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Canadian Publication Mail Contract - 1534939 $3.00
JUNE 2003VOLUME 30, ISSUE 6
� Trends in the Canadian Oil Patch
� Earth Science Education: A Unique Approach Inside and Outside the Classroom
� 2003 CSPG / CSEG Convention: PARTNERS in a New ENVIRONMENT
� Net Pay in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
� Preliminary Tectonic Map of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
� Trends in the Canadian Oil Patch
� Earth Science Education: A Unique Approach Inside and Outside the Classroom
� 2003 CSPG / CSEG Convention: PARTNERS in a New ENVIRONMENT
� Net Pay in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
� Preliminary Tectonic Map of the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin
CSPG OFFICE#160, 540 - 5th Avenue SWCalgary,Alberta, Canada T2P 0M2Tel: 403-264-5610 Fax: 403-264-5898Email: [email protected] Web: www.cspg.orgOffice hours: Monday to Friday, 8:30am to 4:00pm
Business Manager:Tim HowardEmail: [email protected] Manager: Deanna Watkins Email: [email protected] Manager: Jaimè CroftEmail: [email protected] Manager: Lori Humphrey-ClementsEmail: [email protected] Relations Manager: Kim MacLeanEmail: [email protected]
EDITORSPlease submit RESERVOIR articles to the CSPGoffice. Submission deadline is the 23th day of themonth, 2 months prior to issue date.(i.e., January 23 for the March issue).
To publish an article, the CSPG requires digitalcopies of the document. Text should be inMicrosoft Word format and illustrations should bein TIFF format at 300 dpi. For additionalinformation on manuscript preparation, refer tothe Guidelines for Authors published in the CSPGBulletin or contact the editor.
COORDINATING EDITOR & OPERATIONSJaimè CroftCSPGTel: 403-264-5610 Fax: 403-264-5898Email: [email protected]
TECHNICAL EDITORBen McKenzieGEOCAN Energy Inc.Tel: 403-261-3851Email: [email protected]
ADVERTISINGAll inquiries regarding advertising and technicalspecifications should be directed to KimMacLean. The deadline to reserve advertisingspace is the 23th day of the month, 2 monthsprior to issue date. All advertising artwork shouldbe sent directly to Kim MacLean at the CSPG.
The RESERVOIR is published 11 times per yearby the Canadian Society of PetroleumGeologists. This includes a combined issue forthe months of July/August.
Advertisements, as well as inserts, mailed withthe publication are paid advertisements. Noendorsement or sponsorship by the CanadianSociety of Petroleum Geologists is implied.
The CSPG Rock Shop is an attractive andaffordable way for advertisers to present theirservices to the CSPG Readership. Spaces aresold at business card sizes (3.5” wide by 2” high)and will eventually fill an entire Rock Shop page.For more information or to book a space pleasecontact Kim MacLean at 403-264-5610, ext. 205.
The contents of this publication may not bereproduced either in part or in full without theconsent of the publisher.
Design & Layout by McAra PrintingPrinted in Canada by McAra Printing
Additional copies of the RESERVOIR areavailable at the CSPG office for $3.00.
TRENDS IN THE CANADIAN OIL PATCH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14EARTH SCIENCE EDUCATION:
A UNIQUE APPROACH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM . . . . . . 162003 CSPG / CSEG CONVENTION: PARTNERS IN A NEW ENVIRONMENT . . . . 24NET PAY IN NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28PRELIMINARY TECTONIC MAP OF THE WESTERN CANADA
SEDIMENTARY BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3
CORPORATE MEMBERSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5EXECUTIVE COMMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7TECHNICAL LUNCHEONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10DIVISION TALKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12ROCK SHOP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17CALENDAR OF EVENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18CALL FOR NOMINATIONS - 2004 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE . . . . . . . . . . . . 18JACK PORTER: VIGNETTES OF CANADIAN PETROLEUM GEOLOGY . . . . . . 22KEEPING TRACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ARTICLES
DEPARTMENTS
CONTENTS
FRONT COVER
Mackenzie Delta, Northwest Territories - Sinuous channel across the Mackenzie Delta.These narrow featurescarry the chocolate-coloured water of the Mackenzie River through the maze of blue thermokarst lakes of the Deltaand deposit sediments into them only during periods of high water and flooding. Photo by Clint Tippett
5
THE CSPG GRATEFULLY ACKNOWLEDGES ITS
*CORPORATE MEMBERS:
ABU DHABI OIL CO., LTD. (JAPAN)
ARCHEAN ENERGY LTD.
BURLINGTON RESOURCES CANADA ENERGY LTD.
CALPINE CANADA
CANADIAN FOREST OIL LTD.
CONOCOPHILLIPS CANADA RESOURCES LIMITED
DEVON CANADA CORPORATION
DOMINION EXPLORATION CANADA LTD.
ECL CANADA
EL PASO OIL & GAS CANADA, INC.
HUNT OIL COMPANY OF CANADA, INC.
IHS ENERGY
IMPERIAL OIL RESOURCES LIMITED
LARIO OIL & GAS COMPANY
MJ SYSTEMS
MURPHY OIL COMPANY LTD.
NCE RESOURCES GROUP INC.
NEXEN INC.
NORTHROCK RESOURCES LTD.
PENN WEST PETROLEUM LTD.
PETRO-CANADA OIL AND GAS
SAMSON CANADA
SHELL CANADA LIMITED
SPROULE ASSOCIATES LIMITED
SUNCOR ENERGY INC.
TALISMAN ENERGY INC.
TOTALFINAELF E&P CANADA LIMITED
UPTON RESOURCES INC.
*CORPORATE MEMBERS AS OF
APRIL 24, 2003
CORPORATE MEMBERS
RIG TIME costs money...CALL
OPEN HOLE WELL LOGGINGFOR
www. reconpet ro .com
RECON Petrotechnologies Ltd.
DISPATCH:
(403) 51-RECON51- 7 3 2 6 6
Dr. Samuel James Nelson, P.Eng., P.Geol., Professor Emeritus, University ofCalgary, a prominent Canadian geologist, died in Victoria, British Columbia, onFebruary 19, 2003 of cancer. Dr. Nelson received his Ph.D. in Geology withGreat Distinction from the University of McGill (1952).He published extensively,including several books on the geology of Western Canada. He was well knownto the oil industry having taught at the University of Calgary, the University ofAlberta, and the University of New Brunswick.Amongst other publications, Dr.Nelson was best known for authoring “The Face of Time”, a geological historyof Western Canada, used as a reference guide by the oil industry.
Dr. Nelson served the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists as Secretary,1968 – 1969; Director, 1970 – 1971; Chairman, Research & Graduate StudentAwards Committee, 1968 – 1971; and Representative on Advisory Council toAlberta Research Council, 1968 – 1971.
During his distinguished career as a scholar, educator, and author, he receivedawards including those from the Student Legislative Council, Faculty of Science,University of Calgary for Distinction of Superior Teacher and from the CanadianSociety of Petroleum Geologists for distinguished service to the field.
MEMORIAL ANNOUNCEMENTDr. S.J. Nelson
CSPG EDUCATIONAL TRUST FUNDOUTREACH LECTURE TOURI just returned from a rewardingexperience: giving lectures at a number ofuniversities in Ontario and Manitoba onwhat a geologist does in the petroleumindustry.This Outreach Lecture Tour wasone of three launched this spring as a partof the CSPG Educational Trust Fund (ETF)University Outreach strategy put in placeby a committee chaired by Brad Hayes.The students’ feedback, enthusiasm, andinterest convinced me that the outreacheffort is very worthwhile, so I thought I’dtell you about my tour and highlight someof our Society’s other student outreachactivities for this editorial column.Consider this also an enthusiastic plea togive more students the chance to showwhat they can do in our industry.
LECTURE TOURSLecture tours are one way to put apersonal face on the CSPG as well as tocommunicate information about ourindustry to universities. The winner ofthe Link Award (best CSPG TechnicalLuncheon talk), and speakers recruitedfrom the CSPG membership agree todonate their time, and are sent toschools across Canada.The ultimate goalis to address each geology departmentonce a year. This year, three speakerswere sent out in the spring on Outreachtours, and another group of fourlecturers are going out in the fall to visita total of 24 universities. There areseveral reasons the CSPG and ETF jointlysponsor these Outreach tours. One is toencourage students to consider a careerin our industry by showing them that itcan be challenging, high tech, and diverse.Another is to coach them on how to finda job in the industry.A third reason is to
listen to the students’ feedback and toanswer questions; to open lines ofcommunication. There are 30-60students and faculty at each talk - enticedby the promise of free pizza.
Feedback and questions from the studentsat my lectures ranged from career-relatedquestions (“What were the toughestchallenges you faced as a woman in yourcareer?” – yikes!) to questions on verypractical, job-finding issues.The job-findingquestions were the hardest to answerencouragingly, even though our professionfaces a huge demographic-fueled crashover the next 10 or so years.For students,summer jobs are certainly the best way toget some experience and make industrycontacts.Although students are interestedin jobs in Calgary, it is hard to identifyopportunities from outside the provinceand outside the industry (aside fromincreasingly rare on-campus, large -company-sponsored interviews).Certainly,the prospect of traveling to a new citymany kilometers away and at considerableexpense just on the chance of getting a jobis daunting.
From an employer’s point of view, thereisn’t a lot of incentive for hiringinexperienced professionals, and, let’s faceit – they do require extra precious timeand effort to train.What a short-sightedperspective! Long term, these studentsare the lifeblood of our profession. As Isee it, there are two basic challenges tobringing more young professionals fromacross Canada into our industry. One iscommunication. Can we make it easier tolet more students know of summer jobsand to quickly connect employers withjob candidates? Our annual CSPGconvention is probably the best venue forbringing students and employers face toface. At the annual Calgary convention,university-campus housing, alumni-student functions, interview rooms, andjob boards could all be focused towardattracting students from across Canada.Unfortunately, many university students Ispoke with weren’t aware of when orwhat our convention is – and the timing islast minute for a summer job.
