cancer medicine chapter 19
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Cancer Medicine Chapter 19. Oncology. Cancer. Abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the body. Cells accumulate as growths called malignant tumors which compress, invade and ultimately destroy normal tissue. Tumors/Neoplasms. Masses or growths that arise from normal tissue. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Cancer MedicineCancer MedicineChapter 19Chapter 19
OncologyOncology
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CancerCancer
• Abnormal and excessive growth of cells Abnormal and excessive growth of cells in the body.in the body.
• Cells accumulate as growths called Cells accumulate as growths called malignant tumors which compress, malignant tumors which compress, invade and ultimately destroy normal invade and ultimately destroy normal tissue.tissue.
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Tumors/NeoplasmsTumors/Neoplasms
• Masses or growths that arise from Masses or growths that arise from normal tissue.normal tissue.
• May be malignant or benignMay be malignant or benign
• Malignant tumors multiply rapidly and Malignant tumors multiply rapidly and are invasive.are invasive.
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Malignant TumorsMalignant Tumors
• Cells can detach themselves from the Cells can detach themselves from the primary tumor site and penetrate a primary tumor site and penetrate a blood vessel or lymphatic vessel and blood vessel or lymphatic vessel and travel to establish a new tumor at a travel to establish a new tumor at a distant site.distant site.
• Secondary growth is called a Secondary growth is called a metastasis.metastasis.
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What causes cancer?What causes cancer?
• Carcinogenesis:Carcinogenesis: transformation of transformation of a normal cell to a cancerous onea normal cell to a cancerous one
• Damage to genetic materialDamage to genetic material
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Carcinogenesis- page Carcinogenesis- page 773-774773-774
• Environmental AgentsEnvironmental Agents• Chemical carcinogens (cigarette Chemical carcinogens (cigarette
smoke)smoke)• RadiationRadiation• Viruses (RNA and DNA)Viruses (RNA and DNA)• Oncogenes – cause normal cells to Oncogenes – cause normal cells to
become malignant if they are become malignant if they are activated by mutationsactivated by mutations
• Heredity Heredity
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Classification of Classification of Cancerous Tumors – Cancerous Tumors –
page 799page 799CarcinomasCarcinomas
epithelial cell origin, 90% of all epithelial cell origin, 90% of all malignancies are carcinomasmalignancies are carcinomas
largest group of solid tumorslargest group of solid tumors
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Carcinomas and the Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from epithelial tissues from
which they derivewhich they derive
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Carcinomas and the Carcinomas and the epithelial tissues from epithelial tissues from which they derive which they derive (cont.)(cont.)
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Classification of Classification of Cancerous TumorsCancerous Tumors
Sarcomas:Sarcomas: connective tissue origin, 5% connective tissue origin, 5% of all malignanciesof all malignancies
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Sarcomas and the Sarcomas and the connective tissues from connective tissues from
which they derivewhich they derive
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Sarcomas and the Sarcomas and the connective tissues from connective tissues from which they derive which they derive (cont.)(cont.)
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Classification of Classification of Cancerous TumorsCancerous Tumors
Mixed Tissue Tumors:Mixed Tissue Tumors: tissues capable tissues capable of differentiating into epithelial and of differentiating into epithelial and connective tissue.connective tissue.
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Grading and Staging of Grading and Staging of Tumors – page 805Tumors – page 805
Grade:Grade: Degree of maturity or Degree of maturity or differentiation under the differentiation under the microscopemicroscope
Stage:Stage: Extent of spread in the Extent of spread in the bodybody
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International TNM International TNM Staging System for Staging System for
Lung CancerLung Cancer
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International TNM International TNM Staging System for Lung Staging System for Lung
Cancer Cancer (cont.)(cont.)
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Cancer Treatment – Cancer Treatment – page 806page 806
• 4 major approaches4 major approaches
• SurgerySurgery• Radiation TherapyRadiation Therapy• ChemotherapyChemotherapy• Biological Therapy – using body’s own Biological Therapy – using body’s own
defensedefense
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Brachytherapy – Radiation Brachytherapy – Radiation SeedsSeeds
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Combining Forms – page Combining Forms – page 818 818
• alveol/o – small sac (alveolar)• cac/o – bad (cachexia)• carcin/o – cancer (carcinoma)• cauter/o – burn, heat (cauterization)• chem/o – chemical drug (chemotherapy)• cry/o – cold (cryosurgery)• cyst/o – sac of fluid (cystic tumor)• fibr/o – fibers (fibrosarcoma)
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CryosurgeryCryosurgery
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Combining Forms – Combining Forms – page 819page 819
• follicul/o – small glandular sacs
• fung/I – fungus, mushroom
• medull/o – soft , inner part (medullary tumor)
• mucos/o – mucous membrane
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Combining Forms – Combining Forms – page 819page 819
• mut/a – genetic change (mutation)
• mutagen/o – causing genetic change
• onc/o – tumor (oncology)
• papill/o – nipple like (papillary)
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Combining Forms – Combining Forms – page 819page 819
• pharmac/o – chemical drug (pharmacy)
• plas/o – formation (dysplastic)
• ple/o – many, more (pleomorphic)
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Combining FormsCombining Forms
• polyp/o - polyp
• radi/o – rays, x-ray (radiotherapy)
• sarc/o – flesh, connective tissue (sarcoma)
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Suffixes – page 820Suffixes – page 820
--blastoma- blastoma- immature tumorimmature tumor
-genesis - -genesis - formationformation
-oma – -oma – mass, tumormass, tumor
--
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Suffixes – page 820Suffixes – page 820
plasia – plasia – formation, growth formation, growth (hyperplasia)(hyperplasia)
-plasm – -plasm – formation, growth formation, growth (neoplasm)(neoplasm)
-suppression – -suppression – to stopto stop
therapy - treatmenttherapy - treatment
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Prefixes – page 820Prefixes – page 820
ana- ana- backward (anaplasia)backward (anaplasia)
brachy- brachy- short (brachytherapy)short (brachytherapy)
epi- epi- uponupon
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Prefixes – page 820Prefixes – page 820
meta- meta- beyond, change beyond, change (metastasis)(metastasis)
tele- tele- far far (teletherapy)(teletherapy)
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Protein Markers – page Protein Markers – page 821821
• Measure the levels of proteins in the Measure the levels of proteins in the blood or on a surface of a tumor.blood or on a surface of a tumor.
• Presence of these markers tells they Presence of these markers tells they type of cancer.type of cancer.
• See text for specific markersSee text for specific markers
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Clinical Procedures to Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat Detect or Treat
Malignancies – page Malignancies – page 821-822821-822• Bone marrow biopsyBone marrow biopsy
• Bone marrow or Bone marrow or stem cell transplantstem cell transplant
• CT scansCT scans• Fiberoptic Fiberoptic
colonoscopycolonoscopy• Exfoliative cytologyExfoliative cytology
• LaparoscopyLaparoscopy• MammographyMammography• MRIMRI• Needle biopsyNeedle biopsy• Radionuclide scansRadionuclide scans• UltrasoundUltrasound• X-raysX-rays
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