maj. Weisenburger was directed by Gen. I^awton to take a

battalion of the 14th Inf. and the company of Washington sharpshooters down

to the mouth of the Pagsanjan River to assist the gunboats in removing these

obstructions. These troops moved on down the river until they reached the town

of Lumbang. Here the insurgents were posted in a heavy stone church. They

opened fire upon our men, and it was necessary to dislodge them before it would

be safe to proceed further. It was impossible to tell how strong a force of the

enemv was in this church, as they were apparently posted throughout the entire

church building, and also behind the stone walls surrounding the church. Wereplied to the fire, directing the men to keep the windows of the church well

covered, and also to fire along the upper edge of the walls, so that every time a

man's head showed up he would be greeted by one of Uncle Sam's missiles. The

insurgents were dislodged from this church after a fight of about two hours. Noone was injured on the American side, while several of the insurgents were

known to be killed. The troops then proceeded down to the mouth of the river,

and, in conjunction with the gunboats, went to work to remove the obstructions.

These obstructions were very ingeniously built. They consisted of bamboo

wicker-work stretched across the mouth of the river, built in eight different

sections. Each section consisted of two rows of bamboo sticks or poles driven

into the mud in the botto^i of the river, extending clear across the mouth of the

river. These rows of poles or sticks were about eighteen inches apart, and the

poles were between three and four feet apart across the river, and were interwoven

with strips of bamboo, made into a kind of mat, tied to the poles, and between

these mats there were stones, sand and wood, making it an almost impregnable

mat. There were eight rows of such obstructions across the mouth of the river,

making it quite a difficult piece of work to remove them. It took two or three

days to get the obstructions out of the river, so that the launches could pass out

into the lake.

The battalion of the 14th U. S. Inf. was left to remove these obstructions and

Maj. Weisenburger was ordered to, go back with the sharpshooters and take

command of the expedition and to continue the advance further up the lake. The

second night the command was encamped on the river bank between Pagsanjan

and Lumbang. At daylight the next day we started the advance on the town of

Cainpaii^iiing in the I'/iilippiiies. 20

Longos. This was on the opposite side of the river from where we were, and the

insurgents had destroyed the ferry, and had taken all of the canoes out of the

country, so that it was necessary to build a ferry to get the troops across the river,

being about 150 yards in width, and between twenty and twenty-five feet deep in

places, but, on account of the sluggish current, having a good many shoals which

made it difficult of navigation. We succeeded in getting a ferry improvised of

sufficient strength to carrj- the artillery, and the bull-carts which we used for

transportation purposes. After working about three hours, we had ferried the

entire command across the river, and advanced on the town of I^ongos which was

taken without any resistance, the insurgents yielding without firing a shot, and

keeping out of our way so that we had no occasion to fire a shot in the capture of

that town. After taking this town, the battalion of North Dakotas, under Maj.

Fraine, was ordered to make a reconnoissance in the

direction of the towns of lyongos and Paete. He met no

resistance at Longos Ijut was told by a notice that between

that and the next town the insurgents were posted in

strong positions and he would have resistance. He took

the necessary precautions to prevent an ambush and

advanced on the road towards Paete. The road skirts just

along the bank of the lake a distance of about seventy-five

3-ards from the water. On the left of the road, as he

advanced, there were rice fields and cocoanut palm groves

very heavily timbered, but a level country between the

road and the lake. On the right-hand side of the road was

a steep mountain, very heavily timbered with tropical

trees of all descriptions. There were cocoanut palms,

mango trees, mahogany trees, and a heavy undergrow^th

of vines and plants, and everywhere stone walls and big

heaps of stone, making it exceedingly difficult to send

scouts any distance from this road upon the mountain side,

which made the advance necessarily ^'er3' slow. After

leaving the town of Longos, they advanced about a mile,

and the insurgents opened fire upon the column from the

right-hand side of the road, from the mountain side.

The party of flankers, composed of fi^e men which was

upon the mountain side, had four of the men hit at the first volley, three

of these being killed and one seriously wounded, who died a few days later.

The remaining man of this squad of five stood bj' the bodies of his dead com-

rades, and killed six or seven Filipinos, who were rushing up to secure the armsand ammunition of the dead men, and probably to mutilate the bodies of the

soldiers, according to the Filipino custom, when our wounded fell into their hands.

That man stood there and defended the bodies of these men against we don't

know how many, but there were five or six of them, and he stood there until

assistance was sent to him, saving all the arms and ammunition, and saving his

wounded companions who were not dead and the body of his comrade. Wehave not been able to learn the name of that man, but consider it one of the

Wash 3

THE FILIPINO MASCOT.

30 Campaigning; in the Philippines.

most heroic things seen in the Philippine Islands. The insurgent position was an

exceedingly strong one. They had very heavy breastworks and troops across the

road, and upon the mountain side flanking the road upon both sides, which were

entireh' concealed from view by a heavy undergrowth. There was nothing to

indicate their presence until we were right on them. Immediately after fire was

opened, Maj. Weisenburger ordered the company of Washington sharpshooters

and a battalion of the 14th Inf. and the battery to go at once to the support of the

North Dakota Battalion, as the fire was so heavy that it indicated that theyw^ere

meeting with strong resistance. The battery was ordered to proceed up the road,

supported by one company of the 14th Inf., and it opened fire with shrapnel upon

the insurgent position as soon as the position was ascertained and they were

in a position to make their fire effective. The balance of the 14th Inf.

was ordered to remain within supporting distance of the sharpshooters, who were

ordered to go to the left of the road, advance through the underbrush and flank the

insurgent trench from the left. Two companies of the North Dakota Inf. were

ordered to go directly up the mountain side and envelop the insurgent trench on

the right and the remainder deployed across the road extending beyond both sides

When all the troops were in a position, the advance was made with the usual energy

and in a very few minutes the insurgent bugle sounded the retreat. The position

was carried, their trenches were taken from them and our line advanced,

notwithstanding the difficulties of the covmtry, and swept into and through

the town, where we stayed in the church that night. Our loss in this ad-

vance was five killed and three wounded, all in the North Dakota with the excep-

tion of one man, the 1st Sergeant of the Washington company of sharpshooters, who

was w^ounded slightly, the ball passing through the calf of the leg. He was dis-

abled for a few days only. We held our position at Paete for two or three days

under orders from headquarters, and then were returned to San Pedro Macati, where

the expedition was dispersed and the troops ordered back to their various commands.

The original purpose of this expedition was to sweep the lake shore over as far

as Paete, then return to vSinta Cruz and sweep around the south end of the lake

and get into the rear of the southern Filipino army, and then to crush it between

our two forces on the south side of Manila, but some emergency arose and the

commanding General deemed it necessary that, in order to insure the safety of

Manila, this expedition should be recalled, and it was recalled before carrying

out all the details of the expedition as originally intended. The 4th Cav. was

left at Santa Cruz as Provost Guard until the expedition was recalled and

did not participate in the advance beyond Santa Cruz. The expedition reached San

Pedro Macati on the ISth of April and the troops were sent back to their various

positions.

The expedition captured Santa Cruz, Pagsanjan, I^umbang, Longos and Paete;

inflicted heav}" losses on the insurgents, killing and wounding many hundreds of

them, capturing and destroying many arms and much ammunition, capturing six

steam launches of the value of about $200,000.

( aiiipaioiiiiia; in the /'/li/ippiiics. 31

TAGUIG.

To the southwest of Taguig there was a large force of insurgents, who kept a

permanent guard at a point which we called, for convenience sake, "UmbrellaTree." This force varied at times all the way from a few hundred to as manythousand. It seemed to keep up connection with the town of Paranaque. Fromthe reports of escaped Spanish prisoners, and Filipinos who were acquainted with

the country, and who were, apparently, friendly to us, they were a fine body of

well-drilled men, being about 2000, perfectl}- armed.

The town of Taguig is on Pateros Island, which has a circumference of about

seven miles. Near Taguig were other towns, of which Pateros was one, and even

larger than the town of Taguig itself The town of La Paz was also near at

hand, and other towns in which \\ere manj^ insurgent soldiers. The gunboat in

the Pasig River kept the insurgents free from its side, and also the lake side of

the island, consequently, the base of operations of the troops on the south, to

connect with those on the north, would be along the best land connection. In

the town of Taguig

there was a large, well-

built stone church,

with a residence for '^^^^ ^ .;1?^9Bf^' "^SSL ^^the priest as a part.

Other than this

church, there was no

form of protection

sufficient to resist rifle

shots. The other

buildings were nipa

huts. The population

of the town of Taguig

was probably about

3000. Pateros was

about 20,000, and La Paz about 10,000. Pateros was a large town, having a

number of fine buildings, with its usual stone church. Its principal industry was

the raising of ducks. Pateros means duck-town.

To understand the facility with which a force could attack Taguig, it

must be borne in mind that a narrow stream separated the island of

Pateros from the mainland on the south, and skirting the other side

of the river, some distance along the river itself and up the lake,

were bamboo thickets, on the other side of which was a little country between the

position occupied by a battalion of the Washington Regiment, on what is knownas Guadalupe Ridge, and the position of the insurgents. On the ridge, where

was found the umbrella tree before mentioned, the insurgents could come down

through the paths under cover of the bamboo, and take position where they could

fire into Taguig. To prevent them from accomplishing this, whenever a force

was seen to leave the position to the southwest, a small force of our own was sent

across on a little bamboo foot-bridge to the other side, .so as to get bevond the

THE BATTLK-FIELD IN THE JUNGLE.

32 CiDnpaif^iiing in the Philippines.

bamboo, if possible, in order to meet the insurgents as they should come along the

open space. It seemed to be the intense desire of the insurgents to capture this

town. Constant attempts were made, and each time a stronger and better-drilled

force was sent than before. Frequently, they would come down in small bodies,

varying from thirty to one hundred, so as to dig entrenchments within 4000 or

5000 yards. Each time a small force, very often being about two squads, fifteen

men, would be sent against them, invariably driving them away and wounding

many. The force at Pasig, hovvever, we finally subdued by a system of worry

and tactics, capturing their outpost and continually making attacks on them, until

they seemed satisfied to be left alone.

It must be borne in mind that not all the skirmishes with the insurgents pro-

duced casualties on our side, though invariably considerable harm was done to

the insurgents. The skirmishes producing the most casualties were on the

following dates: April 9th, Kith, 20th, 27th, May 19th, June 5th and June 12th.

The principal attack, and the one in w^hich the most casualties occurred on

our side was that of April 27th, and occurred as follows:

April 18th, Col. Wholley, under instructions from Gen. Lawton, took com-

mand of King's Brigade. The brigade at that time consisted of the Washington

Regiment, a battalion of the 12th U. S. Inf., and a battalion of the California Regi-

ment. It was evident that the line was too thin to offer much resistance, and it

was much to the surprise of all that an attack was not successfully made on some

point on the line. However, another battalion of the r2th was sent to Guadalupe

bridge, relieving the Washington Regiment there, which took its place at different

positions, strengthening both Taguig and Pasig. Later, a battalion of the 19th

U. S. Inf. was stationed at Pateros, thus making the line double its former strength.

All of this had been done at the request of the brigade commander. While Col.

Wholley was in command of the brigade, the regiment devolved upon Lieutenant-

Colonel Fife.

Under the direction of the brigade commander, Maj. Weisenburger held

Taguig, with instructions to co-operate with Col. Baldwin, commanding a battalion

of the 9th U. S. Inf. at Pateros, and also with instructions to so indicate the

different movements of the enemy that the brigade commander might bring a force

to entrap, if possible, any insurgents that might come against him. The distance,

however, separating the different commands, was so great that concerted mov^e-

ments could never be successfully carried out. Although the enemy was always

driven back they were never surrounded as we hoped.

On the 20th day of April, the insurgents made an advance on Taguig, evi-

denth' for the purpose of ascertaining the strength of the garrison. There were

but two companies at this point on that particular day. Companies D and H.

About 2:30 o'clock in the afternoon a heavy body of insurgents was seen to be

advancing from the south. The remaining insurgent line was between two and a

half and three miles in front of Taguig, and there had been skirmishes between

our scouts and the insurgents every day for a week. A part of the command wasover at Pasig drawling clothing, so that it was considerably depleted at this par-

ticular time. The insurgents came down in skirmish formation from the hillside,

advancing under the cover of bamboo until they struck our outpost line, which

Caiiipai_ii')iiiig' in tlic Philippine:

was the first intimation we had of their advance. The men of the two companies

which were left were immediately ordered out to meet the insurt^ent attack. Theenemy continued the advance until they were within about five hundred yards of

our line, when they opened fire. The}' ne\'er advanced in better order than they

did upon this occasion. Their skirmish line was perfect. They would advance a

short distance, kneel and fire and then advance again in as good order as the best-

trained troops could have done under any circumstances. They also fired lower

than is the usual custom of insurgent soldiers. The two companies met the insur-

gents very determinedly and, after a fight of about an hour, drove them back.

We counted fifteen insurgents killed, which we left on the field, captured a num-ber of others, and one or two of their wounded fell into our hands. We had tl.ree

men wounded, all of Company I).

This seems to have been simply a reconnoitering expedition on the part of the

insurgents. They had been trying, evidently, for some days to form a junction

between the north and south wings of their army, which was stationed at Taytay.

It remained comparativeh' quiet at Taguig after this fight for three or four days,

with the exception of the exchange of shots every day between our outposts and

the insurgent outposts, but it

was noticed that the insurgents

were increasing in strength

everj^day in our front. Theywere gathering in heavy force,

so that there must have been

from 1500 to 2000 in our front

by the 27th day of April.

Early on the morning of the

27th of April, a sentry in the

church tower reported that

there was a considerable movement going on in the insurgent force on our

front, and apparently they were preparing to advance on our position.

The post had been reinforced in the meantime Ijy Companies F, G and L. Thewhole force was ordered out to take position to meet the advance of the insurgents.

The plan of the insurgents evidently was to strike the portion of the command at

Pateros and effect a crossing there while they were attracting our attention by an

attack in our front. The disposition which they made of their troops showed that

to be the case. They were advancing in three lines, one immediately in front of

Taguig, one between Taguig and Pateros, and one directly on Pateros, and they

were so disposed that it evidently was the intention to break across the line at

Pateros. About 9 o'clock in the morning they opened fire. Company F was on

the extreme left on the lake shore; Company H was in the center; Company Dwas on the right of the first line, and Companies G and L were sent over to the

extreme right, which checked the advance of the column that was going toward

Pateros. The insurgents opened one of the heaviest fires that had been encount-

ered in any of the fights or skirmishes engaged in by any part of the regiment.

They were posted behind stone walls in the ruins of a church, and behind heavy

breastworks, in which they were almost absolutely protected from our fire, and

CHARGING IN A BAMBOO THICKET.

34 Caiiipaignitiff in the Philippines.

they poured voile}' after volley on our line. The only thing that we could do was

to flank them and, as they (^the insurgents) had such a force that their line over-

lapped us, this was a very dangerous thing to undertake, but still it was our only

hope. We had asked for artillery, but it was deemed that other portions of the

line needed it more than we.

Maj. Weisenburger ordered a charge upon the insurgents' position, and the

line advanced with a hurrah and a rush, and carried the position, after a very

sharp conflict, the insurgents, however, resisting every inch of the way. After

breaking their line, we continued the advance and crowded them back for about

three miles, the fight lasting until a little after 1 o'clock in the afternoon. This

undoubtedly was one of the most hotly contested skirmishes that has taken place

in the Philippines. There were five killed on our side in this fight and eighteen

wounded. The two companies on the right. Companies G and L, had a hard

fight, but the left of the insurgent line broke away to relieve the tension in front

of Companies T and G, who were being very hard pressed, but still held their

ground without yielding an inch, and were, in fact, driving the insurgents when

the line on the lefc gave way, and the entire insurgent expedition was abandoned,

all retreating, and making no further attempt to advance on our position. There

was not a day, however, from about the oth of April until the 10th day of June

that the troops there were not under fire. Every day there was more or less

skirmishing.

On the 19th of May a party of scouts, under Lieut. Lamping of Company Dand Sergt. Hill of Company H, were sent out on a scouting expedition, as the in-

surgents were showing considerable activity, and it was necessary to ascertain

what they were doing. The scouts were hardly outside the lines when they were

fired upon by parties of insurgents. It appears that a strong body of the insurgents

had come down to within 600 or TOO yards of our outposts, and had built a trench

during the night behind which they were posted. L'eut. Lamping and Sergt. Hill

so successfully handled the few men they had under them, only seventeen or

eighteen, that they flanked the insurgent position before they knew just where

we were, and opened fire on them and killed fifteen, driving the insurgents back,

although there was more than five to one against us, without the loss of a man.

MORONG.

After Gen. Lawton had made his first strong movement to the north, captur-

ing San Isidro and other places, he turned his attention to the Morong Peninsula,

laying plans to have Gen. Hall command one brigade and Col. Wholley the other.

The plan was for Col. Wholley to move against Caiuta and Taytay, capture them,

leave a force there, withdraw the Washington Regiment, returning with it through

Pasig, ship on cascoes, and proceed around the lake to the town of Morong, cap-

ture the town of Morong, and there stop. Gen. Hall would proceed through the

town of San Mateo, up through the ridge which was behind the peninsula of

Morong, there to intercept any force that might flee over the peninsula. This

having been accomplished, the whole command was to move down the peninsula

and bottle them up.

Campaigning in the P/iilippuics. 85

Morong Peninsula is a point of land projecting into the Laguna de Bay, caus-

ing the lake to have a crescent shape. Cainta and Taytay were on the west junc-

tion of the peninsula to the main land, and Morong on the eastward junction,

with Antipolo and Teresa on the road connecting these main points. Cainta

is two and a half miles from Pasig.

At the hour set, 1 o'clock p. m., June 4th, the brigade under Col. WhoUey,moved out from Pasig, along the Mariquina Road, and turned off on the Cainta

Road and about one and a half miles from Cainta formed a skirmish line. The line

ran north until it touched the base of the foothills, which formed the background

of the towns of Cainta and Taytay. The brigade swept along into and through

the town of Cainta to Tayta}', having only had a slight skirmish on the left of the

line. A strong force was at Taytay, but the instructions were to capture Cainta

only. The 12th Inf., North Dakotas and Scott's Battery were left at this place in

command of Col. Treumann, while Col. WhoUey took the Washington Regiment

back through Pasig, placed them on cascoes during the night, and at early morning,

June 5th, proceeded up the lake for the purpose of capturing Morong. The water

was very shallow in the vicinity of Morong, so the cascoes stopped some distance

out in the water, where the command disembarked into the water and waded to

the shore. At first ver}- little life was seen in the town, but finally, white figures

could be seen darting here and there, taking their positions in the trenches.

While considering the plan of attack, a volley of fire came over our heads. Thewhole command seemed to take in the situation. One Captain formed his com-

pany into a skirmish line and the others followed under the direction of the brigade

commander until the whole command was changed into a straight line of skirmish,

which moved across the plain between the shore and the town of Morong, exposed

to the fire of the insurgents in the town, the hills beyond and the hills on the left

flank. The fire was persistent and it was evident that we were moving against

as strong a force as our own. The command moved speedily over the plain a

distance of 1500 yards. Nearing the town it was necessary to attack the left

flank and to drive a large force down from the mountain and entrenchments,

which was done by a strong effort on the part of Capt. Smith and his men. The

enemy in the

church tower at

M o r o n g s t a }• e d ^ \ i.

there until the last

minute, when the

bell commence d

ringing from the

effects of the shots ^ — -dlF ..^d^ut . li^^P- '^*

of our men upon it.

The town was

finally occupied and

found emptv, the.

A RECONNOITERING PARTY.insurgents moving

principally along the road toward Antipolo, where they left a number of outposts.

The next day, in order to clear the road in the direction of Antipolo from insurgents

36 Campaigning in ihe Philippines,.

it became necessary to send out a scouting party. They soon found the

enemy, for one of our men, a member of Company D, was shot in the head while

ascending the road m the rear of the town. Then a strong force of thirty men,

under L,ieut. Moss, was sent out, but met with no resistance. Having received

instructions to remain on the cross roads, at the point where the road from the

peninsula met the Antipole Road, they remained there until Gen. Hall came upwith his column, about noon, June 6th, in obedience to previous instructions.

After leaving San Mateo, Gen. Hall met obstacles he did not expect, conse-

quently he was twent\-four hours longer than planned in reaching Morong. Theinsurgents had, in the meantime, scattered and escaped through the lines to cover,

so that on arriving at Morong, the necessity for the detention of the Washingtons

existed no longer. They left that same day, June (ith, and returned to Pasig.

The rainy season now commenced, and further military operations in the

Philippines were practically suspended, and, with the exception of the expedition

to Calamba, the Washington Regiment remained doing garrison duty until their

embarkation for home.

THE CALAMBA EXPEDITION.

This expedition started from San Pedro Macati, Pasig, Pateros, Taguig and

Morong on July '26th, under command of Maj. Weisenburger, and was composed

of the following organization?:

A provisional battalion of the Washington Regiment, composed of the avail-

able men in the regiment, organized into four companies, under Captains Otis,

Steinman, Sturges and Gromley; a battalion of the 21st Inf., and three troops of

the 4th Cav., under Capt. McGrath. They were loaded on cascoes and towed

across the lake by four steam launches, convoyed by two of the tin-clad river gun-

boats, the Xapidan and the Ocstc. The destination of the expedition was kept

secret, and but few of the officers, even, knew where it was intended to disembark,

the general impression being that it was to move to retake Santa Cruz, which was

taken and abandoned in April. Gen. Hall was in immediate command of the

expedition, though Gen. Lawton accompanied it as far as Calamba in his launch.

When the fleet was collected and well out in the Laguna de Bay, orders were

given to steam to Calamba. There the troops were disembarked on two sides of

the ci'y simultaneously, and waded ashore in mud and water from knee to shoulder

deep, while the gunboats shelled the town from in front.

As the cascoes approached the shore the insurgent garrison in the town opened

fire, which was replied to by a few selected men on the cascoes. During the

advance on the town the fire continued, being particularly severe on that part ot

the line covered by the 21st Inf. and the 4th Cav., killing five and wounding nine

men. One man was wounded in the Washington Battalion, Private Fred M.

Ballew, Company H, who was shot through the shoulder and hand.

Notwithstanding the resistance, the advancing troops pushed into the town

across the rice swamps, as the insurgent garrison made an undignified and con-

fused retreat into the hills beyond, with almost the entire population of the town

preceding them. When the advancing line entered the town it found there some

eighty Chinamen, who thought it safer to remain, a few natives, and about thirty

Spanish prisoners, including seven officers.

Canipaiii'iiiii^' in the /'/li/ippiiies. '?>T

In their hasty retreat the insurgents had attempted to drive the Spanish

prisoners before them, but in the confusion of the hasty withdrawal, this numberescaped them, though forty or more were taken away. Those who remained

were delighted with their new-found freedom, and cheered the advance of the

Americans with cries of " Viva los Americanos."

PVom these prisoners it was learned that the insurgent garrison at that place had

been a small one, consisting of but a single company of l-'>0 men; that the attack

was a complete surprise, there being no knowledge of it until the Americans had

begun to land, when it was too late to form for any organized resistance. There

had been a rumor about town that the place was to be attacked on the following

Sunday, and steps had been taken to reinforce the garrison, but the attack came

four days too early for their expectations. This instance proves how difficult it

has been to keep secret the plans of the military authorities here. Although so

little was known in our own forces that even after embarkation, our own lir.e

officers did not know where the}' were bound, the insurgent forces at the place to

be attacked knew that the movement was being planned and were ignorant only

of the date.

For some time there was no embargo placed on carrying supplies of provisions

through the American lines, and a great deal of traffic in rice, tobacco, etc., was

carried on up the Pasig River past our outposts. For several weeks before this

expedition, a launch owned by Filipinos had been plying regularly between

Manila and Calamba carrying food, and when the expedition was sighted at

Calamba, it was thought to be only another cargo of rice and boats put off from

shore to meet it and bring in the cargo. One boat even ran quite a way out into

the lake before it discovered the mistake and raised the white flag.

After occupying the town, a line of outposts was put out and the streets

patroled until the next day, when Capt. Steinman was appointed Frovost ^Vlar-

shal, with a detail of seventy mento do the interior police work of the

town.

The outposts were not disturbed

during the first night, and on the

morning of Juh- 27th Capt. Sturges

was sent out with his company to

make a reconnoissance of the

country and develop the position of

the enemy. About a mile southwest

of the town he developed the enemy

in some force under cover of the, , , , , ,, , BEHIND THE TRENCHES.heavy brush, and drove them out,

after a smart skirmish, during which Capt. Otis' company and Maj. Weisenburger

went out to reinforce him, and the two other Washington companies, under

Capt. vSteinman, were sent to the south of the town to continue the reconnois-

sance in that direction. These companies returned about noon, but had no

sooner eaten their dinner than the insurgents, who had followed them back to

town, opened up on the outposts. The command was turned out again and

38 Cauip.iii^nini; lU the Philippinrs.

the enemy driven back in a hot engagement by the Washington Battalion and

the cavalry squadron, in which our troops, by a skilful flank maneuver, beat back

the insurgents from their cover with a severe loss in killed and wounded. About

two hundred insurgents were engaged in these skirmishes. Our loss was two menwounded in the 4th Cav.

Wliile the troops were out of town on the afternoon skirmish, some insurgent

sympathizers in the town, who had been left undisturbed on the supposition that

they were disposed to be friendly to the American occupation, set fire to some

bamboo huts, and about a dozen buildings were destroyed before the fire was

quenched by a heavy rain, which began falling about 8 o'clock.

After these skirmishes the outposts were exposed to an intermittent fire from

ambushed sharpshooters until July 21)th, when an attack was made, about noon,

by son:e 400 insurgents from two sides of the town simultaneously. The entire

force was turned out and another brisk engagement occurred, in which fully

twenty Filipinos were killed, three captured and a great many wounded. Three

men of the 21st Inf. were killed and several wounded. One Washington manwas wounded, Corp. Spawn of Company C, who was shot through the neck, not

severely.

