campbell outline biology - napa valley college pages 120 fall 2014 new... · 3 course overview biol...
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1
CAMPBELL
BIOLOGYReece • Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson
© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.
TENTH
EDITION
1Evolution, the
Themes of Biology,
and Scientific Inquiry
Dr Burns
NVC
Outline
Introduction
Class organization, exams, grading
Levels of Organization
Energy
Characteristics of life.
Evolution
How do we organize the biological world
How do we study biology? What is the
scientific method, how do we set up an
experiment.
Introduction
I received my:
BS in Zoology at UC Davis
Masters in Ecology at UC Davis
PhD in Pharmacology and Toxicology at UC
Davis
Internships
Internships are a great way to find out if you
really enjoy working in your chosen field.
I wanted to be a veterinarian – until I worked at
the UC Davis Vet School
Then I volunteered at UC Davis Raptor Center
I found my niche
My last summer as an undergraduate I did an
internship with the National Park and UC Davis in
Yosemite
2
I knew that I wanted to work as a field
biologist with birds of prey.
When I graduated I went to work for the
Peregrine Fund releasing young birds into
the wild
UC Santa Cruz Prairie and Peregrine Falcons
My work with the peregrine falcons led me
back to UC Davis.
I received a masters degree from the Ecology
Graduate Group – emphasis on toxicology
But I still had many more questions, I needed
more knowledge. My interest in metabolism
increased.
Back to Graduate School for the PhD
Now I had more focus, and more
background knowledge from the years of
research at UC Santa Cruz and the
masters program at Davis.
Advice: Get involved in internships
3
Course Overview
Biol 120 is a general biology class for science
majors
This class will focus on the cellular and
molecular aspects of biology
After this class you will take Zoology and/or
Botany.
The prerequisite for this class is Chemistry
120. You will need a good understanding of
basic chemistry including metric system,
molarity, atoms, and bonding
The Path to Success
Lecture attendance is critical for success in this course, most of the material that you are required to master is given in lecture.
Come to lecture prepared. Read the assigned chapter before lecture.
Do the homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website.
Review material after each class, focus on the “important concepts”
Come to office hours
Exams
There are four lecture exams and one final exam.
The final will be comprehensive
There will be two lab practical exams.
There may be pop quizzes given in class and lab. The quizzes will not be announced ahead of time. They are given at the start or end of class/lab. There is no make-up for missed pop quizzes (Come to class/lab on time)
There will be homework assigned on the Mastering Biology website
Exams will cover: The lectures and reading
Early Exams
If you need to take the exam early, contact me as
soon as possible.
In order to take an early final you must receive
written approval from the Office of Instruction and
myself.
Early exams will only be allowed in rare cases.
Late Exams
If you have to miss an exam, you must contact me before the exam. If you have a documented medical excuse, you may make up the exam.
But you must contact me before the scheduled exam. If you don’t contact me before the scheduled exam you will receive zero points for the exam.
There will be no make up exams for the final, you will receive zero points if you miss the final.
There are no make ups for the lab practicals
Exams
If you miss an exam and don’t contact me
before the scheduled exam you will receive
zero points for the exam.
You may leave a message for me on my
phone, or the biology dept phone number or
email me.
You can take the make up exam during the
last week of lecture (the week before finals).
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Cheating
Cheating will not be tolerated
If you cheat you will receive a zero for the exam
During exams, all packs, bags, phones, notes, jackets, hats, etc will be left at the front of the class.
If you have notes or a cell phone with you at your desk during an exam you will receive a zero for the exam.
Cheating
If you copy answers from another student you will be given a zero for the exam/homework.
Plagiarism is a form of cheating, if you copy information from the internet, books, friends, etc and use it as your own work in a report, you will receive zero points.
If you cheat, a report will be submitted to the VP of Student Services.
Course Points
Midterm Exams = 150 points (600 pts total)
Final Exam = 200 pts
Lab exams = 60 points each (120 pts total)
Quizzes = 5 -10 points each
Lab Participation= 30 points
Homework = 5-20
Mastering Biology = 50 points
In general the course will be graded on a
straight 90, 80, 70, 60%
Lab
There will be 2 exams given in the laboratory, covering the material in laboratory.
