can car sharing facilitate a more sustainable car...
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Can car sharing facilitate a more sustainable car purchase?
Diana Ginnebaugh, Stanford University
Frances Sprei, Chalmers University of Technology
PEEC Sustainable Transportation Seminar
January 30th, 2015
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Uses for your vehicle
Daily Uses
• Commute
• Transport kids to school and activities
• Grocery and small item shopping
Peak Uses
• Transport large items
• Vacation, eg. trips to mountains / snow
• Towing a boat or camper
• Hosting visitors
• Evening out
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www.pickupspecialties.com
Hitchhousega.com
Carslist-db.com
www.business2community.com
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Mobility Insurance
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Lots of considerations when buying a new car…
www.collesangiorgio.it
Broncohorsepower.info
www.aaafoundation.org
www.autoblog.com
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Shift in consumer purchase behavior
Daily Vehicle
• More fuel efficient
• Less expensive
• Limited miles ok
Mobility Insurance
• Traditional car sharing
• Peer-to-peer car rental
• One way car sharing
• Car rental
• Car dealers
• New business model?
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United States and Sweden/Europe
• Peer reviewed literature, case studies, and reports
• Car sharing companies’ vehicle models and locations (urban, college campuses)
• Interview practitioners and experts
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United States and Sweden/Europe
• Peer reviewed literature, case studies, and reports
• Car sharing companies’ vehicle models and locations (urban, college campuses)
• Interview practitioners and experts
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Car sharing impacts vary by business model
• Traditional (A to A) Car sharing
• One-way (A to B, free-floating) Car sharing
• Peer to peer car sharing
Data from E. Martin and S. Shaheen, 2010 and 2011
Traditional and one way car sharing July 2014, USA:~ 1.34 million members, ~19,000 vehicles
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Car sharing impacts vary by business model
• Traditional (A to A) Car sharing• 9-13 vehicles off the road per car sharing vehicle
• Carless before membership – decrease PT, GHG emissions increase
• Shed a vehicle after membership – increase PT, GHG emissions decrease
• Overall GHG decrease and VMT decrease
• One-way (A to B, free-floating) Car sharing
• Peer to peer car sharing
Data from E. Martin and S. Shaheen, 2010 and 2011
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Car sharing impacts vary by business model
• Traditional (A to A) Car sharing
• One-way (A to B, free-floating) Car sharing• Seattle pilot project, 3-4% shed vehicles
• VMT may have increased – 63% did not change personal vehicle usage
• Peer to peer car sharing
Data from SDOT 2014 Report
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Car sharing impacts vary by business model
• Traditional (A to A) Car sharing
• One-way (A to B, free-floating) Car sharing
• Peer to peer car sharing• under-utilized assets – penetrate lower density areas
• Challenged by public policy, insurance, trust, and convienence
• Environmental impact is uncertain
Note – Ride-sharing, TNC, and carpooling are not considered car sharing in this definition
Hampshire and Gaites 2011
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United States and Sweden/Europe
• Peer reviewed literature, case studies, and reports
• Car sharing companies’ vehicle models and locations (urban, college campuses)
• Interview practitioners and experts
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Cars 7+ Seaters Cargo AWD Total
Country CompanyNbr of Models
Nbr of Vehicles
Nbr of Models
Nbr of Vehicles
Nbr of Models
Nbr of Vehicles
Nbr of Models
Nbr of Vehicles
Nbr of Models
Nbr of Vehicles
Sweden Sunfleet 12 1 3 16
Göteborg BILKOOP 7 0 1 8
Stockholm Bilpool 6 14 6 14Bilpoolen.nu 2 2Lunds bilpool 5 11 5 11
USA Zipcar 18 3 7 3 28
City Carshare 19 0 4 2 23
DriveNow 1 0 0 0 1
RelayRides 286 2899 23 153 155 1148 215 882 464 4200
Getaround
car2go 2 0 0 0 2
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United States and Sweden/Europe
• Peer reviewed literature, case studies, and reports
• Car sharing companies’ vehicle models and locations (urban, college campuses)
• Interview practitioners and experts
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Interviews• 12 interviews, 7 practitioners, 5 experts, ~ 1 hour each
• In person and over the phone, in offices and cafés
• Chosen to get a sampling of different types of car sharing• Traditional
• One way
• EV-only
• Peer to peer
• For profit and non profit
• Coops
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Themes from interviews
• Customers
• Fleet
• How can car sharing be supported?
• Future mobility
• Can car sharing impact car purchase behavior?
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Car sharing today…customers
• Urban, high density, other mobility options
• Well-educated, young (25-45), tech savy
• Parking restricted
Sweden – environmental interest, families
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Car sharing today…fleet
United States
• Cheapest, closest vehicle (usually smaller, fuel efficient)
• Luxury / utility vehicle
Sweden
• Green and safe
• Commercial - larger, more expensive vehicles (Volvo Sunfleet)
• Low maintenance
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How to support car sharing
United States
• Insurance!
• Visible, dedicated parking
• Limited / expensive non-car sharing parking
Sweden
• Visible, dedicated parking
• Limited / expensive non-car sharing parking
Maryloudriedger2.wordpress.com
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Future mobility
United States
• On-demand transportation
Sweden
• More integrated mobility
http://gelookahead.economist.com/
www.huffingtonpost.com
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Can car sharing affect car choice?
Anecdotal evidence that people will purchase the same type of vehicle they usually drive in car sharing
Reaction to our idea?
Easier to sell car-free lifestyle, tough to compete with the convenience of having a car in your driveway – peer-to-peer may have best chance
Mobility insurance – maybe dealers? Maybe new models of car sharing – neighborhood fractional ownership, restricted circles of sharing
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More fuel efficient vehicles on the road…
• New business model needed• Mobility insurance• Concierges service
• Needs to be as convenient as owning the vehicle• Walk to vehicle
• Peak demand on evenings, weekends, holidays• Partner / involve car rental or business customers• Fractional / shared ownership
• Trust for sharing – more flexible schemes• Community / neighbor / family / friends
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Next steps (thoughts?)
• Scenario analysis• Actual driving profiles, energy impact of changing from “everything” vehicle
to “daily use” fuel efficient vehicle (Gonder et al 2007, Pearre et al 2011, CHTS)
• Some estimate of overall potential energy savings
• Consumer welfare analysis• How to maintain or improve consumer welfare, low transaction costs,
improved access to vehicle types
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Maryloudriedger2.wordpress.com
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