Another approach to improvingcommunication is an online student
7
EXECUTIVE COMMENTA MESSAGE FROM THE FINANCE DIRECTOR
PRESIDENTJohn HoggEnCana Corporation
Tel: 645-2533 Fax: 645-2453
VICE PRESIDENTCraig LambHusky Oil Operations Ltd.Tel: [email protected]
PAST PRESIDENTBruce McIntyreTriQuest Energy Corp.Tel: 531-8544 Fax: [email protected]
FINANCE DIRECTORLisa GriffithGEDCOTel: 303-8698 Fax: [email protected]
ASSISTANT FINANCE DIRECTORPauline ChungMarathon Oil CorporationTel: 974-7673 Fax: [email protected]
PROGRAM DIRECTORElizabeth O’NeilSamson CanadaTel: 231-9904 Fax: [email protected]
ASSISTANT PROGRAM DIRECTORVern StasiukGSC - CalgaryTel: [email protected]
SERVICE DIRECTORLisa SackBurlington Resources CanadaTel: 260-1608 Fax: [email protected]
ASSISTANT SERVICE DIRECTORWayne DwyerConocoPhillips CanadaTel: 233-3727 Fax: [email protected]
SENIOR MANAGING EDITORAshton EmbryGSC - CalgaryTel: 292-7125 Fax: [email protected]
Continued on Page 9 . . .
C.H. AchesonShaun E. AlspachJohn AmblerJohn AndrichukGrey H.M. Austin
AndrDenis F. Bacon
eas BayerLorraine Beaupre
Thomas BoleantuTim Bird
John M. BrSimon L. Brame
owningFinley Campbell
Dean ClemensonBarney ClareJames E. Christopher
Canada Post Corporation
CorMurrary F.J. Cooper
excanaSteve S. CosburnDavis MPE, Inc.
Alice DesrWilliam G. DeanJames E. Day
ocherRein DeWitJames A. DolphDrummond Consulting
GrJohn L.J. Duhault
eg M. DybleDavid EricksonArthur Evans
Paul FuenningMyron D. Franks
Richard C. Galloway
Geo-Help Inc.Garuda Resources
James A. GenereuxR.N. GinsburgV. Richard GreenIndraman Halim-DihardjaSyed M. HasanBrad HayesClifford HermanDenise HodderW. Gordon HollandErnest C. HorvathTim HowardJudy & Jodi HughesJ. JansoniusBertram B. JarrettDavid Johnston
AubrDonald M. KentPaul A. Johnston
ey KerrJim KirkerIan K. KirklandSharna Laven
Patricia LeeDonald C. Lawton
S. LeggettC. Derek LesterWilfred LoucksBruce Lyon
Robin MannKim MacLean
David Q. MartinBarry MazurkewichR.C. McCasland Jr.Margaret MacIntyreKeith A. McAdam
G. Rae MorRonald M. Misko
gan
Eric WColeman W. Morton
. MountjoyDaryll MyhrCharles NewmarchNorthstar EnergyGodfrey Nowlan
R.G. OicleKarl Olson
Vic PaneiD.J. ParkerKevin ParksJune & Merv PedlowSteven W. Perry
Ray PriceKen PotmaMitchell L. Peters
Mrs. J. PurvisMr. & Mrs. H. PurvisS. Silver PurvisPeter E. PutnamIndraneel RaychaudhuriCindy RiedigerFrances K. RoessinghChristopher E. RuudLisa SackKatherine SammonsJames ScottChris Sigvaldason
Claus SitzlerPhilip S. Simony
Brad SpenceScott R. Smith
Michael S. Stanton
John StobartChris Steudler
Donald Stott
John G. StoutRoy A. Stuart
Suncor EnerGerald W. Sullivan
gy FoundationNeil Theissen
Jens FSato ToshiakiClinton Tippett
. TouborgJohn Townley IIIJohn ValentChristian Viau
TR.S. Voganed Watchuk
Craig G. WiebeEdwin Williams
GorUlrich Wissner
don Williams
Barry WJohn S. Wonfor
oodBrenda WrightDale A. Wright
Colin YG.C. Yamada
eoRay YolePhilip M. YoungAnonymous Donors: 79
Donations up to $499
John AndriukS.A. AntoniukBelloy Petroleum Consulting Ltd.Philip R. BrownCabre Exploration Ltd.Canadian Hunter Exploration Ltd.M.A. CarrigyBarney Clare
Andy EvansRoger N. Dueck
Paul GagnonBrian F.G. Fischer
R.P. Glaister
Gerald HendersonDon HolmesDave Hutchinson
Jenik Consultants Inc.Mike Hriskevich
Alan R. and Faye Keevil
Emmanuel MalterrD. Keith MacDonald
eMancal Energy Inc.Monica MedingMJ SystemsFrançois A. MontandonArne R. Nielsen
Brian NorfordReeves WirelineRozsa Petroleum Ltd.Samson Canada Ltd.John WallCharles WrightAnonymous Donors: 12
Donations of $500+
Alberta Energy Company Ltd.Andrew BaillieWilliam A. BellConoco Canada Ltd.
Robert H. EricksonHarley N. HotchkissSproule Associates Ltd.Darol J. Wigham
Donations of $5000+
2000The Millennium Strategy
THE CSPG EDUCATIONALTRUST FUND ENDOWMENTDEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
Apache Canada Ltd.APEGGAD.L. BarssTed BestBP AmocoCharles and Sandra BuckleyTony CadrinC.K. CaldwellCanadian Occidental PetroleumContinental Laboratories
(1985) Ltd.Decollement Consulting Ltd.
John A. DowningGeorge GrantAndrew HolderHusky Oil Operations Ltd.Ian HutcheonJack Gallagher FundTako KonigKeith A. LowellMike Ware Memorial FundMurphy Oil Company Ltd.Alice Payne & Allin FollensbeePetro-Canada Oil & Gas
Fred G. RayerKathryn ScalesDes SmithCharles StelckUldis UpitisIrmgard WeihmannHarry WoodwardAnonymous Donors: 6
Anonymous Donors: 2
Donations of $1000+
$1MC
SPG
EDU
CA
TIO
NAL TRUST FUND
$$
$$
$$
$$$$
$3M
TOTAL TO DATE:$ 420,271
$2M
For more informationon the Educational Trust Fund,
please visit www.cspg.org
Helping open doors that help open minds...
9
resume service. A jobsite on the CSPGwebsite which will allow students to postresumes, and corporate members to thenbrowse them, will be functional by thetime you read this editorial.
The second challenge is to make hiringsummer students more attractive tosmall businesses. Would a 1- or 2-dayseminar associated with the convention,and covering land sales, leasecontinuations, basic log interpretation,and the basics of an industry softwarepackage like Accumap allow 3rd and 4thyear students to contribute immediatelyon the job? It’s worth a trial.
SIFTThe annual Student-Industry Field Trip(SIFT) is one of the flagships of theOutreach committee, and, like theOutreach Tours, it is sponsored by theETF.This long-running program includes afield trip, rig tour, lectures, coreworkshops, and most importantly, an“exploration game” for approximately 30university-nominated 3rd-year students.The trip attracts some of the bestgeology students from across Canada. Itinitiates long-lasting friendships, and haslaunched many careers. The drawback isthat only one student a year from eachCanadian university gets access to thisopportunity.There are opportunities forvolunteers and corporate sponsors tobecome involved in SIFT.
CORPORATE PARTICIPATIONThe Outreach Committee recognizesthe need to link up industry companiesand students.This is the first stop if yourcompany is considering hiring students,donating educational material (cores,logs, cuttings), or funding university-levelresearch projects.
UNIVERSITY CONFERENCESTo paraphrase the words of an oldadage, “If Mohammed can’t come to themountain…let the mountain come toMohammed”. In this case, if the ETF isthe mountain, it does participate annuallyin regional university conferences likethe WIUGC and the AUGC, and the ETFis open to supporting other student-sponsored meetings. Financial help,prizes, and trophies are available, while
technical talks and an information boothdisseminate information about ourindustry and the Society.
STUDENT MEMBERSHIPSAlthough student memberships is theCPSG should be an excellent vehicle toinform students of the CSPG and thepetroleum industry, at least one studentconfided to me that there was “…nothingin the Reservoir but a bunch of old fartsand inaccessible talks” (ouch!). TheOutreach Committee has severalstrategies in mind to make the CSPGmore attractive to students, but we facethe promotional challenge of making ourpublications and memberships relevant toan ’outsider’.
SCHOLARSHIPS, AWARDSRegional awards and scholarships aregiven annually to graduate andundergraduate students to promoteadvanced education and research, and torecognize the contribution of research tosedimentary and/or petroleum geology.The winners of these awards arerecognized in the Reservoir.The focus istoward recognition within our geologicalcommunity rather than promotion of theCSPG and ETF within the universities.
Geology students graduating fromuniversities outside Alberta are oftenunaware of opportunities in thepetroleum industry. Our current glut ofbaby-boomers will start leaving theworkforce soon, leaving few replacements.Encouraging and mentoring youngprofessionals can be a mutually rewardingexperience. As you can see, the OutreachCommittee is working diligently toimprove ties between our industry andCanadian universities. Get involved!
If you’re interested in more information,in volunteering for the Outreachcommittee, in speaking for a universitytour, or in being a corporate sponsor foran outreach tour or any of the educationprograms, give Brad Hayes a call at(403)218-1607, or visit the website atwww.cspg.org/university_outreach.html.
Lisa A. Griffith, Finance Director
EXECUTIVE COMMENT (Continued from Page 7)
A MESSAGE FROM THE FINANCE DIRECTOR
BULLETINDONATIONS
The CSPG is once againseeking donations of pastissues of the Bulletin ofCanadian PetroleumGeology. Our digitalarchiving project isprogressing and we are nowseeking Bulletins dated priorto 1976. It is our desire toput together three sets ofjournals for shipping to ourproject partners at AAPGDatapages. Watch theReservoir for moreinformation on this projectand when you will be ableto access digital articlesonline.
