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Canadas Historical Influence

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Canadian History

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John Cabot an Italian explorer was commissioned by the British to sail west and claimed Canada (specifically Newfoundland) for Britain in 1497 (5 years after Columbus arrival in the Caribbean).

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Cabot lands at Newfoundland (1497) John Cabot

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This was the first European claim to North America, although there is historical evidence of early Viking settlements prior to this.

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The Portuguese were also fishing off the coast of Newfoundland prior to the Britishs claim. What do you remember about the Portuguese and navigation?

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In 1534, the French sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes region. He will claim this area for France.

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Cartier and the St. Lawrence River (1534) Jacques Cartier

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In 1534, a French explorer by the name of Jacques Cartier sailed up Canadas St. Lawrence River.

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New France Jacques Cartier claimed the land for France, and it soon became known as New France. I will call you New France! I will call you. New France!

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Samuel de Champlain In the early 1600s, Samuel de Champlain built the first permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence River in Quebec. The first colonists tried to farm there, but soon found a trade that would be much more profitable

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Thats rightits a BEAVER! Why do you think the beavers were important to Canadas early colonists?

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The Fur Trade Beavers, which were plentiful in Canada, were hunted for their furs. Fur was in high demand in Europe, and was therefore very profitable for the colonists.

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Fur Trade in Canada (1600s)

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The Colony Grows The profitable fur trade began to attract many more French colonists to New France (Canada). The new colonists settled in villages along the St. Lawrence River.

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Champlain cont Established the settlement of Quebec Quebec became a trading center and the first permanent French settlement in the New World

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The French The French colonists brought with them French laws, traditions, and the Roman Catholic religion. In the 1600s, the king of France sent a governor to New France. This governor, along with another official called an attendant, and a Catholic bishop, ruled the colony of New France. Bishop de Laval

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The Brits are Jealous! The British were very aware of the profit that the French were making off the fur trade. Naturally, they wanted to get in on the riches, too!

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British-French Trade Rivalry (1627-1756) Company of New France (est. 1627) Hudson Bay Company (est. 1670)

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War! The British colonized the region directly south of New France, now present-day New York State. The British wanted to take over the French colony of New France and take complete control of the fur trade. Soon, fighting breaks out between England and France in the colonies.

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French & Indian War (1754-1763)

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Seven Years War/French & Indian War The war that erupted in 1754 is known by 2 names. In Canada, it is known by the Seven Years War. In the US, it is known as the French and Indian War, because the Native American groups took sides and fought alongside both the British and French.

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France Defeated With the help of emerging heroes such as George Washington, the British defeated the French. The Treaty of Paris of 1763 officially ended the war. Britain gained all of Canada and what is not the United States east of the Mississippi River. France lost all of its North American holdings.

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The Results The British forced the French- speaking people in Nova Scotia to leave (many of them went to Louisiana, which was still a French territory). The British renamed New France as Quebec, but allowed the French-speaking people there, however, to remain. At this point, therefore, Britain controlled a colony of mostly French descendants, who spoke French, and were Roman Catholic. British law soon went into affect in Quebec. Legally, no Catholics could vote or hold office. Since the majority of French-Canadians were Catholic, this caused tensions. To avoid a revolt, the British passed the Quebec Act of 1774, which granted civil and religious freedom to Quebecs citizens.

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Quebec Act (1774)

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The American Revolution A year after the Quebec Act of 1774, the American Revolution began. The colonists asked the French-Canadians under British rule for their help, but they decided to remain loyal to Britain. Many of the colonists in the American colonies who remained loyal to Britain moved to Quebec. There were about 40,000 of them, who spoke English and were mostly Protestant. They didnt like the Quebec Act, because it allowed Catholics to have power. The Act also denied the Loyalists the right to have play a role in the government of Quebec. This led to tensions between English-speaking and French-speaking citizens. These cultural tensions continue even today!

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Divisions and Unifications Eventually, many of the English- speaking people in Quebec settled along the St. Lawrence River, forming a concentrated populace of English-speaking citizens in Canada. Unhappy with the government of Quebec which was dominated by French-speaking colonists, they wanted to form their own government. In 1784, Britain created the province of New Brunswick for the English- speaking citizens. Quebec also becomes divided into two sectionsUpper Canada for the British and Lower Canada for the French. In 1812, the U.S. and the British went to war again, this time on Canadian territory. The war was a draw, but it defined the U.S.- Canada border. The war unified the French and the English in the Canadian territories, however, and they joined together to help fight of the Americans. Soon, all of the Canadian territories would be united.

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Gold was discovered in the Yukon Territory in 1898, which precipitated westward expansion in Canada.

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Contemporary Issues in Canada

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Canada is a bilingual country, with English and French both recognized as official languages.

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90% of Canadians speak English; however, a large portion of eastern Canada (particularly Quebec) is French-speaking.

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As a British colony, Canada entered WWI on the side of the Allies, although it is important to note that the French-speaking segment of Canadas population was divided over Canadas involvement.

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Canada along with several other colonies gained its autonomy from Great Britain in 1931 under the Statue of Westminister. The Statute of Westminster 1931 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Passed on 11 December 1931, the Act established legislative equality for the self-governing dominions of the British Empire with the United Kingdom. The Statute remains domestic law within each of the other Commonwealth realms, to the extent that it has not been implicitly repealed by subsequent laws.ActParliament of the United KingdomdominionsBritish EmpireUnited KingdomCommonwealth realmsimplicitly repealed The statute applied to Canada, the Irish Free State, and South Africa without the need for ratifying measures.

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Statute of Westminster (1931)

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After the Cold War, Canada became one of the founding members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1949. Basically, each member country agrees to help protect and defend any and all nations in the organization if they are attacked. The North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO ( /neto/ NAY -toh; French: Organisation du trait de l'Atlantique Nord (OTAN)), also called the (North) Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The NATO headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium, [3] and the organization constitutes a system of collective defence whereby its member states agree to mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party./neto/ NAY -tohFrenchintergovernmentalmilitary allianceNorth Atlantic TreatyBrussels [3]collective defence

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Vive le Qubec libre! (1967) Charles de Gaulle

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The Quebec sovereignty movement sparked off in 1967 at the Montreal Expo when French president Charles de Gaulle proclaimed Vive le Quebec libre! to the assembled crowds, meaning Long live free Quebec!

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Trudeau and the Parti Qubecois (1968) Pierre Trudeau

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The Quebec sovereignty movement failed on two separate referendums one in 1980, another in 1995 although the second referendum failed by less than 1% of the vote.

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1 st Failed Referendum (1980)

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2 nd Failed Referendum (1995) Jean Chrtien

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Supreme Court Ruling (1998)

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The End of Sovereignty? (2003)