CAN INTERNATIONAL CAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN SPACE COOPERATION IN SPACE EXPLORATION ENHANCE EXPLORATION ENHANCE

GLOBAL SECURITY?GLOBAL SECURITY?

JOHN M. LOGSDONJOHN M. LOGSDON

SPACE POLICY INSTITUTESPACE POLICY INSTITUTE

ELLIOTT SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRSELLIOTT SCHOOL OF INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITYGEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY

WASHINGTON, DCWASHINGTON, DC

THERE ARE MANY REASONS THERE ARE MANY REASONS WHY NATIONS COOPERATE IN WHY NATIONS COOPERATE IN

SPACESPACE To share costsTo share costs To increase the pool of scientific and To increase the pool of scientific and

technical expertise that can be applied to a technical expertise that can be applied to a particular space undertakingparticular space undertaking

To increase domestic political support for a To increase domestic political support for a projectproject

As a means of demonstrating leadershipAs a means of demonstrating leadership To forge positive relationships that have To forge positive relationships that have

impacts beyond a particular projectimpacts beyond a particular project Within the space sectorWithin the space sector Beyond the space sector Beyond the space sector

MAKING THE SPACE STATION MAKING THE SPACE STATION INTERNATIONALINTERNATIONAL

NASA will invite NASA will invite other countries to other countries to participate so we participate so we can strengthen can strengthen peace, build peace, build prosperity, and prosperity, and expand freedom for expand freedom for all who share our all who share our goals. goals.

President Ronald Reagan, President Ronald Reagan, January 25, 1984January 25, 1984

LUNAR EXPLORATION THEMELUNAR EXPLORATION THEMEGLOBAL PARTNERSHIPSGLOBAL PARTNERSHIPS

““Provide a challenging, shared Provide a challenging, shared and peaceful activity that unites and peaceful activity that unites

nations in pursuit of common nations in pursuit of common objectives.”objectives.”

DEVELOPING A GLOBAL DEVELOPING A GLOBAL EXPLORATION STRATEGYEXPLORATION STRATEGY

HOW COULD WE KNOW IF SPACE HOW COULD WE KNOW IF SPACE COOPERATION ENHANCES GLOBAL COOPERATION ENHANCES GLOBAL

SECURITY?SECURITY? Need first of all to understand what leads to Need first of all to understand what leads to

global securityglobal security Contending perspectivesContending perspectives

Realist – international relations are characterized Realist – international relations are characterized by a struggle for power, changing alliances, by a struggle for power, changing alliances, threat and use of force. Security a result of threat and use of force. Security a result of balance of power at a particular time.balance of power at a particular time.

Liberal – international relations are characterized Liberal – international relations are characterized by complex interdependence. Create security by by complex interdependence. Create security by expanding and institutionalizing cooperation.expanding and institutionalizing cooperation.

Identity – international relations determined by Identity – international relations determined by what people and states believe. Common ideas, what people and states believe. Common ideas, norms, and values promote securitynorms, and values promote security

““PEACE BY PIECES”PEACE BY PIECES”THE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVETHE FUNCTIONALIST PERSPECTIVE

Argues that cooperation in specific Argues that cooperation in specific technical (“functional”) sectors will technical (“functional”) sectors will reduce international conflict and will reduce international conflict and will eventually lead to integration across eventually lead to integration across sectorssectors

Key mechanism is the habit of Key mechanism is the habit of cooperation, which will “spill over” new cooperation, which will “spill over” new to sectors to sectors

European Union is seen as leading European Union is seen as leading example of this processexample of this process

IS THE ISS AN EXAMPLE OF IS THE ISS AN EXAMPLE OF THE FUNCTIONALIST THE FUNCTIONALIST

PERSPECTIVE?PERSPECTIVE? ““Some alliances are more than Some alliances are more than

collaborative regimes – they are collaborative regimes – they are arrangements for joint decision making arrangements for joint decision making in which states care about the joint in which states care about the joint power of the alliance and in which they power of the alliance and in which they attach interests to their allies’ attach interests to their allies’ interests. They commit themselves to interests. They commit themselves to act neither unilaterally nor without act neither unilaterally nor without concern for the needs of their allies. concern for the needs of their allies. Such alliances entail collective Such alliances entail collective interests, sympathy, and solidarity.”interests, sympathy, and solidarity.”

Arthur Stein, Arthur Stein, Why Nations Cooperate Why Nations Cooperate (1990)(1990)

A STRAW IN THE WIND?A STRAW IN THE WIND?

The United States should cooperate The United States should cooperate with other nations (with France with other nations (with France specifically called out) in sharing specifically called out) in sharing space situational awareness data.space situational awareness data.

Air Force Chief of Staff General Michael Air Force Chief of Staff General Michael Moseley, April 11, 2007Moseley, April 11, 2007

"As we leave the "As we leave the Moon at Taurus-Moon at Taurus-Littrow, we leave Littrow, we leave as we came, and as we came, and God willing, as we God willing, as we shall return, with shall return, with peace and hope for peace and hope for all mankind.” all mankind.” Eugene Cernan, Apollo 17 Eugene Cernan, Apollo 17 Commander, December 14, Commander, December 14, 19721972