After this skirmish there was no general engagement while the Washington

Battalion remained at Calamba, a period of twenty-one days. But the men of the

command were on outpost duty every alternate night, and hardly an hour passed

without more or less firing on the part of the insurgents. During nearly all this

firing the men of the Washington Battalion, confident from their long, hard

experience with the wily enemy, and hardened by their four weeks' similar

experience in the trenches at San Pedro Macati during February and March,

maintained a vigilant silence, which inspired the enemy with a strange fear of

the consequences of venturing against them, and caused them to desert that part

of the line almost entirely. On the other hand, the newer and less experienced

troops of the 21st Inf. replied to this occasional firing by volley, aimed almost at

random in the darkness, exposing their own position to the enemy and causing

the Filipinos to prefer that part of the line for their operations, rather than the

silent left end held by the Washingtons.

During the twenty-five days the men were in Calamba, with the exception of

the first three days, during which the men lived in the streets, in obedience to

strict orders, the command lived in the native huts of the town on field rations of

hardtack and corned beef, their first experience of any length with field rations.

On the 19Lh of August they were relieved by the 2d Battalion of the 21st Inf.,

and embarked on cascoes and returned to their former station, in obedience to an

order to prepare to embark on transport to return home.

On August 2()l:li telegraphic orders were received by Col. Wholle}' to prepare

his regiment to embark on the transport City of Para for San Francisco. Owingto the high water of the Pasig River, it was very difficult to obtain transportation

for the troops. Then, after a delay of several days, part of the regiment was

moved into Manila, taking quarters in the barracks which had been occupied by

the 37th U. S. Inf., which had proceeded to Pasig to relieve the regiment. Owingto the difficulties of bringing the regiment into Manila, the order was changed,

2_

40 Caiiipaig'tiiiii^' i)i the Phi/ippiiics.

assigning us to the City of Para, and we were ordered to board the Peiinsvlvaiiia.

Some of the companies came direct from the firing line to the transport. We left

Manila September 5th and arrived in sight of Japan on the 12th. Here the menwere given shore leave, and enjoyed themselves in visiting the different places of

interest. On July 14th we again sailed, arriving at Yokohama on the Kith, in

which place we remained for three da>s, leaving for San Francisco on the 19th,

arri\ing October 9th, after a very rough and tedious voyage.

The regiment was met by the Governor and a delegation of the citizens of the

State of Washington, and was given breakfast in the ferry building, afterwards

marching to the Presidio, where they were lunched and entertained by the 1st

Montana Regiment.

From this time till the muster-OLit, o.ir experience in San Francisco was muchlike the weather—decidedly varied. There were charming days, but interspersed

with these was dark and rainy weather. The hospitality of vSan Francisco is pro-

verbial. No soldier can well feel himself a stranger within her gates, but the volun-

teer soldier on his return from the Philippines has his thoughts far beyond the little

joys about him. That boyhood yearning comes to him, somehow, with a strangely

doubled force, and his mind is continually away to the old homestead and its occu-

pants. The Washingtons, however, made the most of their weary stay, and nowand then a jocund round would relieve the tedium, but, aside from those engaged

in the preparation of the muster-out rolls, time hung heavily.

One of the pleasant episodes of this stay in camp at the Presidio was the sword

presentation to Col. Wholley by the enlisted men of the regiment. This occurred

on the ISth of October. The rank and file and non-commissioned officers of the

regiment, through a deputation, at the tent of Col. Wholle>- in the Presidio, pre-

sented him with a magnificent sword, bearing the inscription:

" Presented to Col. John II. Wholley, as a token of esteem, by the enlisted men of the 1st

Washington Inf., U. S. V , October IS, 1899."

The sword presentation committee also presented to the Colonel a well-framed

set of resolutions, adopted by the committee, representing the enlisted men of the

regiment, in which was expressed the gratitude and esteem of the enlisted men of

the regiment, and their confidence and respect for him as a brave, honorable and

efficient commander.

It was a touching tribute, but hardly less so than the scene which soon fol-

lowed. Mrs. Wholley had arrived in camp that morning, and soon after

her arrival became known, there was again a buzz among the rank and file. Sud-

denly, they commenced to form in front of the Colonel's tent, and their wish

was made known to see Mrs. Wholley. A reception followed, in which the

gracious mien of Mrs. Wl olley was most significant. The hearty greeting, the

kind w^ords on her part, and the many graceful, chivalrotis acts upon the part of

the men, showed that all were on common groinid. It was more like a family

re-union and heart-to-heart talk than one may see in many a day.

October HI, ISilt), the long-looked-for muster-out day, at last came, and with it

the full restoration of the citizen-soldiers, from Washington, to citizenship. Noone can so fully appreciate this precious boon of citizenship as the volunteer who

Caiiipaigiiino- m t/w /'/ii/ippmcs. 41

has spent his service in the Philippines. He feels more keenl\ than before the full

value of his personal freedom and his rights of manhood, and these returned vol-

unteers, possessed of this new fervor, will not only protect the law and order of

the land, but they will help build for the future generations a better and grander

State.HOSPITAL CORPS.

The regiment was mustered in with Lewis R. Dawson as Major and Surgeon;

William M. Van Patten, Captain and Assistant Surgeon, and E. M. Brown, 1st

Ivieutenant and Assistant Surgeon. On the organization of the volunteer regiment,

there wds no provision for a Hospital Corps, and no regular army Hospital Corps

men were furnished until the regiment was ordered aboard the transport for

Manila.

As each battalion left the camp of muster in San Francisco, a special detail of

men for duty with the Hospital Corps was made from the companies of the regi-

ment. The 1st Battalion was accompanied by Dr. Brown, the 2d by Dr. VanPatten, w^hile Dr. Dawson remained with the

3d Battalion and went with them to Vancouver

Barracks. While quartered at the Fontana

warehouse, the men of the 1st and 2d Battal-

ions suffered considerably from severe throat ««te^iM!i8SW ' """l^B''^-- -t",

and lung troubles, the result of exposure, and

there was a slight epidemic of German measles.

On one occasion almost every man of CompanyG suffered from a severe attack of ptomaine

poisoning from eating deviled ham, but all

recovered. The od Battalion, at Vancouver

Barracks, had several cases of German measles

and two cases of spinal meningitis, one of

which. Private Easterday of Company C, was building trenchks.

discharged for disabiHty. The 2d Battalion, with Capt. Van Patten, was stationed

at Angel Island for four months previous to embarking for the Philippines.

Except for a slight epidemic of measles, the entire battalion enjoyed excellent

health while at this post.

From July until they embarked for the Philippines, October 28th, the 1st andod Battalions were in garrison at the Presidio, San Francisco. During this period

there was a large number of cases of German measles, and a few of true measles,

and a number of cases of typhoid fever; of these, three died at the Post Hospital,

and one man, who was left at the German Hospital when the regiment embarked,

died subsequently from typhoid fever. Private Eynch of Company K died while

at the Presidio, as the result of injuries received by falling down the barracks

stairs.

Shortly before the regiment embarked for the Philippines, an epidemic of whatsubsequently proved to be typhoid fever, developed in Company D, and within

three days seventeen men of this company came down with typhoid fever, of

which all but three or four cases proved light, and all embarked on the transport

42 Ca)npaig)ii>ii^' in the Philippines.

THE BATTLK IN THE RAIN.

with the balance of their company. Within a few daj'S after leaving San Fran-

cisco, and before reaching Honoluln, seven more cases of typhoid fever developed

on the transport.

Upon arrival at Honolnln, there being a luimber of cases of typhoid fever in

the U. S. Hospital at Honolulu, the regimental surgeons considered it safer to

take these cases along with them than to leave them at the hospital. During the

rest of the trip to the" Philippines eight

more cases of typhoid fever developed,

making fifteen in all. All of these cases

did well, and eventually recovered, one

having a relapse just before reaching Manila,

and being sent to the General Hospital on

arrival there. The day before arriving at

Manila, Private DeGolier of Company Kdeveloped an acute attack of appendicitis, and

the following day, upon arrival, was im-

mediately removed to the Plrst Reserve Hospital and operated upon by Major-

Surgeon Fitzgerald. After quite a long illness, DeGolier completely recovered and

afterwards took his discharge, and remained in Manila in civil employment. Im-

mediately after arriving in Manila a regimental hospital was organized in a resi-

dence at No. 66 Calle Nozaleda, and in a short time all the beds, twelve in num-

ber, were occupied by patients from the regiment. Some of these cases had

dysentery, the rest mostly malarial fever and diarrhea, with several cases of

typhoid fever. There was considerable difficulty in obtaining ice for the use of

the patients, but it was finally supplied by the Government ice plant at Cavite.

Commencing in January, the Regimental vSurgeon took advantage of a fund

of 15 cents a day for each man of the regiment on sick report, which was pro-

vided by order of Gen. Otis, from the "public civil fund." This was used for the

purchase of fresh eggs, milk and bananas for the patients in the hospital. About

the middle of January, by orders from the Division Commander, the regimental

hospitals were forbidden to treat cases of t>phoid fever and other serious illness,

and regimental surgeons were obliged to send all such cases to the general

hospitals.

Up to the date of the opening of hostilities on the 5th of February, the sick-

list of the regiment averaged from 5 to S per cent of the total strength. On the

evening of the 4th, when the regiment was ordered to the entrenchments in the

expectation of an attack, the entire Hospital Corps of the regiment, with the

exception of one nurse, on duty at the regimental hospital, was ordered out with

its field equipment to accompany the different battalions to the point of the

expected engagement, along the outskirts of the Paco district, and immediately

fronting the last of the enemy's entrenchments toward Santa Ana. Capt. Van

Patten had been taken ill with dysentery early in January, and was in the Second

Reserve Hospital on this day. Doctors Brown and Dawson took station immediately

in the rear of block-house No. 11 with a detachment from the Hospital Corps,

and, in the absence of the third surgeon. Hospital Steward McBride, with Privates

DeWitt, Englehardt and Mitchell, were assigned to the battalion, under the

La 11!pa ii^II I II i^' in the /'/lilippiiies. 43

immediate command of Capt. Fortson, and remained on duty with him during the

engagement, while Stewards Allis and Hunt, with Privates Bordeaux, Breuchle,

Snoke, Triplett, Brown and Clarke, were with vSurgeons Brown and Dawson at

the dressing-station in the rear of the block-house, and attended the wounded of

the 1st Washington, California and Idaho Regiments in their inunediate vicinity,

rendering first-aid dressing to over sixty wounded, besides man\ wounded

Filipinos. As rapidly as the dressing was made, the wounded were sent back on

litters to the nearest ambulance station, about a quarter of a mile in the rear, and

taken to the First Reserve Hospital in the city, a distance of about a mile and a

quarter. The day after the battle of the 5th, the regimental hospital was moved

to a building in the captured town of Santa Ana. This building was large and

commodious, the former residence of a wealthy Spaniard, and was well adapted

for use as a hospital, the rooms being large and airy, with fine mahogany floors,

a large cistern of good water, and ample facilities for cooking, washing, etc.

This was maintained as the regimental hospital until the headquarters of the regi-

ment were removed to Pasig, about .March 2()th, from which time on the regiment

maintained a hospital in the Pasig Church.

While at Santa Ana, men taken sick in the trenches at San Pedro Macati, three

miles in advance, were cared for, unless their cases w'ere so serious as to require

treatment in the general hospital. During this time Corp. Stroud of Company L.

died in the regimental hospital of acute dysentery, the only death occurring in the

regimental hospital during the entire history of the regiment. While the regi-

mental hospital was maintained at Santa Ana, Stewards Allis and McBride were

both taken sick of malarial fever and sent to the First Reserve and Corregidor

Hospitals. Steward Allis rejoined the regiment at Pasig about April loth and

Steward McBride some time later.

During the time that the regimental headquarters were stationed at Pasig,

namely, from March 17th to September 1st, detachments of the regiment occupied

adjoining towns at Pateros, Taguig and Guadalupe

ridge, aboiit two miles distant across the Pasig

River. With the exception of this last place, the

other stations named, being situated- in the low

lands on the Pasig River and Daguna de Bay,

were ^ery malarious, and thp command suffered

severely from malarial fever, diarrhea and dysentery,

with a few cases of typhoid fever. During the

months of May, June and July from 20 to Ho per

cent of the entire strength of the regiment were on

sick report more or less constantly, and the surgeons

and Hospital Corps were kept constantly busy

caring for this large number of sick. The more

serious cases were all sent to the different general hospitals in Manila,

namely, the First and Second Reserve and the convalescent hospital at Corregidor

Island, at one time there being over one hundred sick and wounded in these

different hospitals, besides from thirty to ninety-six in the Regimental Hospital.

In Gen. I^awton's expedition against Santa Cruz in April, only a corps of

BRINGING IN THE WOUNDED.

44 Ccuiipai^iiiito; i>i the Phi/ippiiws.

sharpshooters of the Washington Regiment, consisting of sixty men, participated,

but the Hospital Corps was called upon to furnish a surgeon and four men for

duty with the different organizations taking part in the expedition. Maj. Dawson

was assigned to duty with the Idaho Battalion, under Maj. Figgins, and Stewards

Hunt and Privates Breuchle, Englehardt, Brown and Clarke also accompanied the

expedition. In the attack on Morong, Surgeons Dawson and Brown, with Privates

Clarke, vScott, Fleming, Snoke and Ahlbaum accompanied the tvvo battalions, par-

ticipating.

As stated above, the regiment had to depend for hospital work upon mendetailed from the regiment until the date of sailing for Manila. Of these, the fol-

lowing served almost constantly from the beginning of their enlistment, and con-

tinued on duty \\ith the corps until mustered out: James G. Triplett, Company

E; John M. Snoke and Charles \V. Brown, Company B.

The following members of the regiment were transferred to the Hospital

Corps, U. S. A.: George W. Styles, Company A; Max E. Englehardt and Don

DeWitt, Company E; J. C. Barker, Thomas M. Geoghegan and Albert J. Bur-

rows, Company I; Frank Lawrence and George W. Foster, Company G; Robert

E. Clarke, Company A; George Bordeaux, Company C; Wilfred D. Rogers, Com-

pany M; Martin Forrest, Company H. All these were assigned to duty with the

regiment, and remaineii with it daring its period of service, except Styles, whoremained on duty at the Presidio, Geoghegan, who was sent to Alaska, and

Rogers, who remained at Vancouver Barracks. Barker, Lawrence and Burrows

went to the Philippines with the regiment, and were there assigned to duty with

other commands until they were ordered to rejoin the regiment, upon its return

for muster-out.

The following men of the Hospital Corps, U. S. A., were assigned to duty

with the regiment, and remained with it for a longer or shorter period of time

during its service in the Philippines: Privates Charles Breuchle, William J. Hog-

gard, Mark A. Nediver, Forest G. Waterman, Dwight M. Blaisdell, Harry C.

Scott, Kenneth Fleming, Higgins and Frank H. Pike.

The following men of the regiment served with the Hospital Corps for a short

time at different periods: W. G. Herman, Company D; John T. Dawson, Com-

pany, K; Curtis S. Greene, Company P^; Charles A. Allen, Company

E, as ambulance driver; Ransom Hammond, Company D; George M. Styles,

Company A.

The hospital work of the regnnent is under very great obligations to the Red

Cross organizations of California and Washington for the medical supplies and

comforts furnished to the regiment.

The successful treatment of the cases of typhoid fever on the transports going

to Manila was undoubtedly due, largely, to the supply of malted milk furnished

by the San Francisco Red Cross, and to the medicines purchased with the fund

furnished by the Washington Red Cross Society, and in Manila from the fund pro-

vided for diet for the sick, through the commissar}' department, from the "pub-

lic civil fund," enabling the purchase of milk, fruit and other foods for the sick in

hospital and quarters, which aided largly in mitigating the sufferings of

the sick.

4 Wash.

46 Caiiipaii^>ii}i,i^ in the Philippines.

Shortly before returning to the United States, Hospital Steward McBride was

sent home invalided, and Steward Hunt took his discharge, to remain in Manila.

On August 2d, Dr. Van Patten, who had returned to the United States invalided, was

discharged, and Dr. Brown promoted to Captain and Assistant Surgeon. August

26th, Hospital Steward Allis was appointed by the Governor 1st Lieutenant and

Assistant Surgeon, vice Dr. Brown, promoted. Private Bordeaux was transferred

back to the regiment from the U. S. A. Hospital Corps, and appointed hospital

steward September 4th. September 5th, Corp. John T. Daw.son of Company K was

appointed .steward in place of Steward Allis, promoted, and on September Hth,

Sergt. William G. Herman, Company D, was appointed hospital steward, to fill

the vacancy caused by McBride' s discharge.

The surgeons, during the entire service in the regiment, have always had

cordial co-operation on the part of the Colonel and other regimental officers in

furnishing men on special detail for duty with the Hospital Corps, and this enabled

the corps to furnish men for duty in every engagement in which the regiment, as

a whole or in part, participated. In every advance engagement there were sur-

geons or corpsmen present for dut)^ with the detachment.

From its initial engagement, February 4, 1899, to the last skirmish in which

the regiment was engaged, the stewards and enlisted men of the Hospital Corps

manifested the same coolness and courage and self-sacrificing devotion to duty

that has characterized the other members of the regiment. In action the corps-

men on duty kept on the firing line, and there dressed the wounded under fire,

or, if possible, removed them immediately to places of safety, and almost every

man performed individual acts of heroism which would justly entitle him to men-

tion for distinguished bravery. It is almost an injustice to others to make

individual mention, but the services of Steward McBride on the 5th of February,

when he performed the duties of a surgeon for Fortson's Battalion, and, with

Englehardt, DeWitt and Mitchell, took part in the charge on the knoll, should

be especially mentioned.

THE REGIMENTAL BAND.

The Washington regimental band was organized at Camp Rogers early in May,

1898. Although not mustered in as a band, having been made up from musicians

in the ranks, nevertheless it has kept together as an independent organization ever

since.

The band came from Camp Rogers to Vancouver Barracks with the headquarters

and od Battalion in June, and did garrison duty until July 23d, when orders

came to move to San Francisco and join the remainder of the regiment. Here the

Washington Regiment was assigned to barracks for garrison duty, not having been

included in the Philippine expeditionary forces. The idea of remaining in barracks

was disappointing to men who had enlisted for active .service, but then " they also

ser\-e who only stand in wait." After three months of pleasant garrison duty, the

long-looked-for orders came for Manila; the regiment was at last destined to that

military mecca.

The story of the trip to Manila is told elsewhere in this book. The band was,

upon landing in Manila, assigned to quarters with the 1st Battalion in the

Canipaigiiiiio- m t/ic l'liili[^piius. 4T

Compania General Cigar Factory, one of the largest of its kind in the world. Sooii-

after, the band and headquarters were moved to the Bishop's Palace in Paco,.

where it remained until Fel^ruary 7th.

During the two months of December and January the different regimental bands-

gave concerts on the Luneta, where, night after night, vast crowds would assemble

to hear the music. The Washington Band made a hit with their ver\- first concert,,

for in addition to a well chosen and well-rendered program, they were assisted

by the regimental glee club. If the opinion of the people is the gauge of anorganization's worth, surely the Washington band occupied an enviable position

among the crack bands in Manila. The band gave in all four concerts, each of

w^hich received a full share of encores and applause.

Finally, when the F'ilipino insurrection commenced, the band was, during the

night of February 4th, detailed for guarding Government property in Paco. Somefew got to the firing line, but

all saw their share of fighting,

for while doing guard duty at

the Palace during the Battle

of Santa Ana, another engage-

ment occurred at Paco Church

in which the band men took

a prominent part. Severalsharpshooters of the enemy

were discovered firing from an

impregnable position in the church and to di.slodge them it was necessary to

burn the church. One of the band carried oil to start the conflagration, and hadto run a gauntlet of Mauser volleys to do it, but suffice to say, // zi'as done anddone 'a'cll!

Among the various episodes in the career of the band was one of no small

importance which occurred on Washington's birthday. The band was stationed

at Santa x-Vna, while the line was being held at San Pedro Macati. This particular

day they went out to the firing line with their in.struments to cheer up the wear\'

men in the trenches. It was a scene not soon to be forgotten when the strains of

"America," " Marching Thro' Georgia" and "Columbia, the Gem of theOcean"w^ere cheered loudly by the men in the trenches and rifle-pits.

The band rejoined the regiment when the latter moved into Pasig Citv, after

its capture, on March IHth, where it remained doing guard duty until the orders

came relieving the regiment from the line and assigning it to a transport for the

happy journe}' home.

The record of the band is a good one; each man can say he has done his duty,

and that is a soldier's proudest boast.

GOING .ABOARD THE " PENXSVLV.A.NI A" AT MANILA.

48 Caiiipaioiiiiig in t/ic Philippines.

RECAPITULATION.

1st WASHINGTON INFANTRY, U. S. V

Number officers and enlisted men mus-

tered in Ma)', 18118:

Officers 4()

Men 9(57

Total lOi:^

Number recruits received:

Men ;!lll

Number mustered in:

Officers : . . . . 40

Men 128(1

Total i;i32

Total discharged in San Francisco:

Officers 2

Men 141

Total 1 43

Total deaths in vSan h'rancisco:

Men 5

Total number that left San Francisco:

Officers 40

Men 108()

Total 112(i

Total number discharged ni the Philip-

pines:

Officers 15

Men 224

Total 239

Number deaths, disease and accidental,

in the Philippines:

Officers

Men1

13

Total 14

Number killed or died of wounds re-

ceived in action in the Philippines:

Officers. . . .

Canipaigjiiiig m the J'/'ii/ippiiics. 4y

batti.es, engagements and skirmishes participated in

by the regiment.

Battles Date.

Santa Ana, Feb. 4-5, 18i)9.

Killed

Wounded

.—Casualties.Kill.

Off. Men.

12

42

Paco Church, Feb. 5, 1S!H»

Wounded.

Guadalupe, Feb. 4, ISSH).

Wounded

Pateros, Feb. 15, 18!)i)

Wounded

San Pedro Macati, Feb. 15, IS'.lit

San Pedro Macati, Feb. Ki, ISitit

Wounded

Guadalupe, Feb. 18, 18111).

Wounded

Guadalupe, Feb. 19, 18!i:»

Wounded

Across River (San Pedro) Feb. 20

Killed

Guadalupe, Feb. 22, 18!tl)

Killed

Wounded

San Pedro Macati, Mar. 3, 181)i)

Wounded

San Pedro, Macati, Mar. 4, 18!»lt

Wounded

San Pedro Macati, Mar. (i, 1891)

Wounded

San Pedro Macati, Mar. 7, 189)

Killed

Wovinded

vSan Pedro Macati, Mar. 13, 1899

Wounded

Pateros, Mar. 14, 1899

Killed

Wounded

Total Killed

Total Wounded

Battles. Dale.

Taguig, Mar. 18, 1899.

Wounded

Laguna de Bay, Mar. 19, 1899.

Wounded

Pasig, Mar. 2(), 1899 .

Killed

Wounded

Taguig, April 9, 1899

Wounded

Santa Cruz, April 10, 1899

Santa Cruz, April 11

, 1899

Wounded

Paete, April 12, 1899. . .

Lumbang, April 13, 1899

Wounded

Taguig, April IG, 1899.

Taguig, April 20, 1899 . . .

Wounded

Taguig, April 2", 1899. . .

Killed

Wounded

Taguig, May 19, 1899 . .

Taytay, June 3, 1899

Cainta, June 3, 1899

Wounded

Morong, June 5, 1899. . . .

Killed

Wounded

Taguig, June 5, 1899

WoundedTaguig, June 12, 1899 .

Calamba, July, 26, 1899..

WoundedCalamba, July 27. 1899.

Calamba, July 30, 1899..

Total

,

Off.

Enl.Men.

24

98

-Casualties.—

>

Enl.Off. Men.

II

122

Caiiipaigiiniii i)i llic /'/li/ippiiies. 51

Field and Staff.

The names of officers are numbered to correspond with cut on opposite page.

NAMK OCCUPATION ADDRESS

Col. John H. WhoUey (1 ) Soldier Vancouver, Wash.Lieut. Gol. Wm. J. Fife (2) Lawyer Tacoma, Wash.Maj. John J. Weisenburger (:i) Lawyer New Whatcom, Wash.Maj. Wm. J. Canton (4) State Adj. Gen. . Seattle, Wash.1st Lieut, and Adjt. Fred T. Briggs (10) Railroadman North Yakima, Wash.Maj. and Surg. Louis R. Dawson (5) Physician Seattle, Wash.Capt. and Asst. Surg. Elmer M. Brown (11) Physician Tacoma, Wash.1st Lieut, and Asst. Surg. Leonard G. Allis (12) Physician Seattle, Wash.Capt. and Chaplain Albert L. Kuutson (6) Student Walla Walla, Wash.1st Lieut, and Q. M. Wni. L. Lemon (9) Merchant North Yaki:na,Wash.

1st Lieut, and Bat. Adjt. Thos. D. S. Hart (8) Journalist Walla Walla, Wash.1st Lieut, and Bat. Adjt. George M. Dreher (7i Clerk Spokane, Wash.1st Lieut, and Bat. Adjt. George B. Lamping (13) Bank Clerk Seattle, Wash.

DISCHARGKU.

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS REMARKS

Maj. John Carr Mechanic Dayton, Wash Resigned, Oct. 29, '98.

Capt. and Asst. Surg. Wm. Mc. Van Patten . Physician Walla Walla, Wash " Aug 2, '99.

1st Lieut, and Adjt., Wm. L. L"hn Clerk Manila, i'. I " July 12, '99.

1st Lieut, and Q. M. Albert W. Bryan Elec. Kngineer .Seattle, Wash " Sept 2, '99.

Capt. and Chaplain John II. Thompson. Died of dysentery at Manila, P. I., Feb. 19. 1899.

52 Caiiipaizfii'i.ii' "^ ''^"' Philippines.

FIELD AND STAFF OFFICERS.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

JOHN A. WHOLIvEY, Colonel, 1st Washington Regiment, U. S. V., was born

at Salem, Mass., January 13, 1868. He entered the U. S. Military Academy, and

graduated therefrom in 1890. He joined the 4th Inf. at Fort Spokane, Wash.

His services with the regiment were in the States of Washington and Idaho,

during which time he participated in all the movements of the regiment, including

field service at the time of the strikes in the Cceur d'Alene mines and the railroad

strike of 1894.

In September, 1S94, Col. WhoUey was detailed as U. S. Recruiting Officer,

stationed at Seattle. In 189(5 he was appointed, by the Secretary of War, orofessor

of military science and tactics at the University, State of Washington, and was

later instructor of civil engineering and mathematics at the same university.

