canine physical th 00 dana

7/18/2019 Canine Physical Th 00 Dana

1/82


2/82


3/82^


4/82

Digitized

by

the Internet

Archive

in

2010 with

funding

from

Lyrasis

IVIembers

and

Sloan

Foundation

http://www.archive.org/details/caninephysicalthOOdana


5/82

DESCRIPTION

Upon graduation from

College

of the

Atlantic

I

intend

to

enter

veterinan,'

school

in

pursuit ofmy ambition

to

be

a

veterinarian.

While

at

COA

I

have focused my

academics

on

completing

perquisites for \-eterinar}'

school. Furthermore, I have done

coursework in

anatomy

and ph}'siology

and

completed my internship in Animal

Healthcare at Farm

Sanctuary.

I also

work

in a spay and

neuter clinic for dogs and cats

making

me

familiar

with

the

surgical setting. Therefore,

my

senior project on canine

physical therapy and rehabilitation

is a fitting culmination to

my undergraduate

education. This project

will

combine

coursework,

experience,

and

prior interest

with

a

unique hands-on

learning

opportunity

in an expanding

area

of

veterinar> medicine.

First,

I

will

research physical therap)' and rehabilitation

methods

for canines

including

thermotherapy, range

of

motion, massage,

aquatherapy,

and strength

training.

I

will

then im'estigate these

topics

more

closely in relation

to post-operative recovery

from

anterior

(cranial) cruciate ligament

(ACL) repair surger}'.

In

addition, I

will

explore

and

compare

the

two main surgical

options

for

correction

of the torn ligament: Extracapsular

surgery and Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy (TPLO).

As

well

as

learn

about

the

anatomy

of the knee joint

and the role

of

the

ACL.

Next.

I will

obser\e

the Extracapsular

surgery

on my

canine

companion.

Cinnamon's,

hind

left

limb.

Following this. I

will, under guidance

of a

\'eterinarian,

develop and implement a post-operative rehabilitation regiment to include the various

areas of research. The physical therapy

exercises

are designed

to

promote healing and

to

re-teach

use

of

the

affected

limb.

I

will

log the process

in

both

\\Titten and

photographic

formats.

The

time commitment for the

actual

rehab procedures

is expected to range from

1

'/2

to

3+

hours

daily for

12

weeks.

In

addition to the

log,

I

will

compose

a

final

report

detailing my research

findings and the canine physical therap}' experience.

GOALS

M\-

educational goals

in this project are

two-fold:

first,

to

understand the

ligament

injur}',

consequences, and methods of

repair, and

secondly,

to

understand and be

able

to

apply physical

therap}

and

rehabilitation techniques

for

canines

following orthopedic

injur}-.

M}'

project

goals are the

following:

complete

a

canine rehabilitation

treatment

program, maintain a

log

-

both

photographic and \\Titten

-

of the treatment

program, and

author a fmal report

of m}'

research

findings, methods,

and

experience.

NEW

LEARNING

In order to conduct this project. I

will

need to

learn about canine

joint

structure

and function through

a canine

anatomy text.

I

\\ill need to

learn

about

corrective surgery

for

torn

ACLs

in

canines which I

will

do

using

Journal of

the

American

Veterinary

Medical .A.ssociation

articles.

I

will need

to

become competent

in rehabilitation and

ph}sical

therapy methods

and procedures

which

I

will accomplish

through

consultation

with

a

veterinarian

and the texts Animal Physiotherapy:

Assessment,

Treatment, and

Rehabilitation

of

Animals

and Canine

Rehabilitation and

Physical

Therapy.

I

will further

explore

massage techniques using

the text

Canine

Massage:

A Complete

Reference

Manual.


6/82


7/82

FINAL

PRODUCT

The

tangible

output

of my

completed

project

will be

a

written and

photographic

log

of the

rehabilitation

process

I go

through

with

my

canine

companion

following

ACL

repair

surgery and a

final

report

detailing

my academic

research findings,

reasoning and

methods

behind the

chosen

physical

therapy program,

and the

experience

of carrying it

out.

DIRECTORS

My project

director

is Dr.

