VOL 47, No. I0 HEAD OFFICE: MONTREAL, OCTOBER 1966

Canada." Part of the Worm

CANADA CANNOT BE VIEWED on a small screen, boundedby her geographical limits. Her life is world-wide. Inan age when distances are measured in terms of jetplane time, India is in Canada’s backyard.

It is natural and beneficial to look with indulgenteyes on one’s native land, but love of one’s land, orprovince, or city, or home no more implies despisingother places than love of one’s mother implies de-spising other mothers. Canada has been fortunate inthat most of her leaders and most of her people knowthat they are members of a parish of planetary size,and that the public affairs of the twentieth centuryare world affairs.

All nations are faced with adjusting to new condi-tions, but Canada has features and attributes which,if used sensibly, put her well in the lead of building agood world. She stands between the big and the smallpowers, with light manpower but great economicweight. Canada is part of the British Commonwealthof Nations and a member of the United Nations, andshe has a special relationship with the United States ofAmerica, with whom she shares the bulk of the NorthAmerican continent.

Some people deride the poet Rudyard Kipling as animperialist, but imperialism was not to him a matterof national aggrandizement. It was a matter of tech-nocracy. His verses on "The White Man’s Burden"were not addressed to his own people, but were anappeal to America to join in the task of civilizing thebackward territories, an appeal to them as technicians:"Send forth the best ye breed," he urged. Canada maybe, as Kipling called her, "Our Lady of the Snows"but her interests reach into tropical Africa.

Canadians do not allow absorption with theirinternal affairs to blind them to what is going on else-where. They may not always agree with what is beingsaid and done in other countries, but they know thatthey must participate. As the Manchester Guardiansaid recently: "the starved, the deprived, the dying,the rejected, the despised, the criminal, are all part ofourselves, part of the great half-submerged continentof humanity."

Canada & trusted

It has been said that a true man never fails those whotrust him, and Canada is trusted among the nationssmall and great as few others have been. She isrespected in world councils for her demonstratedwillingness to assume varied obligations around theglobe.

Canada is contributing in no small way towardsolving the great issues of national and internationalsecurity in a world that is becoming afraid under theshadow of its space missiles.

In every international crisis she has held to theprinciple of flexibility and compromise to ease tension.In the words of President Johnson of the UnitedStates to the Prime Minister: "You have followed thedifficult path to peace that can save the world, andhave been a principal architect of that profoundachievement."

This is evidenced by the very substantial role Canadahas played in peace-keeping abroad. Since 1948Canada has assigned Canadians to every peace-keeping operation of the United Nations except one.Her General Burns became the world’s first command-ing general of a truly international peace force. Sheplayed a leading role in establishing the United NationsEmergency Force. The United Nations MilitaryObserver Group in India-Pakistan was formed withCanadian participation.

She has served on Supervisory Commissions inCambodia, Laos and Vietnam, and is respected for herservices in Cyprus and on the Israel - U.A.R. border.Her role in the Suez crisis was a vital one. More than15,000 men and women of Canada’s armed forces arestationed in sixteen countries around the world.

Canada’s Prime Minister took a leading part in the1966 Commonwealth meeting of prime ministers inLondon, being entrusted with preparing a formula toresolve differences of opinion on African affairs.

The underdeveloped countries

Peace-keeping does not consist entirely of armedguards. Many nations have been jet-propelled into a

new age straight from their primeval ways of life.Some of these nations have high ideals, but they arecompelled to think material thoughts if they are tokeep their people alive- thoughts of food, medicalcare, hydro power, commodity production.

There is a crisis of the peasantry in the Orient, inAfrica and elsewhere. Public health, improved agri-culture, industrialization, and education are all essen-tial, but they must be developed simultaneously ifthey are to be effective. A drop of only two cents apound in the world price of its principal commoditymay threaten an emerging nation’s health campaign,or its national school programme, or the stability ofits government struggling to use democratic meansin the solution of manifold problems.

Many individuals and organizations within Canadaare contributing toward betterment. Country aftercountry has turned toward Canada with requests forhelp. Application of methods learned in our northlandhas given us an international reputation in chartingthe rivers, soils, and forests of tropical Asia and Africa.

