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Saint Mark's Basilica in the evening

Canticum SacrumFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Canticum Sacrum ad Honorem Sancti Marci

Nominis is a 17-minute choral-orchestral piece

composed in 1955 by Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971)

in tribute "To the City of Venice, in praise of its

Patron Saint, the Blessed Mark, Apostle." The

piece is compact and stylistically varied, ranging

from established neoclassical modes to

experimental new techniques. The second

movement, "Surge, Aquilo", represents

Stravinsky's first movement based entirely on a

tone row.

Though most often abbreviated "Canticum

Sacrum", the piece's full name is Canticum

Sacrum ad honorem Sancti Marci Nominis, orCanticle to Honor the Name of Saint Mark .

Contents

1 Text

2 Orchestration

3 Structure

4 History

5 Reception6 References

6.1 Further reading

7 See also

Text

Stravinsky selected all of his texts except the opening dedication from the Latin Vulgate. They are presented

here in an English translation:

Dedicato: "To the City of Venice, in praise of its Patron Saint, the Blessed Mark, Apostle"

Part I: “Go into the world, and preach the Gospel to every creature” (Mark 16:15)

Part II: "Awake, O north wind; and come, thou south; blow upon my garden, that the spices thereof

may flow out. Let my beloved come into his garden, and eat his pleasant fruits. I am come into my

garden, my sister, my spouse: I have gathered my myrrh with my spice; I have eaten my honeycomb

with my honey; I have drunk my wine with my milk: eat, O friends; drink, yea, drink abundantly, O

beloved. (Song of Songs 4:16, 5:1)

Part III, Ad Tres Virtutes Hortationes

Caritas: "And thou shalt love the Lord your God with all your heart, and with all your

soul, and with all your might." (Deuteronomy 6:5) / "Beloved, let us love one another: forlove is of God; and every one that loves is born of God, and knows God." (1 John 4:7)

Spes: “They that trust in the Lord shall be as mount Zion” / “I waited patiently for the

Lord” (Psalms 125:1, 130:5-6)

Fides: "I believed, therefore have I spoken: I was greatly afflicted." (Psalms 116:10)

ticum Sacrum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canticum_Sacru

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Part IV, Brevis Motus Cantilenae: "Jesus said to him, If you can, all things are possible to him that

believes. And straightway the father of the child cried out, and said with tears, 'Lord, I believe; help

my unbelief!'" (Mark 9:23-24)

Part V: "And they went forth, and preached everywhere, the Lord working with them, and confirming

the word with signs following. Amen." (Mark 16:20)

Orchestration

Canticum Sacrum is scored for tenor and baritone soloists, mixed chorus, and an orchestra of 1 flute (which

plays only in the second movement), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 bassoons, contrabassoon, 3 trumpets in C, bass

trumpet in C, 2 tenor trombones, bass trombone, contrabass trombone, organ, harp, violas, and double

basses. Clarinets, horns, violins, and cellos are all absent.

Canticum Sacrum is Stravinsky’s only piece to make use of the organ. Its use represents one of many

tributes to the traditions of Saint Mark's Basilica.

Structure

Canticum Sacrum is in five movements (or sections, since they are all attacca), plus an introductory

dedication (which is set apart textually, structurally and stylistically, from the rest of the piece). The work is

cyclical and chiastic: the fifth movement is an almost exact retrograde of the first. Movements two and four

are also related through their use of solo voice, and the central third movement (by far the longest) has an

internal ABA structure. The movements' lengths are 36, 48, 156, 57, and 39 bars respectively (van den

Toorn 1983, 414) (movement five adds three bars to the retrograde for a final amen). The construction is

sophisticated, exhibiting symmetry, proportion, and balance. Movement 3 relates to movements 1 and 5

through their common use of recurring organ versets, and relates to movements 2 and 4 by their common use

of dodecaphony.

