capacity building needs for small scale aquaculture farmers
TRANSCRIPT
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For Sustainability and Competitiveness
CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS FOR SMALL SCALE
AQUACULTURE FARMERS
I. Introduction
This is a synthesis of the capacity building needs assessment of small scale
aquaculture farmers of five groups of commodities. The assessments were carried out
in five ASEAN countries between October 2008 and February 2009, with each
country working on one commodity group, as follows: (i) freshwater cage and pond
culture of indigenous species in Cambodia, (ii) coastal cage culture of marine
species i.e. seabass Lates calcalifer and grouper (various species) in Indonesia, (iii)
farming of red seaweeds that yield the phycocolloid carageenan i.e. Eucheuma,
Kappaphycus sp in the Philippines, (iv) cage culture in freshwater bodies of Niletilapia (Oreochromis sp. particularly the red variety locally named Pla Tub Tim or
Ruby fish) in Thailand, and (v) brackishwater culture of black tiger shrimp
(Penaeus monodon) in Vietnam.
The basis of this synthesis are, for the most part, primary information obtained
through the field surveys conducted by each countrys needs assessment team.
1. Nature of and methodology for the synthesis
a. Capacity building issues
The synthesis broadly identifies the capacity building issuesfor farmers engaged in
the production of each commodity. To do this, a table was constructed that lists the
(i) statements of constraints, problems and situations extracted from the assessment
reports and (ii)) gives priority ratings to five types of development actions to
address the constraint, problem or situation..
b. Development actions
The development actions are (1) Policy, Regulations and Sector Management
(PRM), (2) Research and Technology Development (RTD), (3) Training and
Extension (T&E), (4) Information Development and Dissemination (IDD) and (5)
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or resuming one after an economic or natural shock -- by invariably cash-strapped
and resource-poor small farmers.
Finally, the first column Policy, Regulation and Management of the sector (which
would include institutional development or re-adjustments or reform) is essentially
the over-arching action. Policy support is needed to implement any one development
action or all the other development actions. It is listed here as a distinct development
action because there would be situations when, for example, (a) training or research or
information would be rendered ineffective by overlapping jurisdictions of various
agencies, or (b) there is no clear responsibility from any one agency for R & D; or
(c). there is no policy, or policy is poorly communicated and understood by farmers
and industry; or (d) the farmers are not organized, and so on. In such cases, the keyto the constraint/s is appropriate policy.
c. Scale used for priority rankings
A scale of 1 to 5 is used for assigning priority rankings, 1 being top priority.
2. Purposes
This synthesis is meant to serve three purposes. The immediate and primary purpose
is to enable the identification of priority training courses under the project; the
secondary and medium term purpose is to serve as a guideline for determining policy
support and services for the farmers; and the third and long-term, purpose is to serve
as a base scenario for subsequent assessments or evaluation of the impacts of the
development actions..
a Immediate: Development of training courses for farmers and concernedstakeholders
The main and immediate purpose of this synthesis is to provide a guideline for the
Project Team and the five country teams to identify the priority training needs for
farmer groups as well as other stakeholders (as suggested by the project document).
These are described in varying scope and levels of detail. The synthesis is aimed at
giving a more focused guideline for narrowing down the scope of listed training
needs so that the training programs to be developed address the most important and
key capacity building needs that can be most effectively addressed by Training.
This should supplement the field information collected by the consultant for Training
To achieve this primary purpose, this synthesis is suggested to be used by the Project
Team and the national teams to (a) arrive at a provisional decision as to the priority
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integrated development services program for small farmers. The specific
development actions are as follows:
policy and sector management including regulations and voluntary
management schemes such as GAPs, COCs, and BMPs,
promotion and support of farmers associations,
research and technology development
training and extension,
information and development support communication,
and financial support
To achieve this purpose, this synthesis could be used as a basic working paper
subject to elaboration, revision and refinements as well as most importantly,
appropriate revisions of the priority rankings (after the training programs have been
conducted and results written up) -- for the final regional policy workshop.
c. Long term: A base scenario document for subsequent evaluation of
impacts of the development actions.
The third and broader purpose of this synthesis is to serve as a base document for the
fisheries development and management agency in cooperation with industry to assessthe impacts of their development actions. The current scenario is reflected by the
statements of capacity building issues, development actions or interventions to
address them and their respective priority rankings. This scenario can be the basis
for subsequent assessments. The assessment would include changes in the scenario or
situation as a result of the development actions.
II. Capacity building issues
The reference data for this section are found in Annex 1 Tables A, B, C, D and E.