George

Carley, DVM,

a

licensed

veterinarian in

Tulsa,

Oklahoma.

He is in

private

practice

and has

experience

performing

the

Extracapsular

surgery.

The

director will

answer

research

related

questions, oversee the

physical therapy

regimen, and

approve

the

final

report and

project log.

Meetings shall

occur

4-5

times

through

the course

of the

project

(every

2-3

weeks)

The

back-up

director,

listed

as

the

3'^''

advisor on the cover

sheet?,

will

be

available

for

questions

and

advice.

She

will

assess

and

provide

feedback on

report drafts

and

approve

the

final

report

and

project

log

should

the project

director become

unable

to

do

so.

CRITERIA FOR

EVALUATION

Did dana

norwood

meet

the

both the stated

learning and

project

goals?

Did she

conduct

and

document the

treatment

regimen?

Did

she

complete the

final report to

a

satisfactory

degree?

TIMETABLE

Week One

(June

15-

21)

Research

physical

therapy

&

rehabilitation,

massage

Week

Two (June

22-

28)

Continue

physical

therapy

&

rehabilitation

research

Research

Extracapsular

surgery and

TPLO

and

joint

anatomy

End

of week-

Observe surgery

Meet

with

director

and

discuss

rehabilitation

treatment

plan

Begin

treatment

plan

and

log

Week

Three

(June 29

-

July

5)

Continue

research, rehab

plan &

log

Week Four (July

6-

12)

Continue research, rehab

plan

&

log

Meet with

director

and

discuss

research

and

concerns

Week Five

(July

13-

19)

Continue research,

rehab plan &

log

Draft of

research findings

due to both

directors

Week

Six

(July

20-

26)

Continue

rehab

plan

&

log

Week

Seven

(July

27-

August

2)

Continue rehab

plan

&

log

Meet

with director


8/82


9/82

Week

Eight (August

3-

9)

Continue...

Week

Nine

(August

10-

16)

Continue...

Week

Ten (August

17-23)

.

'

Continue...

Draft

of

experience

part

of

report

due

to

both

directors

Meet

with director

Week

Eleven (August

24-

30)

Continue...

Final

draft

of

report and

log

due

Final report and

log

to

library

upon

receipt

from Director.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Goff, Lesley,

and

Narelle

Stubbs.

Animal

Physiotherapy:

Assessment,

Treatment,

and

Rehabilitation of Animals

. Ed.

Catherine

McGowan.

1st ed.

Wiley-Blackwell,

2007.

Hourdebaigt,

Jean-Pierre.

Canine

Massage

A Complete

Reference

Manual

.

Grand

Rapids:

Dogwise,

2003.

Marsolais.

Gregory S. et

al.

Effects

of postoperative

rehabilitation

on limb

function after

cruciate ligament

repair

in dogs.

Journal of the

American

Veterinary

Medical

Association 220

(2002):

1325-330.

Millis,

Darryl,

MS

DVM,

David

Levine, PhD

PT, and

Robert Taylor,

DVM

MS.

Canine

Rehabilitation

and

Physical

Therapy

. 1st

ed.

Saunders,

2004.

Monk,

Michelle

L.

et

al.

Effects

of

early

postoperative

physiotherapy

on

limb

function

after tibial

plateau

leveling osteotomy

in

dogs

with deficiency

of the cranial

cruciate

ligament.

American

Journal of

Veterinary

Research

67

(2006):

529-36.

Pacchiana, Philip,

DVM et al. Surgical and

postoperative

complications

associated

with

tibial

plateau

leveling

osteotomy

in dogs

with

cranial

cruciate

ligament.

Journal

of the

American

Veterinary Medical

Association

222

(2003):

184-93.

Zachos,

Terri

A,

DVM, et al.

Growth

factors and

their

potential

therapeutic

applications

for

healing

of musculoskeletal and other

connective

tissues.

American

Journal of

Veterinary Research 66 (2005):

727-38.


10/82


11/82

My

dog,

Cinnamon, ruptured

her

cranial cruciate

ligament

(CCL) while

running

in a wooded area

of

a dog

park.

