can diet be used to improve gut health? what role …
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
CAN DIET BE USED TO IMPROVE GUT
HEALTH? WHAT ROLE DOES DRINKING WATER
PLAY?John F. Patience
Dept. of Animal ScienceIowa State University
Ames, IA
Presented at Iowa Swine Day, June 29, 2017
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
What do we mean by “gut health”
• “Health” is the absence of disease• “Improved gut health” is reduction in disease
– Improved structure?• Barrier function• Greater digestive and absorptive surface area• Mucous integrity
– Improved function?• Digestive function• Absorptive function
– Improved microflora• Fewer pathogens• More commensal bacteria
– Optimal immunological response
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Can diet be used to improve gut health
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Can diet be used to improve gut health
• Antibiotics• Selection of functional ingredients in starter diets
– Lactose– Zinc oxide
• Avoidance of ingredients containing ANF– Raw soybeans
• Use of ingredients to break down ANF– Phytase to break down phytate
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Using the diet to improve gut health
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Impact of 15% lactose (LA) and fermentation product (FP) on butyric acid concentration in the colon
15.2 14.620.6 20.2
0
10
20
30
40
50
But
yric
aci
d, µ
M/g
Lactose: P = 0.037FP: P = 0.844Interaction: P = 0.971
CT FP LA LA+FP
Source: Acosta et al., 2016
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
P = 0.002
CTL FP FP+ABABTreatment
Source: Acosta et al., 2016
Sometimes antibiotics and another additives provide benefit greater than either one alone
FP: SynGenX; AB: Chlortetracycline and Tiamulin in phases 1 and 2 only424 newly‐weaned pigs, initial BW 12.8 lb; 12 pens of 9 pigs per pen per treatment; 35 d trial
0.806 0.808 0.8300.859
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
A.D.G., lb
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
1.580 1.570 1.5601.520
1.301.351.401.451.501.551.601.65
Feed
:Gai
n, k
g
P = 0.043
CTL FP FP+ABABTreatment
Source: Acosta et al., 2016
Sometimes antibiotics and another additives provide benefit greater than either one alone
FP: SynGenX; AB: Chlortetracycline and Tiamulin in phases 1 and 2 only 424 newly‐weaned pigs, initial BW 12.8 lb; 12 pens of 9 pigs per pen per treatment; 35 d trial
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Total number of injectable medications per treatment
121105
9883
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Inje
ctab
le m
edic
atio
ns P = 0.022
CTL FP FP+ABAB
↓31%
Treatment
Source: Acosta et al., 2016
FP: SynGenX; AB: Chlortetracycline and Tiamulin in phases 1 and 2 only 424 newly‐weaned pigs, initial BW 12.8 lb; 12 pens of 9 pigs per pen per treatment; 35 d trial
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Impact of dietary levels of an enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast product on performance and mortality
0 0.01% 0.02% 0.04% P‐valueInitial, wt, lb 66.6 66.4 66.0 66.1 0.986Final wt, lb 309.0 310.1 309.0 306.2 0.497ADG, lb 1.86 1.88 1.89 1.85 0.666ADF, lb 5.25 5.36 5.38 5.24 0.846Feed:gain 3.03 2.94 2.94 2.94 0.765Mortality, % 7.5 6.7 2.8 4.3 0.028
PILOT SCP, Arm and Hammer; 64 pens (16/trt) of 21 pigs each; PRRS break in phase 2 and suspected ileitis break about 1 month later.