A few examples will illustrate the breadth of theCanadian effort. The Freedom from Hunger Com-mittee co-ordinates the activities of some fifty non-governmental organizations which support self-helpprojects related to increased food production andbetter nutrition. The Red Cross Society carries out aidprogrammes of two sorts: long-term assistance in-cluding clothing and bedding made by volunteers;and emergency assistance including the sending ofpersonnel and supplies to disaster areas.

CARE of Canada provides underprivileged areaswith food, agricultural and other tools, clothing, seeds,books and educational equipment. The Foster ParentsPlan gives funds for the care and training of orphanedchildren in several countries. The Grail Movementsends trained women to Asia, Africa and LatinAmerica to do medical, social, cultural and communitydevelopment work among women.

The Unitarian Service Committee supports eightyprojects in the fields of child care, education, healthand social welfare, primarily in the East. The NationalFarm Radio Forum supplies radios and establishesfarm radio forums in India, to educate the people inhealth, farming, and citizenship.

The diplomatic service

The Department of External Affairs was establishedby Act of Parliament in May 1909. Today there areCanadian embassies and high commissioners accred-ited to more than 80 countries, staffed by a personnelof more than 900. All of these must count on spendingat least fifty per cent of their career outside Canada.There are 76 accredited Commonwealth and foreignrepresentatives in Canada.

Diplomacy is the conduct of affairs, the carrying onof business, between nations. The work of a missionabroad is: to conduct negotiations with the govern-

ment to which it is accredited; to keep the homegovernment informed of political and other develop-ments of significance in the country in which it isserving; to watch over Canada’s interests in thecountry; to make information about Canada available,and to serve Canadians in the country. During thepeak of the season passports for foreign travel areissued to Canadians at a rate of up to 6,000 a week.

Canada plays an active role in a broad range ofeconomic consultations, meetings, seminars and proj-ects which comprise the main work of the Organiza-tion for Economic Co-operation and Development.

A France-Canada Interparliamentary Association,with ten delegates from the Canadian Parliament,discussed economic and cultural relations and migra-tion from France to Canada. In November 1965 thetwo countries signed a general cultural agreement tocontribute to the strengthening of the traditional bondsof friendship between Canada and France.

When a Secretariat was set up by the Common-wealth, a Canadian diplomatist became Secretary-General, a title that carries with it grave responsibilitiesand enormous possibilities.

The United Nations

Canada is a hard-working member of the UnitedNations. Since it participated in drawing up the Charterin 1945, this country has, through its Department ofExternal Affairs, taken an important and sometimesdistinguished part in United Nations deliberations.Canada is a member of the thirteen specialized agenciesof the UN, all of which have wide international re-sponsibilities established by intergovernmental agree-ment. The United Nations Association in Canada, with32 branches, is devoted mainly to an educational pro-gramme concentrating on young people.

The National UNICEF Committee has eightCanadians at work on the project in New York, andone in New Delhi. This is a project which won the 1965Peace Prize. The aim of UNICEF is to promotepermanent health, nutrition and welfare service forchildren. The Save the Children Fund carries outemergency aid programmes throughout the world andsupports self-help projects in education, health,housing and welfare.

Canada has decided to play a part in three ambitiouseducational programmes of the United NationsEducational, Scientific and Cultural Organization witha 1980 dead-line: to get all children into school, to getten per cent of children into secondary schools, andto make 500 million adults literate in the sense of fullyparticipating in community development.

The World Refugee Year appeal brought togethersome 45 Canadian voluntary organizations in supportof their own programmes and those of the UnitedNations High Commissioner for Refugees and the UNRelief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees.

Great appreciation has been expressed for Canada’srole in providing resettlement opportunities, especiallyfor handicapped persons.

The Food and Agriculture Organization of theUnited Nations was founded at Quebec City in 1945.This year, 33 Canadians are serving it in expertcapacities in 21 countries.

Canada is well represented abroad in the trade andcommerce fields. There are Canadian Governmenttrade commissioners in fifty countries and tradespecialists in six. In addition, the Atlantic Provinceshave a representative in London, and Nova Scotiahas information offices in Boston and New York.Quebec has Agents General in London, Paris, Milanand New York. Ontario has five offices abroad, inChicago, New York, London, Milan and Duesseldorf.Saskatchewan has an office in London, Alberta hasoffices in London and Los Angeles; and BritishColumbia has offices in London and San Francisco.

The Canada Immigration Division overseas branchhas 550 persons employed in 37 major world centreswith the prime object of helping to meet Canada’sneeds for professional, managerial, skilled and edu-cated people. The Government Travel Bureau hastwenty offices in the United States and overseas.