Read the lab assignment prior to the lab.
Lab
Occasionally laboratory time may be used to cover material that will be covered in the lecture exam.
I will check lab notebooks at the end of each lab period – therefore to get the points for the lab you need to be present at the beginning and the end of each lab
How many lecture exams (not including the final) are there
1. One
2. Two
3. Three
4. Four
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Is the final comprehensive?
1. Yes
2. No
Can you take an exam early?
1 2 3
33% 33%33%1. Yes
2. No
3. Possibly, if you
contact me early,
and have
permission from
the appropriate
people
Can you take an exam late?
1. Sure – no problem
2. No possible way
3. Yes, if you contact me
before the scheduled
exam, and have a
documented medical
excuse
Sure
– n
o pr
oble
m
No p
ossib
le w
ay
Yes
, if y
ou co
ntact
m...
33% 33%33%
Can you make up missed quizzes
1. Yes
2. No
3. Yes, with a medical
excuse
Yes N
o
Yes
, with
a m
edic
al ..
.
33% 33%33%
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom
Molecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
The biosphere
Ecosystems
Tissues
Organs andorgan systems
Communities
Populations
Organisms
OrganellesCells
Atoms
Molecules
Figure 1.4
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Figure 1.4j
Molecules
Atoms
Chlorophyllmolecule
Molecule consists of two or more atoms bonded
together, atoms are the smallest unit of an element.
Figure 1.4i
Chloroplast
1 m
Organelles
Organelles are membrane-bound internal compartment
in cells for specialized functions
Figure 1.4h
Cell10 m
The cell is the smallest unit with the capacity to live and
reproduce independently or as part of a multi-celled
organism
Figure 1.4g
50 m
Tissues are organized collections of cells that function
together in a specialized function
Figure 1.4f
Organs are a combination of tissues that function
together for a particular function.
Figure 1.4e
Multi-celled Organism = Individual consisting of
interdependent cells typically organized in tissues,
organs, and organ system
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Figure 1.4d
A population is a group of individuals of the same
species, living together in the same area
Figure 1.4c
Communities are populations of all species living
together in the same area
Figure 1.4b
An ecosystem consists of all the living things in a
particular area, along with all the nonliving components
of the environment with which life interacts.
Figure 1.4a
Biosphere: All regions of the Earth’s crust, water, and
atmosphere with all the living species.
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All of the gray squirrels that inhabit Skyline
Park describes a/an:
1 2 3 4 5
20% 20% 20%20%20%1. Ecosystem
2. Biosphere
3. Community
4. Population
Life Requires the Transfer and
Transformation of Energy and Matter
The input of energy from the sun and the
transformation of energy from one form to
another make life possible
When organisms use energy to perform work,
some energy is lost to the surroundings as
heat
As a result, energy flows through an
ecosystem, usually entering as light and
exiting as heat
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Figure 1.9
ENERGY FLOW
Light
energy HeatChemical
energy
Plants take
up chemicals
from the soil
and air.
Chemicals
Decomposers
return
chemicals
to the soil.
Chemicals
pass to
organisms
that eat the
plants.
Organisms Interact with Other Organisms
and the Physical Environment
Every organism interacts with its environment,
including nonliving factors and other organisms
Both organisms and their environments are
affected by the interactions between them
For example, a tree takes up water and minerals
from the soil and carbon dioxide from the air; the
tree releases oxygen to the air
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Animals eat
leaves and fruit
from the tree.
Leaves take incarbon dioxidefrom the airand releaseoxygen.
Sunlight
CO2
O2
Cycling
of
chemical
nutrients
Leaves fall tothe ground andare decomposedby organismsthat returnminerals to thesoil.
Water andminerals inthe soil aretaken up bythe treethroughits roots.
Leaves absorblight energy fromthe sun.
Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6
Heat
Producers absorb lightenergy and transform it intochemical energy.
Chemicalenergy
Chemical energy infood is transferredfrom plants toconsumers.