Source: Gould et al., 2015
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
0
5
10
15
20
25
Control 1000 FTU/kg 1750 FTU/kg 2500 FTU/kg
Con
cent
ratio
n, μ
mol
/g
Impact of super-dosing phytase on the concentration of phytate (IP6) at the terminal ileum, 40 kg
P-valuesTRT LIN QUAD<0.001 <0.001 0.041
Source: Holloway et al., 2016
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Impact of super-dosing phytase on the concentration of lower inositol derivatives and free inositol at the terminal ileum, 40 kg
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Control 1000 FTU/kg 1750 FTU/kg 2500 FTU/kg
Con
cent
ratio
n, μ
mol
/g
IP5IP4IP3Inositol
P-values
TRT LIN QUAD
IP5 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001IP4 0.011 0.640 0.003
IP3 0.002 0.003 0.004
Inositol 0.002 <0.001 0.219
Source: Holloway et al., 2016
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
76.9
74.476.8 76.3
89.5 89.390.3 90.6
70
75
80
85
90
95
Control 1000 FTU/kg 1750 FTU/kg 2500 FTU/kg
% AIDATTD
P-values
TRT LIN
AID 0.259 0.892
ATTD 0.030 0.007
Impact of super-dosing phytase on the AID and ATTD of DM, 60 kg
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Impact of dietary fiber on fecal scores during dpi 1-7
0
1
2
3
4
NC PC SBP SBP+E DDGS DDGS+E
Log
(odd
s ra
tio) o
f fec
al s
core
Contrast PC vs. NC PC vs. SF PC vs. IF
P-value <.0001 0.596 0.026
Source: Li et al., 2017
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
0
10
20
30
40
dpi 0 dpi 1 dpi 2 dpi 3 dpi 5 dpi 7
Cum
ulat
ive
shed
ding
sco
re
NC
PC
SBP
SBP+E
DDGS
DDGS+E
Impact of dietary fiber on E. coli shedding scores
Contrast PC vs. NC PC vs. SF PC vs. IF
dpi 5 0.003 0.989 0.045
Source: Li et al., 2017
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Impact of dietary fiber on ileal E. coli attachment, %
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
Ileal
E. c
oli a
ttach
men
t, %
Contrast P-value
PC vs. NC 0.012
PC vs. SBP 0.048
SBP vs. SBP+E 0.080
Source: Li et al., 2017
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Cytokines and tight junction proteins mRNA abundance (∆∆CT) in ileum
ItemXyl EB
SEMP-value
- + - + Xyl EB Xyl*EBIL-1ß -0.23 0.24 -0.10 0.10 0.25 0.141 0.527 0.453
IL-22 0.90 1.25 0.67 1.48 0.27 0.363 0.037 0.742
Occludin -0.10 0.10 0.30 -0.30 0.34 0.684 0.226 0.225
Claudin 3 0.10 -0.10 0.50 -0.50 0.28 0.573 0.007 0.260
Source: Li et al., 2017
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
What does the future hold?
Botanicals Direct feed microbials (probiotics) Enzymes Lysozyme Metabolic modifiers Minerals Nucleotides Organic acids and their salts Plant extracts Prebiotics Yeast and yeast-related products
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
What does the future hold?
We are picking away at the edges and making progress, but progress is need in 2 critical areas:• Understanding the mode of action• Application in the field
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
What does the future hold
• Diet formulation will evolve from primarily nutrient-based to nutrients + functional effects of ingredients
– Product development efforts are expanding with broader scientific investigation
– While antibiotics are broadly effective, non-Ab feed additives will be more specific in their target use
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Water and Water Quality
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Intake refers to the actual quantity of water consumed
Disappearance refers to the amount of water that flows through the pipe, and thus includes wastage In a typical nipple drinker, waste can easily
represent 35% of disappearance In hot weather, intake increases by 15% to 75%,
but waste may increase 3- to 4-fold!
Water intake vs disappearance
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Typical water balance in the growing pig
IntakeDrinking Metabolic Feed
19%
OutputUrine Respiration Tissue accr. Feces
30%
10%5%
Source: Patience et al., 1995
77%
4%
55%
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Relationship between water intake and scour score in newly weaned pigs
Daily water intake in newly‐weaned piglets declines, even when diarrhea is increasing in incidence and
severity. Poor quality water (b) reduced
intake relative to fresh water (a).
Source: McLeese and Patience
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Post-weaning water intake pattern
Water consumption determined in newly weaned (4 week-old) pigs fed an unmedicated diet.Control (150 ppm; ) or high sulphate (2,300 ppm; ) water was compared. Source: Tremblay et al., unpublished data)
Water consumption determined in newly weaned (4 week-old) pigs fed an unmedicated diet.Control (150 ppm; ) or high sulphate (2,300 ppm; ) water was compared. Source: Tremblay et al., unpublished data)
Lowest water intakeoccurred when
scour score was at its peak!