He was appointed, by Gov. John R. Rogers, Colonel of the 1st Washington \^olun-

teers, his commission dating from April "28, ISDS. The regiment was sent, after

muster, to the Department of California, and remained there until October, 1898,

when it was sent to the Philippine Islands, arriving there in the month of Novem-

ber. He remained in command of the regiment until April, 1899, when he was

placed temporarily in command of the 1st Brigade, 1st Division, 8th Army Corps,

and again assumed command of the regiment in June, 1.S99, participating in all

the engagements in which the regiment was engaged. As brigade commander

he commanded the attack on Cainta, Taytay and Morong, June 4th and o, 1SH9.

For faithful and meritorious services he was recommended for promotion

to a Brigadier-Generalship, as appears from the folio .ving from his brigade and

division commanders:

San Fernando, P. I., July 28, 1,S99.

To the Adjutant-General, U. S. A.. Washington, D. C.

Sir:—Col. John H. Wholley, 1st Washington Volunteer Inf.. was with his regiment in mycommand from March 1st to March 20. 1899.

He commanded his regiment with skill and gallantry in numerous operations against the

enemy, and I have a high opinion of his merits as a commanding officer, and believe he will

be found equal fo any command which may be devolved upon him.

Very respectfullv,

LLOYD WHEATON.Brigadier-General, U. S. A.

Favorably endorsed, E;lwelIv vS. Otis.

iMajor-General Commanding.

Hkadouarthrs Fir.st Division, P^iohth .\r.mv Corps, j

Manila, P. I., July 28, 1899. S

To the Adjutant-General, U. S. Army, Washington, D. C. U. S. A.

Sir:— It is with great pleasure that I recommend for appointment for Brigadier-General

U. S. v.. Col John H. Wholley, 1st Washington Inf., U. S. V.

Col. Whollev has been in my command since March 17th, last. He has, with his regi-

ment, occupied the most advanced positions along my line, and for a time commanded the 1st

Cai)ipai_^ni)ii^ in the /Viilippiitcs. 53

Brigade of my division. His services have been faithful, efficient and nieritorious, and I ask

for him the favorable consideration of the Department, feeling confident that if he attains the

y)romotion he desires, that he will Vie a credit to himself and the service.

Very respectfullv,

H. W. LAWTON,Major-General U. S. V.,

Commanding.

Col. W'holley's residence is X'ancotiver Jkirracks, State of Washington.

\V. J. FIFE, Lieutenant-Colonel, was born in Meaford, Canada, October 25,

1S.")7. At the close of the Civil War, when a child, he moved with his parents to

\"assar, Michigan. They then moved to Cherokee, Iowa, and in 1874 he went to

the then Territory and present State of Washington. In 1S75, he helped to

organize the first militia company in the Territory of Washington, which was

known and designated as the "Tacoma Rifles" of which he was 1st Lietitenant.

In 1<S7() he entered the California Military Academy of Oakland, Cal. He gradu-

ated in 1S7S at the head of his class. He then accepted a position in that institution

as post-adjtitant and military instructor on the academic staff. Later on, he

took tip the study of law at the Columbia Law University, Washington, D. C,

and thereafter completed his studies in the office of Hooker & Ashton at Tacoma,

in the Territory of Washington, and was admitted as a member of the bar of that

territory in 18S4. He was a member of the Tacoma Guard as private and after-

wards became Captain of said guard, now known as Company C, 1st Washington

Volunteer Regiment. The 1st Regiment of Washington National Guard was then

under the command of Col. J. C. Haines. Col. Fife was in command of Company

C for three weeks after the great vSeattle fire, and did much towards perserving

the peace and protecting property. He was also iti command of the troops during

the mining disturbances in Western Washington some years thereafter.

He was afterwards appointed chief of ordnance with rank of Colonel on Gov.

McGrath's staff. He continued with the rank of Colonel on Gov. Roger's staff

and was detailed as chief instructor of rifle practice on account of his long

experience in the National Guard. He went to the Spanish-American War as

Lieutenant-Colonel of the 1st Washington Regiment, U. S. V. He was in Alaska

on leave of absence when the war broke out, and was sent for by the Governor to

return immediately and take command of the 1st Washington Volunteer Regi-

ment. The War Department was rushing orders for troops and Col. Fife not being

upon the ground, another officer was found to commence organization, necessitating

Col. Fife accepting the Lieutenant-Colonelcy of the regiment.

Lieutenant-Colonel Fife was with his regiment from the date of muster-in at

Camp Rogers until mustered out at San Francisco, never losing a day. He was

the oldest member of the National Guard that came out with the regiment.

Gen. Chas. King says of Lieutenant-Colonel Fife:

One of the best men in the Washington Regiment is Lieutenant-Colonel W. J. Fife. He

is one of the best soldiers and one of the most gifted men that we have in the Philippines. I

look upon Lieutenant-Colonel Fife as one of the finest officers that I have ever known in

volunteer service.

Col. Fife has been prominent in social organizations as well as in military life,

being a member of the Elks, Knights of Pythias and Red Men.

54 Ca)iipai_(;iiii!g i)i the /'/lilippiiies.

JOHN J. WEISENBURGER, Major, was born in Hollowayville. Bureau

County, 111., February 4, 1855. He came from Illinois to Downieville,

Cal., and from there to Nevada City, Cal., April, 1863. He is a lawyer by

profession, and was Deputy District Attorney of Nevada County, Cal. He studied

law in Nevada County, and was admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court at

Sacramento, and practiced the profession in Nevada County, Truckee and Nevada

City for three years. For two and a half years he edited and published the

Truckee Republicaii. He mo\'ed to the State of Washington and had been practic-

ing law up to the time he entered the United States service. His residence was in

New Whatcom, Wash. He was City Attorne}' of Whatcom for seven consecutive

years and Mayor of the city for one term. He was a member of the National

Guard of California at the age of 18 and held every position in Company C,

2d Regiment, from private to Lieutenant, serving for nine years. When the

National Guard of Washington was organized, he organized a company in NewWhatcom, of which he was made Captain. He held the rank of Captain for five

years and was then promoted to Major of the 1st Washington Regiment and held that

position at the time the regim.ent was mustered into the volunteer service.

Maj. Weisenburger served with his regiment during the entire period of ser-

vice and was probably in more engagements than any other officer in the regiment.

In Gen. King's report of the first battle of Santa Ana he received special men-

tion and the General presented him with a badge. He was also mentioned in

Gen. Wheaton's report and by Gen. Lawton in his report of the Santa Cruz

expedition, where he was in command of the brigade during the entire expedition.

He was in command at Taguig upon the extreme front at Laguna de Bay, twelve

miles out from the city of Manila, considered one of the most important posts on

the line. He was under fire night and day from about the 20th of March and was

never off the firing line to exceed three or four hours from the time of the fight on

the night of the 4th of February until relieved to take the transport for home.

N. J. CANTON, Major, was born in Toronto, Canada, February (i, 1S61;

went to Washington in 1890. He was a member of the National Guard in the

State of Washington from 1892 to 1895, commanding a company, and was also

Adjutant-General of the State from May 5, 1898, to December 5, 1898. Heserved four years and four months in the 15th U. vS. Inf.; left San Francisco for

the Philippines January 2fi, 1899, and arrived there March 2, 1899, joining the

regiment on the firing line at San Pedro Macati as Major. He never lost a day

from the time he arrived in the Philippines until he took the transport for home.

Maj. Canton's address is Seattle, Wash.

FRED T. BRIGGS, 1st Lieutenant and Regimental Adjutant, was born

September 5, 1857, at Stockton, N. Y. His occupation in civil life is connected

with the railway service. He removed to Washington in 1S79, where he joined

the 1st U. S. Cav., in which he .served five years. He had two years' service in

Troop A, Cav., Washington National Guard, just previous to entering the volunteer

service. He was mustered into the .service of the United States May 9, 1898, as

1st Lieutenant, Company E, and appointed Regimental Adjutant July 16, 1899.

His residence is Yakima, Wash.

Cai/i/>aij^ >!!'>!_<; i)i Ilie /'/li/ippiiies. 55

\\\ L. LEMON, 1st Lieutenant and (Quartermaster, was born in Munroe,

Wis., May lU, IST;'). His occupation in ci\il life is that of a machinist. Hewent to Walla Walla, Wash., in ISSl, and from there to North Yakima in 1.S90.

In 1S',)2 he enlisted in the National (Uiard of Washington, and was appointed '2d

Lieutenant of Troop A, North Yakima, 1S!)7. In May, 1897, he was mustered

in as 'id Lieutenant, Company h",, 1st Washington Regiment, and appointed Act-

ing Quartermaster, 1st Battalion. Upon his arrival in San Francisco he was

made Quartermaster of the 1st and 2d Battalions, and as such went to the Philip-

pines with his regiment on the transport 0/iio. In April, 1899, Lieut. Lemon

was formally appointed Regimental Quartermaster, although he had served con-

tinuously in that capacity since the arrival of the regiment in Manila, and 1st

Lieutenant and Quarteniiaster in Jul>-, 1S!)9. He was with his regiment in all

engagements until April 1, 1S'.»9.

LEWIS R. DAWSON, Major and Surgeon, was born in Warren, Iowa, in

1856; occupation in civil life, physician and surgeon. He attended Western

Reserve College at Hudson, Ohio, and studied medicine at the University of

Michigan at Ann Arbor. In 1S82 he went to Quincy copper mines, Mich., and

spent a year there as surgeon. In 1884 he moved to Seattle and practiced medi-

cine there continuously until the outbreak of the war. He enlisted in the

National Guard of Seattle, Wash., in 1 884, as a private in Company B. He became

2d Lieutenant in 1885 and 1st Lieutenant in 188(i, and continued as 1st Lieutenant

of Company B until July, 1890, when he became Regimental Surgeon, and con-

tinued in that capacit>- until 189'), when he became Brigade Surgeon. He ranked

as Lieutenant-Colonel and Brigade Surgeon, and held that position until the out-

break of the Spanish-American War. When the call for volunteers came he

\-olunteered as Surgeon of the 1st Washington Inf., serving as such throughout

the campaign. While in Santa Cruz, P. I., he was attached to the Idaho Regi-

ment, acting as Surgeon, and was in all expeditions, otherwise, in which the

Washington Regiment participated. He was Acting Brigade Surgeon in Gen.

Wheaton's Flying Brigade in March, but, at the same time, stayed with his

regiment. Maj. Dawson intends to continue the practice of his profession at

vSeattle, Wash.

ELMER M. BROWN, Captain and Assistant Surgeon, was born July 6, 1857,

at Forest Grove, Or. His occupation in ci\-il life is that of a Surgeon. At the

outbreak of the Spanish-American War he was appointed Lieutenant and Assistant

Surgeon of the 1st Washington Yolunteers, and joined the regiment April 25,

1898. He was promoted to Captain in the medical deparment in August, 189i), and

served continuously on the firing line during the Philippine campaign. Capt.

Brown was appointed from Tacoma, State of Washington.

LEONARD G. ALLIS, 1st Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon, was born in

Coventry, N. Y., November 12, 1864. His occupation in civil life is that of a

druggist. He went to Washington in 1890 and enlisted as a private in Company

B, National Guard, and in 1891 was made Hospital Steward of the regiment, and

56 Caiiipaii^m)!"- in Ihc I'hi/ippiiics.

held that position until the regiment was mustered into service for the Spanish-

American War. He was then reappointed to the same position, which he held

until September 8, 1899, when he was promoted to 1st Lieutenant and Assistant

Surgeon. He was in all engagements with the regiment.

A. Iv. KNUTSON, Chaplain, was born in Minnesota, January 21, 1S74. Hecame west while a child, and settled in Idaho. He entered the Whitman College,

at Walla Walla, Wash., where he was in continuous attendance until the call for

volunteers came. He enlisted in Company I as a private, and served as private

until the death of Chaplain Thompson. Before the death of the Chaplain he did

the Christian Endeavor work in the regiment, and also assisted the Chaplain. Atthe death of the Chaplain the officers of the regiment recommended him to Gov.Rogers of Washington, and by him was appointed Chaplain of the regiment. Hewas at the tront with his regiment in all engagements. Previous to joining the

regiment he frequently joined in the services of the Congregational Churches ot

Walla Walla, Wash.

GOV. ROGERS OF WASHINGTON GREETING COL. WHOLLEY AND OFFICERS ON BOARDTHE TRANSPORT " PENNSYLVANIA."

Coiipaioiiiiig in tlic J'/ii/ippines. 59

Non-Commissioned Staff.

The names of officers are numbered to correspond with cut on opposite page.

NAME OCCtPATIOX ADDRESSSergt. Maj. Ralph L. Ross (1) Clerk Seattle, Wash.Q. M. Sergt. Fred A. lldell (2) Journalist Tacoma, Wash.Hospital Steward Geo. Bordeaux (5) Baker " "

Hospital Steward John T. Dawson ((i) Physician Toledo, Ohio.Hospital Steward Wm. G. Hermann (7) Druggist Seattle, Wash.Chief Musician John L. Ditteniore (4) Musician Dayton, Wash.Principal Musician Albert J. Harbridge(3) Musician Cosmopolis, Wash.

DISCHARGED.

>fAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS REMARKSChief Musician Loren L. Day Accountant Manila, P. I By order, August. 26, 1899.

Principal Musician Wm. L. Lindsley Mail Clerk Seattle, Wash By order, October 17, 1898.

PROMOTED.Sergt. Maj. Joe Smith Reporter Spokane, Wash 2d Lt. Co. H, Dec. 9, 1898.

TRANSFERRED.Q. M. Sergt. Emmett T. Robb Printer Seattle, Wash To Co. D, January 1, 1899.

Q. M. Sergt. Rufus B. Clark Lumberman " " To Co. C, June 1, 1899.

WOUNDED.Q. M. Sergt. Rufus B. Clark Wounded at Santa Ana, P. I., Feb. 5, '99.

Miiipaiiiinno; in Ihc J'hilippines. til

Hospital Corps.

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS

Hosp. Steward Geo. Bordeaux Baker , Tacoma, Wash.Hosp. Steward John T. Dawson Physician Toledo, O.Hosp. Steward Wra. G. Hermann Druggist , Seattle, Wash.Jas. C. Barker Clerk ,,, .... Walla Walla, Wash.Albert J. Burrows Engineer " "

Robert E. Clark Baker Pana, 111.

Geo. W. Foster Clerk ' Vancouver, Wash.Wm. G. Hoggard Soldier Butrie, N. C.

Frank Lawrence Machinist San Francisco, Cal.

DISCHARCJHD.

NAME OCCUPATION .\DDRESS REM.^RKS

Hosp. Steward Leonard G. ,\llis Druggist .Seattle, Wash By order, Sept. 3, 1899.

Hosp. Steward Trueman K. Hunt Student Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 3, 1899.

Hosp. Steward Howard R. McBride. . .Medical Student .Spokane, Wash By order, Aug. 11, 1899.

Don DeWitt Cowboy , .Manila P. I By order, Sept. 4, 1899.

Max Engelhardt Clerk '' By order, Sept. 4, 1899

Martin Forrest Milhnan " " By order, Sept 4, 1899

Wash h

CaiiipaJi^niiii^ in (he /'/lilippiiies. 63

Instrumentation of First Washington Infantry Band.

NAME. OCCUPATION. .ADDRESS. REMARK.S.

Ray D. Clark Salesman Seattle, ^Vash Drum MajorJohn I^. Ditteniore, Chief Musician Musician Dayton, Wash . Solo Bb Clarinet

Albert J. Harbridge, Principal Musician .Jeweler Tacoma, Wash TromboneChas. A. Hasson, Band Sergt Musician Vancouver, Wash Alto

Albert C. Anderson Musician Seattle, Wash Contra Bb BassMelvin Arant Jeweler Spokane, Wash Solo Alto

Fred C. Ballew .Musician .\berdeen. Wash. TromboneDaniel A. Bannse Musician Shelton. Wasii . . Clarinet

Geo. U. Brand . Clerk Waitsburg, Wash Clarinet

Clinton F. Buffiini Warehouse-man . . Walla Walla, Wasli Cornet

Hugh Cusick . . Musician Spokane, Wash TromboneWm. C. Fowler Dentist Tacoma, Wash . . .Bass DrumNelson P. Johnson Musician Seattle, Wash . .Eb Clarinet

F. Sprague King Musician Milford, Mass Cornet

Godfrey K. Lundberg .Metal Engraver Spokane, Wash Solo Bb Cornet

Chas. E. Rogers i. lerk Tacoma, Wash Drums and Traps

Carl Schutz Clerk Seattle, Wash Piccolo

Edw. Smith :Musician '' Eb Tuba

Jos. A. Smith Clerk Marietta, Ohio . Alto

Chas. Wold ..... I'ostoffice Clerk . Seattle, Wash Baritone

Frank E- Wyse Clerk Tacoma, Wash Clarinet

Thos. E. Zieber FUectrician Monmouth, Or Clarinet

Thos. A. Kohl. Cook Walla Walla, Wash Eb TubaWilliam MacKay Bookkeeper .\berdeen, Scotland Cornet

John T. Wright Kailroad-man Walla Walla, Wash Cymbals

TK.\XSFER- ED.

Wm. B. Libbey .Musician . Ballard, Wash To Co. K, June 11, 1899.

Wm. T. Nickerson Musician Spokane, Wash To Co. .A., October 15, 1899.

DISCH.\RGED

Chief Musician Loren L. Day .Accountant Manila, P I By order, Aug. 26, 1899.

Principal Musician Wm. L. Lindsley Mail Clerk Seattle, Wash By order, Oct. 17, 1898.

Cainpaif^nifio in the Philippines. 65

Officers First Battalion.

William J. Fife Lieutenant-Colonel

Albert H. Otis Captain, Company AWilliam I. Hinckley 1st Lieutenant, Company AWalter L- McCallum 2(1 Lieutenant, Company AWilliam B. Buffum Captain, Company I

Thos. 1). S. Hart 1st Lieutenant, Companj- I

Charles S. Buffum 2(1 Lieutenant, Compan}- I

Charles T. Smith Captain, Company KJesse H. Arnold 1st Lieutenant, Company KJohn B Caldwell 2d Lieutenant, Company KMathew H. Gromley Captain, Company BHarvey J. Moss 1st Lieutenant, Company BCharles E. Head 2d Lieutenant, Company B

Officers Second Battalion.

John J. Weisenljurger Major

Marshall S. Scudder Captain, Company EEdward J. Young 1st Lieutenant, Company EJohn F. Alderson 2d Lieutenant, Company EMax F. Ellrich Captain, Company GHenrv A. Riegle 1st Lieutenant, Company GOliver J. Clancy 2d Lieutenant, Company GJohn E. Bover Captain, Company MGeorge M. Dreher 1st Lieutenant, Company MBen H. Rhodes 2d Lietitenant, Company MJohn B. McCoy Captain, Company CLouis S. Stejer 1st Lieutenant, Compan}- C

Martin Johnson 2d Lieutenant, Company C

Officers Third Battalion.

William J. Canton Major

Joseph M. Moore Captain, Company 1/

John E. Ballaine 1st Lieutenant, Company LCharles E. Mosler 2d Lieutenant, Company LAlfred C. Steinman Captain, Company HEdward E. Southern 1st Lieutenant, Company HJohn J. Charlton 2d Lieutenant, Company HCharles A. Booker Captain, Company F

George B. Dorr 1st Lieutenant, Company F

Jesse G. Miller 2d Lieutenant, Company F

Frank E. Adams Captain, Company T)

Henry L. Egell 1st Lieutenant, Company DGeorge B. Lamping 2d Lieutenant, Company D

-J

Campaigniug in the Pliilippincs. 67

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF COMPANY A.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHlvS.

ALBERT (;. OTIS, Company A, was born in Brunswick, Me., July 21,

1860. He was a sailor for ten years. He went to Washington in 1S89 and wasengaged in mining until 1894, when he took charge of a railroad plant as re-

ceiver and was still in that business at the outbreak of the war. In July, 1893, hejoined the National Guard of Washington as a private in Troop B, 1st Cav., andwas discharged as Corporal in June, 1895. He organized Eight Battery A andwas appointed Captain, October, 1895. He held that rank in the National Guardand was mustered into the United States service as Captain ofCompany A. FromJune lOth to July 10, 1899, he was in command of the 3d Battalion at Pasig,

during which time Company A was in command of Lieut. Hinckley in the

expedition against Taytay and Morong. Capt. Otis returned to his companyJune 10, 1899. He was slightly wounded in the engagement at Santa Ana,February 4, 1899.

WM. I. HINCKLEY, 1st Lieutenant, Company A, 1st Washington Inf..

U. vS. v., was born October 24, 1857, at Poughkeepsie, N. Y. His occupation

in civil life is that of a newspaper man. He removed to vSpokane, Wash., in

1890 and joined the Washington National Guard in 1893, as private in Troop D.

He w^as promoted to 2d Lieutenant, Battery A, Light Artillery, 1S94, and

was mustered into the service of the United vStates as 2d Lieutenant, Company A,

1st Washington Inf., May 1, 1898.

During the campaign in the Philippines, he took part in the Battles of Pasig,

Taytay, Morong and Calamba. He was commander of Company A at the capture of

Morong, and on his return to Taguig was promoted to 1st Lieutenant June 8,

1899. He was detached on sen'ice from October 27th until March 12, 1899,

having been ordered aboard the transport Taconia, which took the first load of

horses and mules to Manila, arriving there March (>, 1899. He was compli-

mented by Admiral Dewey on the success of the trip. His residence is Spokane,

Wash.

WALTER L. McCALLUM, 2d Lieutenant, Company A, was born in Chicago,

111., August 20, 1866. He was a member of Company- A, 1st Minnesota, for five

years. He came to Washington in 1888 and joined the National Guard of Spokane,

as Sergeant. He was mustered into the service of the United vStates as Sergeant

of Company A, was promoted October 25, 1898, to Quartermaster Sergeant, andreduced to Sergeant to accept a commission as canteen steward of the regiment

December 8, 1898, and was promoted to 1st Sergeant of canteen June 10, 1899.

August 25th, 1899, he was promoted to 2d Lieutenant. He was in all engage-ments with his companw

68 Campaigning in tlic IViilippiiics.

Co. A— 1st Battalion.

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRhSS

Albert H. Otis, Capt Railroad Manager Spokane, Wash.Wm. I. Hinckley, 1st Lieut Merchant " "

Walter 1,. McCallum, 2d Lieut Miner " "

Fred L. Titsworth, 1st Sergt Bookkeeper " "

James A. Timewell, Q. M. Sergt Clerk " "

Herman P. Hasler, Sergt SalesmanWm. T. Harrison, Sergt Fireman Sprague, Wash.Walter A. Graves, Sergt Druggist Spokane, Wash.Kindall Fellowes, Sergt StudentDaniel Raymond, Corp Potter

Ernest C. HoUingsworth, Corp Stenographer Des Moines, Iowa.Geo. F. de GraflF, Corp Printer EUendale, N. D.Wm. C Ackerman, Corp Pressman Grand Forks, N . D.Chas. F. De Lano, Corp Bicycle-repairer Spokane, Wash.John F. Mitchell, Corp Miner .

" "

Robt. M. Betts, Corp ...CollectorFred'k W. Schander, Corp Prospector .

" "

Ed. Fox, Corp Horseshoer .Minneapolis, Minn.Thos. B. Richhart, Corp Baker Spokane, Wash.Walter A. Nicholls, Corp ClerkAncil C. Rayburn. Corp Miner " "

Ernest Wizeman, Cook Laborer " "

Arno L. March, Musician Brakeman " "

Chas. E. Black, Artificer Steam-fitter.Walter W. Hicks, Wagoner Stone-cutter

PkIV.\TES.Albert Anderson Teamster Spokane, Wash.Arthur E. Anderson FarmerLoyal T. Bintliff AgentRobert F. Britton Student Tyler, Te.xas.

Geo. E. Childs Carpenter San Francisco, Cal.

Fred Chapman PlumberJohn F. Crowley Laborer. ... Alameda, Cal.

John A Coughlin Salesman Oakland, Cal.

Leo. M. Dornberg Clerk Spokane, Wash.• Stephen A. Dunn SalesmanOliver P. Eslick LaborerWm. C. Everett ClerkWm R. Fait Wool-grader Springdale, Wash.Dennis C Feeney Laborer Spokane, Wash.Edward D. Freeman Miner •• Libby, Mont.Edward D. Furman Editor Cheney, Wash.Elmer E. Gordon Druggist Spokane, Wash.Loren D. Grinstead StenographerGust. Gustafson Laborer " "

John L. Harrington Lawyer " "

Robt. A. Harris Student Cheney, Wash.Thos. Honey Clerk Spokane, Wash.Otto H. Hoppe Telegraph OperatorClemeni C. Hubbard ClerkAlbert D. Hughes NewspapermanWm. .4.. Long Harness-makerWm. T. McNeill SalesmanWm. E. Nickerson Musician "

John M. Pike MinerGeo. E. Primley PainterClyde Secrist PainterOscar Sowards Lumber-man " "

Harry Stenson Jeweler

'

"

Minion E Thompson, Jr Miner " '

Geo. Zuppe Shingle-worker " "

Canifyaijiutni:; in the I'/iilippiues. 69

I)ISCHAK(;iU>.

OCCl'PATION RKMAKKS

Kdw. K. Krwin, 1st Lieut . Hookkeeper Spokane, Wash Resigned, May 2'), 1899.

Milo C. Corey, 1st Sc-rgt Stenographer " " By order, June 8, 1899.

Louis K. Hrigham, Sergt 1-ircnian Manila, P. I By order, August 311, 1899.

Robt. G. Kraser, Sergt Clerk Spokane, Wash By order, September 19, 1898.

Walter L. McCalluni, Sergt . .Miner " " By order, August .">, 1899.

Chas. B. Syphert, Sergt Real Kstate Agent " " By order, October 15, 1898.

Fred. R. Bingham, Corp Bookkeeper " " By order, August 25, 1898.

Peter M. (iauvreau, Corp Postal Clerk Minneapolis, Minn By order, October 24, 1898.

Harvey J. Martin, Corp Fireman Spokane, Wash By order, August 8, 1898.