If you are able to make adonation, please contact JaimèCroft, Communications Manager,at (403) 264-5610, ext. 203or [email protected].
COMING IN JULY…
Watch your July/Augustissue for the results of the2003 Membership Survey.Find out what you and yourfellow members really thinkabout the Society and itsprograms!
10
JUNE LUNCHEON
Ladyfern
SPEAKERThomas BoreenSuncor PGS
AUTHORSThomas BoreenSuncor PGSKelvin ColquhounApache Canada Ltd.
11:30 amThursday, June 12, 2003
TELUS CONVENTION CENTRECALGARY, ALBERTA
Please note:The cut-off date for ticket sales isWednesday, June 9th.Ticket price is $25.00 + GST
A Slave Point gas field discovery made inwinter 2000 at Ladyfern in BritishColumbia (Block H/94-H-1) is the largestonshore North American gasaccumulation found in 15 years. Thediscovery underlies established pipelinefairways and individual wells are capableof production rates in excess of 100mmcf/d. By the close of March 2002, 40wells were producing 785 million cubicfeet of gas per day, 5% of Canada’s naturalgas stream. The Ladyfern Slave Point gasfield is areally extensive, up to 100 square
kilometres, with a gas column greaterthan 100 m, and estimated reserves of500 bcf to 1 trillion cubic feet of gas inplace. Discovery of this most recentonshore “elephant” highlights Canada’stremendous untapped energy potential.
The Upper Devonian Slave PointFormation in north-central Alberta andBritish Columbia, Canada is anintermediate depth (2,000-3,500 m)bioclastic carbonate. A basement strike-slip structural regime associated with theHay River Fault Zone has controlled arealdistribution patterns of reservoir facies inthe Slave Point Formation and directlyinfluenced internal stratigraphy andcyclicity. At Ladyfern, episodic reactivationof these faults has resulted in extensivefracturing and created conduits forhydrothermal fluids which have variablyleached, dolomitized, and cemented therock. In areas of maximum extension nearfault intersections, intense dissolution,brecciation, and hydrothermaldolomitization has resulted in seismicallyresolvable collapse synclines at theMuskeg and Slave Point levels. TheLadyfern discovery confirms the viabilityof using wrench-fault-based hydrothermaldolomite exploration models forprospecting in carbonate units worldwide.
BIOGRAPHIESThomas Boreen is a senior explorationgeologist at Suncor Prospect GenerationGroup in Calgary, Alberta. He started his oiland gas career as a battery operator forHusky Oil Operations in 1981. He received aB.Sc. Honors in Geology from University ofSaskatchewan in 1987, a M.Sc. in clasticsedimentology from McMaster University in1989, and a Ph.D. in carbonate sedimentologyfrom Queen’s University in 1993. Sincegraduating, Dr. Boreen has worked as anexploration geologist and technical advisor fora number of international oil companiesincluding Home Oil Company, AndersonExploration Ltd., Shell Canada Ltd., ApacheCanada Ltd., and Suncor PGS. He haspublished numerous technical papers and hasreceived CSPG awards for Outstanding Ph.D.Thesis (1995), Link Award for outstandingtechnical presentation (1996), and C.S.P.G.Best Core presentation award (2002).
Kelvin Colquhoun is a senior staff geophysicistat Apache Canada Ltd. in Calgary,Alberta. Hegraduated with a B.Sc. in Physics fromBrandon University in 1990 and was trainedand employed as a geophysical processor andinterpreter by Shell Canada from 1987 to1999. Since joining Apache Canada Ltd. in1999 Kelvin has been instrumental in thediscovery of numerous high-impact Slave Pointoil and gas pools in northeast B.C.and Alberta.
Managing Hydrogen Sulfidethe Natural Way
SPEAKERTodd BeasleyNew Paradigm Gas Processing Ltd.
11:30 amTuesday, June 24, 2003
TELUS CONVENTION CENTRECALGARY, ALBERTA
Please note:The cut-off date for ticket sales isWednesday, June 18th.Ticket price is $25.00 + GST
North America's insatiable demand forenergy is forcing Exploration &
Production companies to search inincreasingly populated areas. In many ofthese areas, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) isencountered. Due to the health, safety,and environmental concerns of thesurrounding landowners and occupants,many of these projects face strongopposition and, inevitably, costly delays.
Bio-technology, specifically the use ofsulfur-reducing bacteria, has shown greatpromise to help with the production ofthese impurity-laden streams in aneconomic, intrinsically safe, andemissionless manner with respect toH2S and its combustion byproduct,sulfur dioxide (SO2).
This presentation will include discussionson the pioneering discovery ofchemosynthetic bacteria around deepsea hydrothermal vents. These ventseject, into the surrounding ocean, H2Swith concentrations in excess of 85%and at temperatures over 800 degreesFahrenheit. A family of sulfur-reducingmicroorganisms lives in these vents andfeeds on the H2S as it is released.Although first discovered at deep seavents, sulfur-reducing bacteria are someof the most common life forms on Earth.In fact, some scientists believe Earth'sability to sustain biological life is, in nosmall part, due to their presence.
JUNE LUNCHEON
11
New Paradigm Gas Processing Ltd. ofCalgary, together with Shell Global SolutionsInternational B.V. and Paques NaturalSolutions, both of the Netherlands, havesuccessfully commissioned the "World's FirstHigh Pressure Biological Gas DesulfurisationTechnology” for Canada's largest explorationand production company, Encana, usingnaturally occurring, sulfur-reducingThiobacillus microorganisms.
The project received 100% unanimoussupport of the surrounding landowners andoccupants. As a result, regulatory approvalwas received in under seven days.
BIOGRAPHYTodd Beasley is the founder of CCR TechnologiesLtd. and is the co-inventor of its gas-treatingchemical (GTC) refining technology.
GTCs-ethanolamines and glycols- are in use in over98% of the world’s natural gas processing andpetrochemical refining complexes and over timethey accumulate non-regenerable impurities.Performance reduction usually results. CCR'stechnology is uniquely capable of the simultaneousremoval of every major group of impurity,
accomplished while the production facility remainsin full operation.
For these achievements, Todd was co-awardednine method and apparatus patents. In 1996, hetook CCR public and in 1997, he established NewParadigm Gas Processing Ltd., a companydedicated to the creation or acquisition ofbiotechnology to be used in the purification ofH2S-laden gas streams. In 1999, New Paradigmjoined forces with Shell Global SolutionsInternational B.V. to advance its biotechnology andin early 2002, New Paradigm, Shell, Paques, andEnCana were successful in commissioning theworld's first high-pressure natural gas applicationof the technology near Patricia,Alberta Canada.
Licensed in Canada and in Central and SouthAmerica by New Paradigm, the technology wasdeveloped by Shell Global Solutions and PaquesNatural Solutions. It was originally developed forwaste-water treating but has now successfullybeen applied to low- and high-pressure gasstreams as well as refinery gas, synthesis gas, andliquid streams.
New Paradigm's website is www.npgas.ca
500, 777 - 8th Avenue SW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2P 3R5Tel: 403.265.0111 Fax: 403.294.9544 Email: [email protected] www.uogc.com
I N T E G R I T Y E X P E R T I S E R E L I A B I L I T Y
Advancing the processof reservoir management
Providing key reservoir engineering and geological solutions.
• Regional Mapping• 3D / 4D Reservoir Mapping for
Geo-steering• 3D Mapping, Characterization and
Visualization• Coalbed Methane Studies• Integrated Reservoir Studies
• Waterfl ood, Planning andOptimization
• Property Evaluations• Corporate Reserves• Simulation Studies• Production Engineering• Heavy Oil Studies (EOR, SAGD)
UNITED OIL & GASC O N S U L T I N G L T D.
12
INTERNATIONAL DIVISION
Chad W. Blain Datalog Technology Inc. Associate
Cameron J. Bolter Zapata Energy Corporation Associate
Dianne L. Dowling NCE Resources Group Inc. Associate
Louise M.A. Fortier Devon Canada Corporation Associate
Jacquelyn C. Frebrowski Blaze Energy Ltd. Associate
Sandy E.I. Lucas Veritas Geoservices Ltd. Associate
Larry J. Barkley ECL Canada Regular
Danielle Boivin Shell Canada Limited Regular
Cheryl R. Bok Husky Energy Inc. Regular
Gary D. Bugden Regular
Corinne S. Burton Canadian Natural Resources Ltd Regular
Yinghao Chen Schlumberger Canada Limited Regular
Roberta E. Delidais Wrangler West Energy Regular
Bonnie G. Derksen EBA Engineering Consultants Ltd. Regular
Rob G. Faunt Quintana Minerals Resources Corp. Regular
Victoria L. French ConocoPhillips Canada Limited Regular
Patricia Ann Gigantelli Alberta Energy And Utilities Board Regular
Michael Holmes Pro Geo Consultants Regular
Aklesh Jain Landmark Graphics Canada Inc. Regular
Zoran Jankovic Paramount Resources Ltd. Regular
Carmen M. Kercher Encana Corporation Regular
Eli M. Kostelnyk NAL Resources Regular
John C. McGilvary Husky Energy Inc. Regular
Darcy Reynolds Talisman Energy Inc. Regular
William E. Robinson Paramount Resources Ltd. Regular
Aaron AJ Santucci Matrix Petroleum Inc. Regular
Shaurat Sayani Husky Energy Inc. Regular
Mick M. Somerwil MGV Energy Inc. Regular
Teodor Stafie Baker Hughes Inteq Regular
Eric Swanbergson Norwest Corporation Regular
Victor Verkhogliad Tusk Energy Inc. Regular
Keith R. Diakiw University of Alberta Student
James A. Gilmore University of Calgary Student
NEW CSPG MEMBERS
Oil and Gas in the Gulf ofGuinea – Geology, FuturePotential and Opportunitiesfor International Explorers
SPEAKERRichard BrayExploration Consultants Ltd.
