cancer (part 2). treatment surgery if tumour is easily accessible chemotherapy treatment of...
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Cancer (Part 2)Cancer (Part 2)
TreatmentTreatment
SURGERYSURGERY If tumour is easily accessible If tumour is easily accessible
ChemotherapyChemotherapy Treatment of cancer using drugsTreatment of cancer using drugs Slow or stop the cancer cells from Slow or stop the cancer cells from
dividingdividing Or kill the cellsOr kill the cells
Taken by injection or orallyTaken by injection or orally Side effects may include hair loss, Side effects may include hair loss,
nausea, fatigue nausea, fatigue Often used as a follow up to Often used as a follow up to
surgery to get any cancer cells that surgery to get any cancer cells that may have spread (metastasized)may have spread (metastasized)
Radiation
Radiation harms cells that are in the process of dividing – i.e. in mitosis
Since cancerous cells do not stay in interphase as long, they are more affected by radiation than healthy cells
Radiation can be focussed on tumour using a focussed beam or by implanting a radioactive source into the tumour
Radiation often used to shrink tumours so Radiation often used to shrink tumours so that surgery can become an optionthat surgery can become an option
BiophotonicsBiophotonics Newest type of treatmentNewest type of treatment Uses beams of light to detect and treat cancerUses beams of light to detect and treat cancer Fewer side effectsFewer side effects Much of the research in this field is being Much of the research in this field is being
done at University of Toronto!!done at University of Toronto!!
1) A treatment method usingdrugs that are activated byexposure to light.
2) Drug = photosensitizer That generates oxygen radicals when exposed to laser light.
3) Reactive oxygen species can directly kill cancer cells, or Cut off blood (and oxygen supply),which strangles the tumor.
ImmunotherapyImmunotherapy attempts to stimulate the immune system to attempts to stimulate the immune system to
reject and destroy tumors reject and destroy tumors Used for bladder cancerUsed for bladder cancer
Immunotherapy (not showing)Immunotherapy (not showing)
Cancer ScreeningCancer Screening Done in different ways for different cancersDone in different ways for different cancers Especially important if you have a family history Especially important if you have a family history
of cancerof cancer Genetic screeningGenetic screening Breast cancer and testicular cancer: self Breast cancer and testicular cancer: self
examexam Pap test : screens for cervical cancerPap test : screens for cervical cancer Blood testsBlood tests Colonscopy : colon cancerColonscopy : colon cancer
ABCDE’s of Skin Cancer (3)
These are the general characteristics used to identify skin growths of possible concern A – asymmetry – one half doesn’t look like the
other B – border – irregular, ragged or blurred edges C – color – a mixture of colors or marks that
change color D – diameter – a growth more than 6
millimeters across E – evolution – changes in shape, size or color
Detection of Skin Cancer
Images Courtesy of: The Skin Cancer Foundation, www.skincancer.org
AsymmetryBorder
ColorDiameter
Lifestyle ChoicesLifestyle Choices
Avoid smokingAvoid smoking Healthy diet (lots of fruits and vegetables)Healthy diet (lots of fruits and vegetables) `super` foods`super` foods
Tomatoes, carrots, avocados, grapefruit, red Tomatoes, carrots, avocados, grapefruit, red grapes, broccoli, garlic, raspberries, nuts, grapes, broccoli, garlic, raspberries, nuts, cabbage, figscabbage, figs
MYTH: There is no evidence that MYTH: There is no evidence that antiperspirants cause breast cancer.antiperspirants cause breast cancer.
Diagnosing CancerDiagnosing Cancer
Signs: tumour can cause swelling, Signs: tumour can cause swelling, discomfort, tiredness, weight lossdiscomfort, tiredness, weight loss
THE EARLIER CANCER IS DIAGNOSED, THE EARLIER CANCER IS DIAGNOSED, THE BETTER THE CHANCES OF THE BETTER THE CHANCES OF SURVIVALSURVIVAL
Unfortunately, it is not always easy to Unfortunately, it is not always easy to diagnosediagnose
Imaging TechnologiesImaging Technologies
X-rayX-ray
X-rays can penetrate different X-rays can penetrate different tissues,bone, etc to different depths tissues,bone, etc to different depths causing difference on the x-ray filmcausing difference on the x-ray film
X-rays can cause DNA damageX-rays can cause DNA damage Particularly harmful to cells in the process Particularly harmful to cells in the process
of mitosis of mitosis Women who are pregnant should not have Women who are pregnant should not have
X-rays doneX-rays done
UltrasoundUltrasound Uses high frequency sound waves and the Uses high frequency sound waves and the
timing of the echo to determine the shape timing of the echo to determine the shape of things inside our bodiesof things inside our bodies
UltrasoundUltrasound Ultrasound of breast tumourUltrasound of breast tumour
CT scanningCT scanning(Computer Axial Tomography)(Computer Axial Tomography)
Multiple xrays from different angles are Multiple xrays from different angles are taken and assembled to get a more `full taken and assembled to get a more `full picture` of what is going onpicture` of what is going on
CAT scanningCAT scanning (skip to 23:10)(skip to 23:10)
MRIMRI(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)(Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
Uses radio waves and a magnetic field Uses radio waves and a magnetic field Creates detailed imagesCreates detailed images Can create 3D modelsCan create 3D models
MRIMRI
EndoscopyEndoscopy
Fibre optic cableFibre optic cable Used to look for abnormal growthsUsed to look for abnormal growths Sample of growth then examined under Sample of growth then examined under
the microscope to see if it is malignantthe microscope to see if it is malignant Should start having at least at the age of Should start having at least at the age of
50 – earlier if you have family history of 50 – earlier if you have family history of colon cancercolon cancer
Colon cancerColon cancer Colonoscopy liveColonoscopy live colonoscopy polyp removalcolonoscopy polyp removal colonscopy of cancerous tumourcolonscopy of cancerous tumour
Examining CellsExamining Cells
After sample of tumour or cells is removed After sample of tumour or cells is removed (called a BIOPSY), it is examined sample (called a BIOPSY), it is examined sample under microscopeunder microscope
Cancer cells are often irregular in shapeCancer cells are often irregular in shape Important to know where cancer Important to know where cancer
originated, how much it has spread, and originated, how much it has spread, and how quickly it is growing (often given a how quickly it is growing (often given a
`stage`- i.e. stage 1,2,3,4`stage`- i.e. stage 1,2,3,4
Terry FoxTerry Fox
18 years old18 years old Bone cancerBone cancer Leg was amputatedLeg was amputated Ran more than 5000 km!!!Ran more than 5000 km!!! From St.John`s Newfoundland to Thunder Bay, From St.John`s Newfoundland to Thunder Bay,
Ontario!!Ontario!! Cancer had spread to his lungs and he died at Cancer had spread to his lungs and he died at
2222 In his name, In his name, HUNDRED OF MILLIONSHUNDRED OF MILLIONS have have
been raised for cancer research!!been raised for cancer research!!