Fred. H. Marsh, Corp Fireman " " By order, October 2(1, 1898.

Jas. H. Pierce, Corp FIngineer " " By order, November 10, 1898.

Ceo. M. Tuttle, Corp Salesman " " By order, November 16, 1898.

Wm. H. Young, Corp Stenographer " " By order, November Ki, 1898.

Swen G. Beckman Laborer " " Disability, February 25, 1899.

Peter Christenseu Salesman " " By order, .August 8, 1898.

Harry Clark : .

.

Baker New Castle. Ind By order, August 30, 1899.

Geo. Crerar Druggist Spokane, Wash Disability, October, 1899.

John A. Delaney Laborer Walla Walla , Wash By order, .August 30, 1899.

Jos. E. Dougherty Engineer Rochester, N. Y By order, August Ki, 1899.

Jas. F. Greek Laborer Spokane, Wash By order, September 29, 1899.

Chas. J. Green Farmer Goldendale, Wash By order, August 30, 1899.

Geo. Gros Carpenter Spokane, Wash Disability, August 28, 1898.

Gilbert Ilaigh Barber Huddenfield, F;ng By order^ .\ugust 30, 1899.

Geo. W. Harlan Carpenter Spokane, Wash By order, August 30 1899.

David Hyatt Clerk " " By order, September 29. 1898.

John C. Klein Farmer Hallstown, Ind By order, September 29, 1899.

Thos. A. Lemon Printer .Aurora, Canada By order, Dec. 9, 1898. [;36th U. S. V.

-Ale.x. J. MacDonald Prospector Sacramento, Cal By order, July 3, 1899 Re-enlistedWm. .\. May Clerk Spokane, Wash By order, November 16, 1898.

John W. Mc.Arthur Lumber-man Hibbing, Minn By order. April 4, 1899.

Jas. McCauley Laborer Newark, N.J By order, Jul v 3. 1899. [36th U. S. A.

Wm. H. Melville Cook Clair. Mich By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlistedWm. A. Myers Printer Manila, P. I By order, August 30, 1899.

Jos. O'Hara Miner .Archibald, Perm By order, July 3, 1899.

Elbert W. Owen Miner Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 2, 1899. :36th U.S.V.Frank Rivers Switchman " " By order, July 15, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. W. Rolfe Laborer Spokane, Wash By order, November 16, 1898.

Wm. C. Russell Teamster " " By order, June 7, 1899.

Geo. Scott .Miner Washington, D. C By order, July 3, 1899.

Ray Spear Clerk Spokane Wash By order, August 26, 1898.

John W. Stephens Farmer Seward Neb By order, July 26, 1899.

Henry Yake Hardware-man . Spokane, Wash By order, October 11, 1898.

TRANSFERRED.Robert L. Clarke Baker Pana, 111 To Hospital Corps, Dec. 27, 1898.

Jeremiah L. Dore Laborer I-'armington, S. D To Company V,, March 29, 1899.

Chas. H. Merriam Lawver Spokane, Wash To Company L, January 19. 1899.

Morton G. Smith, Printer " " To Company L, June 6, 1898.

Geo. M. Stiles Druggist " " To Hospital Corps, August 29, 1898.

DESERTED,Wm. P. Andrews At San Francisco, Cal.

Ernest C. Cook At San Francisco, Cal.

Fred. C. McNutt At San Francisco, Cal.

Hartley T. Norman At .San Francisco, Cal.

WOUNDED.

Albert H. Otis, Capt Wounded in right cheek, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I.. February 5, 1899.

Edw. K. F;rwin, 1st Lieut Wounded in left shoulder, near blockhouse No. 11, Paco, P. I., P'ebruary 5, 1899.

Jas. .A. Tiraewell, Q. AL Sergt Wounded in left forearm, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I ,Feb. 5, 1899.

Kindall Fellowes, Sergt Wounded in left hip, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Chas. F. Delano, Corp Wounded in left hand, near block-hou.se No. 11, Paco, P. I. February 5, 1899.

John F. Mitchell, Corp Wounded in left leg, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I. February 5, 1899.

Fred'k W. Schander, Corp Wounded in right cheek and right shoulder, near block-house No. 11, Paco,P. I., February .5, 1899.

Jos. E. Dougherty . Wounded in left hip and left leg, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Wm. C. Everett Wounded in right shoulder, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Wm. R. Fait Wounded in left forearm, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Jas. F. Greek Wounded in left shoulder, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Otto H. Hoppe Wounded in head, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

John C. Klein Wounded in lower jaw. near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Wm. .\. Myers Wounded in left forearm, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Elbert W. Owen Wounded in neck, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Frank Rivers Wounded in right elbow, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Oscar Sowards Wounded in right elbow, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I,February 5, 1899.

Geo. Zuppe Wounded in right knee, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February .5, 1899.

DEAD.

Geo. W. McGowan, Corp Killed in action, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Rich'd H. McLean, Died of wounds received in action, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 27, 1899.

Ralph W. Simonds Killed in action, near block-house No. 11, Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

I a Inpa ifiling' in the Philippines.

COMMISvSIOXEI) OFl'ICl'.R.S ()1< COMPANY I.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHKS.

WILIylAM E. BUPTUM, Captain, Company I, was born in Pittsbnri;, Pa.,

in 1S5S. He attended the public schools of Pennsylvania, the Uni\ersity of

Pennsylvania and Iron City College, Pennsylvania. He belonged to the National

Guard of Pennsylvania for nine j^ears, and was three years in the Duquesne

Grays, Pittsburg, and was six years in the 18th Regiment. He went to Wash-

ington in 1885 and joined Compan}^ E, '1^ Regiment, Washington. He belonged

to Company P^ for one year, and was Adjutant of the same regiment for two years.

He was promoted to Captain, and has held that rank in the "id Regiment since

1892. At the outbreak of the war he was mustered in as Captain of Company I.

He was in all engagements with his company.

THOMx\S D. HART, 1st Lieutenant, Company I, was born in Louisville,

Ky., July (i, LSG-"). He was occupied in civil life in the newspaper business. Hecame to the coast from Kentucky in 1871, and lived in Albany, Or., in 187'),

and went to Washington the same year. He joined the National Guard at Walla

Walla, Wash., in 1884, and was promoted from Sergeant of Compary A to 2d

Lieutenant of the same company in 1889. He was promoted to 1st Lieutenant in

1890, and left the National Guard in 1891. In 1894 he went into what w:;s then

known as Company C, 2d Regiment. National Guard, as 2d Lieu en.-nt, and

remained with the company until mustered into the I'nited States service as 2d Lieu-

tenant of Company I. He was promoted to 1st Lieutenant, August 2-'i, 1899. Hewas with his company in all engagements.

CHARLES S. BUFFUM, 2d Lieutenant, Company I, was born on May 2i>, ISO."),

in Pittsburg, Pa. His occupation in civil life is Deputy County Clerk of Walla

Walla County. He removed to Washington in 1884, and was one of the organ-

izers of Company' I, Washington National Guard, of which he has been a mem-

ber for six years. He was company Quartermaster Sergeant in Company I,

2d Regiment, and was promoted to 1st Sergeant May 22, 1899, and to 2d Lieu-

tenant xAugust 25, 1,S99. He took part with the company in every engagement

during the campaign in the Philippines. He was conspicuous for gallantr}^ at

the Battle of Santa Ana, where he took part with his company in the charge at

Fortson's Mound. His residence is"Walla Walla, Wash.

72 Ca)iipaigiiiiii^ in the /'/li/ippines.

Co. I— 1st Battalion.

XAME OCCrPATIUN ADDRESSW. F. Buffuni Capt Miller Walla Walla, Wash.Thos. D. S. Hart, 1st Lieut Journalist

Chas. S. Buffura, 2d Lieut Clerk " "

David R. Roche, 1st Sergt Plumber " "

Claude M. Berry, Q. M. Sergt Student Pendleton, Or.

Edwin R. Collins, Sergt Journalist Walla Walla, Wash.Lemuel C. Goodwin, Sergt Merchant " "

Wm. F. Crowe, Sergt Lawyer " "

Neil McDougall, Sergt .. . Machinist " "

Chas. W. McKean, Corp Clerk " "

Chas. S. Painter. Corp Farmer " "

Geo. W. O'Neil, Corp. Plumber " "

Virgil A.. Walker, Corp Laborer " "

Fred C. Howard, Corp . Clerk " "

Wm. B. Miller, Corp Laborer " "

Harry W. Howard, Corp Miner " "

Wm J. Ward, Corp Butcher " "

Sylvester C. McCready. Corp Laborer Macedonia, la.

Rolla R. Proudfoot, Corp Laborer Walla Walla, Wash.Milford H. Broughton, Corp Student " "

Myra Cusker, Corp Farmer " "

Nat B. Hart, Musician Messenger " "

Wm. Henningsen, Musician Laborer .." "

Chas. G. Schumway, Artificer Carpenter " "

James B. Cockrill, Cook Farmer " "

PRIV.\TES.Donald L. Abbott Horseman Portland, Or.

Andrew T. Amos Student Colfax, Wash.

Herbert Angell Laborer Walla Walla, Wash.Peter Baumgartner Cattleman " "

Bert Berland Farmer Willowa, Or.

Jos. W. Buttz Farmer Walla Walla, Wash.Albert Dawson Laborer " "

James M. Derrey Laborer Golden Dale, Wash.

Bert S. Embree Clerk North Yakima, Wash.

Albert Foster Painter Walla Walla, Wash.

Wm. C. Gates Laborer " ''

John A. Graham Painter " "

Alex T. Glenn Farmer " "

Jos. W. Goodwin Clerk " "

Wm. H. Hardy Miner " "

Edw. F. Harer Telegraph Operator " "

Chas. W. Harman Laborer " "

Floyd W. Holmes Printer "

Morton M. Ingram , Student " "

Wm. K. Johnson Laborer " "

Daniel J. Jones Printer " "

Conrad Kohl Teamster " "

Thos. A. Kohl Cook " "

John H. Lerou.x Blacksmith " "

Kenneth :McDonall Student Medical Lake, Wash.

Eugene A. McDonald Miner Walla Walla, WashJohn H. McDonald Farmer " "

Fred O. Myers. Baker " "

John L. Naught Farmer " "

Chas. .\. Palmer Laborer " "'

Roy R. Painter Student " "

Guy M. Parmelee Clerk " "

Frank X. Parker Printer " "

Chas. S. Preston Farmer " "

Victor J. Ricardo Laborer " "

Ernest H. Rice Laborer " "

Lewis Rice Laborer " "

Caiiipaigning i>i t/ir /'hi/ippiitcs. 7;:

NAMK OCCUPATION ADDRKSSChas. vSander Farmer ... Walla Walla, Wash.Robt. C. Shackelton Clerk

Godfrey Stapf FarmerEdmund Titsworth Miner .

.

Guy .\. Tumer Clerk

John T. Wright Railroad-man

DISCHARGED.XAME OCCrPATION .ADDRESS RK.MAKKS

Morrow C. Gustin, 1st Lieut . Hardware-man . Manila, P. I. Hy order, Aug. 24, 1899. Re-enlisted[1st Lieut, llth Cav.

Edwin S. Buffum, 1st Sergt . . Accountant Walla Walla, Wash liy order, October 21, 1898.

Wm. Ruddock, 1st Sergt Painter " " By order. May 22, 1899.

John W. Brewer, Corp Teacher " " B\- order, October 17, 1898.

Allen .Smith, Jr., Corp Clerk Manila. P. I Hy order, April 27, '99. Re-enlisted

[2d Lieut. 9th Inf.Harry Debus, Corp Clerk Walla Walla, Wash By order, October 17, 1898

Ben. F. Goldman, Corp Clerk " " By order, August 31, 1899.

Ira R. Cromwell. Corp Farmer Manila, P. I By order, September 1, 1899.

Edgar H. Anderson Harness-maker Walla Walla, Wash . . . Disability, Oct. 26, '98. [36th I'.S.VErnest L. Barber Farmer Manila, P.I By order, July 13, 1899. Re-enlistedDon Cramer Logger " " By order, July 6. 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th r. s. V.Frank J. F;ilison Laborer. . Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 5, 1899. Re-enlisted

[llth CavBluford M. Faris Painter JIanila, P. I By order, Julj- 13, 1899. Re-enlistedErnest H. A. Fischer Laborer Cashel, S. D Disability, Sept. 18, '99. [36th U.S.VChas. J. Irwin Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 6, 1899. Re-enlisted

[3(!th U. S. V.Fred Johnson Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 27, 1899. Re-enlistedHenry Lane Farmer Walla Walla, Wash Disability, Nov. 4, '98. [llth Cav.Newton J. Nicholson Clerk " " By order, October 27, 1898.

Edw. Orselli Gardener " " By order. July 3, 1899.

Christ A. Parks Student " " Disability, Oct. 6, 'ii8. |36th L'. S. VFred Raj' Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 6, 1899. Re-enlistedGeo. G. Robertson Teacher Greenup, 111 By order, Aug. 31, '99. [36th V. S. V.John W. Rose Miner Manila, P. I Bj- order, July 8, 1899. Re-enlistedBenj. F. Shuck Steward .^ . .

" " By order, July 23, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36thLT. s VEilert T. Skaar Farmer Manila, P. I B\- order, Aug. 27, 1899. Re-enlisted

[llth Cav.Wm. F. Sullivan Cook Manila, P.I By order, July '23, 1899. Re-enlistedFred .\. Ward Railroad-man Wallula, Wash By order, Oct. 27, '98. [36th U. S. \.

Geo. W. Ward Farmer Manila, P. I By order, September 1, 1899.

TRANSFERRED.Jas. C. Barker Clerk Walla Walla, Wash To Hospital Corps, August lo, 1898.

Clinton F. Buflfum Warehouse-man... " " To Regimental Band, Jan. 22, 1899.

Albert J. Burrows Engineer " " To Hospital Corps, August '20, 1898.

Albert Knudson Student " " To Chaplain, .\pril 7, 1899.

Jas. F. Medley Lineman ' " To Signal Corps, March Id, 1899.

Fred Sanford Telegraph Opr Manila, P. I To Signal Corps, March 10, 1899.

Frank W. Smith Telegraph Opr Walla Walla, Wash To Signal Corps, March 10, 1899.

woundf:d.Niel :McDougall, Sergt Wounded in body at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Ben. F. Goldman, Corp Wounded in left hand at Taj-tay, P. I., June 3, 1899.

Rolla R. Proudfoot, Corp Wounded in neck at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 18'f9.

Myra Cusker, Corp Wounded in neck at Santa Ana, P. I., February o, 1899.

Ernest H. A. Fischer Wounded in body at Santa Ana, P. I., Februarj- 5, 1899.

DEAD.Miles E. Kyger, Corp Died of typhoid fever at Manila, P. I., February 3, 1899

Allen E. Carlyle ' Died of typhoid fever at Manila, P. I., Januarj' 16, 1899

Sherman C. Harding Killed in action at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899

Earl A. Jeans Died of typhoid fever at Manila, P. I., January 26, 1899

Daniel T. Kyger Died of typhoid fever at Manila, P. I., February 8, 1899

Edw. H. Perry Killed in action at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899

S 2P '5

Caiiipaiiiiiiii^ in the I Inlippiucs.

COMMIvSSIOXKI) OFFICIvRvS OF COMPANY K.

BIOGRAPHICAL skp:tchp:s.

CHARI^ES T. SMITH, Captain, Company K, was born in Dubuque, Iowa,

August K^, 18(il. At the age of 2 years lie came to San Francisco with his

parents, and lived on Mission street for two years, and then went with his family

to Willamette County, Or., and was raised on a farm there up to the age of

18, when he went to Walla Walla, Wash. He learned blacksmithing and

machinery business. He went into business with Brand & Smith, a firm at Waits-

burg, Wash. He conducted a large machine-shop and foundry .up to the time war

l^roke out and was doing a large business. He was married in 1884 and has four

children. He joined the National Guard of Washington, December 1, 188H, and

was the organizer of Company D, "id Regiment, Wash. He was promoted to

Corporal, then to Sergeant, which rank he held continuously until May 1, 1892,

w^hen he was promoted to 1st Dieutenant. On December 1, 1897, on the re-

tirement of Capt. H. G. Shuman, he was promoted to Captain. At the outbreak

of war he went into service as Captain of Company K. He was in all engage-

ments with his company, and never lost a day while in the Philippines. He was

Chief of the fire department of Waitsburg, Wash., and also a member of the City

Council, Board of Trade, and was a member of the Waitsburg Band.

JESSIE H. ARNOLD, 1st Lieutenant, Company K, was born in McLean

County, Illinois, April 19, 1873. He removed to Washington in 1880. His

occupation in civil life is that of a miller. He enlisted as a private in the National

Guard. State of Washington, September 15, 1892, and was promoted to Corporal,

and later, to Sergeant of Company D, od Battalion. On November 27, 1897, he was

appointed 1st Lieutenant. He was mustered into the United States volunteer

service May 12, 1898, and commissioned 1st Lieutenant of Company K. His

residence is Waitsburg, Wash. r

JOHN B. CALDWELL, 2d Lieutenant, Company K, was born March 18,

1856, at Deer Creek, Calaveras County, Cal. His occupation in civil life is jeweler

and watchmaker. He removed to Washington in 1880, and was a member of the

National Guard of the State of Washington twelve years ; was promoted to Ser-

geant and then to 2d Lieutenant. He was mustered into the service of the United

States as 2d Lieutenant in Company K, at Camp Rogers, May 12, 1898. He

took part with his company in the Battle of Santa Ana, February 4th and 5th

in the forenoon, and in the afternoon was sent with his company to Cingalon to

support the 14th Inf. He took part in every engagement of his company, except

two—Cainta and Morong. His residerxe is at Waitsburg, Wash.

/6 Cainpaigniiii^ in the Philippines

Co. K 1st Battalion.

NAME. UCCl'l'ATIo:

Chas. T. Smith, Capt Blacksmitli

Jesse H. Arnold, 1st Lieut Miller

John B. Caldwell, 2d Lieut Jeweler

Thompson M. McKinney, 1st Sergt LawyerArthur Roberts, Q. M. Sergt Electrician

Otto B. Smith, Sergt Grocer

Frank W. Cobb, Sergt Student

Oscar M. Haynes. Sergt FarmerJohn H. Jones, Sergt Student . .

Edw. J. Ground, Cook Laborer

Chas. R. James, Corp Barber

John F. Smith, Corp MasonHerbert L- Collier, Corp Clerk

Otto O. Haughington, Corp . Laborer

Robt. E. Bucklin, Corp Student . . .

.

Alfred B. Christensen, Corp Laborer

Otis L- Denny, Corp Laborer

Joshua Barnes, Corp .... FarmerJohn Buhmann, Corp . . Laborer

Edw. C. Han ford, Corp.

.

Student

Alex. G. Henry, Corp .. Laborer

David H. Robertson, Corp Machinist .

Andrew M. Peasner, Musician Laborer

Geo. E. Covert, Artificer ;

'. Engineer .

.

Chas. Mitchem, Wagoner Farmer

ADDRESS..Waitsburg, Wash.

Wilbur, Wash.Waitsburg, Wash.

Seattle, Wash.Peru, Ind.

Port Blakely, Wash.Farmington, Wash.Waitsburg, Wash.

Pullman, Wash.Seattle, Wash.

Waitsburg, Wash.Buffalo, N. V.

Walla Walla, Wash.Spokane, Wash.

. . .Waitsburg, Wash.

Guy W. Barnett

Oliver O. Breeze.

John B. Buckley.

Joel C. Caldwell

.

privatf:s.Laborer Pullman, Wash.Clerk Waitsburg, Wash.Molder Tacoma, Wash.Student Waitsburg, Wash.

Wm. H. Canovin Clerk Chicago, 111.

Jesse Crick Laborer Olympia, Wash.

John E. Foss Laborer Prescott, Wash.Robt. E. Garnetl Clerk Springfield, Mo.Alfred O. Gerking Farmer ,- Waitsburg, Wash.Isaac H. Hammill Logger Salkum, Wash.Robt. J. Harris Clerk Seattle, Wash.Ralph R. Hazelton Laborer Waitsburg, Wash.Wm. Hinchliffe LaborerChas. S.Johnson LaborerWm. J. Keyes Carpenter Seattle, Wash.Wm. B. Libbey Musician ; Ballard, Wash.Eli L. Ludwig Student Waitsburg, Wash.Harry K. MacKay Engineer Pullman, Wash.Wm. S. McHugh Farmer Blue Springs, Neb.Wm. McMillen Laborer Tacoma, Wash.John E. Jlendonce Railroad-man Waitsburg, Wash.Henry O. Meyer Tailor Areata. Cal.

Lewis C. Mikkelsen Laborer Waitsburg, Wash.Thos. L. Munroe Clerk Pullman , Wash.Frank M. Parton Laborer Waitsburg, Wash.Howard S. Perkins Laborer " "

Samuel N. Roberts Stone-cutter South Tacoma, Wash.Frank L. Rose Fireman West Granville, :Mass.Richard Schafer Laborer Milwaukee, Wis.Chas. F. Scholtz Laborer Tacoma, Wash.Ferdinand Scott Railroad-man South Tacoma, Wash.Antone J. Sweazy Laborer Waitsburg, Wash.Emanuel J. Sweazy Stenographer " "

Chas. J. Thurnquist Laborer South Tacoma, Wash.August Toellner Student Van Asselt, Wash.Wm. L. Tucker Miller Wilbur, Wash.Luther M. Wakefield Student Coldwater, Mo.Oliver Walker Farmer Waitsburg, Wash.Fred Wilkensen Farmer ' "

Ca!iipaig!ii>ig i)i the I'liilippincs.

inSCHARGKD.

NAME. OCCin'Al'ION. ADDRESS. REMARKS.

Jas. Williams, 1st Sergt Carpenter Waitsbiirg, Wash By order, April 13, 1899.

Jas. B. Chenowtli, Sergt Laborer " " B\^ order, August 31, 1899.

Will. Chenowtli, Sergt Grocer " " By order, October 9, 1898.

[•Jd Lieut. U. S. A.

Edw. Kimmel, .Sergt Teacher Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 12, '98. Ke-enli.'ited

John P. Egan, Corp Soldier • " By order, July 22, '99. Re-enlisted

Moses E. Arnold Laborer Waitsburg, Wash Disability, Aug. '28, '98. [37tii U. S. V.

Harry Brashier Nurse Manila, P. I By order, September 3, 1899.

John G. Broyles Laborer Waitsburg, Wash Di.sability, Aug. 19, 1898.

(. arroU C. Calkins Brakenian Tacoina, Wash By order, Aug. 16, '99. [3(ith U.S.VSimon Castles (Not given) Manila, P.I By order, July 7, 1899. Re-enlisted

Win. H. Dougherty Cook Tacoma, Wash By order, Aug. 31, 1899.

Frank Gilderman Collar-maker " " By order, Oct. 28, 1898.

Alonzo N. Hanson Student Palouse. Wash By order, Mch. 31, 1899. [11th CavPeter C. Hanson Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. '26, '99. Re-enliste

Wm. Heilig Soldier " " By order, Aug. '28, '99. Re-enliste

Edw. J. Hutchings Waiter " " By order, Aug. 26, 1899. [11th Cav

Thos. J. L. Kennedy Student Puyallup, Wash Disability, Nov. 9, '98. [:*th U.S.V

Olaf Larson Cook Manila. P. I By order, July 7, 1899. Re-enlistet

Jas. J. McKenzie Laborer '" By order, .September 3, 1899.

John D. Moore Laborer Waitsburg, Wash Disability, Aug. '2^, '98. [36th U.S.V.

Courtney Morris Waiter Manila, P. I By order, July 7, 1899. Re-enliste

Martin J. Niles Shingle-worker... " " By order, Apr. 13, '99. [37th U.S.V

Louis P. Newman Sailor Franklin, Wash By order, Aug. '26, '99. Re-enlisted

John O'Donnell Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 7, 1899. Re-enlisted

Ora T. Palmer Laborer Waitsburg, Wash Disability, Jan. '25, '99. [36th U.S.V.

Frank J. Pratt, Jr Lawyer Seattle, Wash By order, August 11, 1898.

Fred M. Scholtz Laborer Manila, P. 1 By order, September 1, 1899.

John M. Scholtz Laborer " " By order, September 1, 1899.

Harry F. Schaffer Student " " By order, .Sept. 3, 1899 [11th Cav.

Andrew Shaw Lawyer " " By order, Aug. '26, '99. Re-enlisted

Frank H. Skiels Student Pullman, Wash By order, June 10, 1898. [11th Cav.

Alonzo Snipes Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 22, '99 Re-enlisted

Clement B. Witt Printer Waitsburg, Wash Disability, August 30, 1899.

DESERTED.

Frank Baker Railroad-man . Tacoma, Wash At Vancouver, Wash., July 1, 18;)8.

Martin J. Doyle Engineer " " At Santa Ana, P I., .April •'), lSi)9.

TRANSFERRED.

John T. Dawson, Corp Phy.sician Toledo, Ohio To Hosp. Corps, September 7, 1899.

Geo. U. Brand Musician Waitsburg, Wash To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Miles A. DeGolier Jeweler Seattle, Wash To Signal Corps, March 23, 1899.

Geo. W. Harlan Carpenter Manila, P. I To Co. A, May 17, 1899.

Nelson P. Johnson Musician Seattle, Wash To Regimental Band, July 1, 1898.

Edgar H. Leonard Musician Dayton, Wash To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898

Chas. Wald Musician Seattle, Wash To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Fiank D. Wickersham Laborer " " To 1st Idaho, June 2.'), 1898.

WOUNDED.Andrew M. Peasner, Musician Wounded in left knee at Santa Ana, P. I., February .3, 1899.

Frank L. Rose Wounded in abdomen at San Pedro Macati, P. I., March 6, 1899.

Robt. E. Bucklin, Corp Wounded in left thigh near Laguna de Bay, P. I., March 19, 1899.

Thos. L. Munroe Wounded in scalp at Pasig, P. I., March 26, 1899.

Wm. HinchlifiFe Wounded in left hand at Pasig, P. I., March '26, 189P

Otis L. Denny, Corp Wounded in left knee and right breast near San Pedro Macati, August 18, 189!,.

DEAD.

Fred C. Buhmann Died of disease at Manila, P. I., September 1, 18S9.