4:00 PMThursday, June 19, 2003
Great Room 1 & 2, 2nd Floor,Sandman Inn, 8th Street and 7thAvenue S.W., Calgary, Alberta
The Gulf of Guinea, extending from theNiger Delta through Equatorial Guineaand Cameroon has been a focus ofinternational exploration interest overthe past five years. Triton’s discovery ofthe Ceiba Field in the Rio Muni basin,Equatorial Guinea at the time of the1998/99 licence round sparked a surgeof industry activity, leading to thelicensing of almost all acreage in thebasin. Meanwhile the successfuldevelopment of the Zafio field,Equatorial Guinea and other deepwaterdiscoveries in Nigeria have maintainedinterest in the distal Niger Delta, which
offers largely untested deepwaterpotential across northwest EquatorialGuinea and the Joint DevelopmentZone. In neighbouring Cameroon,seismic and exploration drilling is nowpicking up after a long quiet period, witha new-play oil find in late 2002.
Geologically, the eastern Gulf of Guineacovers a variety of provinces with variedpetroleum systems and play types. Thenorth is dominated by the Tertiary NigerDelta basin with multiple reservoirdevelopment in the Miocene andPliocene and prolific Miocene sourcerocks. A toe-thrust belt providestrapping potential across northernEquatorial Guinea and the JDZ. TheTertiary system extends into thenorthern Douala Basin of EquatorialGuinea and Cameroon, where significantpotential exists for stratigraphicallycontrolled hydrocarbons. Further souththe Cretaceous-Tertiary Atlantic marginbasin has proved highly prospective inRio Muni, with source rocks at severallevels and prolific reservoirs in lateCretaceous deepwater sands. Thestructure is dominated by complexgravity-slide and salt tectonics. Thermal
and burial histories are also complex,exerting control on hydrocarbongeneration histories. Finally, the as yetuntested deepwater basin provides anew exploration frontier whereCretaceous source rocks andstratigraphically controlled deepwatersands are anticipated.
Significant potential and opportunitiesfor international new ventures remain inthe region, through new licensing, farm-in deals, and up-coming relinquishments.
BIOGRAPHYRichard is a consultant petroleum geologistwith over 20 years' of internationalexperience in the exploration industry. Heis currently a principle geoscientist andbusiness development manager for theConsulting Division of ECL. He graduated inGeology in 1978 and began working as alogging geologist on exploration drilling rigs.He joined Gaffney Cline and Associates asa petroleum geologist in 1981 and sincethat time he has worked as a consultantwith Exploration Consultants Ltd, GeotrackInternational, and other consultancyorganisations. Richard has also beeninvolved in running industry training
13
DIVISION PROFILE - SEDIMENTOLOGY DIVISION
The SedimentologyDivision’s mandateis to provide aforum for CSPGmembers thatare interested in
sedimentologyand sedimentary
processes in order toshowcase what is new and
current in sedimentology. Topics are wide-ranging and include both clastics and carbonates.
The division aims to provide informal brown-bag talks every month with a short summerbreak.The lunch-time talks start at noon andfinish before 1:00 pm. Talks typically averageabout 45 minutes followed by a shortquestion/discussion period. The location ofthe talks has moved to the EnCanaAmphitheater located on the 2nd floor in theCalgary Tower Center, 9th Ave., S.E. Speakersfor the luncheons will be sought fromindustry and academia to include topics insedimentology and other subjects pertaining
to sedimentary processes. New volunteersare always welcome.
Scott Leroux (EnCana) is the current divisionchair, with Scott Rose (Birch MountainResources) as the new co-chair. If you areinterested in joining the SedimentologyDivision e-mail listing which currently providesluncheon reminders, or if you care to suggesta technical topic or present a talk to thedivision, please contact Scott Leroux at (403)645-2419 or [email protected].
courses and his career has included two years asSenior Lecturer in Petroleum Geology at OxfordBrooks University and several years as a CourseDirector with the College of Petroleum andEnergy Studies in Oxford. He currently works in
project management and business developmentwith ECL, where he has recently been involved inmanaging geoscience and exploration projects inEquatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Namibia,Morocco, the Falkland Islands, and Libya.
INFORMATIONFor more information or to give a talk in thefuture, please contact Geoffrey Say at 403 263-0449 or e-mail at g.say at ecqc.com.
Figure 1 shows Alberta’s total gas production(red), marketed gas (green), exports to theUS (purple), and gas injected into storage(blue) in bcf per day averaged on a monthlybasis for the past two years (Source data:AEUB ST-3 Monthly Production Reports).
Because Alberta provides nearly 80% of thetotal Canadian natural gas production, trendsin Alberta can be assumed to reflectCanadian production. As seen in Figure 1,total production has declined from about 18bcf/d to 16 bcf/d over the past two yearswhile marketed gas has remained relativelyconstant – how is this possible?
Total production includes shrinkage and otherfactors. However, it also includes gasproduced and stored for sale at a later date.During the summer months when supplyexceeds demand the excess is injected intostorage reservoirs.This gas is later withdrawnto meet high demand during the winter. InJune 2001 we were storing over 1bcf/d forfuture production but during the summer of2002 we stored 30% less gas. Consequentlythe stored gas available for this past winterseason was much less than that for the prioryear. This left little cushion to meet peakdemand and consequently prices skyrocketed.
Additionally, gas exports to the United Statesclimbed substantially during 2002 – these levelscannot be maintained without a considerableincrease in production. What are theimplications if the U.S. economy strengthensand their demand for natural gas increases?
Are we capable of reversing this trend andincreasing the gas in storage during thesummer of 2003 or will we see an even moreserious problem next winter?
To be continued...
BIOGRAPHYDave Russum has spent more than 25 yearsexploring for hydrocarbons. He recentlycompleted an exhaustive study of Canada’sfuture gas supply and demand. He has developedsome unique approaches to both shorten thetimeframe and improve the results of explorationactivities. More information can be found atwww.geohelp.ab.ca.
INFORMATIONThis is part of a series of snapshots of theCanadian industry designed to provide up-to-dateinformation and give possible insights into thefuture of oil and gas exploration. Comments arestrictly the views of the author; however, yourfeedback is encouraged ([email protected]).
TRENDS IN THE CANADIAN OIL PATCHBY DAVE RUSSUM
Figure 1: Why Canadian gas prices rose last winter.
14
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“…It seems earth science is the forgottenscience in our classrooms. However, the need forprofessional geoscientists in our society has notdiminished, and is now greater than ever withconcerns over environmental issues such as cleanair, clean water and climate change. There is aneed for increased science literacy by the generalpopulation, so that the importance of science canbe fully appreciated…”
- L. Holmstrom
Until I stumbled upon a Geology courseduring university, I knew nothing of the earthsciences. I had spent years hiking in theCanadian Rockies without learning about thegeology at my feet. At the U of C, Rocks forJocks 201 opened my eyes to the earth wewalk on and irreversibly changed my academiccareer. I just wish that I had known somethingof these sciences before I got to university!
When I look back at my education in gradeschool, I was never introduced to thegeosciences.As an honor-role student aimingfor matriculation, I took advanced biology,
chemistry, and physics without ever hearingabout topics such as plate tectonics orgeologic time. Upon reflection, it seems thatthe geosciences were the forgottendisciplines in my grade school classroom.They still are today…
Increasing the profile of earth sciencesinside and outside of our schools is ofcritical importance to society, because anunderstanding of our Earth is fundamentalto intelligent debate on resourcemanagement, natural hazards, andenvironmental issues, which affect us all.Thestudents of today will become the managersof tomorrow who will be dealing with issuesrooted in the geosciences.
Unfortunately, the high school curriculumbypasses the earth sciences. Earth sciencecontent makes up a minor proportion ofjunior and intermediate school sciencecurricula and is often absent in the highschool curricula for pure science courses.British Columbia has more extensive earth
science content in its curricula than manyprovinces, offering Earth Science 11 andGeology 12 courses. Regrettably, theseprograms are often undersubscribed. Formany students and teachers it seems that theearth sciences carry the stigma of theancient, the unknown, and the impossible.Asa result, many of the top students who arepursuing post-secondary education inscience-related careers have little exposureto the geosciences.
Attempting to change provincial curricula toexplicitly include more earth science is adifficult and time-consuming process that hasresulted in many “fossilized” concepts. In orderto reach science students, it is necessary tofind a way to incorporate earth science intothe existing pure science curricula.The Yoho-Burgess Shale Foundation (TYBSF) and a teamof dedicated professional geologists havedeveloped the unique “Applied ContinuumTheory,” to introduce earth science into thepure science curricula. This cross-curricularapproach illustrates scientific principles taught
EARTH SCIENCE EDUCATION:A UNIQUE APPROACH INSIDE AND OUTSIDE THE CLASSROOM
BY DAN CLARK, THE YOHO-BURGESS SHALE FOUNDATION
ROCK SHOP
16
in biology, chemistry, and physics with real-world examples from earth science. Thebenefit of this approach is that it does notrequire a change to the curricula! The puresciences cannot help but be enriched by theinclusion of earth science examples andactivities because the theory becomes morerelevant to students as it is related to theirsurroundings. TYBSF offers training to highschool science teachers through the “MakingConnections: Science in the Mountains” earthscience enrichment workshop offered August22-24, 2003. This course is designed toincrease the teacher’s knowledge of geologywhile providing them with the tools toenhance their existing curricula with moreearth science examples.
Outside of the curriculum are numerouseducational opportunities on guided hikesand walks.TYBSF provides a variety of earthscience educational programs during thesummer holidays from July 1 to September15. These include guided hikes to theBurgess Shale (Walcott Quarry) and Mt.Stephen fossil beds. There is no better wayto gain a sense of the scale of the earthsciences than on a high mountain hike whereyou are surrounded by impressive peaks!Geology is a massive topic and the bestclassroom is one without walls. These
programs are available to students andteachers as well as the general public.