1. Regional overview
In line with the thrust of the project, the issues, constraints and problem statements
provided in the assessment reports were classified into (i) those that impact on
sustainability and (ii) those that impact on competitiveness. The assessments indicate
that generally addressing technological constraints and farm management practiceswould improve sustainability and increasing capacities for accessing markets would
improve competitiveness. The effects of development actions that are focused on
either sustainability or competitiveness are not mutually exclusive. This is typified in
the Best Management Practices pilot projects that have been implemented in India,
Indonesia, and Vietnam with the collaboration of NACA and other institutions.
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better technical services for farmers associations to improve their capacity to adopt
and implement BMPs and institutionalise the process of adoption.
Sustainability issues identified in the assessments are mostly associated with culture
technology, management, the environment, health of the stock, seed and feed.
Competitiveness issues included market information and access, contractual relations
between farmers and traders/buyers/or input suppliers, and the quality of products.
These apply to the farmers and/or the industry as a whole. Product quality is
invariably linked to the technical components of the farming system particularly feed,
water quality, care, and the health of the stock. The latter is especially critical if
farmers use chemicals and drugs to treat the stock.
The commodities that are export oriented such as shrimp, marine finfish, and red
tilapia have to be competitive in the export market. A reverse, but not unusual case
in competitiveness arises from Cambodia, with the local products having to compete
in the Cambodian market with the same species that originate from Vietnam. The
seaweed farmers in the Philippines are currently benefiting from a high demand for
raw materials, especially by China, and a sustained good price of seaweed products
in the world market. Immediate threats to sustainability however come in the form ofdeterioration of the environment in the traditional culture areas, while
competitiveness of the industry will face a stiff test from the developing seaweed
industry of other countries.
The problems of the shrimp farmers in the study areas in Vietnam typify the whole
range of hazards and risks that other shrimp farmers in South and Southeast Asia
have faced and continue to deal with from the biological such as poor seed quality,
lack of seed and diseases; environmental which is mainly water quality deterioration;financial and economic; and social. One of the three study areas however provides a
good example of how being organized and following good farming practices can
mitigate many of these risks.
The assessments give clear indications of the role of governments and industry in two
ways: by describing examples of useful initiatives to help the small farmers and by
alluding to the shortcomings or simply lack of government efforts and actions; for
example, inadequate market promotion and information.
2. Issues and potential development actions by commodity
Based on the indicative priority rankings of development actions needed to address
each issue (again refer to Annex 1 Tables A, B, C, D and E), the following list was
drawn up which identifies the issues that have the highest priority under each
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Priority ranking 1
Long distance transport of seed and due to poor roads leads to high mortality rates during
transport andafter stocking due to stress
Competition from the usually abundant wild fish
Pangasius sp. pond farmers complain that their market and the price of their products are
influenced by fish originating from Vietnam and Thailand
An aquaculture cooperative does not exist, resulting in a lack of communication or
networks to exchange ideas or culture techniques, or to discuss solutions to problems
In many locations around the Great Lake, Mekong River, and along river systems, fish is
sold to customers at the farm gate. This practice is more common among small-scale or
traditional producers who process for subsistence purposes and localized sales
Priority ranking 2 and 3
The seed used for cage culture of snakeheads andPangasidsare collected from open
waters; farmers dependence on wild seed has constrained expansion
Availability of quality fish meal is a major constraint to the development of the feed
industry.
Little effort has been made to develop the pond culture practices
Lack of aquaculture inputs especially credit.
Rice field is near the homestead so it is easy to control and manage; poaching is oftenencountered, if the rice field is far from home.
Fish are transported by ox-carts, motorbikes and small trucks to urban markets. Also,
cages are towed to Phnom Penh from the Great Lake and Mekong areas so that fish can be
marketed alive
Overcrowding of fish results in a large amount of waste being discharged, causing water
quality
Feeding of Pangasiusrelies heavily on small wild fish caught from the fishing lots, thus
inputs to the system are relatively expensive
Inadequate water supply is a serious constraint in remote areas water bodies. Water supply
relies on rainwater to fill their ponds before starting to release fingerlings. Ponds, which
are small and dug manually cannot hold water for too long
The fishermen, fishing lot owners, local collectors and local fish processors operate
without any organized information system regarding prices, market demand, or annual
catch volumes
Research and Technology Development
Priority ranking 1
The seed used for cage culture of snakeheads andPangasidsare collected from open
waters; farmers dependence on wild seed has constrained expansion
The production of cultured Pangasianodon hypophthalmusand Channa micropeltesin
both ponds and cages has steadily declined, due to shortage of wild seed supply and
shortage of trash fish for feeding
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Priority ranking 2 and 3
High mortality rates of Pangasius sp. and snakeheads (Channa sp) in the hot season,
particularly from March-May when water temperature is high and water flow is low.