Canadian newspaper, radio, and television reportersare exploring every country on earth for news aboutwhat is going on there. The CBC has sent 21 advisersto developing countries during the past six years, andabout 160 broadcasters have been given training inCanada. Up to 25 staff members of the CBC are servingat strategic points throughout the world.

There are ten Canadians serving on the Common-wealth War Graves Commission, responsible for thepreservation of the graves of those who gave theirlives in the 1914-1918 and 1939-1945 wars. Of theCommonwealth total of 880,000 identified burials,the figure for Canada is 81,000, second only to that ofthe United Kingdom.

Canada, NATO and the U.S.A.

It is trite to refer to relations between Canada andthe United States as "unique", but there are elementsin our situation which are not to be found in that ofany other pair of independent countries in the world.

Canada and the United States are, in Churchill’sphrase, "mixed up together", but there are importantdifferences, and acceptance of this fact is essential tothe successful working of the partnership.

It was because of the deep involvement of eachcountry in the other that the President and the PrimeMinister decided to commission a working group toformulate the general guidelines which should governthe complex economic relations. The report said:"There are large opportunities for mutual advantagein the extension of the partnership of our two countries.For our part, we are satisfied that the process can beas mutually rewarding as it is inevitable."

Canada was one of twelve nations that signed theNorth Atlantic Treaty in 1949. Her military contribu-tion includes ships of the Royal Canadian Navy, in-fantry, and an air division.

This organization is a guarantee of Canadian securitywithin the Western alliance, and it is a forum forconsultation on international matters. NATO still hasto proceed to deal with Article II, inserted at the insis-tence of Canada: "... they will seek to eliminate conflictin their international policies and will encourage eco-nomic collaboration between any or all of them."

Canada’s aid programmes

In recognition of the pressing needs of the developingareas of the world, Canada participates in a number ofeconomic, educational and technical assistance pro-grammes abroad.

She is a substantial contributor to the UnitedNations Development Programme, the UN Children’sFund, and the International Development Associa-tion (the World Bank).

Canada’s assistance given direct to needy countriesis for agriculture, forestry and fishing; transport andcommunications; energy resources; industrial rawmaterials and fertilizer components; food, educationand housing; technical assistance and industrialdevelopment. Canada is demonstrating her ability toadapt men, machinery and methods to developmentwork in more than sixty countries of widely varyingcharacter.

Canadian aid is related to Canadian capabilities.Contracts for capital projects are given to Canadianfirms only, scholarships and fellowships are tenableonly in Canada, and advisers and teachers sent abroadare exclusively nationals of Canada.

Last year, Canada undertook such diverse projectsas irrigation and land reclamation in Ghana; fertilizersupply to India and Pakistan; resources survey inMalaysia; and river basin development in Ecuador.She also assisted the West Indies, Kenya, Nigeria,Zambia and Thailand in projects associated withagricultural benefits.

There are some 340 Canadian advisers overseas insuch fields as taxation, wheat breeding, plant pathol-ogy, soil and geological surveying, forest inventory,community development, transportation, neurology,orthopaedics, nurse training, management training,and machine accounting.

Work in Asia

The purpose of the imaginative Colombo Plan, ofwhich Canada was a founding member, is to raise thestandard of living in South and South-East Asia byaccelerating the pace and widening the scope ofeconomic development by a co-operative approach totheir problems, with special emphasis on the produc-

tion of food. It differs from most other schemes in thatit combines technical assistance, such as training schol-arships and the provision of experts, with capital aid.

Canada’s manpower activity is restricted to areasin which it is clear that Canadian technical experiencecan make a valuable contribution, for example inharnessing the waters of the River Indus and dividingthem between India and Pakistan. Her capital assist-ance is directed toward helping to establish basicfacilities upon which the assisted countries can developtheir own economics.

Many groups and individuals are engaged in helpfulwork in Asia, adding to Canada’s governmental con-tributions. Private groups in Laval University and theUniversity of Toronto organized a scheme by whichyoung Canadian graduates in medicine, education,engineering and agriculture would live in villages, asfar as possible at Asian standards, while giving theirservices. Saskatchewan, marking the Centenary, israising a fund of $60,000 to provide a food processing,packaging and storage centre at Mysore, India.