In celebration of the UNESCO InternationalYear of Fresh Water, TYBSF is conductingtwo feature programs that investigatethemes linked to water.These programs aremade more widely accessible to the publicthrough generous assistance from theSuncor Energy Foundation. The first is a“Guided Hike on Climate Change” on theIceline Trail in Yoho National Park. On thisspectacular trip, participants hike closeenough to touch a glacier while learningabout climate of the past, present, andpossibly the future. The second program isdesigned especially to educate and excitekids 6-12 about the earth sciences. In “TheMysterious Death of Ancient OceanMonsters” children will actively participatein a search for clues to solve the mysteriesof the extinction of trilobites. Modern dayarthropods and Cambrian fossils provide theclues. These non-curricular activities inspirean appreciation of geosciences that willtranslate to increase science literacy for thechildren and adults who participate.
Changes in earth science education sproutfrom the timely and essential transfer of newknowledge and paradigms among the
research community, teachers, and students.This revolution will promote inquiry-basedinvestigations and new strategies inclassrooms. At a deeper, more importantlevel, the changes TYBSF are promoting inearth science education are essential to ourfuture. A citizenry literate in the earthsciences is essential to inform political andeconomic decisions that effect people onlocal, regional and global levels.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSLisa Holmstrom and a team of volunteers havebeen instrumental in developing the “AppliedContinuum Theory.” The volunteers are PhilipBenham (Shell), Clinton Tippett (Shell), Jon Dudley(CNRL), Charles Henderson (U of C), DarrenEdwards (Shell), and Stan Stancliffe (Esso).
Sponsorship of the Teacher Training Workshophas been provided by the EdGeo program of theCanadian Geoscience Education Network,Suncor Energy Foundation, Canadian GeologicalFoundation, and CSPG Educational Trust Fund.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONIS AVAILABLE AT:Website: www.burgess-shale.bc.caPhone: 1-800-343-3006E-mail: [email protected]
17
18
DATE: June 2-6, 2003EVENT: 2003 CSPG/CSEG Annual
Convention - “Partners in a New Environment”LOCATION: Round Up Centre, Stampede Park, Calgary, Alberta
INFORMATION: For more information please contact Lori Humphrey-ClementsTel: 403-264-5610Email: [email protected]
DATE: June 23, 2003EVENT: CSEG Technical Luncheon
LOCATION: Telus Convention Centre – 11:30 amINFORMATION: CSEG Speaker: Robert Vestrum (Veritas)
Title: Smearing the Sideslip and Other AnisotropyProblems - Or " Don't hate me because I ambeautiful: 3D anisotropic depth migration in theCanadian Foothills". Ticket Orders: Contact LisaEastman, CSEG Volunteer Ticket Coordinator.Deadline:Wed before Monday Lunch, Price -$25+GST ($26.75) See CSEG website - underUpcoming Luncheon for ticket order form
DATE: August 10-14, 2003EVENT: GeoSciEd IV: Earth Science
for the Global CommunityLOCATION: Calgary, Alberta
INFORMATION: The fourth international meeting for earth scienceteachers from elementary to university level, and forearth scientists who deliver educational outreachprograms through their communities, museums, orscience centres.The purpose is to share ideas andconcepts in earth science education and in thedevelopment of programs that lead to an integrated
understanding of the Earth.The innovative technicalprogram will include keynote addresses, workshops,and oral and poster sessions. Field trips will visitmany world-renowned sites of interest including theRocky Mountains, the Burgess Shale, the Royal TyrrellMuseum of Paleontology, the Frank Slide, and theAthabasca Glacier.Please visit www.geoscied.org for details.
DATE: September 21-24, 2003EVENT: The Society for Organic Petrology (TSOP),
20th Annual MeetingLOCATION: Washington, D.C.
INFORMATION: Dr. Peter Warwick, US Geological Survey, 956 NationalCentre, Reston,Virginia 20192 USA; Phone (703) 648-6469; Fax (703) 648-6419; E-mail: [email protected];Futher details: http://www.tsop.org/mtgdc.htmAbstracts due 4/15/03. Oral and poster sessionsSeptember 22-23.Topics include petroleum systems,source rocks, coalbed methane, coal characterization(Ron Stanton memorial session), government, andenergy. Short courses (Sept. 21) on trace elements incoal and health impacts of coal plus a core workshopon coal and petroleum source rocks of the NationalPetroleum Reserve in Alaska. Field trip (Sept. 24) ongeology and energy resources of the Triassic basins ofnorthern Virginia.
2003 CALENDAR OF EVENTS
Please visit www.cspg.org to download or printthe monthly version of the calendar of events.
CSPG VOLUNTEERCOORDINATOR
If you are looking for avolunteer opportunity
within the CSPG, Blythe will be happy to help youfind your volunteer niche.
She can also provide informationabout any of the Society’s numerous
committees if you require it.
Blythe will also assist with findingreplacements for current committee
volunteers who need a changeand help them to find differentvolunteer opportunities in the
Society, if desired.
Blythe Lowe can be reachedin Calgary at 403-290-3516.
Give her a call!
In accordance with Article VI, subparagraph (a) of the By-Laws, theNominating Committee hereby calls for Nominations to Stand forElection to the 2004 Executive Committee of the Canadian Society ofPetroleum Geologists. Nominations are to be made in writing, signedby at least twenty-five members in good standing and endorsed by thenominee who is consenting to stand for office. Nominations should beforwarded to the CSPG office by September 15, 2003. The slate ofcandidates will be published in the November Reservoir and theelection will take place on November 30, 2003. The following vacanciesexist for 2004:
Vice PresidentAssistant Finance DirectorAssistant Program DirectorAssistant Services Director
Successful candidates for the Directorships will serve two-year termsand the elected Vice President, a three-year term. Interested partiesshould contact the office for details and general requirements ofservice on the Executive.
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The latest in high-efficiency premiumopen hole logging systems – FOCUSfrom Baker Atlas – will make itsdebut in the Western Canadian market in the summer of 2003. All ofthe downhole instruments have beenredesigned, incorporating advanceddownhole sensor technology, intoshorter, lighter, more reliable logginginstruments, capable of providing for-mation evaluation measurements withthe same precision and accuracy as theindustry’s highest quality sensors, atmuch higher logging speeds (up totwice the speed of conventional triple-combo and quad-combo logging toolstrings). The logging system consistsof the four major open hole measure-ments, plus auxiliary services.
� Array Resistivity (FOCUS HDIL) –includes real-time 1-D radial inver-sion processing for more accuratemeasurements of Rxo and Rt.
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At first glance, one would ask “whydoes the Canadian formation evalua-tion market need another triple
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The opportunity to redesign a classic quad combo provided forinstrument redesign with an emphasison today’s issues in development welllogging—wellsite efficiency and dataaccuracy. The introduction of FOCUS,the latest high-efficiency, high-accuracy, short-string quad or triplecombo, has proven during field testing in Western Canada that a new benchmark in these attributes ispossible. Field tests have demonstrat-ed a consistent improvement in accu-rate open hole data, centered aroundinstrument reliability and minimizedlogging time through logging speedand rig up/down efficiency.
Real-time quality control andanalysis at the wellsite accelerates theusability of acquired data, translatingto a variety of value-adding productsto the operator. Improved measure-ment quality has some significantadvantages over current approaches—from fast and reliable formation evalu-ation for reserve estimation to accuratedelineation of reservoir intervals forimproved completion efficiency.Adding to that modern use of web-enabled data transfer and viewing
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22
The Extraordinary Odyssey ofR. G. McConnell
The following, relating to the North West andHudson’s Bay Companies exploration inCanada’s far northwest, will hopefully serveto set the stage for the subsequent roleplayed by R. G. McConnell during his 1887 -1888 exploration of the Mackenzie River andYukon basins.
Arduous and extensive travel, within relativelyuninhabited regions of Canada, has been thetradition of those dedicated Geological Surveyof Canada’s geologists, past and present, whohave chosen to spend successive seasons in thefield. This calling was particularly evidentfollowing the Hudson’s Bay Companyrelinquishment of it’s Rupert’s Land territory inlate 1869 and the subsequent incorporation, in1870, of this vast area into the burgeoningDominion of Canada. It was propitious, at thisjuncture, that Alfred R. C. Selwyn had replaced
Sir William E. Logan to become the seconddirector of the Survey, a position he held until1895. As the new director, he undoubtedlyproposed that reconnaissance mapping beundertaken in the territory formerlycomprising Rupert’s Land (Hudson’s Baywatershed), as well as those lands in northwestCanada lying within the Arctic watershed. Itwas self-evident that in order to expeditiouslymap these remote and relatively unexploredtracts of land it was necessary to traverse theirnavigable rivers. The preponderance of andaccessibility to rock outcrops, flanking theirshores, would afford a optimum of geologicalinformation. The season for field investigationin northern Canada is understandably short,being confined to a period between late springbreakup of ice on the lakes and rivers and theirfreezing over in early autumn.
These late 19th-century Survey geologistsmade good use of their interdisciplinary skills.This knowledge enabled them to incorporate
in their geological reports not only economicsynopses relating to the occurrences andlocations of minerals, including coal andpetroleum that they observed, but commentsdirected to climactic conditions andagricultural capabilities. The identity of nativetrees and small plants were documentedaccording to their formal taxonomic namesand flowering specimens were collected forfurther classification by botanical specialists inOttawa. Collections of fossil specimens wereof paramount importance in unraveling theage(s) of the stratigraphic sequenceencountered, particularly in those hithertounmapped areas of much of northwestCanada. The tribal affiliation of the variousindigenous natives they came in contact withwere identified according to their linguisticstock. The names and locations of active orabandoned Hudson’s Bay trading posts,including independent operators, wereindicated on the Survey’s late 19th centurygeologic maps of northwest Canada. Historic
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accounts, contained in reports by the Survey’sgeologists, of those explorers who hadpreviously visited their respective areas ofstudy, served to chronologically acknowledgetheir predecessor’s exploits.