(b) Using energy to do work(a) Energy flow from sunlight toproducers to consumers
Sunlight
An animal’s musclecells convertchemical energyfrom food to kineticenergy, the energyof motion.
When energy is usedto do work, someenergy is converted tothermal energy, whichis lost as heat.
A plant’s cells usechemical energy to dowork such as growingnew leaves.
Structure and Function Are Correlated at All
Levels of Biological Organization: Form Fits
Function.
Structure and function of living organisms are closely
related
For example, a leaf is thin and flat, maximizing the
capture of light by chloroplasts
For example, the structure of a bird’s wing is adapted
to flight
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Figure 1.7
(a) Wings(b) Wing bones
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Is it alive?
Sounds like an easy question to answer.
Usually we can look at something and know if it alive.
But sometimes it is not as easy to tell
Looking closer you see signs of life Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
1. Contain biological molecules including:
Proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and
lipids
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
2. Cellular
Cells are the smallest unit of life
Some organisms are composed of only one
cells (unicellular)
Other organisms are composed of many
cells (multicellular)
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The Cell Is an Organism’s Basic Unit of
Structure and Function
The cell is the lowest level of organization that
can perform all activities required for life
All cells
Are enclosed by a membrane
Use DNA as their genetic information
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A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed
organelles, the largest of which is usually the
nucleus
By comparison, a prokaryotic cell is simpler and
usually smaller, and does not contain a nucleus or
other membrane-enclosed organelles
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Eukaryotic cell
Prokaryotic cell
Cytoplasm
DNA
(no nucleus)
Membrane
Nucleus
(membrane-
enclosed)
Membrane
Membrane-
enclosed organelles
DNA (throughout
nucleus) 1 m
Figure 1.8
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
3. Reproduce
Simple one celled animals may reproduce
asexually by dividing in half – producing two
identical cells
More complex multi-celled organisms may
reproduce sexually, when genetic material
is combined to produce a unique individual
organism
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
4. Acquire and use energy - Metabolism
Metabolism is all the chemical reactions
that occur in a living organism
Energy is taken in and used to perform
work
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Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
5. Growth and Development
Through metabolism, organisms obtain
energy from nutrients and use this energy
to grow and development
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
6. Respond to environment
Living organisms detect stimuli and
respond to it. This can include
movement
Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
7. Maintain Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the relatively constant and self-
correcting internal environment of living
organisms
Feedback Mechanisms Regulate Biological
Systems
Feedback mechanisms allow biological processes to
self-regulate
Negative feedback means that as more of a product
accumulates, the process that creates it slows and
less of the product is produced
Positive feedback means that as more of a product
accumulates, the process that creates it speeds up
and more of the product is produced
© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Animation: Negative Feedback
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Animation: Positive Feedback Characteristics Shared by Living Organisms
8. Populations of living organisms evolve and
have adaptive traits
Adaptive traits are those traits that
help you survive and reproduce
Members of the population that have
adaptive traits survive better than
members that lack those traits
Which of the following is not necessarily a characteristic of life?
1. respond to environmental
changes
2. metabolism
3. multicellular
4. reproduction
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What is the lowest level of biological
organization that can perform all the
activities required for life?