Leslie A. Hill Died of typhoid fever at San Francisco, Cal., November 7, 1898.

Christ J. Lynch Died of disease at San Francisco, Cal., August 25, 1898.

Alton A. Rinehart Killed in action at Guadalupe. P. I., February '20, 1899.

lohn Smith Died of dysentery at Manila, P. I., August 1.5, 1899.

Chas. Zuger Died of typhoid fever at San Francisco, Cal., .September 8, 1898.

Wash 6

> s

S<2

Cniiipaii^}iiiig in the Philippines.

COMMIvS5:^IOXKD OFFlCERvS OF COMPANY B.

RIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHES.

MATTHEW H. GROMLEY, Captain, Company B, was born in Delevan, Wis.,

March 18, 1867. His occupation in civil life is that of a building contractor. Hewent to Washington in 1878, and graduated from the University of Washington in

188(). He joined Company B of the National Guard of vSeattle, Wash., in 188H,

and was promoted to 2d Lieutenant in 1898, and 1st Lieutenant two years later.

At the outbreak of the war he was mustered into the 1st Washington Volunteer

Inf., as 1st Lieutenant of Company B. On April lU, 1899, he was promoted to

Captain, to take the place of Capt. Fortson, who was killed at Pasig, March 26,

1899. He was in all engagements with his company.

H. G. MOSS, 1st Lieutenant, Company B, was born near Buffalo, N. Y.,

August 5, 1S71. He removed with his parents to the Pacific Coast in 1877, and

to Seattle in 18S(), where he attended the public schools and university until 1890.

He enlisted in Company B, National Guqrd of Washington, in Ma}^ 1890, as a

private, and was with the company during the mining trouble at the Franklin

Mine, in 1891. He was promoted to Corporal in 1891, to Sergeant in 1892, to 1st

Sergeant in LS94, and to 2d Lieutenant in February, 1895, and in this capacity

accompanied his regimejit during the fishing trouble on the Columbia River in

1896. He was enrolled on April 25, 1898, and mustered into the United States

service May 7, 1898, as 2d Lieutenant of Company B. In December, 1898, he

was appointed regimental signal officer, and served in that capacity during his

stay in the Philippines. He was on court-martial work for two and a half months.

He was promoted April 10, 1899, to 1st Lieutenant of Company B, on account of

the death of the Captain, who was killed in action. His residence is at Green

Lake, Wash.

CHARLES E. HEAD, 2d Lieutenant, Company B, was born January 17,

1875, near Rochester, Ind. His occupation in civil life is a printer. He removed to

Washington in July, 1S87, and joined the National Guard in 1S98. He was mus-

tered into the United States service as 1st Duty Sergeant of Company B, May 7,

1S9S. He took part in the Battle of Santa Ana, February 4th and oth, and was

in the trenches, at San Pedro Macati, until the l-*.th of March, 1899. He was in

the Battle of Pasig City, March 26, 1 899, at the capture of Cainta and Taytay,

June 3, 1899, and the capture of Morong, June A, 1899. He was promoted to 1st

Sergeant, October 18, 189S, and to 2d Lieutenant, April 10, 1899. His residence

is at Seattle, Wash.

80 Canipaig?ii}i<^ in the Philippines.

Co. B— 1st Battalion.

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESSMathew H. Gromley, Capt Carpenter Seattle, Wash.Harvey J. Moss, 1st Lieut Clerk

Chas. E. Head, 2d Lieut Printer Fremont, Wash.Walter E. Budlong, 1st vSergt Stenographer Seattle, Wash.Eugene Huckins, Sergt Teamster " "

Ray D. Clarke, Sergt Salesman

Fred'k G. S. Herbert, Sergt Clerk

Clare E. Clarke, Corp Printer Noblesville, Ind.

Chas. L. Beamer, Corp Candy-maker Hastings, Mich.

Sherwood F. Gorham, Corp Lawyer Washington, D. C.

Wm. A. Young, Corp Waiter Eagle Bend, Minn.

Victor A. Sloan, Corp Clerk Chicago, 111.

Jack Vidler, Corp Laborer Seattle, Wash.Heber J Kemper, Corp Student " "

Geo. H. Caches, Corp Student La Connor, Wash.Daniel S. Williamson, Corp Longshore-man Abington, 111.

Archie J. Smith, Corp Brakeman . Seattle, Wash.Albert F. Pray, Cook Painter Crookston, Minn.

Jos. B. Gehring, Musician Painter Seattle, Wash.

"Wm. F. Mackay, Musician Bookkeeper Aberdeen, Scotland.

Jas. A. Fitzhenry, Artificer Millwright Seattle, Wash.

Jas. E. Noland, Wagoner Teamster " "

PRIVATES.Chas. W. Brown , Cook Minneapolis, Minn.

Edw. R. Brown Electrician Canal Dover, Ohio.

Henry C. Brunjes Clerk New York City.

Chas. H. Carder Fireman Seattle, Wash.

Chas. M. Claussen Laundryman Copenhagen, Denmark.

Wm. A. Clay .\ccountant Freeport, 111.

Thos. CoUon Laborer Seattle, Wash.

Chas. H. Corliss Butcher ; Everett, Mass.

Melvin J. Doherty. Draughtsman St. Paul, Minn.

Wm. D. Downey . ..' Carpenter Seattle, Wash.

Evigene A. Fenton Student " "

Ernest F. Fisher Bookkeeper " "

Geo. W. Fitzhenry Butcher " "

Fred Gundlach Clerk White Bear Lake, Minn.

Adelbert Hammon Clerk Seattle, Wash.

.'\douram Harrington Molder '

"

Geo. C. Heppner Tailor " "

John J Hunner Miner

Daniel W. Kelley Teamster River Falls, Wis.

Carl Landsberg Clerk Seattle, Wash.

Laurin L. Lawson Clerk St. Peter, Minn.

Chas. I. Lynch Student Seattle, Wash.

Fred T. Macomber Logger Leland, Wash.

A. E. W. Maguire Railroadman Seattle, Wash.

John G. McGlinn Student La Connor, Wash.

Hugh C. McLean Clerk Buckley, Wash.

Wm. J. Moran Printer Duluth, INIinn.

Eric Nelson Hunter Mosters, Sweden.

John M. Page Clerk Brookland D. C.

John R. Painter Druggist Blacksburg, Va.

Frank Pinney Barber Madison, Neb.

Wm. Pyncheon Carpenter Seattle, Wash.Chauncey B. Rathbun Student Olympia, Wash.Harry t" Redick Printer Seattle, Wash.Robt . Robertson

, Jr Clerk "

<irant Rodgers * Lumber-man McLeansboro, 111.

E;dw. D. Smith Miner Shenandoah, Iowa.

Frank W. Smith Student Fairhaven, Wash.

John W. Snoke Pharmacist Puyallup, Wash.Chas. Stein Soldier Seattle, Wash.Ansel C. Taylor Teamster Kamloops, B. C.

Julius Von Gerste Saddler Hanover, Germany.Fred. D. Wood Lawyer St. Joseph, Mo.

Canipaigitiii^ in the I'lii/ippiiics. . 81

DISCHARGKD.N^AME OCCTTPATION ADDRKSS REMARKS

John W. stringer, 1st Sergt. .Marshal Seattle, Wash By order, October 14, 1898.

Win. D.Covington, Q.M. .Sergt. Stenographer " " Di.sability, Sept. '), '99. [36th U. S. V.Oscar A. McGee, Sergt Teamster Manila, P. I By order, July 23, 1899. Re-enlistedRalph Ross, Sergt Clerk Seattle, Wash By order, October 9, lh99.

MertenE. Brewer, Corp Student Walla Walla, Wash By order, Oct. 13,1398. [3fith U.S. V.Thos. B. Crockett, Corp Law Student Manila, P.I By order, July 13,1899. Re-enlisted

[3C>th U. S. \'.

Smith K. Fitzhugh, Corp Civil p;ngineer " " By order, July:',, 1899. Re-enlisted

[3(;th U. S. V.Chester K- Hunter, Corp Milhnan Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enli-sted

Irving A. Jensen, Corp Electrician Hud.son, Wis By order, September 2, 1899.

Norval C. Mitchell, Corp Pressman Seattle, Wash By order, Sept. 2, '99. [30th U. S. V..'i.rthur C. Turner, Corp p;ngraver Manila, P. I By order, July 3,1899 Re-enlisted

[3f)th U S. V.Roy L. Eldridge, Musician PHectrician " " By order, July 7, 1899. Re-enlisted

Jas. W. Badger, Miner Manila, P. I By order, August 23, 1899.

Adolph I,. Bobet, Laborer Seattle, Wash Disability, Aug. KS, '99. (SOthU.S.V.Fred. A. Brockway Surveyor Manila P. I By order, July 13, 1899. Re-enlisted

136th U. S. V.

Marion F. Crye, : Laborer " " By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. F. Duncan Steel Polisher Seattle, Wash Disability, December 28, 1898.

Samuel C. Fitzgerald Physician " " By order, Aug. 9, 1898. [36thU.S.V.John Harrigan Plumber Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th r. S. V.

Adelbert L. Harris Aeronaut " " By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Chas. W. Kuse Stenographer ... . New York City, N. Y.. .. Disability, September 9, 1898.

Wm. H. Miller Cook .Seattle, Wash By order Sept. 2, 1899. [36th U. S. V.

Alton M. Mills Longshore-man.. .Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Hiram H. Nelson Barber Seattle, Wash By order, Sept. 9,1899. [36th U. S. V.

Howard M. Nichols Blacksmith Manila, P. I By order, July 13, 1899. Re-enlisted

[37th U. S. V.

Reginald S. Paterson Clerk " " By order, July 24, 1S99. Re-enlisted

Emory W. Ross Fireman Seattle, Wash Disability, August 3], 1899.

Theodore B. W. Schmidt Cooper " " By order, September 2 1899.

Geo. L- Sly Carpenter New Orleans, La By order, Sept. 2, 1899. [.36th V. S. V.

Peter Smith Mechanic Manila, P. I By order, July 13, 1899. Re-enlisted

Albert F. Waddell Laborer Rainier, Wash Disability, August 13, 18( 8.

Jas. A. Wallace Printer..

, Seattle, Wash By order, September 2, 1899.

Oliver D. W'ard Clerk " " By order, September. 2, 1899.

Chas. E. Williams Clerk " " , By order, Oct. 24, '98. [36th U.S. V.

Wm. R. Wood Clerk Manila, P. I By order, July 30, 1899. Re-enlisted

TRANSFERRED.

Fred W. Reed, Corp Soldier Cincinnati, Ohio To Company C, January 17, 1899.

Chas. Connor Barber Seattle, Wash To Company C. February 1, 1899.

Geo. Haslop Sailor " " To Company C, January 19, 1899.

Edgar T. Williams Clerk " " To Company D, August 5, 1898.

WOUNDED.

Wm. D. Covington. Q. M. Sergt Wounded in left arm at San Pedro M.icati, P. I., March 13, 1899, and left

thigh at Pasig, P. I., March 26, 1899.

Albert F. Pray, Cook Wounded in the left arm at Santa Ana, P. I., February •">, 1899.

Melvin J. Doherty Wounded in the left leg at Santa Ana, P. I., February .5, 1899.

Laurin L. Lawson Wounded in the left thigh at Santa Ana, P. I., February .5, 1899.

Reginald S. Paterson Wounded in the left thigh at Pasig, P. I., March 26, 1899.

Frank Pinney Wounded in the left hand and stomach at Pasig, P. I., March 26, 1899.

Oliver D. Ward Wounded in the left hand at Pasig P. I., March 26, 1899.

DE.\D.

Geo. H. Fortson, Capt Killed in action at Pasig, P. I., March 26, 1899.

Edw. L. Burnham Died of typhoid fever at San Francisco, Cal., October 26, 1898.

Wm. C. Courtney Killed in action at Pasig, P. I., March 26, 1899.

Royal K. Fletcher Died of typhoid fever at Manila, P. I., January 28, 1899.

> uz aP-. ^O -5

(J a;

Caiiipai_o)iiii_o' /;/ //if /'/li/ipfyii/cs. F3

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF COMPANY E.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

MARSHALL S. SCUDDER, Captain, Company E, was born in Needham,Mass., Mas- 9, 1870. He went to Washington in 1888. He was 1st Lievitenant in

Troop C, National Guard of Washington, in 1893, and in 1894, was promoted to

Captain. In 1895, the guard was reorganized and Troop C became Troop A.

At the outbreak of the war the cavalry troop was turned into infantry in order

to join the regiment. He was mustered out of the service as Captain of CompanyE. He was in all engagements with his company.

EDWARD J. YOUNG, 1st Lieutenant, Company E, was born in Oakland

County, Mich., August 16, 1868. His occupation in civil life is that of rancher.

He went to Washington in 1888, and joined the National Guard at North Yakima,

Wash., in 1889. He was mustered into the National Guard as a private, and dis-

charged as a Sergeant. He served four and a half 3'ears in Company E, of the

2d Regiment. He was enrolled in the United States service, at the outbreak of

the war, as Sergeant of Company E^, and was promoted to 1st Sergeant, August

18, 1898, at San Francisco, Cal. He was promoted to 2d Lieutenant, August 25,

1899, and to 1st Lieutenant, September 0, 1S99. He was in all engagements with

his company.

JOHN T. ALDERSON, 2d Lieutenant, Company E, was born at Fallbrook,

Pa., January 7, 1868. He went to Washington in 1887, and joined the National

Guard in 1891, and had continuous service in the National Guard, Troop A and

Compan}' E, serving in the different offices until he entered the United States

service as Sergeant of Company E. He served both in the infantry and cavalry.

He was promoted to 1st Sergeant, Augu.st 25, 1899, and to 2d Lieutenant, Sep-

tember 3, 1899. He was in all engagements with his company.

'54 Campaigning in the Philippines.

Co. E—2d Battalion.

NAME OCCUPATION' ADDRESS

MAishall S. Scudder, Capt Rancher North Yakima, Wash.

Kdn-ard J. Young, 1st Lieut Farmer " " "

Jno. T. Alderson, '2d Lieut Farmer " " "

Henry W. Leach, 1st Sergt Laundry-man " ' "

Alfred T. Schanno, Q. M. Sergt Engineer " " "

Jno. H. Wright, Sergt Farmer " " "

James X. Scott, Sergt Painter " " "

Jno. L- Druse, Sergt , Farmer • " •'

Clias. K. Brown, Sergt Farmer Olden, Mo.

Albert M. Ross, Corp Fireman Flat Ridge, Va.

Jno. M. McCleary, Corp ISIerchant Gettysburg, Pa.

William Washburn, Corp Soldier Brooklyn, N. Y.

Klnier E. Grover, Corp Painter Wapwallopen, Pa.

Frank H. Millican, Corp Laborer Walla Walla, Wash.

Ulysses G. Bunce, Corp Machinist . North Yakima, Wash.

Herman L. Leeper, Corp Clerk '. " " "

Harry F. Coombs, Corp Photographer . " " "

Frank Rodes, Corp Farmer Colby, Wash.

Geo. S. Sexton, Corp Brakeman San Francisco Cal.

Dean D. Stair, Corp Clerk North Yakima, Wash.

Paul W. Mathieson, Cook Laborer Milwaukee, Wis.

Frank E. Dillon, Musician Laborer Faribault, Minn.

.\llen Converse, Artificer Farmer North Yakima, Wash.

Horatio R. Jennings, Wagoner Fireman Crooston, Minn,

PRIV.\TES.

F'rank H. Aylworth Paititer Di.xon, Cal.

Paul K. Bo\er Miller North Yakima, Wash.

Henry R Brasselle Tailor Cleveland, Ohio.

Walter J. Brick Clerk Alameda, Cal.

John Cameron Laborer Kleinburg, Ont., Canada.

Chas. C. Coombs Harness-maker North Yakima, Wash.

Wm. T. Corder Clerk Prosser, Wash.

Edwin O. Dane Student Milwaukee, Wis.

Jerry L. Dore Laborer Farmington, Wis.

Chas. L- Dowell Barber Green Camp, Ohio.

Walter P. Fo.v Clerk Zillah, Wash.

Oral F. Gibson Carpenter Silverton, Ohio.

Charles Gosling Butcher North Yakima, Wash.

Curtis S Greene Clerk " " "

Henry H. Hagedorn Farmer Wenas, Wash.

Harry O Hawley Farmer North Yakima, Wash.

Howard D. Hazard Farmer Prescott, Wash.

Christian O. Horn Carpenter Alba, M ich.

Wm. A. Kelsay Clerk Tacoma, WashGeo. T. Lahar Farmer Stillwater, Okla.

Gerrit Leenwrik Farmer Rockvalley, Iowa.

Francis B. Lippincott, Clerk Mt Vernon, Wash.

Leo McDonald Farmer North Yakima, Wash.

Jos. J. Mitchell '. Laborer Irwin, Miss.

Chas. A. Niles Teamster Loupe City, Neb

Geo. W. Nunnally Laborer Hartfort, Iowa.

Raymond W. Oakey Stone-mason Ashley, Wis.

Geo.S. Palmer Laborer Genesse, Idaho.

Jno. J. Sandmeyer Printer North Yakima, Wash.

Wm. G. Schaefer Farmer Tacoma, Wash

Wm. Schoenhals Farmer Peotha, Ontario, Canada.

Tom. H.Scott Farmer North Yakima, Wash.

FredT. Sherwood Farmer " "

Cecil M. Smith Laborer Brockley, London.

Edw. C. Spaulding Teamster North Yakima, Wash.

Wm. C. Stephens Farmer " " "

Herbert F. Stowe Farmer Zillah, Wash.

Cainpaigning in the J'/iiiippiiics. 85-

NAME OCCl'PATION ADDRIJSSSpencer U. Swain Farmer .North Yakima, Wash.Jno. E. Toraberlin Carpenter. Tacoma, Wash.James G. Triplett I.aborer

Mart Troy Laborer .North Yakima, Wash.Amos W. Waddington Laborer " " "

David B. Wall Printer Osceola, Iowa.Peter P. Walker Farmer Nile. Wash.C.T. Gray Wilgus Mechanic North Yakima, Wash.Oliver A. Westfall Laborer Caldwell, Idaho.Harry A. Williams Laborer North Yakima, Wash.Frank W. Woolsey Farmer " " "

DISCHARGED.N.\ME OCCri'.ATION ADDRESS REMARKS

James W. Spahr, Corp Teacher Forest, Ohio Disability, August 151, 1899.

Harry E. Roberts, Musician. Musician Montesano, Wash By order, August 2, 1899.

James S. Adams Laborer Walla Walla, Wash By order, July 7, 1899.

Chas. M. Allen Laborer Oceard, Mich By order, September 2, 1899.

Wm. H. Bruce Barber Toledo, Wash. . Disability, August H, 1898.

Con. Crimmins Laborer Boston, Mass . By order, July 7, 1899.

.\rthur W. Douglass Farmer Zillah, Wash By order, August 22, 1899.

Raymond Drake Soldier Tacoma, Wash. By order, November 10, 1898.

Stephen P. Drake Lineman Tacoma, Wash By order, March 3, 1899.

John J. Wimer Farmer Canton, S. D Disability, August 1, 1898.

Chas. H. Wimer Farmer Canton, S. D Disability, August 14, 1898.

Jesse E. Friend Laborer North Yakima, Wash Disability, August 14, 1898.

Martin B. Selman Laborer North Yakima, Wash Disability, September 2f), 1898.^

Clarence M. Howland Basket-maker Waterville, Wash Disability, September 29, 1898.

Edmond Hanson Blacksmith Mt. Pleasant, Utah Disability, October 26, 1898.

Claude W. Harkness Farmer North Yakima, Wash By order, November 10, 1898.

Fred Vest Laborer Lakeport, Cal • Disability, December28, 1898.

Clyde W. Stewart Farmer North Yakima, Wash Disability, April 27, ^^99.

Chauncey Forward Carpenter Silverton, Oregon . Bj' order, Julj^ 7, 1899.

William Patterson Brickmaker Kansas City, Kan By order, July 7, 1899.

John Kane Laborer Everett, Wash • By order, July 10, 1899.

Harley J. Hill Printer Tampico, Wash ^ By order, August 27, 1899.

Herbert L. Osburn Farmer North Yakima, Wash By order, August 31, 1899.

Walter A. Perkins Printer Ellensburg, Wash By order, July 2."), 1899.

TRANSFERRED.Don Dewitt Ranchman North Yakima, Wash. . To Hospital Corps, .August 25, 1898.

Ma.x E. Englehardt Clerk North Yakima, Wash . To Hospital Corps, August 25, 1898.

desf;rted.Wm DriscoU, Corp Deserted at Presidio, Cal., June 23, 1898.

Fred C. Schwartzburg, .\rtif5cer Deserted at Presidio, Cal., June 21, 1898.

Wm. Sampson ' Deserted at Presidio, Cal., June 21, 1898.

Peter J. Jost Deserted at Presidio, Cal., September 13, 1898.

Frank U. Steele Deserted at Presidio, Cal., October 27, 1898.

John R. Peel Deserted at San Francisco, Cal., October 28, 1898.

WOUNDED.Henry W. Leach, 1st Sergt Wounded in left arm at Santa -A.na, Februarys, 1899.

Alfred T. Shanno, Sergt Wounded in right hip at Santa Ana, February 5, 1S99.

John H. Wright, Sergt Wounded in right cheek at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899.

John Cameron Wounded in right leg at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899.

Walter P. Fox Wounded in right shoulder at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899.

Christian O. Horn Wounded in left ear at Guadalupe Church, February 22, 1899.

Wm. C. Stephens Wounded in left arm at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899.

Amos Waddington Wounded in left cheek at Guadalupe Church, February 22, 1899,

Herbert L. Osburn Wounded in head at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899, and in chest at Guadalupe

Church, February 20, 1899.

DEAD.Frank Smith Killed in action at Santa .\na, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Geo. B. Reichert Killed in action at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Mathias H.Cherry Killed in action at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Ralph E. Shearer Died February 6th, of wounds received in action at Santa .\na, P. I., February 5, 1899.

R. E. Van Buskirk Killed in action at Pateros, P. I., March 14, 1899.

Jno. C. Baggott Died of typhoid fever at Presidio, Cal., October 20, 1898.

Caiiipaiiiiiin^- in Ilie /'/lilippiiics. 87

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF COMPANY G.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES.

M. F. ElvLRICH, Captain, Company G, Ist Washington Inf., U. S. V.,

was born June 18, 1854, in Germany. He removed to the United State.s in July,

.1878. He was in the military service as clerk at headquarters, Vancouver

Barracks, nine years, three months and one day. He was admitted to the bar,

State of Washington, in 1888. He was subsec^uently transportation agent,

Quartermaster's Department, Vancouver Depot, until the time of muster into the

volunteer service, April 26, ISilS. He has been in the National Guard of Wash-

ington, Captain of Company H, of the 1st Regiment, for five years. He took

part in all the engagements during the campaign in the Philippines, except those

in front of Pasig, being then stationed at Taguig, where the company was in the

trenches and on the firing line from February 5th to September 1, 1899. He was

appointed from Vancouver, Wash., which is his residence.

WIDEIAM E. WEIGH, 1st Lieutenant, Company G, was born in Gettysburg,

Pa., and when enrolled into the volunteer service w^as 27 years of age. Lieut.

Weigh joined the 1st Washington National Guard as a private in 1897, and was

promoted to Corporal and then to Sergeant. He was mustered into the United States

service as 2d Lieutenant, and assigned to Company G. He was promoted to 1st

Lieutenant of the same company December IH, 1898, and served with his com-

pany in all engagements until May, 1899, w^hen he was granted a furlough to

enable him to return to the United States. He resigned from the service Septem-

ber 2, 1899.

GEORGE LAMPING, 1st Lieutenant, Company G, was born in Spencer

County, Ind., March 20, 1875. He went to Washington in 1890, and was a mem-

ber of the National Guard of the State for four years before going into the United

States service. At the outbreak of the war he was mustered in as 2d Lieutenant

of Company D, and was in all engagements with his company, except the one at

Morong. Commissioned as 1st Lieutenant October 20, 1899, and assigned to

Company G.

HENRY A. RIEGLE, 2d Lieutenant, Company G, was born in Clarence,

Erie County, N, Y., December 12, 1859. He was raised on a farm, and fol-

lowed the occupation of farmer for a number of years. He gave up farming in

1889 and came West, and has been a resident of Vancouver, Wash., since that

time. He enlisted in Company H of the National Guard of Vancouver in 1890

as a private. He w^as advanced to the rank of Corporal, and in a short time was

promoted to Sergeant. At the call for volunteers, he went to Camp Rogers with

Company H, and there the company letter was changed to G. He was mustered

in as Sergeant, Company G, and January 7, 1899, w^as promoted to 1st Sergeant of

the same company. On August 24, 1899, he was discharged as 1st Sergeant, and

accepted a commission as 2d Lieutenant in Company G, and was mu.stered in as

such August 25, 1899. He was in all engagements with the company.

Caiiipaigiiijii^ in the Philippines.

Co. G—2d Battalion.

XAMB OCCITATION ADDRESSMax F. Ellricli, Capt Clerk Vancouver, Wash.Geo. B. I^aniping, 1st Lieut . . Bank Clerk Seattle, Wash.Henry -A.. Riegle, 2d Lieut Laborer Vancouver, Wash.Oliver J. Clancy, 1st Sergt Lawyer " "

Arthur H. Fletcher, Q. M. Sergt Orchardist

James W. Sayre, Sergt Student Seattle, M'ash.Wm. W. Rinehart, Sergt Student Olympia, Wash.Walter E. Bourke, Sergt Soldier Youiigstown, Ohio.Glenn N. Ranck, Sergt Surveyor Vancouver, Wash.Fred. M'. Tempes. Corp Clerk " "

Guy ^L Hill, Corp Carpenter Seattle, Wash.Edwin Fredlund, Corp Student "

Samuel L. Lawrence, Corp Laborer Vancouver, Wash.Roy B. Parcel, Corp StudentNic J. Geoghegan, Corp FarmerWm. H. Brennan, Corp Teamster Orient, JIaine.