Indispensable to the successful operations ofthe Survey’s geological parties, particularly inunfamiliar regions, were the Métis, natives, andwhite men, who had honed their skills tosurvive in the harsh environment. Some wereengaged by the geologists as boat and canoebuilders, but for the most part, they servedthem as guides and boatmen in expediting thenavigating of lakes and rivers. Many of theMétis had formerly been employed asvoyageurs in service of the Hudson’s BayCompany and were well acquainted with thepotential hazards of the rivers. Their manualduties involved long stretches of paddling,poling through or “running” the rapids,backpacking supplies and equipment andtransporting the wooden boats and canoesacross portages. In ascending swift-flowing,rapid-infested rivers, it became necessary forthese stalwart servants to engage in thegrueling and beast-like task of tracking, aprocedure which involved the hauling intandem their craft upstream.
The onset of the decline of the Hudson’s BayCompany’s commerce in furs hadcommenced at least a decade before it hadrelinquished Rupert’s Land to the Dominionof Canada. Accompanying this decline was theabandonment of many of it’s trading posts,resulting in the disengagement or transfer ofpost employees. More significantly, theirclosing impacted the livelihood of thevoyageurs involved with the annual furbrigades.These consisted of the transport oftrade goods in spring to the “upper country”and the return during late summer with fursdestined for their eastern depots. Many ofthese former voyageurs had chosen to residein northwest Canada with their nativepartners and children. These venturousindividuals, most of whom were of French-Canadian descent, as well as their Métisprogeny, were the tangible legacy left by theCompany. It was only logical that theGeological Survey of Canada’s field partieswould benefit from the recruitment of theseexperienced and knowledgeable river men.The natives of northwest Canada, whosehereditary life-style was inextricablydependent on the systems of lakes and rivers,were also availed upon by the Survey’sgeologists to serve as canoe builders,paddlers, guides, packers, and hunters.
The far northwest was to experience a newera of exploration by a group of explorerswhose motivation, unlike their predecessors,
was not bent on the quest for new fur-bearing regions, but was purely scientific inscope. Lawrence J. Burpee (The Search forthe Western Sea, pub. Mission, 1908, p. 57)succinctly enunciates the chronology of theexploration phases by stating: “If the historyof exploration in the far west is divided intothree periods, the first may be said to be theNorth West Company, the second theHudson’s Bay Company, and the third theGeological Survey of Canada.”
Immediately following AlexanderMackenzie’s epic journey in 1789 to theArctic Sea, along the river named in hishonour, its drainage basin becamerecognized as an accessible, untapped regionfor the trafficking of furs. Mackenzie wasassociated with the North West Companyduring the period of his voyage, having beenmade a full partner in 1787. The XYCompany (New North West Company)came into existence in 1798 and resultedfrom a dissatisfied faction which hadextricated themselves from their formerCompany. the denotation of the letters“XY” were not abbreviated words but wererather akin to a cattle brand, which wasstamped on their bales of fur so as toprevent confusion with those of the NorthWest Company. In late 1804 the two rivalsmerged, under the North West Companybanner, to become a formidable competitorto the Hudson’s Bay Company.
It was during the first decade of the 19thcentury that the more aggressive North WestCompany made incursion into the MackenzieRiver valley, establishing trading posts alongthe length of the Mackenzie River. Theseestablishments were usually located at theconfluences of some of its major tributaries,namely: the original Fort Liard (later renamedFort Simpson), Fort Norman, and the originalFort Good Hope. North West Companyposts, pre-dating 1812, were situated up majortributaries of the Mackenzie River, notablyFort aux Liards on the lower reaches of theLiard (Liard being a French name for a varietyof poplar tree) and Fort Nelson, located onthe upper reaches of the Fort Nelson River.The latter river was originally referred to asthe “East Branch of the Liard River.”
The relatively unrestricted competitivenessthat the North West Company enjoyed in thefar northwest was short-lived. The altruisticmotives of Lord Selkirk in establishing acolony in 1812 of disposed crofters in theRed River Métis settlement of Rupert’s Landsent reverberations throughout thenorthwest. He and his family, by accumulatinga major portion of Hudson’s Bay Stock,obtained from the Company a vast land grant
which they designated “Assiniboia”. It hadcomprised an area which now consists ofportions of Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Ontario,North Dakota, and Minnesota. Conflict,instigated by the Métis and North WestCompany, commenced from its inception. Anembargo had been placed on the export ofpemmican from the colony in 1814, whichresult had placed the livelihood of the Métisbuffalo hunters and their families in jeopardy.The ensuing violence and vandalismculminated in 1816 at Seven Oaks with themassacre, by the Métis, of 21 of the colonists,including Robert Semple, their governor.Although the Nor’Westers were not directlyinvolved in the slaughter, they werenevertheless implicated as accessories. Theanimosity between the two companiescontinued to persist, when paradoxically, itwas terminated by their union.
In 1820, George Simpson was sent by theHudson’s Bay London committeeheadquarters to the Athabasca district duringthe simmering rancor of the rivalingcompanies. He had been sent there fromLondon as a potential replacement for thethen Governor Williams, should the latter bearrested by the North West Company.Williams’ arrest never came to pass since thefeuding parties differences were resolved bytheir amalgamation in 1821. The expandedHudson’s Bay Company was now master of itsfar-flung domain, having effected a monopolyof the fur trade in both the Hudson’s Bay andArctic drainage systems.
With the merger a fait accompli, Simpsonwas appointed governor of the NorthwestDepartment and in 1826 was promoted togovernor of the Company’s operations inBritish North America. As governor, hebecame familiar, through his extensivetravels, with not only the geography of theremote terrains he administered, but alsothe personnel who operated the company’sposts. His insatiable curiosity concerninghis chief factors, chief traders, clerks,postmasters, and servants were recorded inhis ‘Character Book’ which was a personalassessment of each employee expressed ina detached manner and unequivocal candor.(Hudson’s Bay Miscellany 1670 - 1870, TheHudson’s Bay Record Society, 1975, vol.XXX. pp. 167 - 236) His God-likejudgement appears to have been seasonedby his egotism. George Simpson wasknighted in 1841 for his organizationalskills, business acumen, and explorationachievements. He also received, during histenure, a second dubbing by his compatriotswith the sobriquet: “The Little Emperor”.
To be continued . . .
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2003 CSPG / CSEG CONVENTIONPARTNERS in a new ENVIRONMENT
OrganizingCommittee:General Co-Chair(CSPG)
Wayne FooHardisty Resources Ltd.
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A product of United Oil & Gas Ltd.Paradigm Geophysical Canada Ltd.Divestco.comArcis CorporationPulse Data Inc.
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26
PETROLEUM INDUSTRY COURSESGEOLOGY OF THE WESTERN CANADIAN SEDIMENTARY BASINDate: June 16, 17, & 18, 2003 Cost: $963.00 incl. GSTInstructor: Bill AyrtonIdeal for those who wish to improve their geological understanding of where and how we look for oil and gas fields in Western Canada.• Visualize what Western Canada looked like throughout history, for
example, the position of the sea versus land, what sediments were deposited, and what type of life that existed and evolved.
• Review the importance of each major stratigraphic unit, ie. Devonian, Mississippian, Cretaceous, etc.
• Discuss the geological and seismic expression of typical oil and gas fields in each unit.
CALGARY TO BANFF FIELD TRIPDate: June 20, 2003 Cost: $160.50 incl. GSTInstructor: Bill AyrtonUseful for anyone working in the oil and gas industry, and interested in the geological features so beautifully displayed in our mountains. Individuals wanting to understand the geology underlying the Plains, the Foothills, and the Rockies and their fundamental relationship to our search for oil and gas, will find this field trip worthwhile. We will:• Review the oil and gas potential of each of these areas.• Make a number of stops at classic locations including a short
hike to the Grassi Lakes reef section.• Illustrate how the magnificent exposures seen in the Rockies
can help with the subsurface interpretation of the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin.
• Appreciate the tectonic forces of mountain building.
WHO SHOULD ATTENDNew geologists, engineers, geophysicists and landmen, as well as summer students entering the industry for the first time will find the courses a very beneficial introduction to the petroleum industry. These courses will be extremely useful to nonprofessional and support staff in the oil and gas industry, as well as accountants, lawyers, brokerage and financial personnel working primarily alongside the oil and gas industry.
TO REGISTERTo request a brochure, to register, or to obtain additional information regarding in-house and upcoming courses contact:
Ayrton Exploration Consulting Ltd.Tel: (403) 262-5440
Email: [email protected]
Or visit our website: www.ayrtonexploration.com
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2003 CSPG / CSEG CONVENTION PARTNERS in a new ENVIRONEMNTEXHIBITORS as of April 21, 2003
28
The recent article “Net-To-Gross Ratios” byEtris and Stewart (Etris, N. and Stewart, B.2003) raised some valid points to clarifyconcepts of net pay, net thickness, and net-to-gross ratios.Their example 2 shows that netpay is characterized by (relatively) highporosity, high permeability, and highhydrocarbon saturation. User-defined cutoffsof these characteristics determine theamount of net pay. My note has to do withnaturally fractured reservoirs (NFR) whereintervals with low porosity and lowpermeability, which do not meet conventionalcutoff criteria, can constitute net pay.
It has been found through selective perforating,production logs, and rock mechanicsexperiments in cores, that for the same physicalenvironment and stresses – other things beingequal – the amount of natural fracturingincreases as porosity and permeability of thehost rock decreases. This in turn leads to therecommendation, that unless there issupporting information to the contrary, it isbetter not to use porosity and permeability ascutoff criteria in NFR.The message is not thatwe should forget about intervals with highporosities and permeabilities, but rather thatwe should never overlook low permeability andlow porosity intervals in NFR.
Darcy’s law indicates that fluid rate is equal topermeability times area times pressuredifferential divided by fluid viscosity anddistance. The reservoir area exposed to thewellbore is typically very small. For lowpermeability reservoirs, that small area doesnot allow significant hydrocarbon flow intothe wellbore. However, if there is naturalfracturing around the wellbore that extendsthroughout a large portion of the reservoir,the matrix area exposed via the fractures canbecome quite significant. In this case theproduct of the large area times the smallpermeability can allow very efficienthydrocarbon flow from matrix to fracturesand then to the wellbore, constituting what isusually known as a dual-porosity reservoir.