1. organelle
2. cell
3. tissue
4. organ system
5. organism
Evolution, the Overarching Theme of Biology
Organisms are modified descendants of common
ancestors
Evolution explains patterns of unity and diversity in
living organisms
Similar traits among organisms are explained by
descent from common ancestors
Differences among organisms are explained by
the accumulation of heritable changes
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Classifying the Diversity of Life
Approximately 1.8 million species have been
identified and named to date, and thousands
more are identified each year
Estimates of the total number of species that
actually exist range from 10 million to over 100
million
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13
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms
Taxonomy
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names
and classifies species into groups of increasing
breadth
Domains, followed by kingdoms, are the broadest
units of classification
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Three Domains
Three domains:
Bacteria – (Eubacteria) prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Archaea – prokaryotic (no nucleus)
Eukarya – Eukaryotic, have a nucleus
Figure 1.15
(a) Domain Bacteria (b) Domain Archaea
(c) Domain Eukarya
2
m
2
m
100 m
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Protists
Kingdom Animalia
Figure 1.15a
(a) Domain Bacteria
2
m
Figure 1.15b
(b) Domain Archaea
2
m
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Kingdoms in Domain Eukarya:
Protist – most are unicellular, all are eukaryotic
Protozoans, algae, water mold, slime mold
Plantae – multicellular, produce their own food
using photosynthesis, eukaryotic, have cell walls
Fungi – do not photosynthesize, absorb nutrients
through hyphae, eukaryotic, have cell walls
Animalia – multicellular, ingest other organisms for
food, eukaryotic, lack cell walls
Figure 1.15c
(c) Domain Eukarya
100 m
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom Fungi
Protists
Kingdom Animalia
Species
Ursus
Ursidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Ursus americanus
(American black bear)
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom DomainFigure 1.14
Binomial system
Binomial system of nomenclature
Names and classifies organisms
Basic unit is a species
Closely related species are grouped together in a genus (plural = genera)
Each species assigned a two-part name:
Name = genus and species (in italics)
Example = Canis lupus (C. lupus)
Unity in the Diversity of Life
A striking unity underlies the diversity of life; for
example
DNA is the universal genetic language common
to all organisms
Unity is evident in many features of cell structure
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Figure 1.16
Cilia ofParamecium
15 m
Cross section of a cilium, as viewedwith an electron microscope
0.1 m
Cilia ofwindpipecells
5 m
15
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species
by Means of Natural Selection in 1859
Darwin made two main points
Species showed evidence of “descent with
modification” from common ancestors
Natural selection is the mechanism behind “descent
with modification”
Darwin’s theory explained the duality of unity and
diversity
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Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural
Selection
Figure 1.16
Darwin’s Observations
1. There is variation between individuals in a
species
2. Organisms produce more offspring than can
survive
3. Species suit their environments
Population Dynamics
Malthus proposed that populations
increase geometrically but human food
supplies increase arithmetically.
Fig. 1.8
POPULATION
FOOD SUPPLY
Natural Selection
From Darwin’s observations he inferred that:
Organisms compete for resources, those with
adaptive traits are better able to survive
The survivors will produce more offspring and pass
the adaptations on to their offspring
Evolution occurs as the unequal reproductive
success of individuals
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Figure 1.20
Population with
varied inherited
traits
Elimination of
individuals with
certain traits
Reproduction of
survivors
Increasing frequency oftraits thatenhancesurvival andreproductivesuccess
1 2 3 4
In other words, the environment “selects” for
the propagation of beneficial traits
Darwin called this process natural selection
Evolution
Evolution is a genetically based change in a
population over successive generations
Darwin proposed that natural selection could cause
an ancestral species to give rise to two or more
descendent species
For example, the finch species of the Galápagos
Islands are descended from a common ancestor
Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated with
treelike diagrams that show ancestors and their
descendents
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Fig. 1.6
COMMON
ANCESTOR
Green warbler finch
Certhidea olivacea
Gray warbler finch
Certhidea fusca
Sharp-beaked
ground finch
Geospiza difficilis
Vegetarian finch
Platyspiza crassirostris
Mangrove finch
Cactospiza heliobates
Woodpecker finch
Cactospiza pallida
Medium tree finch
Camarhynchus pauper
Large tree finch
Camarhynchus psittacula
Small tree finch
Camarhynchus parvulus
Large cactus
ground finch
Geospiza conirostris
Cactus ground finch
Geospiza scandens
Small ground finch
Geospiza fuliginosa
Medium ground finch
Geospiza fortis
Large ground finch
Geospiza magnirostris
Insect-ea
ters
Seed
-eater B
ud
-eater
Insect-ea
ters
Tree fin
ches
Gro
un
d fin
ches
Seed
-eaters
Cactu
s-flow
er-ea
ters
Warb
ler finch
es
Figure 1.22
17
Evolution
Population = A group of individuals of the
same species, living together in the same area
A species is one kind of similar organisms
whose members can interbreed with each
other, and are reproductively isolated from
other groups.