Robt. J. Johnson, Corp Laborer Seattle, Wash.Geo. B. Waite, Corp Laborer Vancouver, Wash.Robt. E. Morin, Corp Farmer Lapwa, IdahaChas. E. Hall, Corp Student Vancouver, Wash.Jeremiah Fleming, Cook Farmer " "

Nelson T. Hubert, Musician Laborer " "

Nicholas T. Clancy, Artificer Clerk ' "

Jos. F. Trotter, Wagoner Farmer " "

PRIVATES.Geo. F. Bird Laborer Seattle, Wash.John H. Booth CookHarold A. Bush Farmer Vancouver, Wash..\rthur C. Butt Watchmaker Tacoma, Wash.John Cairns Sailor Seattle, Wash.Ralph H. Clark ClerkArthur T. Cochran Laborer Vancouver, Wash.Harry J. Fleming Laborer " "

Jos. H. Foster Laborer Seattle, Wash.Jules Habrie Teamster San Francisco, Cal.

Hermann A. Hardtke Farmer Seattle, Wash.Frank W. Hatt TeamsterEdw. J. Healy SalesmanLuther M. Kays Farmer Vancouver, Wash.Wm. J. Kays Farmer " "

Frank A. Lepper Plumber Emporia, Kan.Julius F. Loeber . .Shoemaker Seattle, Wash.Wm. C. Manly Laborer Vancouver, Wash.Romulus R. Mettler Clerk Seattle, Wash.Harry P. Miller DruggistArthur C. Mills Farmer Vancouver, Wash.Geo. M. Mills Farmer " "

H. A. Moore Clerk " "

Chris. A. O'Donnell Laborer " ''

Ernest W. Plaice Miner " "

Aloysius J. Rebholz Laborer Tacoma, Wash.Emil Riegger Laborer Vancouver, Wash.David G. Rinehart Clerk Seattle, Wash.Jas. T. Sayle Laborer Ashland, Oregon.Wm. L. Scribner Laundryman Seattle, Wash.Wm. H. Sickel Shoemaker " "

Leo. B. Smith Electrician Vancouver, Wash.Geo. Spurgeon Laborer " "

Fred. C. Spray Sign Writer Seattle, Wash.Jos. Trisler Hostler Vancouver, Wash.Hiram A. Walker Laborer " "

Chas. A. Weston Orchardist " "

Jas. W. Wolf Farmer " "

Caiitpaii^}iing in the Pliilippiucs. gg

dischar(;i<;d.

name. occupation. addrkss. re.marks.Win. V. Rinehart, Ist Lieut. Lawyer Seattle, Wash Re.signed, December 16, 1898.Wm. K. Weigle, 1st Lieut Merchant Vancouver, Wash Resigned, September 2, 1899.Walter V. Cotchett, 2d Lieut. .Student Seattle, Wash By order, August 19, 1899.

Jas. H. Reid, 1st Sergt Soldier Vancouver, Wash By order, December 20, 1898.Geo. A. Bundy, Sergt Laborer " " By order, August 27, 1899.Austin A. Comerford, Sergt Soldier " '• By order, Aug. 28, 1899. [36th U. S.V.•E. L.Benedict, Corp Teamster Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlistedFerd Falkenberg, Corp Clerk Seattle, Wash Hy order Sept. 18, '99.

[2d Lieut. 35th V . S.V.John P. Has.son, Corp Student Manila, P. I., By order, August 17, '98. Re-enlistedToby L. Henrichsen, Corp Orchardist Vancouver, Wash By order, November 18, 1898.Frank L. Huston, Artificer.

.Engineer " " By order, Aug. 13, '98 [:j7thr.S.V.

Jas. F. Armstrong Teamster Manila, P. I By order, July 17, 1899. Re-enlistedWm. L. Austin Laborer Seattle, Wash By order, Oct. 27 1898. [nth Cav.John C. Barlow Farmer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 27, 1899. Re-enlistedThos. Brady Miner ' " By order, July 14, 1899. Re-enlistedLouis J. Brandt Printer Vancouver, Wash By order, Oct. 27, '98. [37th U. S. V.Jas. J Brown Gardener " " Disability, October 27, 1898.

Arthur S. Bugbee Actor San Francisco, Cal By order, Nov. 18, '98. [3fith r.S. V.Wm. W. Buttner Butcher Manila, P. I By order, July 24, 1899. Re-enli.stedHoward A. Dayton Laborer Seattle, Wash Disability, Nov. 25, '98. r36th l'. S.V.Jos. Dobman Miner Manila, P. I By order. July '24, 1899. Re-enlistedGeo. M. Duncan Mariner Vancouver, Wash By order, September 18, 1899.

Martin Fowler Molder Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 4, 1899. [11th Cav.Jos. E. Goddard Farmer " " By order, Sept. 5, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th U. S. V.Corlis E. Hinds Butcher •

" By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlistedJohn Lyons Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlistedAlbert H. Manning Waiter Seattle, Wash By order, Sept. 18, 1899. [3Gth T.S.V.

[3r)th r. S. V.Julius Marks Trunkmaker Manila, P. I. By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th r. S. V.Michael P. McCarty Sailor Manila, P. I By order. July 17, 1899. Re-enlistedMichael Mclnerney Carpenter Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlistedWm. J. Miller Bookkeeper Durango, Colo By order, Sept. 13 1899. [36th U.S. V.

[36th U. S. V.Clarence E. Moody Baker Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. R -enlisted

[3Gth r. S. V.Wm. A. Northrop Miller Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th U. S. V.

John G. Pahl Gilder Manila, P. I By order, July 24, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th U. S. V.Oscar Ray Soldier Manila, P. I By order. July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

[18th V. S. V.Ora B. Shumate Bookkeeper Manila, P. I By order, July 10, 1898. Re-enlisted

Chas. Simons Laundryman Seattle, Wash By order, Oct. 27, 1898. [36th U. S. V.

Ceo. W. Strohm Painter Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Chas. D. Tooley Boatman Vancouver, Wash By order, Nov. 18, 1898. [1 1th Cav.

Kay Wilson Farmer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 27, 1899. Re-enlisted

TRANSFERRED.Thos. M. Geoghegan, Corp .Dentist Vancouver, Wash To Hospital Corps, August 19, 1898-

Geo. W. Foster Clerk" " To Hospital Corps, Dec. 8, 1898.

Frank L- Lawrence Laborer Seattle, Wash To Hospital Corps, Sept. 12, 1898.

Clarence L. Russell Lawyer Durango, Col To 1st Colorado, July 7, 1899.

DESERTED.Harry Benham Deserted at Angel Island, Cal., September 13. 1898.

F. Carpenter Deserted at .\ngel Island, Cal., July '25, 1898.

WOUNDED.Oliver J. Clancy, 1st Sergt Wounded in neck at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Robt. E. Morin, Corp Wounded in right hand at Taguig, P. I., March 18. 1899.

Jos. Dobman Wounded in right leg at Morong, P. I., June 6, 1899.

Geo. M. Duncan Wounded in left arm at Santa .\na, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Wm. J. Kays Wounded in right arm at Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899.

DEAD.Henry A. Leimbacher, Corp Drowned at Taguig, P. I., April 20, 1899.

Ca!iipaio!!!)!g- ill tlic /'/lilippiues. 91

COMMISvSIONED OFFICKRvS OF COMPANY M.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCHES.

JOHN E. BOYER, Captain, Company M, was born December 29, l-SBB, at WallaWalla, Wash. His occupation in civil life is a lawyer. He enlisted in the National

Guard of Washington in March, 1894, in Company E, 1st Regiment, National

Guard of W^ashington at Seattle; was Corporal in the detachment of the National

Guard that took the first train through from Tacoma to Spokane during the railroad

strike in 1894. He was promoted successively to the rank of 1st Lieutenant, and,

on changing residence from Seattle to Walla Walla in 1S97, resigned command in

the National Guard. He enlisted in Company I of Walla Walla, on the outbreak

of the Spanish-American War, and on arrival with the company at Camp Rogers,

the mustering-in place of the regiment, was appointed by Gov. John R. Rogers,

Captain of the reorganized Centralia company, now Company M, 1st WashingtonVolunteer Inf. He was sick in the hospital at the time the regiment left for the

Philippines. After an operation for appendicitis, he reached Manila, February 8,

1899, three days after the first battle. Since then he has been through the various

engagements that the company has participated in. His residence is Walla Walla,

Wash.

GEO. M. DREHER, 1st Lieutenant, Company M, was born September:], 1878,

at Montgomery, Ala. His occupation in civil life is that of bank clerk. He was amember of the Washington National Guard six years, and received a commission as

1st Lieutenant in Company M of the regiment on April 29, 1898. He was mustered

into the United States service May 13, 1898. He had command of the Companyat the Battle ofSanta Ana on Februar}' 4th and 5th and at the Battle of Pasig, March26, 1899.

BEN. H. RHODES, 2d Lieutenant Company M, was born April 8, INOB, at

Washington, D. C. His occupation in civil life is a lawyer. He formerly belonged to

Company G, Kansas S'ate National Guard, at Marion, Kas., and laterly, to

Company A, 2d Battalion, National Guard of Washington, organized at Cen-tralia, Wash., which assembled at Camp Rogers, April 80, 1898. Owing to

change of officers, this organization was broken up, and he was enrolled in Com-pany M, 1st Washington Inf., U. S. V., and mustered in as 1st Sergeant May 18,

1899; served as 1st Sergeant until August 24, 1899, at which time he was mus-tered out to receive commission as 2d L'eutenant, August 25, 1899, at Manila.

His residence is Centralia, W^ash.

^2 Caiiipaig>!i>ig in the P/nlippi)ifs.

Co. M—2d Battalion.

NAME HCCUl'ATION ADDRESS

John E. Boyer, Capt . Lawyer .... Walla Walla, Wash.

Geo. M. Dreher, 1st Lieut .Clerk Spokane, Wash.

Ben H. Rhodes, 2d Lieut Lawyer Centralia, Wash.

Geo. D. Robertson, 1st Sergt Surveyor Hoquaim, Wash.

Wm. Scales, Q. M. Sergt Teacher ' Toledo, Wash.

J. Rowland Pierce, Sergt Plumber Portland, Oregon.

John J. Cahill, Sergt Teamster Centralia, Wash.

Albert A. Cooper, Sergt Longshore-man Hoquaim, Wash.

Horace L- Bunnell, Sergt Logger Bucoda, Wash.

Chas. E. Augustein, Corp Butcher San Francisco, Cal.

Wm. H. Clock, Corp Millman Bucoda, Wash.

Fred. C. Shorey, Corp Millman Newaukum, Wash.

Jos. P. Bernier, Corp Laborer Moutesano, Wash.

Edw. J. Orendorff, Corp Salesman Hoquaim, Wash.

John B. Carlisle, Corp Clerk Montesano, Wash.

Geo. W. Simonds, Corp Gardener Chehalis, Wash.

Floyd E- McDerby Corp Laborer Centralia, Wash.

Edw M. Chenal, Corp Shoe-cutter Cincinnati, Ohio.

John D. Roberts, Corp Millhand Montesano, Wash.

Geo. B. McDonald, Corp . Bookkeeper South Bend, Wash.

John Usher, Corp Laborer Chehalis, Wash.

John W.Barnett,Cook Cook

Wm. F. Cruver, Musician Teamster Grays Harbor, Wash.

Carl E. Carlson, Musician Teamster ,Tacoma, Wash.

Andrew C. Swaisgood, Artificer Carpenter Chehalis, Wash.

Oliver S. Morris, Wagoner Teamster Hoquaim, Wa.sh.

PRIVATES.

Chas. E. Amraann. Tinner Oroville, Ohio.

Robt. S. Anderson '. Lumber-man South Bend, Wash.

John O. Badger Engineer Toledo, Wash.

Chas. L- Bauer Saddler Chehalis, Wash.

Wm. W. Bay Teamster Gardiner, Oregon.

Herbert A. Bloye Millhand Clearwater, Wash.

Nelson Churchill Blacksmith Toledo, Wash.

Walter H. DeLacy Printer Tacoma, Wash.

Geo. C. Eddy Machinist Hoquaim, Wash.

Jas. R. Evans Laborer Washington, D. C.

Walter A. Haring Sailor Florence, Oregon.

John Houser Cook Hoquaim, Wash.

John P. Hyatt Electrician Tacoma, Wash.

Seth R. Jackson Barber Centralia, Wash.

Bert James Farmer Grand Mound, Wash.

Ross Kahler Clerk Centralia, Wash.

Wm. H. Knisley Laborer Rochester, Wash.

Hector J. Lamar Paper-hanger Seattle, Wash.

Thayer Lamb .Clerk Hoquaim, Wash.

Albert H. Leek Cook Chehalis, Wash.

Fred. S. Lingelback Soldier Grover, Cal.

Warner Marshall Baker Goldsberg, HI.

Jas. McGuire ' Sawyer Bucoda, Wash.

Harry C. McLean Laborer Hoquaim, Wash.

Tohn J. McNeill Butcher Seattle, Wash.

Emmett Mohler Clerk Hoquaim, Wash.

Jesse N. Morgan Clerk Artie, Wash.

Jos. E. Norton Clerk Tacoma, Wash.

Frank H. Parker Sawyer Centralia, Wash.

Orion Pettengill Timber-cruiser Staples, Minn.

Ralph L. Philbrick Merchant Hoquaim, Wash.

Claude C. Powers Carpenter Tacoma, Wash.

Chas. Rauen Laborer

Louis H. Raybold Laborer Portland, Oregon.

Geo. H. Rose Student Port Townsend, Wash.

Campaigning i)i the Philippines. 93

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS

Frank H. Sagers Logger Napa vine, Wash.Arthur R. ScuUin Waiter Seattle, Wash.Wm. H. Smith MiUhand Bucoda, Wash.Dexter H. Waller Laborer " "

Fred. D. Whittaker Laborer Tacoma, Wash.Robt. Wilson Laborer Hoaquim, Wash.Jas. C. Winters Liveryman Montesano, Wash.Truman P. Young Lumbtr-mau Crow Wing, Minn.

DISCHAKC.KD.

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS REMARKS (Capt. llCaV.Russell T. Hazzard,2d Lieut .Mech. Engineer.. Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 11, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. E- Miller, Sergt Clerk Spokane, Wash By order, Aug. 28, '99.

Roy W. Squire, Sergt Photographer Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 1, '99. [:Wth C. S. V.

Reeves Aj-linore, Corp Clerk " " By order, July fi, 1S99. Re-enlisted

i:'.i;th r. s. V.

Chas. Clark, Corp Sailor " " By order, July ti, 1,^99. Re-enlisted

[1st Lieut. 11th Cav.

Oliver P. M. Hazzard, Corp . .Student Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 11, '99. [Re-enlisted

Inth Cav.

Eames A. Parker, Corp Millman Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 31, 1899. Re-enlisted

Alex. Selleg, Corp Plumber Manila, P. I By order, July (i, 1899. Re-enlisted

Chas. M. Battles Laborer Tacoma, Wash Disability, July '20, '98. [StUh r.S.V.

Wm. O. Bingham Photographer. . . . Manila, P. I By order, September 1, 1899.

John J. Cannon Laborer Centralia, Wash Disability, September 18, 1898.

John W. Connors Tel. Operator San Francisco, Cal Disability, August 30, 1898.

Wm. A. Custer Master Mariner . .Washington, D. C Disability, Aug. 24, 1898. [llth Cav.

Fred'k A. DeLacy Soldier Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 1, 1899. Re-enlisted

Moses De L. Flint Teacher " " By order, September 1, 1899.

Jerome D. Garland Teamster " " By order, September 1, 1899.

Geo. G. Gongia Waiter San Francisco, Cal Disability, August 2.5, 1898.

Jacob A. Gohries Bookkeeper Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 1, 1899. [36th U. S.V.

Jas. Goodwin Laborer " " By order, July 8, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. T. Harkins Carpenter Ashville, N. C By order, September 14, 1898.

Thos. P. Hoban Laborer Hoquaim, Wash By order, July Ifi, 1898.

Foster Hovies Teacher Alpha, Wash By order, October 3, 1899.

Abraham Levitt Clerk Manila, P.I By order, September 1, 1899.

Hebert I. Matthews Musician Tacoma, Wash By order, November 18, 1898.

Frank L- Rockwell Bicycle Rider Hoquaim, Wash Disability, October 2, 1898.

Clifford J. Spooner Student Winlock, Wash By order, Sept. .5, 1899. [36th U. S.V.

Benton Wilson Millman Manila, P. I By order, July 12, 1899. Re-enlisted

traxsfe;rred.

Albert C. Anderson Musician Seattle To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Fred. C. Ballew Musician Aberdeen, Wash To Regimental Baud, June 3, 1898.

Wm. C. Fowler Dentist Tacoma, Wash To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Albert J. Harbridge Jeweler " " To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Godfrey E. Lundberg Metal Engraver. . .Spokane, Wash To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Wilford D. Rogers Laborer Mitchell, S. D To Hospital Corps, July 20, 1898.

Geo. Scott Miner Washington, D. C To Company A, January 1, 1899.

DESERTEDChas. B. Eshelman Deserted at Manila, P. I., July 21, 1899.

Wm. N. Scheidel Deserted at Vancouver, Wash., Julj' 11, 1898.

Wm. H. Sterling Deserted at San Francisco, Cal., September 23, 1898.

WOUNDED.

Jos. P. Bernier, Corp Wounded in left shoulder at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899.

John B. Corlile, Corp Wounded in left arm at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899.

Jesse N. Morgan Wounded in right forearm at Santa Ana, February 5, 1899.

DEAD.

John F. Adams Died of wounds received in action at San Pedro Macati, P. I., February 20, 1899.

Daniel Campbell Died of wounds received in action at Santa Ana, P. I., March 29, 1899.

u^Mm.'i^^-^^

Ib^^R

go

I'cniipaii^iiii!^' in llic I'/iilippiiirs. 95

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF COMPANY C.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKKTCIIKS.

J. B. McCOV, Captain, Company C, was born in Butler County, Pa., Sep-

tember 22, 1S7'"'). He went to Washington in ISSS, and was a memljer of the

National Guard of the vState for four and a half years. He enlisted in the

National Guard as a private, and was promoted throiigh all ranks to 2d Ivieutenaiit.

He was connected with the Tacoma Postoffice for three years. At the outbreak of

the Spanish-American War he was mustered in as 2d Lieutenant of Company C,

May 12, 1898. He was promoted to 1st lyieutenant, June 2o, 181)!), and to Cap-

tain, August 2o, 1899. He was with the company in all engagements, except at

Morong, which engagement he missed on account of sickness. Capt. McCoy is a

graduate of the Tacoma High School.

LOUIS S. STEJER, 1st Lieutenant, Company C, was born in Virginia,

Mont., January 31, 1875. His occupation in civil life is that of a machinist. Hewent to the State of Washington in October, 1888, and enlisted in the National

Guard, Company C, in 1894, as a private. He was promoted to Corporal, and

then to Quartermaster-Sergeant. He was mustered into the United States service

May 12, 1898, as 1st Sergeant of Company C, and promoted to 2d Lieutenant,

June 25, 1898, and to 1st Lieutenant, August 25, 1899. He was Acting Battalion

Adjutant, in the 2d Battalion, at Guadalupe Ridge. He has been with his com-

pany continuously. He was appointed 1st Lieutenant, 11th Cav., but declined

the appointment.

S. C. BOTHWELL, 1st Lieutenant, Company C, was born in Pittsburg. \\\.,

November 25, 1870. He went from Pittsburg to Iowa, in 1882, and from thereto

Washington, in 1889. He joined the National Guard in Tacoma, Wash., 1892,

as a private, and was promoted through all ranks to 1st Lieutenant of Company

C. At the outbreak of the war he was mustered in as 1st Lieutenant of the same

company. He was taken sick in Manila, P. I., and was in the hospital there for

two months. He was then sent home on surgeon's certificate, and mustered out

on account of physical disability. He arrived in San Francisco, June 1, 1899, and

returned to Washington with his regiment.

MARTIN JOHNSON, 2d Lieutenant, Company C, was born in Norway,

June 27, 1872. He came to America in 1885, and went to Washington, where he

enlisted as a private in Company C, Washington National Guard, and was soon

promoted to Sergeant. At the outbreak of the war he was mustered in as Ser-

geant of Company C, and promoted to 1st Sergeant, June 9, 1899. On August

24, 1899, he was promoted to 2d Lieutenant. He was in all engagements with his

compan}'.

96 CainpaigJiing in the Philippines

Co. C—2d Battalion.

NAMEJohn B. McCoy, Capt

Louis S. Stejer, 1st Lieut . .

Martin Johnson, 2d Lieut.

Carlos G. Jacobs, 1st Sergt .

.

Geo. F. Barto, Q. M. Sergt .

.

Chas. A. Lunan, Sergt

Herman A. Trott, Sergt

Wm. L. Gray, Sergt

Robt. E;. Rankin, vSergt

Wm. H. Vanderbilt, Corp .

Edw. D. Smith, Corp

John A. Jones, Corp

Lewis C. P. Vogel, Corp .

.

Walter H. Blythe, Corp

John W. Barclay, CorpRoy H. Nichoson, CorpWm. J. Corbett, Corp

Fred I. Gaston, CorpGeo. W. Kellar, CorpEdward P. Taylor, CorpRobt. H. Dudley, Corp

Woodruff B. Spawn, CookLouis T Brittson, Musician

Geo. W Peasner, Musician .

Emmett J. Fay, Artificer

Harry Mullen, Wagoner . . .

.

OCCUPATIOM .ADDRESS

. . Clerk Taco:na, Wash.. . Machinist Whatcom, Wash.. . Plumber Tacoma, Wash.

, ...Clerk

.... Carpenter Fremont, O.

. . Salesman Tacoma, Wash.Student St. Paul, Minn.

. Laborer Tacoma, Wash.p;ngraver ... Mt. Vernon, N. Y.

Student Tacoma, Wash...Clerk . Pillsbury, Minn.

Grocer Tacoma, Wash.Cook Orting, Wash.Lumber-man Hadlock, Wash.

. Laborer Seattle, Wash.Clerk Tacoma, Wash.

. Brakeman Hudson , Wis.

. Stevedore Tacoma, Wash.Photographer Roy, Wash.Canvasser Tacoma, Wash.Teamster Puyallup. Wash.Surveyor Tacoma, Wash.

..Clerk Willshire, O.

.... Laborer Walla Walla, Wash.Bvitcher Tacoma, Wash.Hackman . Newman, Kas.

Murney E- Baer .

.

Frank A. Blanchard.

Lyman B BowmanLeonard W. Boyle .

Edw. M. Brow^n . .. ,

John C. Burnett

Chas. ConnorEdw. Cramer

PRIVATES.

Farmer Hart Wash.Lumber-man Redmond WashWaiter Petoskey, Mich.

Machinist Tacoma, Wash.Lumber-man Kamilche, Wash.Grocer Tacoma, Wash.Barber . Everett, Wash.Lumber-man Puyallup, Wash.

Stanley De Angelo Modeler Tacoma, Wash.

Harry C. Dingman Clerk Seattle, Wash.

Edward L. Dwyer . . Clerk Tacoma, Wash.

Ralph E- Eastman Painter Olympia, Wash.

Ralph J. Eveleth Boiler-maker Corunna, Mich.

Henry Felton . Laborer Tacoma, Wash.

Festus L. Graves Barber Whatcom, Wash.

Jas. Gurr Clerk North Adelaide, Australia.

Harold Gwyther Lumber-man San Francisco, Cal.

Geo. Haslop Sailor " "

John F. Helms Baker Tacoma, Wash.

Nils Hilsen Steam-fitter Namsas. Norway.

Christ Johnson Laborer Tacoma, Wash.

Chris. P. Johnson Stenographer ''"

Frank J. Keefe Clerk Seattle, Wash.

Loring E. Kelly Clerk Tacoma, Wash.

Jas. W. LaCrone Druggist " "

Chas. Lindner Baker Philadelphia, Pa.

Geo. F. Linquist Tent-maker Tacoma Wash.

Max Logasa Clerk '" "

Lee Manning Handle-maker " "

Frank McLean Fireman " ''

Hoyze E- Mitchell Hospital Steward ""

Chas. F. Mohl Student "

John F. O'Gara Laborer " "

Gustav F. Prochnau Teamster Spokane, Wash.

Leonard A. Richardson Electrician Wichita, Kas.

Catiipaigniii}^ in tlie Philippines. 9'

NAMK OCeri'ATION ADDRESSHenry A. Schickling Teacher Hastings, Minn.John W. Simmons Laborer Sharpsville, Ind.

Jas. Spencer Clerk .

.

Puyallup, Wash.Harry T. Stejer Sawyer Whatcom, Wash.Samuel J. Stewart t lerk . Seattle, Wash.Edw. E. Wadsworth Farmer Tacoma, Wash.Fred. W. Warner Clerk Ogden, Utah.

Ritter S. Wilkeson Student Tacoma Wash,Arthur F. Wray Railroad-man Chicago, 111.

Chas. R. Wyland I'rinter Hepner. Or.

Fred L. Young Barber Kansas City, Mo.August Zehnder Laborer Tacoma, Wash.

DISCHARGED.

NAME OCCUP.'iTION ADDRESS REM.ARKSEdward A. Sturges Capt Salesman Tacoma, Wash By order, .\ugust 21, 1899.

Samuel C. Bothwell, 1st Lieut . .Butcher " " Disability, June 21, 1899.

Hamilton A. Brown, 1st Sergt . Teacher Portland, Or By order, August 28, 1899.

Chas. G. Baker, Q. M. Sergt Butcher Tacoma, Wash Disability, October 22, 1898.

Frank A. Johnson, Sergt Engineer '" By order, September 3, 1899.

Alfred B. Reichelt, Sergt Smelter-man Everett, Wash By order, August 26, 1899.

Henry D. Carter Corp Laborer Tacoma, Wash By order, August 31, 1899.

Louis T. Davis, Corp Drug Clerk Shedd, Or By order, August Ifi, 1899.

Jos. H Easterday, Corp Lawyer Tacoma, Wash By order, September 9, 1898.

Duncan McMillan, Corp . Millman Whatcom, Wash By order, August 26, 1899.

Robt. E. Golden, Corp Machinist Marshfield, Or . . Disability, July 2;'), 1899.

John H. Meers, Corp Lumber-man Kent, Wash Disability, August :^0, 1898.

Oscar H. Pearson, Corp Grocer Fern Hill, Wash Disability, October 5, 1898.

Jas. V. Allen Waiter Oakland, Cal By order, September 18, 1899.