In a “conventional” unfractured reservoir, therock must be capable of allowing directhydrocarbon flow into the wellbore toconstitute net pay. In a NFR, the rock, usuallycalled matrix by reservoir engineers, does nothave to necessarily permit direct hydrocarbonflow into the wellbore to constitute net pay.Figure 1 shows a schematic of a multi-layered
NFR (Aguilera,R. and Aguilera,M. S. 2001).Theproduction log shows that there are only twozones where fluids enter the wellbore.However, the whole section from top tobottom is net pay.
If porosity and permeability are not advisablein many cases as cutoff criteria, how can weestimate net pay in a NFR from wellboredata? In my experience, water saturation,shaliness, and pore throat aperture, as well askeeping an eye on well-testing data, providereasonable criteria.
I have many times used water saturationcutoffs in the order of 55%, although there areexceptions. When calculating Sw (e.g., Sw
n =(aRw)/(φmRt)) keep in mind that the dualporosity exponent m of the fractured intervalsis smaller than the porosity exponent mb ofonly the matrix as determined fromunfractured plugs. Be also careful with thescaling of matrix porosity to avoid potentialerrors in the calculation of Sw. (Aguilera, R. andAguilera, M. S. 2003).The larger the amount ofnatural fracturing, the smaller the value of mwill be. A useful assumption is that therequired water saturation exponent n isapproximately equal to m.
Shaliness is also a very important cutoffcriterion. As plasticity increases there is lessprobability of finding fractures.Therefore Vshale
is very valuable for determining net pay in NFR.The variability of Vshale as a cutoff can be quitesignificant from reservoir to reservoir. Forexample, there are reservoirs where fracturedshales produce at commercial oil and gas rates.
Pore throat apertures of the matrix can beestimated from mercury injection capillarypressures. If not available, there are empiricalcorrelations that can help in the determinationof the pore throat apertures. Particularly usefulare the Winland r35 pore throat aperture asexplained by Martin et al (Martin,A. J., Solomon,S.T., and Hartmann, D. J. 1997).The derived rp35radii can than be superimposed directly onPickett plots (Aguilera, R. 2002a, 2002b). Martinet al provide potential oil rates that can beobtained from different pore throat sizes.
Well-testing data can help to determine, viathe “valley” generated by the pressurederivative, if the tight matrix is contributingproduction to the fractures (not to thewellbore). Also, a derivative with a negative
slope of 0.5 might indicate that fractures notintersected by the wellbore could becontributing to production.
Determining whether zones of low porosityand / or low permeability contribute net payis not an easy problem. But by keeping inmind the guidelines presented above, a morerealistic estimate of net pay should beobtainable for naturally fractured reservoirs.
REFERENCESAguilera, R. 2002a. Incorporating CapillaryPressure, Pore Throat Aperture Radii, Height AboveFree Water Table, and Winland r35 Values onPickett Plots.AAPG Bulletin, v. 86/4, p. 605-624.
_________. 2002b. Determination of MatrixFlow Units in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs.Paper 2002-157, presented at the PetroleumSociety Canadian International PetroleumConference. Calgary, Canada, June 11-13, 2002.
Aguilera, R. and Aguilera, M. S. 2001. Well TestAnalysis of Multi-Layered Naturally FracturedReservoirs with Variable Thickness and VariableFracture Spacing. Journal of Canadian PetroleumTechnology, v.40/12, p. 9-12.
________________________. 2003. ImprovedModels for Petrophysical Analysis of Dual PorosityReservoirs. Petrophysics, v.34/1, p. 21-35.
Etris, N. and Stewart, B. 2003. Net-To-GrossRatio. CSPG Reservoir, v. 30/4, p. 24-25.
Martin, A. J., Solomon, S. T., and Hartmann, D. J.1997. Characterization of Petrophysical FlowUnits in Carbonate Reservoirs, AAPG Bulletin, v.81/5, p. 734-759.
NET PAY IN NATURALLY FRACTURED RESERVOIRSBY ROBERTO AGUILERA, PH.D., P.ENG., SERVIPETROL LTD., CALGARY, CANADA
Figure 1: Schematic of multi-layered, naturallyfractured reservoir. Production log at left shows twozones where hydrocarbons enter the wellbore.However, the whole interval from top to bottom isnet pay in this case.
29
KEEPING TRACK
TRENT REHILL New:
Senior Development GeologistChevronTexaco Overseas Petroleum
Partitioned Neutral Zone (PNZ), Kuwait
Previous:Block 14 BBLT - Development
CoordinatorChevronTexaco Overseas Petroleum
Luanda, Angola
TAKO KONINGNew:
Angola Residential Representative,Yme Foundation (NGO involved with
water well drilling & communityassistance in Angola)
Previous:Kwanza Basin Exploration Manager
ChevronTexaco, Luanda, Angola(retired after 29 years worldwide with
ChevronTexaco)
BIOGRAPHYDr. Roberto Aguilera is president of Servipetrol Ltd.and an Adjunct Professor in the Chemical andPetroleum Engineering Department at theUniversity of Calgary, where he concentrates inteaching about the theoretical and practicalaspects of naturally fractured reservoirs. He is apetroleum engineering graduate from theUniversidad de America at Bogota, Colombia andholds M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in Petroleum
Engineering from the Colorado School of Mines.He has presented his course on NaturallyFractured Reservoirs and has rendered consultingservices throughout the world. He is aDistinguished Author of the Journal of CanadianPetroleum Technology, a recipient of theOutstanding Service award from the PetroleumSociety of CIM and a SPE Distinguished Lectureron the subject of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs.
EXPLORATION AND TECHNOLOGY UPDATEPRELIMINARY TECTONIC MAP OF THE WESTERN CANADA SEDIMENTARY BASIN
30
BY ZEEV BERGER AND XIANG WANG, IMAGE INTERPRETATION TECHNOLOGIES INC. (IITECH)
INTRODUCTIONFor many years, most exploration geologistshave regarded the Western CanadaSedimentary Basin (WCSB) as a “stratigraphicbasin”, and consequently a great deal ofresearch has been done to establish the
stratigraphic framework of this basin.However,little attention has been directed to themapping and analysis of the main tectonicelements present in the WCSB, nor to theirstyle of deformation and potential influence onhydrocarbons plays.The benefits of this latter
approach have been well demonstrated inregional tectonic studies (Barclay et al., 1990;Ross, 1990; Ross et al., 1994), and through arecent geological study by Davies (1996),whichillustrates the strong link between deep-seatedfaults and the development of hydrothermaldolomite (HTD) reservoirs in the Devonianand Mississippian sections of the basin.
During the past several years, IITech has hadthe opportunity to conduct a number ofregional geologic studies in the WCSB.Thesestudies relied primarily on the analysis of high-resolution aeromagnetic (HRAM) data, andregional seismic lines that were assembledfrom both published and unpublished sources.The knowledge and expertise gained throughthis work allowed IITech to begin assembling anew tectonic map of the WCSB. In this paper,we wish to illustrate some of the majorfindings from this effort. It is important tomention that the maps shown here have beengeneralized and represent work in progress.There are two objectives to this paper: first, toillustrate the styles of deformation of variousgeological structures present in the basin, andsecond, to demonstrate the benefits ofintegrating regional seismic and HRAM dataduring basin analysis.We also plan to publish afollow-up paper illustrating the control ofsome of these structures on varioushydrocarbon plays in the WCSB.
GENERALIZED TECTONIC MAPA generalized tectonic map illustrating the keyfaults and fracture systems identified in thenorthern portion of the WCSB is shown inFigure 1. This map was compiled frompublished data as well as from ourinterpretation of HRAM and regional seismicdata.Two major aspects related to the faultingare illustrated in this figure: (1) style ofdeformation; and (2) time of motion. From astructural-style point of view, the structuralelements have been divided into twocategories: (1) basement-involved structures;and (2) detached structures (mostly relatedto shallow thrusting). Basement structuresmay be further subdivided into those thatfollow basement lithological boundaries andthose that intersect these boundaries.
The tectonic map in Figure 1 attempts tohighlight motion of individual faults, as well asoutline the extent of the area affected byparticular tectonic episodes. For example, thearea affected by the Cretaceous-TertiaryLaramide Orogeny is highlighted in green onthe map. Four major tectonic events are
Figure 1. Generalized tectonic map of the northern part of the West Canada Sedimentary Basin.Two excellent examples of reactivation along NE-trending faults are highlighted in this figure (pink boxes): theMonias Field and the Gambill Shear Zone (GSZ).
Continued on Page 32 . . .
32
recognized: (1) Proterozoic deformation, whichincludes the Wopmay Orogeny, MiddleProterozoic extension and subsequentcontraction, as well as rifting in the LateProterozoic; (2) Devonian-Carboniferousdeformation, such as the Antler Orogeny,whichincludes the collapse of the Peace River Arch;(3) Triassic-Cretaceous foreland extension andcontraction of the Columbian Orogeny; and (4)Cretaceous-Tertiary foreland contraction ofthe Laramide Orogeny.
A more detailed version of this map includesa third element which consists of oil and gaspools that are clearly controlled by faulting.These pools are divided into three categories:structural traps, stratigraphic traps, andcombination traps.
ANALYSIS OF KEY STRUCTURAL ELEMENTSWITH SEISMIC AND HRAM DATAFigure 2 illustrates how available magnetic andregional seismic data can be used to assessthe style, intensity, and timing of deformationof key structures in the basin. The GSCregional magnetic data (2a) highlights themagnetic signature of the major basementfeatures observed in northeast BritishColumbia. The HRAM and regional seismicdata further enable us to divide the whole
area into two zones (separated by the greenline): (1) the eastern area, which was notsignificantly affected by the LaramideOrogeny; and (2) the western area, which wasstrongly affected by Laramide Orogeny.