Populations can evolve (change over time) and
adapt to its environment
Evolution
There are differences between organisms in
a population
Adaptations = characteristics that give an
organism an advantage – increasing its
chance to survive and reproduce.
The Tree of Life
“Unity in diversity” arises from “descent with
modification”
For example, the forelimb of the bat, human, and
horse and the whale flipper all share a common
skeletal architecture
Fossils provide additional evidence of anatomical
unity from descent with modification
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Evidence for Evolution
Fossil Record
Age of the Earth – 4.5 billion years old
Life on Earth – 3.5 billion years old
Genetics
Comparative anatomy
Molecular evidence – DNA, proteins
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural
Selection
Fossils and other
evidence document
the evolution of life on
Earth over billions of
years
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Fig. 1.10
18
How do we study science?
First a scientist identifies a problem or question
Why do certain cells turn into cancer cells?
Is this substance hazardous to your health?
Make Observations
Then the scientist formulates a hypothesis
Then the scientist designs an experiment to
study the problem
Scientific Method
1. Observation – Observe some aspect of nature
2. Investigate what others have found, ask critical questions
3. Develop a hypothesis – educated guess to make a prediction
4. Design experiments to test your predictions
5. Repeat experiments
6. Analyze the data
7. Draw conclusions
8. Report the method, data, results and conclusions
Scientific Method
1. Observation – Observe some aspect of nature
Scientific Method
2. Investigate what others have found, ask critical questions
Scientific Method
3. Develop a hypothesis
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is a possible explanation for an
observation.
A hypothesis
-must be tested to determine its validity
-is often tested in many different ways
-allows for predictions to be made
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Hypothesis
Are there some questions that can not be
answered by science?
Experimental Design
Search the available databases to find out
what other scientists have done, how they did
their research and their results.
Design the experiment to test one variable at
a time.
Set up a control group which is identical to
the experimental group except without the
one variable being tested.
Repeat the experiment to get statistically
significant data.
A independent variable is something that is
changed to see how that change effects the
study.
How many variables should you test at one time?
The dependent variable is measured, it may
change as a result of the independent variable
Controlled experiments
Constants – all the factors that are kept the
same in the experiment
Control Group and Experimental Group – all
the constants are the same, only the
independent variable differs between the two
groups
Controlled experiments
Example
Hypothesis: Artificial sweeteners are safe to eat
The researchers choose the mouse as a model to test the safety of the additive (Why not humans? Are mice good models?)
Example
They divide a group of similar mice (all the same age, sex, raised the same way) into two groups.
Half the animals are the control group, they are fed the normal diet, the other half are the experimental group = they are fed a diet of 50% normal food and 50% artificial sweetener (Is this a lot?)
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Results
One third of the test group developed bladder
cancer
None of the control group developed bladder
cancer.
Cannot accept the hypothesis that the additive
is safe at this level of consumption.
What would have happened if we had looked
at a different dependent variable, hyperactivity,
would we have missed the bladder cancer?
Does Smoking Cause Cancer
One way to study a problem is to look at
epidemiology evidence.
Look at cancer rates over time, correlate
cancer rates with events and changes that
also occur during that period.
In the context of science, a theory is
Broader in scope than a hypothesis
General, and can lead to new testable hypotheses
Supported by a large body of evidence in
comparison to a hypothesis
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Theories in Science
21
Figure 1.21a
Important concepts
Reading for next lecture: Chapter 2
Know the vocabulary covered in the lecture
What are the characteristics of living organisms
What are the steps of the scientific method,
how would you set up an experiment?
Understand how to set up an experiment using
the scientific method and be able to identify the
variables, constants, experimental group and
the control group. Be able to interpret data.
Important concepts
Know the definition of evolution and natural
selection, the observations and inferences
Darwin made that led to his theory, the
evidence for evolution
Understand taxonomic classification
(domains, kingdom, phylum, etc), binomial
system. Characteristics of the domains and
kingdoms