Rufus B. Clark Lumber-man Gainesville, Ga By order, July 27, 1899.

Jack E- Clifford Bookkeeper San Francisco, Cal. . . By order, November 23, 1898.

Thos. F. Coleman Packer New Haven, Conn By order, July 7, 1899.

John H. Corwin Engineer Tacoma, Wash Disability, August 23, 1898.

Geo. L. Gower, Jr Student " " Disability, October 2, 1898.

Ferd. B. Lafferty Clerk " " Disability, October 22, 1898.

Edward P Lemargie Printer Fern Hill, Wash Disability, September 15, 1898.

Arthur F. Litle Carpenter Tacoma, Wash Disability, August 1, 1899.

John McBride Laborer South Bend, Wash By order, August 23, 1898.

Frank E McLaughlin Printer Little Rock, Ark By order, August 28, 1899.

Geo. R. Monroe Clerk Seattle, Wash Disability, September 16, lSi.8.

Asa G. Morrison Laborer Greenville, Mo By order, October 27, 1898.

Harry O Robinson Cook San Francisco, Cal By order, September 8, 1899.

Ralph M. Robinson Electrician Tacoma, Wash By order, August 31, 1899.

Tony Westgord Doormaker " " Disability, September 16, 1898.

transff:rrf;d.

Geo. Bordeaux Baker Tacoma, Wash To Hospital Corps, March 4, 1899.

John B. Buckley Molder " " To Company K, August 2.3, 189.-.

Ralph Hepler Woodsman Castle Rock, Wash. .To Company H, July l.i, 1898.

Fred W. Reed Civil Engineer Seattle, Wash To Hospital Corps, April 13, 1899.

Chas. E. Rogers Clerk Parkland, Wash To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Jos. A. Smith Teacher Reinersville, O To Regimental Band, June 3, 1898.

Fred A. Udell Reporter Tacoma, Wash To Non-Com. Staff, June 1, 1899.

Frank f;. Wyse Musician Wayland, Iowa To Regimental Band, July 2, 1898.

DESERTED.Frank B. Cody At Pasig City, P. I., May 2, 1899.

Geo. G. Pittwood At San Francisco, Cal., September 1 ,1898.

WOUNDED.Alfred B. Reichelt, Corp Wounded in left shoulder at San Pedro Macati, P. I.. March 1, 1899.

Rufus B. Clark Wounded in left thigh at Paco, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Woodruff B. Spawn Wounded in neck at Calamba, P. I., July 20, 1899.

August Zehnder Wounded in left ankle at Paco, P. I., February .5, 1899.

DEADDamian Grossraann Died of dysentery at Manila, P. I., February 11, 1899.

Frank A. Lovejoy Killed in action at San Pedro Macati, P. I., March 7, 1899.

^ i

CaiiiptUiiiiiiiii ill the /'/li/ippiufs.

* COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF COMPANY L.

BIOGRAPTITCAL SKKTCHEvS.

J. M. MOORE, Captain, Compain L, was born in Indiana, January 17,

1S()4. He removed to Michii^an and lived thereuntil he was nine years of age,

and then went to Iowa, living there until he came to Washington in 1888. Hetook the college course at Cornell College, Mt. Vernon, Iowa, graduating in June1888, receiving the degree of Bachelor of Arts. While at the college, he was under

the military instruction of regular army officers, the college having a complete

military organization, in which he filled the position of Lieutenant and Captain.

After going to Washington, he was engaged in the real estate business at Spokaneuntil the fire of August 4, 1889. He was engaged as attorney for a land office

until August 1892, when he accepted the management of the Bradstreets Mercantile

Agency, which position he retained until shortly before the breaking out of the

war. He w^as a member of the National Guard from October, 1895, as 1st Lieu-

tenant, until the company organized and mustered into the volunteer service. Hewas mustered in as Captain of Company L. He was with the company in all

engagements up to May 10, 1899, when he was taken sick and was under sick

report until June 22, when he was placed on special detail as a member of general

court-martial of the 1st Division, 8th Army Corps, being relieved from that duty

the day before embarking for home.

CHARLES E. NOSLER, 2d Lieutenant, Company L, was born June 29, 1870,

at Cedar Rapids, Lynn County, Iowa; occupation in civil life, real estate and

investment broker. He was a member of the National Guard, State of Washing-

ton, for six years. He was enrolled as a Sergeant and mustered into the service

of the United States, 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., as 2d Lieutenant, Company

L. He took part with the company in every engagement during the campaign in

the Philippines—that is, the battles of Morong, Taytay, and on the expedition to,

and the capture of, Calamba; also, Pasig. He had connnand of the company at

the latter place. During the operations before Morong he had command of the

scouts. His wife accompanied him to the Philippines, and after the first battle

acted as nurse in General Hospital.

Biography of 1st Lieutenant John K- Ballaiiie appears on page 114.

100 Campai(^ning in the Philippines.

Co. L—3d Battalion.

NAMK. OCCUPATION.

Jos. M. Moore, Capt Real Estate

John E. Ballaine, 1st Lieut NewspapermanChas. E. Nosier, 2d Lieut Real Estate

Leroy L. Childs, 1st Sergt Wood-turner

Howard Woodard, Q. M. Sergt Miller

Thomas Doody, Sergt Laborer

Will G. Adams, Sergt Bookkeeper

Reno D. Hoppe, Sergt Telegraph Operator.

Jas. J. Butler, Sergt Clerk

Jas. B. Raub, Corp Student

Frank L- Merriam, Corp Jeweler

Otis L. Higby, Corp Machinist

Robert D. Dow, Corp MasonWalter A. Dixon, Corp Fireman

Wm. H. Egbert, Corp Miner

Chas. O. Miller, Corp Engineer

Alfred C. Saunders, Corp Engineer

Samuel Jensen, Corp Laborer

J. Grant Hinkle, Corp , Clerk

Chas. W. Schmidt, Corp Student

Milton Rhoads, Corp Upholsterer

Will O. Campbell, Cook CookDavid H. Durgin, Musician Machinist

Morton G. Smith, Musician Printer

Geo. E. Hedger, Artificer Blacksmith

Marshall W. Pullen, Wagoner Teamster

.\DDR

Spokane,

ESS.

Wash.

. ..Colfax,

Spokane,

Wash.Wash.

PRIVATES.

Hector W. Allen Teamster

Chas. G. Anderson Laborer

Rob't E. Bowman Miner

Wm. M. Briggs Newspaperman

Jos. L. Buckley Teamster

Geo. H. Burggrabe Laborer

Ellsworth Button Laborer

Chas. A. Carson Miner

Chas. A. Christie Engineer

Rob't H. Diehl Laborer

Ernest E. Drake Printer

Chas. A.Dunn MinerRobert T. Dye Carpenter

Wm. Ecklind Laborer

Carson E. Ellis Clerk

Edward R. Ennis Clerk

Wm. P. Fleming Laborer

Geo. F. Harson Carpenter

Walter R. Haskin FarmerThomasT. Hause Accountant . . .

.

Charles Hedger Florist

John B. Heyburn Student

Chas. A. Janes Dentist

Stanley Jodrey Porter

Fred. J. King Student

Geo. E. Marks Carpenter

Chas. H. Merriam LawyerCliflford M. Mumby Printer

John B. McChesney Barber

John Perry Sailor

Clarence V. Roberts Laborer

Arthur Rose Clerk

Chas. J. Shidler Bookkeeper . .

Henrj' J. Sievers DairymanRobert J. Sly Laborer

Orphius U. Tatro Student

Spokane, Wash.

Aberdeen,

Spokane,

Wash.Wash.

Campaigning in tlic I'/iilippnics. 101

NAME OCCX'PATION ADDRKSSOlando P. Vaughn Laborer Spokane, Wash.

Lee F. Warren Stenographer " "

John H. Wells Insurance Agent ' "

Mortimer J. Winter Miner ' "

DISCHARGED.NAME OCCUP.^TION ABDRESS REMARKS

Wm. Q. Kelley, Q. M. Sergt.. .Clerk Spokane, Wash By order, October 17 1S98.

Joseph W. Childs, Sergt Millman ' " By order, October 27, 1898.

Fred B. Slec, Sergt Clerk " " By order, October 27, 1898.

Moray J. Craig, Corp Salesman " " Disability, March 2, 1890.

Henry K. Harrison, Corp Electrician " " Disability Sept. 12, '99. [:Wth U.S.V.

Leonard F. Adams Clerk Manila, V. I By order, July 8, 1899. Re-enlisted

|87th U. S. V. Band.

Geo. G. Ahlbauni Laborer Manila, P. I }!y order, July 22, 1899. Re-enlisted

(Hfith U. S. V.

John B. Arrowsmith Clerk " " By order, July 6, 1899. Ke-enlisted

[:Wth U. S. V.

John J. Baglin Musician " " By order, July 12. 1899. Re-enlisted

[?f.th r. S. V.

Walter R. Bucklew Student " •' Bv order, July (1, 1899. Re-enlisted

[:!r,;h r. S. V.

Benton p:dcrecombe Decorator •' " By order, July (">, 1899. Re-enlis'ed

Lewis C. Greenwood Cowboy " " By ordt r July 22, 1899. Re-enlisted

Warren A. Harper Mus. Ins'mt Mkr. . " " By order, Sept. 2, 1899. [Sfith U.S. V.

Geo. M. Hatty Teamster '

" By order, July 22. 1899. Re-enlisted

John E Jardine Bookkeeper Spokane, Wash Disability. June 2, 1899 [Sfith U.S.V.

John J. Kane Laborer Manila, P. I. Bv (.rder, July 12. 1899. Re-enli.sted

isr.th U. S. V.

Edward Lamb Engineer " " By ord.-r, July 22, 1,S99. Re-enlisted

[:5fiJi r. S. V.

Chas. J. Lee Fireman " " By order July 13, 1899. Re-enlisted

(Sfith U. S. V.

Alex. H. Mattinks Railroad-man ' " By order, July 12, 1899. Re-enlisted

[Sfith r. S. V.

Robt T. Morrison Tailor " " By order, July IS, 1899. Re-enlisted

\rthur R Porter Clerk Spokane, Wash By order, Aug. 28 '99. [Sfith U. S. V.

John Pruitt Miner ' " Disability, March 9, '99. [Sfith U.S.V.

Wm. Schermerhorn Railroad-man Manila, P. 1 By order, July 8, 1899. Re-enlisted

Patrick Shea Miner Spokane, Wash Di.sability, Feb. IS 1899. [Sfith U.S.V.

Tos N Stewart Student Manila, P. 1. By order, July 12, 1899. Re-enlisted

Edward H. Truax Engineer " By order, July 12, 1899.^^^Re-enlisted

Herbert C Vaughan Laborer Spokane, Wash Disability, Aug. SI 1899. [Sfith U.S.V^

Chas. F. Watrous Horseman, Manila, P.I By order, July 14, 1899. Re-enhsted

Edw A Baldwin Lawyer San Francisco, Cal Disability September 8, 1«9H.

Geo. A Newcomb Laborer Spokane, Wash Disability, November S, 1898.

Allen Ray Herder " " Disability, (October 21, 1898.^

IraE.Rose Clerk "' Disability, November 11, 189o.

Allen R. Scott Civil Engineer. ..

.

" " By order, October 17, 1898.

Chas. H.Smith Engineer " " By order, October 17, 1898.

John Smith Teamster " " By order, October 2/, 1898.

John W Willis Laborer • " By order, October 1/. 1898.

Harvey Woodbridge Ry Postal Clerk. .

.

" " By order, October 21, 1898.

TRANSFERRED.Hugh Cusick, Corp Clerk Spokane, Wash To Regt. Band, December 11, 1898.

Melvin R. Arant Jeweler " " To Regt. Band, September ,1898.

Albert Anderson Laborer Tacoma, Wash To Company A, January ^l]. 1»-':'

Truman K. Hunt Druggist Manila, P. I To Hospital Corps August lo. 1898.

Edw. Smith Musician Spokane, Wash To Regt. Band August 3, 1898.

WOUNDED.Leroy L. Childs, 1st Sergt Wounded in left arm at San Pedro Macati, February 17, 1899.

Reno D. Hoppe, Sergt Wounded over left eye at San Pedro Macati, February 1.), 18.)9.

Chas. G. Anderson Wounded in left leg at Morong, June 4. 899.

Carson E. Ellis Wounded in left arm at San Pedro Macati. 1-ebruary 19, 18J9.

Edward R. Ennis Wounded in right breast at Tagu^o. April 2,,

899.

John Pruitt Wounded in both legs at Santa Ana, Februarys, 899.

Wm. Schermerhorn Wounded in left arm at Taguig, April 2/, 1b99.

DIED.Harry R. S. Stroud, Corp Died of dysentery at Regimental Hospital, Manila, February 20, 1899.

Walter M. Hanson Killed in battle at Santa Ana, February .-,, 1899.

Ch O^ o

C o

Caiiipaiiiiiiiio- in the Philippines. 103

COMMISSIONED ()i< I' ici:rs ()i- company h.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKHTCIIKvS.

A. C. STEINMAN, Captain, Company H, was born in Milwaukee, Wis.,

July 2, 1S()1. He was educated in Minnesota, graduating from the high school

of that place. He went to Washington in 1890, and has been connected with the

National Guard of that place ever since. He enlisted as a private in Company

A, National Guard of EHensburg, Wash. He was promoted to Captain of the

same company in 1S97. At the outbreak of the war the letter of the company

was changed to H, and he was mustered in as Captain of Company H. He was

in all engagements with his company.

E. E. SOUTHERN, 1st Lieutenant, Company H, was born in Lynn County,

Or., April 27, 1876. He went to Washington in 1879, and joined the National

Guard there in 1891. He enlisted as a private, and was promoted to 2d Lieu-

tenant of Company A, National Guard. At the outbreak of the war he w^as

mustered in as 2d Lieutenant, Company H, and was promoted to 1st Lieutenant

of the same company in December, 1898. He was in all engagements of his com-

pany, except two. He was wounded in the arm at vSanta Cruz, x\pril 11, 1899,

and was in the hospital six weeks. He joined his regiment again in about two

months.

JOHN J. CARLTON, 2d Lieutenant, Company H, was born March 18, 1878,

at Cedarville, Cal. ; occupation in civil life, teacher. His life has been spent in

Oregon and Washington. He joined the Washington National Guard in 1894.

He was promoted to 1st Sergeant 1898, and was mustered into the service of

the United States, 1st Washington Volunteer Inf., in Company H. He was 1st

Sergeant during the entire time at Manila, and was promoted to 2d Lieutenant on

September 3d. He took part in every engagement with his company during the

campaign in the Philippines. He was 1st Sergeant of the scouts that went on

the Santa Cruz expedition under Gen. Law^ton, and was wounded at Paete. His

residence is at EHensburg, Wash.

104 Ca)iipa!giii!ig- in the Philippines.

Co. H—3d Battalion.

NAME OCCrPATION ADDRESSAlfred C. Steinman, Capt Merchant EUensburg, Wash.Kdward K. Southern, 1st Lieut Rancher "

John J. Charlton, 2d Lieut TeacherRobert Murray, 1st Sergt Farmer "

Luke L- Seely, Q. M. Sergt Carpenter "

Ralph Brown, Sergt Miner "

Wm. O. McDowell, Sergt Farmer "

James Shaw, Sergt Miner Thorp, Wash.John R. Hoskins, Sergt Clerk, FUensburg, Wash.Caddy Morrison, Corp Farmer Thorp, Wash.Carstens H. Junge, Corp Sawyer Southernpines, N. C.

Geo. M Burlingham, Corp Rancher , EUensburg, Wash.John Brustad, Corp Laborer " "

Wm. Pearson, Corp Farmer •' "

Wm. George. Corp Horse-trainer " "

Geo. Smith, Corp Laborer Brinnon, Wash.James A. Harris, Corp Farmer EUensburg, Wash.Burrell B. Wright, Corp Farmer Cle EUim, Wash.Chas. Eiselstein, Corp Miner Chester, Ohio.

William Chambers, Corp Student Laconner, Wash.Chas. Hagenson, Corp Shoemaker Everett, Wash.Bert Gardimier, Cook Farmer EUensburg, Wash.Arthur E. Snyder, Artificer Farmer. " "

Wm. Craig, Wagoner Student '. " "

PRIVATES.John Aim Sailor Seattle, Wash.Fred. E. Ballou Laborer Peshastin, Wash.Edwin E Barker Laborer EUensburg, Wash.Geo. A. Clark Farmer Roslyn, Wash.John R. Clark Carpenter " "

James F. Cross Laborer Merrill, Wis.

Clark E. Davis Miner Bucoda, Wash.Sidney O. Dickinson Student Straton, Pa.

.Arthur H. Ells Farmer Union, Wash.Alexander Eraser .-. Miner Gold Coin, Mont.

Steven A. Griffin Farmer CleElum, Wash.Philip W. Harner Laborer " "

Ralph Hepler Woodsman Heppner, Or.

Wm. T. Hill Laborer EUensburg, Wash.Robert Hovey Sheepherder "

Edward T. Johnson Miner Cle Elum, Wash.Francis B. Jones Laborer Youngstown, Ohio.

Thos. P. Kerwin Leatherer Seattle, Wash.

John Lundy Farmer EUensburg, Wash.

Vanrancelar Martin Laborer " "

Arno H. Moeckel Barber Roslyn, Wash.

Geo. C. McCarthy , Horseshoer Grand Rapids, Mich.

Albert J. Paulist Laundryman Seattle, Wash.

Lee M. Putman Farmer Hartland, Wash.

Arthur F. Ridge Farmer Puyallup, Wash.

Wm. Ridley Farmer Seattle, Wash.

Wm. F. Ritchey Laborer EUensburg, Wash.

Byers E. Romane '. Laborer " "

Soloman Russell Laborer " "

Jos. Vomacka Laborer " "

Robert C. Wenzel Farmer Vancouver, Wash.

Thomas Williams Miner EUensburg, Wash.

DISCHARGED.NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS REMARKS

Samuel C. Davidson, 1st Lt By order, October 29, 1898.

Joe Smith, 2d Lieut Journalist Spokane, Wash By order, September 2, 1899.

Jno. J. Charlton, 1st Sergt. . Teacher EUensburg, Wash By order, Sept. 2, 1899. [11th Cav.

Willis L. Gott, Sergt Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Sept. 28, 1899. Re-enlisted

Campai-^nini^ in the IVnlippmes. 105

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS REMARKS

Holly V. Hill, Sergt Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 11, 1899. Re-enlisted

Robert Bruce, Corp Baker Oakland, Cal By order, Oct. 15, 1898. [11th Cav.

Israel F. Costello, Corp Student Manila, P. I By order, July (i, 1899. Re-enlisted

Geo. M. Hunter, Corp Carpenter Salem, Or Disability,Sept. '2, 1898. [37th r. S.V.

Jas. J. Putman, Corp Laborer EUensburg, Wash By order, October 2.'), 1898.

Charles A. Swift, Corp Laborer "' By order, October 25, 1898.

Wm. B. Tucker, Corp Laborer San Francisco, Cal Disability, July 3, 1899.

Steven A. Blakenship, Art ... Farmer Mexico Mo Disability, October (i, 1898.

Charles A. Morgan, Artificer. Painter EUensburg, Wash Disability, Aug. 19, 1898. [11th Cav.

Louis G. Frenette, Musician . . Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 2t), 1899. Re-enlisted

John L. Grandine, JIusician. .Student " " By order, July (>, 1899. Re-enlisted

Jos. R.Whitchurch, Musician Laborer Seattle, Wash Disability, Nov. 29, '98. [37th U.S.V.

Wm. H. Adkins Farmer EUensburg, Wash Disability, Aug. 31, 1899. [11th Cav.

Frederick BoUman Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 26, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. S. Bullock Plumber Oakland, Cal Disability, September 2, 1898.

Clinton H. Campbell By order, August 2, 1899.

Henry Casriel Laborer Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1899.

John S. EUis Cabinet-maker. . . .San Francisco, Cal Disability, Aug. 23, '98. [3f;th U. S.V.

Edward Friel Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July (i, 1*^99. Re-enlisted

Otto M. Gustavson Laborer " " By order July 6, 1899. Re-enlisted

Byron E. Hersey Student ,. Tacoma, Wash Disability, Oct. 12, '98. [37th V . S.V.

Wm. E. Howard Sailor Elgin, 111 Disability, August 21, 1899.

Emmett C. MitcheU Laborer EUensburg, Wash By order, October 25, 1898.

Wm. W. McCabe Soldier Manila, P. I Disability, Oct. '26, 1898. [11th Cav.

Roland D. McCombs Laborer " " By order, Aug. '28, 1898. Re-enlisted

Fred. Nelson Farmer EUensburg, Wash Disability, October 5, 1'98.

Abel Nilssou Machinist Worcester, Mass Disability, September 5, 1899.

Frank E. O'Harrow Sailor Seattle, Wash By order, August '22, 1898.

Thomas Richardson Laborer Cle Elum, Wash Disability, December 31, 1898.

Frank Rothlisberger Batcher " " Disability, Oct. 21, 1898. [11th Cav.

Victor E. Sigler Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. '26, 1899. Re-enlisted

Arthur J. Stoddard Laborer Seattle, Wash Disability, September 26, 1898.

Winfred E. Thorp Farmer Thorp, Wash Disability, August '25, 1898.

Harvey R. Van Alstine Photographer Seattle, Wash Disability, Sept. 19, 1898. [11th Cav.

Tames W. Walsh Laborer Manila, P. I By order, Aug. 26, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. Ward Laborer " " By order, July 6, 1899. Re-enlisted

[37th \-. S.V.

DESERTED.Howard E- Barnett. .Left company at San Francisco, Cal., Sept. 12. 1898. Dropped as deserted, Sept. 23, 1898.

Abraham L. Robbins Deserted at San Francisco, Cal., October 27, 1898.

TRANSFERRED.Geo. H. Fitzhenry To Company B, August '29, 1898.

Martin Forrest Millman Manila, P. I To Hospital Corps, October 7, 1898.

Paul Roberts To 10th Pa. Inf., June 25, 1899.

WOUNDED.Edward A. Southern, 1st Lieut Wounded in left forearm, near Santa Cruz, P. I., April 13, 1899.

John J. Charlton, 2d Lieut Wounded in left calf, near Santa Cruz, P. I., April 13, 1899.

Joe Smith, 2d Lieut Wounded in left thigh at Battle of Santa Ana, P. I., February 5, 1899.

Geo. M. Burlinghara, Corp Flesh wound at Taguig, P. I., April 20, 1899.

William B. Tucker, Corp Wounded in right side at Guadalupe, P. I., February '22, 1899.

Fred. Ballow Wounded in left hand and shoulder at Calamba, P. I., July 26, 1899.

Geo. A. Clark

.

Wounded in right thumb at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

Sidney O. Dickinson Wounded in left breast at San Pedro Macati, P. I., March 7, 1899, and through top of

[left shoulder at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

Arthur H. EUs Slight fleshwound at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

Robert Hovey Wounded in right ankle at Taguig P. I., April '27, 1899.

Arno H. Moeckel Wounded in head at Santa Ana, P. I. ,February 5, 1899.

Abel Nilsson Wounded in right jaw at Taguig, P. I., April 27 1899.

Soloman Russell Wounded in leg at San Pedro Macati, P. I.. March 5, 1899.

DEAD.Geo. W. Hovey, Corp Died of wounds received at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

Joseph Eno Killed at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

Albert J. Rupert Killed at San Pedro Macati, P. I., February 22, 1899.

Sherman T. Sheppard Died, June 18, 1899, of wounds received at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

Clyde Z. Woods Died, April 28, 1899, of wounds received at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

z J

Caiiipaigiiiiio ui Uic J*/ii/ippiiics. 107

COMMISSIONED OFFICERS OF COMPANY F.

BIOGRAPHICAL vSKPri'dlKS.

C. A. BOOKER, Captain, Company F, was born in Lincoln, 111., I)e'jein])er

14, 1860. He went to Washington in 1SS(). He was a member of the National

Guard of Washington, and previous to muster in was 2d Lieutenant. He served

wath the National Guard for ten years and at the outbreak of the war was mustered

in as 1st Lieutenant and was promoted May 12, 18H9, to Captain. He was

serJbusly wounded in the head on the 27th of April, IS!)*), at Taguig. He partici-

pated in all engagements with his company.

GEO B. DORR, 1st Lieutenant, Company F, wa.s born in Trinity County,

Cal., October 17, I860. He went to Washington in 1879, from Humboldt County,

and joined the National Guard of Washington in 1892 as a private. He was pro-

moted to 1st Sergeant, Company F, in 1896, and to 2d Lieutenant, April 1897. At

the outbreak of the war he was mustered in as 2d Lieutenant, May 10, 1898 and pro-

moted to 1st Lieutenant, June 1, 1899. He was regimental commissary officer

from March 1, 1899. He went from San Francisco with the regiment as trans-

port commissary on the I'alciicia. He was in all engagements with his company.

J. G. MILLER, 2d Lieutenant, Company F, was born in Dayton Wash.,

May 7, 1869. His occupation in civil life is that of a lawyer. He entered the

State University, at Eugene, Or. in 1889 and graduated in 181)8, and the same

\-ear w^ent east and entered Harvard Law School and graduated from there in

1896. Since that he has been practicing law. He was a member of the National

Guard of Dayton, Wash., for ten years as a private. He was mustered into the

volunteer service as Quartermaster Sergeant, Company F, and was appointed

Battalion Sergeant-Major, June 10, 1898. January 20, 1899, he was appointed

1st Sergeant, Company F, and on May 10, 1S99, was promoted to 2d Lieutenant

of the same company. He was in all engagements with his company.

108 Campaigning in the Philippines.

Co. F— 3d Battalion.

Chas. A. Booker, Capt

Geo. B. Dorr, 1st Lieut

Jesse G. Miller, 2d Lieut

Francis J. Gayman, 1st Sergt

.

Geo. W. Baldwin, Q. M. Sergt

Jas. Dolan, Sergt

Claude Beckett, Sergt . .

.

Hugh J. Dunning, Sergt

Will Hubbard, Sergt

John W. Gough, Corp

Albert Ping, Corp

John W. Zebley, Corp

Sidney K. Thompson Corp .

.