The portion of the WCSB east of thedeformation front is characterized bybasement structures that can often berecognized in the magnetic data. However,faults associated with these structures do notform strong and coherent expressions onseismic data. In addition, these faults generallydie out in the Mesozoic section and rarelyshow evidence of Laramide movement. Insituations like these, HRAM data become veryuseful for detecting basement faults. Forexample, the complex fault pattern of the HayRiver Shear Zone (HRSZ) can easily berecognized in the HRAM data of Figure 2b.Theimagery reveals that the main fault zone iscrosscut and offset by several northwest-trending features that may form a series oftilted fault blocks with small “pull-apartbasins”.A seismic line across the HRSZ (Figure2c) reveals that the extension of theProterozoic flower structure is characterizedby extensional structures in the Paleozoic andlower Mesozoic strata. Figure 2d illustrates thepossible kinematic relationship between
movement along the NE-trending HRSZ andregional compressional principal stress duringthe Laramide deformation. The seismicinterpretation shown in Figure 2e shows thatthe HRSZ is characterized by a positive flowerstructure in Precambrian strata and hybridflower structures structure within thePaleozoic and lower Mesozoic strata, whichimplies reactivations of the HRSZ, possiblyduring the Antler and Laramide orogeniesrespectively. This variation in structural styleswithin the HRSZ possibly resulted frommultiple reactivation events with differentsense of movement during Phanerozoic time.
The basement in the area west of thedeformation front is relatively deeper. Majorbasement structures within this portion ofthe basin are characterized by folded and / ornormal fault-bounded basement highs.Normal faults cutting across Precambrian andPaleozoic strata may have resulted fromthrust loading during Laramide time. TheHRAM data in Figure 2f shows that low- andhigh-frequency magnetic anomalies can beused to detect basement and near surfacestructures respectively. The major structuralstyle shown in Figure 2g is characterized byfolds and thin-skin thrusts influenced bybasement structures. The presence of
Figure 2. Structural Styles in northeast British Columbia. (a) GSC regional aeromagnetics; (b) Residual HRAM (Fugro and IITech proprietary data) for the inset outlinedin (a); (c) Structural deformation styles along seismic lines across the Hay River Shear Zone; (d) Strain ellipse showing the possible kinematic relationship between movementalong the NE-trending HRSZ and regional compressional principal stress during Laramide deformation, (e) Structural deformation styles along seismic lines across the Hay RiverShear Zone; (f) residual HRAM (Fugro and IITech proprietary data) for the inset outlined in (a); (g) & (h) Structural deformation styles along seismic lines across basin boundary.
Continued on Page 34 . . .
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basement highs/ramps appears to havestrongly influenced the development of theoverlying thrust and fold belt. Many of thefolds are basement-cored, which indicatesbasement involvement during the LaramideOrogeny. Laramide contractional structuresmainly developed above and to the west ofmajor basement ramp/high. The overallbasement configuration resulted in aneastward decrease in sedimentary coverdeformation during Laramide deformation.Some extensional basement structures mayhave been reactivated during Phanerozoictime, possibly providing conduits for upwardmigration of the HTD fluids. A similarstructural deformation style is also shown
along the seismic interpretation in Figure 2h.Here, thrusts and associated detached foldstypically developed above basementstructures, indicating involvement and stronginfluence of the basement on thedevelopment of the overlying thrust and foldbelt during the Laramide Orogeny.
Another unique type of structuralreactivation present in the WCSB occursalong northeast-trending basement faults thatform the dominant fabric of the Precambrianbasement. From a kinematic point of view,these faults appear to have undergone strike-slip reactivation as a result of northeasterlyregional compressional stress during the
Laramide Orogeny.Two excellent examples ofthis process are highlighted in Figure 1 (pinkboxes): the Monias field and the Gambill ShearZone (GSZ).
The Monias Field developed along thereactivated southern arm of the Fort St. JohnGraben. Figure 3 illustrates that faultreactivation led to a partial inversion of thegraben (Figure 3a) and the formation of animpressive structural trap within the Halfwayreservoir.The thickness of the Triassic Halfwaysediments increases across the grabenboundary fault, indicating extensional structuralcontrol during the graben phase (Figure 3b).During the Laramide Orogeny, transpressionalreactivation of pre-existing normal faultsresulted in partial inversion of the graben.
The Gambill Shear Zone (GSZ) is found in theNorman Wells area (Figure 4). Figure 4aillustrates that the Gambill Diapir acted as atransfer zone linking the GSZ and the NormanRange Thrust (MacLean and Cook, 1999).Geological mapping (Figure 4b) shows that themajor tectonic elements in this area are onlypartially exposed at the surface. However,through the HRAM data (Figure 4c-d) we canrecognize that the transfer zone reflects thepresence of a complex shear element thatexhibits basement-involved right-lateralfaulting,which resulted in a complex pattern ofsurface and near-surface anticlines. The blockdiagram in Figure 5 illustrates that the GSZconsists of high-angle wrench faults and aseries of tight, salt-cored anticlines thatdeveloped and wrapped around a basementhigh to the north. Strike-slip reactivation ofnortheast-trending basement faults may havetriggered the development of salt diapirstructures along this fault zone during theLaramide deformation.
CLOSING COMMENTSA systematic analysis of major tectonicelements can provide significant clues for therecognition of key play elements in the WCSB.This approach is particularly critical as thebasin becomes more mature and explorationcompanies become eager to find new ideas andareas for exploration The assemblage of atectonic map requires a multi-disciplinary teamthat can use a variety of data sets, including: 1)structural and isopach maps on key horizons;2) regional seismic lines; 3) high resolutiongravity and magnetic data sets; and 4) surfacegeological information. The assemblage of asummary tectonic map that describes all ofthese elements could be used as a generalizedreference point. However, such effort must becomplimented with a detailed analysis of key oiland gas pools and prospect areas.
Figure 3. Inversion structures in the Fort St. John Graben. (a) Present-day scenario characterized by partialinversion; and (b) Graben Phase (flattened on top of the Halfway Fm.).
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ACKNOWLDEGEMENTSWe would like to thank Norman Kohlhammerwho championed our efforts to access regionalseismic data in the WCSB.Additional seismic datain critical areas were provided by Ron Miksha andby Lynx Information Systems Ltd.We would alsolike to acknowledge the IITech technical team,who provided help with data processing and thecontent of this paper. Finally, we would like toexpress our gratitude to the many clients whooffered their ideas during the interpretationstages of this effort.
REFERENCESBarclay, J.E., Krause, F.F., Campbell, R.I., and
Utting, J., 1990. Dynamic casting and growthfaulting: Dawson Creek Graben Complex,Carboniferous-Permian Peace RiverEmbayment, Western Canada. In: S.C.O’Connell and J.S. Bell (eds.), Geology of PeaceRiver Arch, Bulletin of Canadian PetroleumGeology, v.38a, p.115-145.
Davies, G.R., 1996. Hydrothermal dolomite(HTD) reservoir facies, Course Notes. 167p.
MacLean, B.C., and Cook, D.G., 1999. Salttectonism in the Fort Norman area, NorthwestTerritories. Bulletin of Canadian PetroleumGeology,Vol. 47, No. 2, p. 104-135.
Ross, G.M., 1990. Deep crust and basementstructure of the Peace River Arch region:constraints on mechanisms of formation. In:S.C. O’Connell and J.S. Bell (eds.), Geology ofPeace River Arch, Bulletin of CanadianPetroleum Geology, v.38a, p.25-35.
Ross, G.M., Parish, R.R., Villeneuve, M.E., andBowring, S.A., 1989. Tectonic subdivisions andU-Pb geochronology of the crystallinebasement of the Alberta basin, westernCanada. Open File 2103.
Ross, G. M., Broome, J., and. Miles, W., 1994,Potential fields and basement structure WesternCanadian Sedimentary Basin. In: G. D. Mossopand I. Shetsen (comps.), Geological Atlas of theWestern Canadian Sedimentary Basin, Calgary,Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists andAlberta Research Council, p. 41-48.
Wheeler, J.O., and McFeely, P., (comp.), 1991,Tectonic Assemblage map of the CanadianCordillera and adjacent parts of the UnitedStates of America, Geological Survey ofCanada, Map 1712A, scale 1:2000000.
BIOGRAPHYZeev Berger is the president of ImageInterpretation Technologies Inc (IITech). Hereceived a Ph.D. in Geomorphology from
Figure 4. Interpretation of the Gambill Shear Zone on the Norman Wells area. (a) Simplified tectonicmap of the Norman Wells area (from MacLean and Cook, 1999); (b) surface geological map (Wheeler and McFeely,1991), (c) GSC HRAM imagery; (d) GSC HRAM imagery with major tectonic elements.
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Pittsburgh University in 1977; and earned a PostDoctorate Fellowship in remote sensing at theUniversity of Georgia in 1978. Zeev joined ExxonProduction Research Company in 1980 and wasleader of their remote sensing group. He leftExxon in 1994 to form IITech as well as presidingover PAZ Energy from 1994-1999. Zeev haspublished extensively on the subject of integratedremote sensing studies for hydrocarbonexploration, including a textbook entitled“Satellite Hydrocarbon Exploration”.
Xiang Wang is a senior structural geologist atIITech. He received a B.Sc. in Geology from Xi'anMining Institute (P.R. China) in 1982, a M.Sc. inStructural Geology and Geochemistry from Xi'anGeological College (P.R. China) in 1986, a M.Sc. inStructural Geology and Rock Mechanics fromImperial College (UK) in 1992, and a Ph.D. inGeology from the University of New South Wales(Australia) in 1999. Since graduating, Xiang hasworked as a senior structural geologist at IITech,pursuing integrated tectonic studies on the WCSBand some hydrocarbon-bearing basins in the USA.
Figure 5. Block diagram showing GSC residual HRAM and seismic line 105 (courtesy of LynxInformation Systems Ltd.) with interpretation of major structures. Red lines represent faults, while bluearrows indicate salt diapir structures and salt-cored anticlines.
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