Some critics have suggested that the Canticum Sacrum bears a strong structural relationship to that of the

basilica, the five principal sections of Stravinsky’s piece relating directly to the five domes of Saint Mark’s

(White 1979, 482–83). Both the central dome of the church, and the central movement of Canticum Sacrum,

are the largest and most structurally imposing. Furthermore, it is in this movement which Stravinsky chooses

to depict the three Christian virtues (Faith, Hope, and Charity) perhaps corresponding to the central dome of

Saint Mark’s, which depicts the virtues surrounding Christ. Similar comparisons, structural and textual can

be made for each of the movements. For example, not only are movements 1 and 5 both quotations from

Saint Mark’s Gospel, thus attaching the work firmly to its patron saint and the church, but they also echo the

themes of domes one and five which portray the prophets, and the disciples, respectively.

History

Stravinsky had long had a special relationship with the city of Venice and the prestigious Venice Biennale. In

1925, he performed his Piano Sonata at the ISCM World Music Days there, and in 1934 conducted his

Capriccio with his son as soloist, as parts of the Venice Biennale (White 1966, 282 and 442; White 1979,

482). Stravinsky is even interred in Venice on the island of San Michele, as is the man who brought him to

international fame with the 1910 commission of L'Oiseau de feu, Sergei Diaghilev (White 1979, 322 and

482).

Stravinsky lacked direct experience with the acoustics of Saint Mark’s (White 1979, 482).

Reception


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Stravinsky himself conducted the first performance which occurred in Saint Mark’s Cathedral in Venice on

September 13, 1956. He was 74.

Time Magazine entitled its review “Murder in the Cathedral” (Anon. 1956), though this barb may have been

directed at the performance rather than the composition itself (White 1966, 449).

To Stravinsky, the epoch that saw the dawn of European polyphony was much nearer to the essential truth—

unadorned, harsh even—than the sophisticated response of a declining society’s disillusioned minds. “He

was stimulated by the early polyphonist’s straightforward approach, hardly hampered by harmonic

implications, as they were; for the emotionally conditioned harmonic style, which was evident, to a varying

degree, in his earlier music, had no longer any attraction for him” (Weissmann 1957, 109).

References

Anon. 1956. “Murder in the Cathedral.” Time (24 September), 44.

Craft, Robert. 1956. “A Concert for Saint Mark.” The Score 18 (December): 35-45.

Stein, Erwin. 1956. “Igor Strawinsky: Canticum Sacrum ad honorem Sancti Marci Nominis.” Tempo

40 (Summer): 3–5.

Van Den Toorn, Pieter C. 1983. The Music of Igor Stravinsky. New Haven: Yale University Press. See

esp. 414–26.

Waelti-Walters, Jennifer. 1979. “The Architectural and Musical Influences on the Structure of Michel

Butor's Description de San Marco.” Revue de Littérature Comparée (January–March): 65-75.

Walsh, Stephen. 1988. The Music of Stravinsky. London and New York: Routledge. See esp. 235-238.

Weissmann, John S. 1957. “Current Chronicle: Italy.” The Music Quarterly 43, no. 1 (January):

104–10.

White, Eric Walter. 1966. Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works. Berkeley: University of

California Press. See esp. 481–89.

White, Eric Walter. 1979. Stravinsky: The Composer and His Works, second edition. Berkeley and

Los Angeles: The University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03985-8.

Further reading

Cook, Joseph Thomas. 1976. “A Conductor's Study of Igor Stravinsky's Canticum sacrum, Introitus:

T.S. Eliot in memoriam, and Requiem canticles.” PhD diss., Indiana University.

Davis, John Lawton. 1994. “An Analysis of Serial Technique in Webern's Cantata Number Two and

Stravinsky's Canticum sacrum with Implications for Performance.” DMA diss., University of Georgia.

Gerhard, Roberto. 1957. “Twelve-note Technique in Stravinsky.” The Score 20 (June): 38–43.

Pablo, Kohan. 1988. “La tonalidad en la obra dodecafónica de Stravinsky: La verticalidad en el

Canticum Sacrum y consideraciones sobre la musicología acrítica [Tonality in the 12-tone works of

Stravinsky: Verticality in Canticum sacrum and thoughts on objective musicology].” In Primera

conferencia annual de la Asociación Argentina de Musicología, 91–104. Buenos Aires: Asociación

Argentina de Musicología.

See also

Igor Stravinsky

St. Mark's Basilica

Neoclassicim

Serialism

Robert Craft

Venetian School (music)


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