Chas. J. G. Liechte, Corp

Melvin W. Burks, Corp

Thos. S. Pettyjohn, Corp

Chas. S. Garner, Corp

George C. Eckler, Corp

John W. Dennis, Corp

Alfred D Dale, Corp

Nesmith Ankeny, Corp

Walter E- Smith, Musician —Fred'k E. Hicks, Musician

Chas. C. Jackson, Artificer

Ernest A. Holniau, Wagoner . .

OCCUPATION

. . Bartender ,

.

Carpenter .

.

Lawyer. Fanner. . Machinist .

.

. . Teacher . . .

.

. Butcher . . .

Farmer . .

.

. .Student

Laborer , , .

Farmer . .

FarmerElectrician .

Laborer .

FarmerFarmerLaborer .

Laborer

. Blacksmith.

. . FarmerMiller

. .Student ....

Printer

MinerHorseman

ADDRESS

Dnyton, Wash.

. Pullman, Wash.. Dayton. Wash.

lUa Walla, Wash.Daj-ton, Wash.alouse. Wash.

Dayton, Wash.

PRIVATES.

Ernest Armstrong Farmer Dayton, Wash.

Benj. Bornman .. Laborer. Philadelphia, Pa.

Lars E- Carlson .Miner Hardoua, Sweden.

Earl H. Conwell Farmer Pomeroy, Wash.Lawson Conwell Blacksmith " "

Chas. C. Diers Printer Dayton, Wash.

Wesley F. Dodge Student " "

Virgil E- Embree. . Laborer " "

Frank Fay Laborer Syracuse, N. Y.

Walter A. Fay Laborer Wallowa Valley, Or.

Emerson G. Ferguson .

.

Printer Seattle, Wash.

David H. Fitzgerald Painter Dayton, Wash.

Ransom T. Hammond Policeman Pomeroy, Wash.

Jas. M. Henderson Farmer Dayton, Wash.

Burr W. Hughes Student "

Cyrus E. Hull Farmer Pomeroy, Wash.

Wtn. A. James Laborer Dayton , Wash.

Frank E- Klingaman Laborer Pomeroy, Wash.

Jos. M. Mackey Laborer " '"

, Horseman Dayton, Wash.Laborer Lowell, Mass.

Laborer Dayton, Wash.Laborer " "

M iner Holland, Sweden.Laborer Dayton, Wash.

LaborerFarmer " "

Farmer .A.damsville Mass.

Laborer Dalles Center, Iowa.

Chas. .\. Robbins Laborer Kosciusko, Ind.

Clarence R. Rowley Laborer Dayton, Wash.

Geo. W. Sagar Laborer Oakland, Cal.

Hugh Z. Salna%'e Laborer Palouse, Wash.

John F. Snider Blacksmith Dayton, Wash.

Isaac T. Stedman Farmer " "

Tracy B. Matzger . .

.

Thos. F. McNulty.

Geo. O. Mustard

Robt. J. Neal

Andrew Nelson .

John E. Norton .

Lafayette V. Offield

John F. Patterson

Henry L- Porter

Egbert G. Rice

Campaigning in the Philippines. . 109

NAME OCCITPATION ADDRESS

Fred Taylor Farmer I?ayton, Wash..John J. Whitsett ...Laborer " "

Elmer H. Woodworth Farmer " "

DISCHARGED.

N.\ME OCCUP.A.TION ADDRESS REMARKSChester F. Miller, Capt Lawyer Dayton, Wash Disability, May 12, 1899.

Geo. Wick, 1st vSergt Policeman " " Disability, October 1, 1898.

Wm. H. Dorr, Sergt Clerk " " By order, Oct. L") '98. [36th U. S. V.

Carrol Stephens, Sergt Farmer Manila, P. I By order, July 31, 1899. Re-enlistedHorace W. Bigelow, Corp Laborer Dayton, Wash By order, October 15, 1898.

Jessie T. Jackson, Corp Laborer " " By order, October 17, 1898.

Fred O. Jamerson, Corp Miner Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1899.

Chester A. Morris, Corp Student Dayton, Wash By order, October 17, 1898.

Franklin Polen, Corp Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 8, '99. Re-enlistedFrank L. Swinney, Corp Laborer Dayton, Wash By order, Oct. 24, '98. [36th U. S. V.

Ray W. Thompson, Corp Waiter " " By order, November 18, 1898.

Frances M. Boldman, Art Blacksmith " " By order, Oct. 27, '98. [36th U. S. V.

Wm. B. Cook, Wagoner Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, '99. Re-enlisted

Walter Gammon, Mus Student Pomeroy, Wash By order, October 26, 1898.

Fred N. Allen Student Dayton, Wash By order, Oct. 1, '98. [36th U. S. V.

Albert H. Blair Farmer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Geo. W. Boyer Farmer " " By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th U. S. V.

Ale.x;. Bryant Farmer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th U. S. V.

Edw. M. Curley Teamster Manila, P. I By order, July 5, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. C. Day Farmer Mitchell, Kas Disability, Oct. 24, '98. [36th U. S. V.

Edw. B. Dobbs Surveyor Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1899.

Arthur R. Elliott Laborer Dayton, Wash By order, Nov. 3, '98. 136th U. S. V.

David O. Farlin Teamster Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Chas. Hillman Farmer " " By order, July 5, 1899. Re-enlist.ed

[36th U. S. V.

Reginald H. Horner Cabinet-maker .. .Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Guy H. Jones Student Dolton Station, 111 Disability, Oct. 31; '98. [36th U. S. V.

John C. Liner Farmer Dayton, Wash By order, Oct. 27, '98. [37th U. S. V.

Thos. A. Logan Engineer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wesley P. McGlothlin Broom-maker Dayton, Wash By order, October 5, 1898.

Wm. W. Patrick Laborer Lane Co. Or By order, October 24, 1898.

Frank Ping Farmer Dayton, Wash By order, Oct. 27, '98. [36th U.S. V.

Wm. Sclater Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Stephen W. Sharp Iron-worker " " By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Oliver E. Sherry Farmer Dayton, Wash Disability, Oct. 1, '98. [36th U. S. V.

Leonard L- Simpson Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Harvey R. Smith Laborer Shelbyville, Ind Disability, Sept. IS, '99. [36th U. S. V.

Thos. Thompson Waiter Manila, P. I By order, July .i, 1899. Re-enlisted

[36th U. S. V.

Oliver C.Thornton Farmer Manila, P. I By order, July 3, 1899. Re-enlisted

Wm. Watson Laborer Dayton, Wash Disability, Sept. 18, '99. [36th U. S. V.

Martin A. Wick Farmer Pomeroy, Wash By order, Oct. 27, '98. [36th U. S. V.

.\ndrew Willson Laborer Manila, P. I By order, July 5, 1899. Re-enlisted

TRANSFERRED.John L- Dittemore, Sergt Musician Dayton, Wash To Regt. Band, January 24, 1899.

WOUNDED.Chas. A. Booker, Capt .- Wounded in head at Taguig, P. I., .\pril 27, 1899.

Edw. M. Curley Wounded in left hand at Taguig, P. 1., April 27, 1899.

Harvey R. Smith Wounded in head at Taguig, P. 1., April 27, 1899.

DE-^D.Edw. W. Strain, Corp Killed in action at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1809.

Robt. A. Chrystal .Died of disease at Manila, P. I., August '26, 1899.

Geo. B. Fargo Died of dysentery at Manila, P. L, April 4, 1899.

Wash 8

> %

1^ -Oh p

o ^

Caiiipaigiiiiii^ in tlic /'/li/ippiiics. Ill

*COMMISSIOXHI) OFFICERvS OF COMPANY D.

RldORAPHICAL SKKTCHKS.

FRANK \i. ADAMS. Captain, Company D, was born in Bristol, England,

July 19, 1S70. When be v as two years ot" age his parents came to America, and

made their home at Dululh, Minn. From there they moved to Minneapolis, Minn.

At the latter place Capt. Adams received his education, attending first the pu])lic

schools, and later the university.

After leaving school he was apprenticed in the North Star Iron

Works to learn the machinist's trade. He finished his apprenticeship at the

age of 19, when he was given a position as foreman in the large drafting

rooms of the Phoenix Iron Works, in Ashton, Wis. He came to the coast in 1881),

and made Seattle his home. He was married in 1890, and the following year he

became a member of the National Guard. He went up the line from private to

1st Sergeant, and from Sergeant to Captain. He was made Captain in the fall of

1894. Three times he saw active service during his connection with the National

Guard, the first being at the Oilman coal-miners' strike in Washington, his sec-

ond being the railroad strike of the Northern Pacific, and for the third he w!is

sent in command of a detachment of forty men to guard the fisheries at the mouth

of the Columbia River. He was stationed there for three months, and was highly

commended for his services.

At the beginning of the Spanish-American War, Capt. Adams closed his offices

and business in Seattle, and enlisted as Captain of Company D, 1st Washington

Volunteers.

ZEPHANIAH B. RAWSON, 2d Lieutenant, Company D, was born June '>,

1858, at Paris, Oxford County, Me. He fitted himself for college at the Maine

Wesleyan Seminary, at Kent Hill, Me. He began the study of law in the office of

Enoch Foster, one of the Justices of the Supreme Court of Maine, at B?thel, in

1883, and finished his legal training by taking the course at the Columbian

University of Washington, D. C. He graduated with the class of 1888. Hepracticed law in Maine, from 1888, until he moved to Seattle, Wash., in December,

1889. He was City Attorney for the city of Seattle for 1896 and 1897. He joined

the National Guard of the State of Washington, September, 1893, continued as a

member until the President called for volunteers, in April, 1898, and was the first

enlisted man to be sworn into the United States Volunteers from the State of

Washington. He served as 1st Sergeant, Company D, during the entire Philippine

campaign, and was recommended for meritorious service at San Pedro Macati,

March 3d, 4th and 6th, and at Taguig, April 20th. He was commissioned 2d

Lieutenant, October 20, 1899, and assigned to Company D.

•"Biography of 1st Lieutenant Henry E. Eger^ appears on page 114.

112 Cat>!pai_!^niii_i^ in the P/iil!ppi>ies.

Co. D— 3d Battalion.

NAMK OCCUPATION ADDRESS

Frank ij- Adams, Capt Civil Engineer Seattle, Wash.Henry L- Kgell, 1st Lieut Jeweler " "

Zephaniah B. Ravvson, 2d Lieut Lawyer ;" "

Frank y\. Coonihs, 1st Sergt Letter-carriei " "

Walter F. Clough, Q. JL Sergt Teamster " "

John K. Witherspoou, Sergt Clerk " "

Geo. K. Burtt, Sergt Miner " '•

Alvin W. Freeman, Sergt Gripmaii " "

Wm. Fairbanks, Sergt Clerk "

Cal Welbon, Corp SalesmanAlfred B. Welch, Corp Civil Engineer Orting, Wash.Frank T. Hoburg, Corp Journalist San Francisco, Cal.

Guy A. Phelps, Corp Telegraph Operator Snohomish, Wash.Albert W. Merritt, Corp Engineer Seattle, Wash.Wm. A. Beck, Corp Laborer " "

Luther W. Rawley, Corp Machinist Victoria, Tex.

Geo. Worth, Corp Clerk Chelak, Wis.

Wm. S. Sargent, Corp Laborer Seattle, Wash.Wm. G. Lincoln Corp Bookkeeper. " "

Fred. C. Day, Corp Printer .r Seattle, Wash.Thos. E. Jones, Corp Laborer ". .- Jackson, Ohio.

Thos. Tanner, Cook Teamster Seattle, Wash.Chas. C. Pitts, Musician Musician " "

John Bright, Artificer Clerk " "

Geo. D. Hadley, Wagoner Railroad-man.. " ''

PRIVATES.Frank Ayers Teacher Admire, Kas.

Nicholas Becker Laborer Seattle, Wash.Geo. Bolduc Shingler Edmonds, Wash.Rodney S. Church Laborer Everett, Wash.Henry C. Coburn Stockman Hector, S. D.

Harry E. Elsbree Butcher Seattle, Wash.Wm. Enimonds Laborer " "

J. A. Griffith Clerk San Jose. Cal.

Harry W. Hedrick Carpenter Seattle, Wash.Geo. H. Herman Teamster " "

Orin W. Hickcox Telegraph OperatorHoward M. Holland Conductor " "

Peter M. Indergard Carpenter " "

Walter M. Justi Clerk San Francisco, Cal.

Ernest M. Keil Electrician Seattle, Wash.Jos. W. La Mar Farmer " "

Jas. M. McCarren .Student Forestville, Iowa.Wm. S. Mclntyre Boiler-maker Alliance, Neb.Randolph McMichael Clerk Seattle, Wash.Frank X. Meier Baker " "

Chas. G. Mihills Horse-trainer Evansville, Wis.Clay G. Mills Hostler Seattle, Wash.Robt. J. Moore Miner " "

Ethan A. V.. Morrison Assayer Spokane, Wash.Geo. R. Page

; Student Seattle, Wash.Carl Pennington Clerk " '•

Chas. O. Perkins . .-. Clerk lola, Kas.Geo. P. Petersen Miner Seattle, Wash.Wm. L. Follow Barber Port Angeles, Wash.Edw. Reilley Miner Danville, 111.

Emmet T. Robb Painter Seattle, Wash.Geo. San ford Locksmith Albany, N. Y.Albert L. Smith Student Steptoe, Wash.Leonard L. Spear Civil Engineer Seattle, Wash.Wm.C. Titus Laundry-man "

Edgar T. Williams Clerk New Brighton, Minn.Geo. C. Winkler Clerk Belleville, 111

Fred C. Winters Farmer Seattle, Wash.Eugene Woodin Fireman '.-

..

" '

Cainpaig)iiu(i in the J'/nlippiites. 113

DISCHAKGKD.

NAMK. OCCUPATION. ADDRESS. RKMARKS.

Fred'k A. Frazier, Corp Lawyer Seattle, Wash By order, Oct. •l'^, 1898.

Kniest C. Jenner, Corp Artist " " By order, ()ct.28, 1898. [SCth I'. S. V,

Fred Cuff, Musician Bricklayer Manila, I'. I By order, July 15, 1899. Ke-enlisted

Harry F. Woods, .Artificer Carpenter Seattle, Wa.sli By order, October 2.5, 1898.

Walter H. Caswell, Wagoner. . Laborer '• " By order, July 25,1898.

BertBaker Clerk " " By order, July 28, 1898.

Kdw. R. Bartlett Farmer Watertown, S. D By order, October 2, 1899.

Clarence K. Bennett Butter-maker San Francisco, Cal By order, Sept. 29, 1898. [37th U.S.V.

Calesby C,. Brown Druggist Manila, P. I By order, July 31. 1899. Re-enlisted

Ernest Crocker Policeman Seattle, Wash By order, November 17, 1898.

Edwin J. Davis Steam-fitter " " By order, .\ugust 20, 1898.

Peter De Jorup Conductor " " By order, August 17, 1898.

Robt. Dick Miner Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1899.

Frank L- Douglass Laborer John.sonburg, Pa By order, December 10. 1898.

Harvey L. Dyer Civil Engineer Seattle, Wash By order, Oct. 25, '98. [36th U. S. V.

Frank G. Hendel Railroad-man Manila, P. I By order, July 6, 1899. Re-enlisted

Harry W. Hicks Student " " By order, Sept. 2, 1899. [36th U.S.V.

Frank Hoffman Waiter " " By order, July 6, 1899. Re-enlisted

Harrie H. Hulbert Shingler Everett, Wash By order, December 20, 1898.

Eugene Klemptner Conductor Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1899.

Chas. I. Land Laborer Seattle, Wash By order, September 29, 1898.

Jas. H. Jloore Longshore-man ... " " By order, August 20, 189S?

Henry O. Ness Cook " " By order, September 5, 1899.

Emil Peterson Candy-maker Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1899.

Nicholas C. PoUey Clerk Seattle, Wash By order, July 2, 1899. [36th U. S. V.

Ernest R. Roberts Clerk Manila, P. I By order, July 6, 1899. Re-enlisted

True O. Sakemiller Clerk " " By order, September 2, 1899.

Albert R. Straub Waiter Seattle, Wash By order, September 11, 1899.

John R. Swift Carpenter '" By order, November 24, 1898.

Wallace B. Taylor Druggist " " By order, October 25, 1898.

Lorthe E. Tennyson Cook Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1898.

Hugh Waters Waiter Everett, Wash By order, September 5, 1899.

Percy L. Wightman Student Manila, P. I By order, September 2, 1899.

Wm. M. Winders Tinner Seattle, Wash By order, August 16 ,1899.

Clement Yore Lawyer San Francisco, Cal By order, October 25, 1898.

Chas. Young Clerk " ' " By order, October 25, 1898.

TRANSFERRED.

Wm. G. Herman, Sergt Druggist Seattle, Wash To Hospital Corps, October 10, 1899.

Stephen D. BoUes Engineer Box Elder, Neb To Co. M 1st Neb., April 13, 1899.

Harry F. Cameron Student Seattle, Wash To Hospital Corps, Sept. 17, 1898.

Laurin M. Lawson Clerk St. Peter, Minn To Company B, January 2, 1899.

Wm. J. Marshall Tailor Minneapolis, Minn To Co. F, 13th Minn., June 24, 1899.

Elin OLsberg Nurse Seattle, Wash To Hospital Corps Sept. 8, 1898.

PROMOTED.•Geo. B. Lamping, 2d Lieut. . . . Bank Clerk Seattle, Wash To 1st Lieut. Co. G, October 20, 1899.

DESERTED.Russell Roe Deserted at San Francisco, Cal., October 14, 1898.

WOUNDED.Cal Welbon, Corp Wounded in left side at Taguig, P. I., April 18, 1899.

Edw. R. Bartlett Wounded in right shoulder at Laguna de Bay, P- L, March 19, 1899.

Wm. J. Marshall Wounded in neck at Taguig, P. I., April 27, 1899.

Henry O. Ness Wounded in left shoulder, at Laguna de Bay, P. I., March 19, 1899.

Albert R. Straub Wounded in head at Taguig. P. I. April 20, 1899.

Hugh Waters Wounded in right shoulder at Laguna de Bay, P. I., March 19, 1899.

Wm. M. Winders Wounded in right side, at Taguig, P. I., April 20, 1899.

df;ad.

Wm. C. Hopwood Died of wounds received in action at Manila, P. I., February 8, 1899.

Milton S. Melse Died of wounds received in action at Manila, P. I., March 22, 1899.

Carl M. Thygensen Died of wounds received in action at Morong, P. I., June 5, 1899

114 Ca»ipaig)nng in the Philippines.

ADDITIONAL BIOGRAPHIES.

COMPANY L.

JOHN E. BAIylvAINE, 1st lyieutenant, Company L, is a native of Iowa,

where he was born September 2, 186S. His maternal grandparents settled near

Mount Pleasant in 1842, and his father and grandfather were among the charter

members who founded there the Wesleyan University. The father of Lieut.

Ballaine having died from the effects of a wound inflicted at Vicksburg, the

family located in Whitman County, Wash., in the later '70s. Mr. Ballaine grew

up on a stock ranch, riding the ranges through the spring and summer and

attending school during the fall and winter. He taught school four terms, and

at the age of 19 was appointed Deputy Auditor of Whitman County. In 1892-93

he was editor and part proprietor of the Colfax Gazette, going thence to the

editorial staff of the Tacoma Ledger. For two terms he served as legislative cor-

respondent, and reported all the State and the principal count>- conventions of four

years. He became assistant city editor of the Washington, D. C, Post, in 1895,

and a year thereafter was appointed editor of the southern division of the Associated

Press at the national capital. Gov. Rogers of Washington offered him the position

of private secretary to the Governor, which he accepted, performing also the duties

of Adjutant General of the State. He resigned to accept a commission in the 1st

Washington Inf., U. S. V., and served continuously with his company in its every

engagement, except for six weeks when he was down with malarial fever. For

four months he was in command of his company. In August, 1899, he was pro-

moted to be Captain of Company L to succeed Capt. Moore, advanced to a majority

reported by the War Department to be vacant. The vacancy did not occur, how-

ever, and the new ofiicers, while receiving their commissions, did not get the

opportunity to be mustered into the higher grade. Lieut. Ballaine is married,

Mrs. Ballaine being a daughter of Mr. and Mrs. D. C. Felch, of Colfax, Wash.

COMPANY D.

HENRY L. EGELL, 1st Lieutenant, Company D, was born in Copenhagen,

Denmark, July 16, 1861. He went to the State of Washington, March 14, 1890,

and belonged to the National Guard of that State for seven years. At the out-

break of the war he was mustered into the service as 1st Lieutenant of Company

D, in Tacoma, Wash., May 6, 1898. He has been commanding his company

since January 4, 1899, on account of the sickness of the Captain. He was in all

engagements with his company.

Ca)Hpaigning in ihe Philippines.

RECOMMENDED FOR MERITORIOUS SERVICE.

FIRvST WASHINGTON INFANTRY, U. S. V.

115

HOSPITAL CORPS.

Howard R. McBride, Hospital Steward

John T. Dawson, Corporal

Don DeWitt

Max E. Englehardt

Hoyze E. Mitchell

James G. Triplett

COMPANY A.

William T. Harrison, Q. M. Sergeant

Walter L. McCallum, Sergeant

Fred. L. Titsworth, Sergeant

James A. Timewell, Corporal

Kendall Fellow^es, Corporal

Ernest C. Hollingsworth, Corporal

COMPANY B.

Smith K. Fitzhugh, Corporal

Thomas B. Crockett, Corporal

Albert F. Pray, Corporal

H. J. Kemper, Corporal

Melvin J. Doherty, Corporal

George H. Gaches, Corporal

J. E. Holland, Wagoner

Z. B. Rawson, 2d Lieutenant

John K. Witherspoon, Sergeant

William A. Beck, Corporal

Cal. Welbon, Corporal

William Fairbanks, Corporal

Alfred B. Welch, Corporal

Calvin Freeman, Corporal

Edward J. Young, 1st Lieutenant.

John T. Alderson, 2d Lieutenant

Henry W. Leach, 1st Sergeant

John H. Wright, Sergeant

William Washburn, Corporal

COMPANY D.

COMPANY E.

George Bordeaux

Charles Breuchle

Charles W. Brown

Guy A. Turner

John W. Snoke

John F. Crowley

Ed. FoxAlexander J. MacDonald

John W. Stevens

George Crerar

George Scott

John M. Page

C. B. Rathburn

A. M. Mills

James W. Badger

J.J. McGlynnWm. J. Moran

Thomas CoUan

Nicholas Becker

Randolph McMichael

Clay G. Mills

Carl M. Tygensen

George Winkler

Hugh Waters

Edgar T. Williams

William C. Stephens

Joseph J. Mitchell

Edward C. Spaulding

George S. Palmer

Henrv H. Hagedorn

116 Campaigning in the Philippines.

Edward W. Strain, Corporal

John F. Patterson

COMPANY F.

Walter A. Fay

Albert H. Blair

Carral Stephens

COMPANY G.

William H. Breman, Corporal

Roy Painter, Corporal

Myra Cusker, Corporal

COMPANY I.

Ernest L. Barber

Ira Cromwell, Corporal

Johnson,

COMPANY K.

Edward C. Hanford, Corporal

Will G. Adams, Sergeant

William Scales, Sergeant

Chas. E. Augustein, Corporal

John D. Roberts, Corporal

John Usher, Corporal

Wm. F. Cruver, Musician

Carl E. Carlson, Musician

Oliver S. Morris, Wagoner

John O. Badger

Herbert A. Bloye

Nelson Churchill

COMPANY L.

John B. Heyburn

COMPANY M.

Arthur R. Porter

Walter H. De Eacy

George C. Eddj^

James R. Evans

Bert James

Harry C. McLeanJohn J. McNeill,

Ralph E. Philbrick

Charles Rauen

Frank H. Sagers

Arthur R. Scullin

Dexter H. Waller,

VOLUNTEERS AVHO ASSISTED IN BURNING FRENCH HOUSEAT PASIG, MARCH 26, 1899.

Oscar A. McGee, Sergeant, Company BWilliam T. Harrison, Sergeant, Company AGeorge W. Harlan, Private, Company AO. D. Ward, Private, Companj- BD. S. Williamson, Private, Company BIn-ing A. Jensen, Private, Company BFrank Pinney, Private, Company B

George Scott, Private, Company AWm. C. Courtney, Private, Company' B

BRRATA.

BAND

Private, additional—page fiS.'

NAME OCCUPATION

William B. Clifton Jeweler. ..

ADDRESS.Santa Clara, Cal.

Di.scharged, additional- page tiS.

N.\MK OCCrP.\TION ADDRESS REM.\RKS

Edgar H. I.,eonard Student ; Dayton, Wash By order, Oct. 5, 1898.

COMPANY B.

Corrections, additional—page SO.

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESSChas. L. Beamer, Q. M. Sergt. (not Corporal). Candymaker Hastings, Mich.

Clare E. Clarke, Sergt. (not Corporal) Printer Noblesville, Ind.

Alelvin J. Doherty, Corp. (not Private) Draughtsmen St. Paul Minn.

A. E- W. Maguire, Corp. (not Private) Railroadman Seattle, Wash.

Frank W. Barker, Corp Clerk Boston, Mass.

Frank W. Hergert, Corp Student Seattle, Wash.

Deserter, additional—page 81.

Wm. S. Wilson Deserted at Honolulu, H. I., November 7, 1898.

COMPANY E.

Private, additional—page 85.

OCCUPATIONLaborer

NAMEElijah W. Waddington

ADDRESS.North Yakima, Wash.

Transfers, additional—page 85.

N.^ME OCCUPATION .\DDRESS REMARKSFred T. Briggs, 1st Lieut Railroalman North Yakima,Wash To Regl. Adj., July 16, 1899.

William L. Lemon, 2d Lieut . Merchant " " " To Regl. Q. M., Sept. 2, 1899.

NAMEJos. O'Connell

COMPANY a.

Private, additional—page 88.

OCCUPATIONClerk

ADDRESS.Seattle, Wash.

COMP.\NY H.

Discharged, additional—page 105.

NAME OCCUPATION ADDRESS REMARKSSamuel C. Davidson, 1st Lieut Lawyer EHensburg, Wash By order, Oct. 29, 1898.

Clinton H. Campbell . Hop Buyer Puyallup, Wash By order, August 2, 1899.

Wash E

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