Dr. Roby Kidd, formerly executive director of theCanadian Association for Adult Education~ is devel-oping a programme of adult education at the Univer-sity of Rajasthan, in India. Dr. Edwin and Dr. VivienAbbott, of the Canadian Friends, spent twelve yearsin rural India, where they developed farm equipment,introduced new and improved crops, and started atraining programme for outcaste Indians.

Two reports will illustrate the value in human termsof the constructive work of Canadians abroad. Tenyears ago Canadians dreamed of harnessing the smallKundah River in India and its tributaries for theeconomic development of the State of Madras: todaytheir vision is a reality in concrete. It provides power torun 100,000 pump sets, irrigating 400,000 acres of landto produce 600,000 tons of food grain a year; itsupplies power for manufacture of textiles, chemicals,cement, sugar and iron.

Second is the Warsak Dam in the Khyber Pass. Tenthousand Pakistanis employed on the dam became forthe first time part of a regularly employed work force,with educational, welfare and health services supplied.More than three thousand received special training tosemi-skilled or skilled levels. Many of them are con-tributing to the economic sufficiency of the area nowserved with hydro power and irrigation water.

Canadian engineers with experience on the massiveManicouagan dam in Quebec were called upon byIndia to design a huge power project in the ruggedcanyons of the Periyar River. It will supply power tomuch of Southern India.

At work & Africa

A tidal wave of political independence broke upontropical Africa in the 1960’s, leaving behind a score ofnew sovereign states woefully lacking in knowledge ofhow to cope with their responsibilities. Africa is todaya place of hopes unrealized, of dangers round every

corner, of the burdens of political office weighingheavily on those who have assumed them in desper-ately poor countries.

Time is pressing. Experience has to be piled on verythickly. What Canadians have learned in a century hasto be learned by Africans in a year.

Because many Africans tended to think of Canadaas being rather different from the other white powerssince she herself had been a colony and had norecord of imperialism, they turned to her for help.

The bulk of Canadian assistance has been directedto the development of educational facilities. Rwanda,the most densely populated nation in Africa, is tohave a national university, open to all citizens, non-sectarian. Twenty-three French-speaking professorswent fro.m Canada to staff the university.

When Nyasaland became independent under thename Malawi in 1964, its prime minister wrote to theCanadian government requesting help. His country hadonly three qualified doctors of medicine, of whom hewas one. Today there are three Canadian doctors andeight Canadian nurses working in Malawi.

A programme called the Special CommonwealthAfrica Aid Programme was launched, in which Canadaparticipates. Twenty-two commonwealth governmentsset up an "aid to Zambia" sub-committee in July 1966to produce a programme for technical, financial andlogistical help.

There are thirty volunteers from the CanadianUniversity Service Overseas in Tanzania, engaged inteaching, medicine, agriculture and administration.The University of Toronto is assisting in the establish-ment of a department of anaesthesia in the Universityof Lagos medical school in Nigeria.

Canada’s bicultural capabilities in education haveenhanced her ability to mount a programme of educa-tional assistance for the French-speaking countries ofAfrica. School buildings and equipment have beenprovided, educational films have been supplied toeight countries, and paper has been made available forthe production of textbooks. Toward the end of 1965there were 155 Canadian teachers serving in French-speaking Africa, and 41 trainees from the areastudying in Canada.

Many participants

The Directory of Canadians with Service Overseas,published in 1964 by the Overseas Institute of Canada,lists almost 1,200 Canadians in more than a hundredcountries and regions. This Institute is a private,non-profit organization designed to mobilize Canadianefforts in educational and technical assistance.

The essential dynamism for overseas service cameinitially from university students. National action wastaken on June 6, 1961, when the Canadian UniversityService Overseas was born. In September, long beforethe United States Peace Corps got moving, seventeen

young Canadians were in Ceylon, India and Sarawak,working as teachers, nurses, engineers and in otherhelpful professions.

These young people are not serving in any spirit of"do-goodism" but with the practical purpose of beingof practical service. The Bulletin of CUSO is packedwith the stories of service, adventures and triumphs inplaces that are to most Canadians merely names on amap. The Marianopolis College Alumnae Review had aletter in Spring which said: "It seems strange to hearof people saying how wonderful we are to be out hereworking with these kids. We are having the time ofour lives."