Lowest water intakeoccurred when
scour score was at its peak!
This water intake patternis consistent from
experiment to experiment
This water intake patternis consistent from
experiment to experiment
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Water: SulfatesSerious contributor to diarrhea• Causes osmotic diarrhea
• Does not impair performance unless at extremely high levels (>3,000 ppm) unless other issues exist in the barn
• May lead to “rotten egg” odor if reducing bacteria present
• Does elevated sulfate in the water increase susceptibility to other gastrointestinal problems?
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Water: SulfatesSerious contributor to diarrhea• Sodium sulfate (Glaubers Salts)
– Common (but harsh) laxative
• Magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts)– Common (but harsh) laxative
• Removal of sulfates from the water– Reverse osmosis– Distillation– Electrodialysis
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Effect of sulfates on weanling pig performance: on-farm study
TDS = 217 ppm TDS = 2,350 ppm TDS = 4,390 ppm
Sulfates, ppm 83 1280 2650
Calcium, ppm 24 184 288
Chloride, ppm 8 34 70
Magnesium, ppm 15 74 88
Sodium, ppm 24 446 947
Hardness, ppm 124 767 1080
ADG, g/d 430 430 440
ADF, g/d 550 560 570
Feed:gain 1.28 1.31 1.30
Water intake, kg/d 1.60 1.84 1.81
Scour score (1‐3) 1.07 1.30 1.46
Source: Tremblay et al.
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Effect of sulfates on weanling pig performance: on-farm study - 2004
Raw Water RO WaterSulfates, ppm 1,650 29Calcium, ppm 431 26Chloride, ppm 12 7Magnesium, ppm
188 11
Sodium, ppm 164 46Iron, ppm 14 .04pH 7.49 6.96Hardness 1,849 109
Patience et al., 2004
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Effect of low quality water on weanling pig performance: on-farm study – 2004 #1
Raw Water RO Water SEMInit. Wt., lb 13.0 13.0 ‐Final wt., lb 47.0 46.2 2.0ADG, lb 0.97 0.95 0.02ADF, lb 1.48 1.44 0.04Feed:gain 1.51 1.51 ‐
Patience et al., 2004
Experiment conducted on 1,200 sow farrow‐to‐finish farm, weaning at ~21 d of age, 13 pens per treatment, study lasted 35 days.
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Effect of low quality water on weanling pig performance: on-farm study – 2004 #2
Raw Water RO Water SEMInit. Wt., lb 12.9 12.9 ‐Final wt., lb 41.8 42.6 0.5ADG, lb 0.88 0.90 0.01ADF, lb 1.41 1.43 0.04Feed:gain 1.61 1.58 ‐
Patience et al., 2004
Experiment conducted on 1,200 sow farrow‐to‐finish farm, weaning at ~21 d of age, 13 pens per treatment, study lasted 35 days.
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Effect of sulfates added to drinking water on weanling pig performance: Study #1
Control Added SO4 SEMSulfate, ppm 84 2,000Sodium, ppm 38 750
Calcium, ppm 25 26Magnesium, ppm 12 12ADG, lb 0.61 0.50 0.03ADF, lb 0.79 0.69 0.03Feed:gain 1.30 1.37 ‐
Flohr et al, 2014
Experiment conducted on 320 hd research farm, BW of 11.9 lb, 8 pens per treatment, study lasted 24 days.
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IOWA STATE UNIVERSITYAPPLIED SWINE NUTRITION
Effect of sulfates added to drinking water on weanling pig performance: Study #2
Control Added SO4 SEMSulfate, ppm 77 1,700Sodium, ppm 34 565
Calcium, ppm 13 14Magnesium, ppm 10 10ADG, lb 0.59 0.58 0.03ADF, lb 0.82 0.81 0.03Feed:gain 1.39 1.41 ‐
Flohr et al, 2014
Experiment conducted on 320 hd research farm, BW of 12.6 lb, 7 pens per treatment, study lasted 21 days.