I

wasn't

immediately aware

of

her injury,

but

she

was limping

the following day and for

a

few days

after. I

assumed

she

just

had

sore

muscles,

like

anyone

gets

from

overexertion,

and

the

symptoms

subsided

for

a while. She would sometimes

limp when

she

first

got up

from

lying

down,

but she

walked

normally

the majority

of

the time and had

no

problems

running. Eventually

her

symptoms became

more

pronounced. By

the

time

the

injury

was

diagnosed, she

already had secondary complications including

muscle atrophy

in the leg

and arthritis

in

the

joint.

Cinnamon

underwent

surgery

to

replace

the

ligament

and I conducted

her

subsequent physical

therapy

under

the guidance

of

Dr.

George

Carley,

DVM.

In order

to understand this

injury,

one

must

have

a

solid understanding

of

the

stifle joint and the

CCL. The stifle joint

is the

canine

equivalent of

the

human knee

joint.

Ligaments

serve

to both

guide

and restrict movement

throughout

the

body.

Articular

ligaments

link

two bones

together across a joint, while

others support

internal

structures

including

the uterus

bladder,

liver, and

diaphragm (Ethier and

Simmons

2007).

The stifle

joint

contains five articular ligaments.

The medial

collateral ligament

and

the

lateral

collateral ligaments

link the femur to the tibia

on

both

sides

of the

joint. They

prevent side-to-side

motion in

the stifle

joint. The

caudal

cruciate ligament

attaches

caudally to the tibia and cranially

to the femur. It

restricts

rearward

motion

of tibia in

relation to

the

femur. The

cranial cruciate ligament

attaches cranially

to the

tibia

and

caudally to the femur. It

restricts

forward

motion

of

the

tibia past the

normal articular

surface

of the

femur. Rupture ofthe

CCL is

usually

the

result

of

excessive internal

rotation

of the

stifle joint

(Millis

et al.

2004).

Norwood

1


12/82


13/82

/

'

patella

lateral

collateral

ligament

cranial

\

cruciate

~

ligament

lateral

meniscus

fibula

femur

caudal

cruciate

ligament

-

medial

meniscus

medial

collateral

ligament

tibia

(Atlas of Veterinary

Clinical

Anatomy)

Ligaments

are extra-cellular

matrices

(ECM)

excreted

by fibroblasts

(ligament

cells). Two

thirds of

a

ligament's

wet

weight

is

water,

which

lubricates

and assists in

the

transport of

nutrients

within

the

ligament. Collagen

accounts

for about 80%

of

the

dry

weight

with

elastin and

proteoglycans composing

most of the

remainder

(Ethier and

Simmons

2007).

Therefore, collagen

has a profound effect on ligament

function.

Collagen

has

a

hierarchical

structure. The basic

unit

is tropocoUagen

-

a

three-chain

helical

structure stabilized

by hydrogen bonding.

TropocoUagen

molecules

cross-link

covalently

with staggered neighboring

molecules. Five

tropocollagens

form

a

microfibril;

microfibrils aggregate

to

form

subfibrils,

which

group to

form

fibrils.

Collagen fibers are

composed of these fibrils.

In

the middle ofa

ligament,

aggregafions

of

fibers

form fascicles

(Ethier and Simmons

2007).

The

Norwood

2


14/82


15/82

collagen fibers in

ligaments are

nearly parallel,

not fully, giving them

a

wavy

appearance. Stress

applied to ligaments must first straighten

the

fibers into

a

fully-

parallel

state. Ligaments

also

contain

elastin. These

features make

ligaments

more

resilient than other connective

tissues

that

also have

a high-collagen

composition,

such as tendons.

Because ligaments are

predominantly collagen,

the biomechanical properties

of ligaments

are

based

largely on the properties of collagen. Structural properties of

collagen

can

be

illustrated

by

a

load-deformation

curve. Load is

the force

being

applied to the material, and

deformation

is the extent of

distortion

the material

exhibits. The following is

a

generic

load-deformation curve.

B

NON

ELASTIC

(PLASTIC)

REGION

'^

Q

m,

YIELD

/^D

t

FAILURE

canine physical th 00 dana

Documents