Not only youths are engaged. Overseas service hasno age limit: the oldest CUSO volunteer presentlyoverseas is 53; the youngest is 20. Donald Lowe, 78years old, a Vancouver engineer, is tackling a highwayproblem in Uganda.

Education

Not all universities keep track of their alumni, butseveral responded with accounts which may be takenas typical of how the institutions of higher learningare carrying Canada into the world.

Queen’s University knows of 750 of its graduateswho are overseas. Queen’s has been lauded for itscontribution of alumni to the diplomatic service- ithas 44 now serving in embassies and as governmentrepresentatives- but these 750 include 155 engineersand scientists and 100 teachers, while others areserving in medicine, the armed forces, business andmissions.

At one time the University of Toronto had 17Canadian diplomatists with the rank of head ofmission. It has sent members of its staff to establish aregional engineering college in Mangalore, India,and it has others serving in Tanzania, Nigeria, SierraLeone, Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Greece and India.

Four out of six applicants from the University ofWindsor were accepted by CUSO this year, and it hashad representatives in important positions in Guyanaand Zambia. Carleton University has alumni teachingabroad in institutions ranging from universities tovillage schools, in Israel, Lebanon, Nigeria, Kenya,Zambia, Malaysia, Tanzania, Trinidad, Ghana, Egyptand Japan. Carleton’s school of public administrationhas helped to educate civil servants from developingnations, and a Japanese graduate of its school ofjournalism has returned home to write a book aboutCanada for his countrymen.

Several graduates of the University of Waterloo areCUSO volunteers teaching in Trinidad and Africa. TheUniversity of British Columbia was selected by theUnited Nations as the site of its first regional trainingcentre to prepare administrators and technologistsfrom underdeveloped countries for senior positions.Five of its professors from the faculty of commercehave set up courses in accounting and business admin-istration in Singapore and Malaya.

Education is not an overhead cost but a capital in-vestment in the future of the developing countries. In1965 there were 874 teachers and advisers servingabroad under Canadian Aid Programmes, made up of130 in South and South-East Asia, 130 in the Carib-bean, and 614 in Africa.

Canada’s aid has provided the equipment for scoresof secondary schools, assisted in the building of threeengineering institutes, set up a teacher training collegeand schools of accounting. Four secondary schools,constructed, equipped and staffed by Canada wereopened in the Little Eight Islands of the West Indies,and two more are to be provided.

The University of Manitoba has supplied eight staffmembers to establish faculties of engineering andagriculture in Thailand. Laval University sent thirteenvolunteers overseas under the CUSO scheme inAutumn, 1966. A husband and wife team, Mr. andMrs. L. O. W. Burridge, setting out from LoyolaCollege, wrote asking that the Monthly Letter be sentto them in Uganda.

The University of Guelph has a particular place inforeign service because of its specialized colleges inagricultural and veterinary sciences. Participation ofits staff and graduates in work abroad includes settingup schools and educational programmes in Ghanaand Jamaica; a programme in horticulture in Turkey;sociological study in Peru, and service in Canada’sembassies. Many graduates are abroad in the Cross-roads Africa and CUSO programmes in Ghana,Uganda, Sierra Leone, Kenya and Tanzania. SirGeorge Williams University has several graduatesserving with CUSO, and two of its graduates, fromBangkok and Caracas, are serving as YMCA fraternalsecretaries.

The Imperial Order Daughters of the Empire hasoffered scholarships to students from other parts of theCommonwealth, and its library programme is helpingschools in the West Indies, British Honduras andGuyana. The African Students’ Foundation sponsors ahundred African students in Canadian universities.

Canada, the province of Manitoba and Malaysiacame together in a training project which sent graduatenative teachers out to cities and towns in Malaysiawhere new schools had been built- 54 schoolsequipped with three million dollars worth of Canadianinstructional equipment.

It is evident that just as important results areobtained by bringing students from other countries toCanada, care having been taken to select young peoplewho will not become alienated by their sojourn here. In1965 there were 2,500 training programmes arrangedin Canada for students and trainees from Asia, Africaand the Caribbean.

Many students are placed with private industry forpractical training. Under the technical assistanceprogramme, a total of 842 students from India hadreceived training here up to the end of the latest

academic year, and there had been 533 from Pakistan,191 from Burma, 103 from Singapore, 398 fromMalaysia, and 145 from Ceylon.

Students from fifty other countries have come toCanada for courses in social leadership at the CoadyInternational Institute, while some twenty of theInstitute staff have been working abroad in the interestsof the Antigonish Movement. A youth who studied atSt. Francis Xavier University became vice-ministerin charge of Korea’s agriculture and forestry.

The churches abroad

The Overseas Missionary Fellowship reported 104Canadians abroad in 1965, engaged in medical andreligious work. Its current programme includes medicalwork in Japan, Taiwan, Philippines, Indonesia,Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Laos. The Pente-costal Assemblies of Canada Overseas MissionsDepartment has 119 missionaries in full-time activityin South America, the West Indies, the Orient, andAfrica, along with twenty associate missionaries.

The Canadian Friends are presently co-sponsoringthree overseas projects, in India, West Pakistan andAlgeria. Baptist foreign missions have fifteen mission-aries in the Congo, engaged in medical, educational,vocational, agricultural and Bible training. There are26 in service in Bolivia and 71 in India.

The Young Men’s Christian Association has a worldservice now in its 77th year. It sends experiencedsecretaries to serve overseas, short-term specialists,student service workers, students who serve in foreignsummer work camps, and volunteers who work withthe United Nations Relief Works Agency.

Monseigneur N.-A. LaBrie, National Director ofMission Work of the Roman Catholic Church inCanada, reports 4,700 Canadians engaged abroad,1,900 of them in Africa, 1,400 in Latin America, 1,100in Asia and 230 in Oceania. Monseigneur LaBrieemphasizes that people of the advanced nations learnfrom those they teach. As to the purpose of theChurch’s widespread missionary activity, he says:"Now, more than ever, the cultural effort of theChurch mission consists not only in bringing to thesepeople western values but at the same time Christianbeliefs and laws."

The United Church of Canada publication Outreachpublished a supplement in 1966 which has 92 pagesfilled with reports of missionary endeavour in sixteencountries. The 1966 budget for world mission worktotals nearly $3 ½ million.

The qualities needed

Individual service abroad is most attractive to youngCanadians, and it is well to look at some of thequalities needed.

In Chaucer’s day a favourite way of escaping fromthe dreariness of a narrow environment, and giving a

Authorized as second class mail by the Post OfficeDepartment, Ottawa, and for payment for postage in cash.

deeper meaning to one’s life, was to go on a pilgrimageto a holy place. The modern pilgrim seeks throughsecular commitment to knit the bonds which will formmankind into one community.

Taking part in world affairs does not mean demand-ing that other nations be remade in our image.

Host countries shudder at the notion of dewy-eyed"do-gooders" who want to set the world right, just asearnestly as they resent people who seek to impose away of life on them. A Ghanaian official wrote: "Don’tsend underdeveloped people to underdevelopedcountries."

The men and women going out from Canada underthe various national and international plans are peoplewho have seen the wideness of Canada’s place in theworld; they are adaptable and flexible; they haveacquired skills and the ability to use those skills indifferent environments; they have learned to improviseapparatus and methods in the new framework.

Patience and humility are necessary: patience in theWestern sense of perseverance when the road is rough,and in the Eastern sense of merely waiting; andhumility to understand that he is not sent abroad as aself-righteous pedlar of Western values and ways ofdoing things. These are virtues commonly associatedwith women, and women make up almost half theCUSO assignees.

The Confederation lesson

Confederation, the centenary of which will be cele-brated in 1967, was an example of national emotionalmaturity. It meant the coming together of the provincesof Canada in an effort to work harmoniously for thegood of all the country from sea to sea.

Canada today is an independent nation, formulatingits own policies, negotiating and signing its owntreaties, accrediting its own diplomatists, and settlingin its own right the issues of peace and war. A hundredyears of effort, understanding, and self-discipline havewrought this Canadian fabric. But it is clear that apartnership such as that of Canada’s provinces canonly freely function within an international organi-zation of like-minded people.

As Canada enters her second century as a unitednation she has chosen the course of helping the under-developed countries to gain a reasonable hope offreedom from ignorance and economic stringency anddisease and to become truly democratic nations.

Many Canadians believe passionately that Canadahas a great contribution to make to the welfare ofmankind. They believe that Canada will participatein the attractive ideal expressed by Arnold J. Toynbee:"Our age will be remembered not for its horrifyingcrimes or its astonishing inventions, but because it isthe first generation in history in which mankind daredto believe it practical to make the benefits of civili-zation available to the whole human race."

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