Disease triggered by among others water pollution leading to fish kills
Belief among farmers that snakeheads do not easily accept pellet feed.
Long distance transport of seed and due to poor roads leads to high mortality rates during
transport andafter stocking due to stress
Inadequate water supply is a serious constraint in remote areas water bodies. Water supply
relies on rainwater to fill their ponds before starting to release fingerlings. Ponds, which
are small and dug manually cannot hold water for too long
Rice field (for rice-fish culture)has to be able to hold water at least3 to 4 months
Rice field does not flood (fields often flooded in rainy season).
Invasion of predator species especially snakeheads
For Training and Extension (indigenous freshwater fish cage and pond culture
(and rice fish system)
Priority ranking 1
High mortality rates of Pangasius sp. and snakeheads (Channa sp) in the hot season,
particularly from March-May when water temperature is high and water flow is low.
Overcrowding of fish results in a large amount of waste being discharged, causing water
quality
Disease triggered by among others water pollution leading to fish kills
Belief among farmers that snakeheads do not easily accept pellet feed.
Inadequate water supply is a serious constraint in remote areas water bodies. Water supply
relies on rainwater to fill their ponds before starting to release fingerlings. Ponds are
small, dug manually and cannot hold water for long.
Problem of fish kills occurs during the summer season
Women would benefit from improvements in cooking technology and artificial feed
formulation
Rice field (for rice-fish culture)has to be able to hold water at least three to four months
Rice fields often get flooded in rainy season.
Rice fish culture suffer from invasion of predator species especially snakeheads
Priority ranking 2 and 3
The seed used for cage culture of snakeheads andPangasidsare collected from openwaters; farmers dependence on wild seed has constrained expansion
The production of cultured Pangasianodon hypophthalmusand Channa micropeltesin
both ponds and cages has steadily declined, due to shortage of wild seed supply and
shortage of trash fish for feeding
Availability of quality fish meal is a major constraint to the development of the feed
industry
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Coordination is weak between research institutions, university, NGOs and government
agencies implementing extension services
Heavy reliance on catching or buying trash fish for feed
Rice field is near the homestead so it is easy to control and manage; poaching is often
encountered, if the rice field is far from home
An aquaculture cooperative does not exist, resulting in a lack of communication or
networks to exchange ideas or culture techniques, or to discuss solutions to problems
The fishermen, fishing lot owners, local collectors and local fish processors operate
without any organized information system regarding prices, market demand, or annual
catch volumes.
In many locations around the Great Lake, Mekong River, and along river systems, fish is
sold to customers at the farm gate. This practice is more common among small-scale or
traditional producers who process for subsistence purposes and localized sales
Information Development and Dissemination (indigenous freshwater fish cage
and pond culture and rice fish system)
Priority ranking 1
Rice field is near the homestead so it is easy to control and manage; poaching is often
encountered, if the rice field is far from home.
The fishermen, fishing lot owners, local collectors and local fish processors operate
without any organized information system regarding prices, market demand, or annual
catch volumes
Priority ranking 2 and 3
High mortality rates of Pangasius sp. and snakeheads (Channa sp) in the hot season,
particularly from March-May when water temperature is high and water flow is low.
Overcrowding of fish results in a large amount of waste being discharged, causing water
quality
Disease triggered by among others water pollution leading to fish kills
Belief among farmers that snakeheads do not easily accept pellet feed
Natural flooding or drought disrupts activities for long periods
NGO micro credit programs have high interest rates (5% per month)
Coordination is weak between research institutions, university, NGOs and government
agencies implementing extension services.
Problem of fish kills occurs during the summer season
Rice field has to be able to hold water at least three to four months
Rice field does not flood (fields often flooded in rainy season)
Invasion of predator species especially snakeheads
Lack of inputs: fertilization ponds and feeding of fish are generally low, which reflects
the limited amount and variety of inputs that can be obtained from the farming system.
Competition from the usually abundant wild fish
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Fish are transported by ox-carts, motorbikes and small trucks to urban markets. Also,
cages are towed to Phnom Penh from the Great Lake and Mekong areas so that fish can be
marketed live.
Access to credit (indigenous freshwater fish cage and pond culture (and rice fish
system)
Priority ranking 1
Lack of aquaculture inputs
Lack of credit
Fish are transported by ox-carts, motorbikes and small trucks to urban markets. Also,
cages are towed to Phnom Penh from the Great Lake and Mekong areas so that fish can be
marketed live
Priority ranking 2 and 3
NGO micro credit programs have high interest rates (5% per month)
Lack of inputs: fertilization ponds and feeding of fish are generally low, which reflects
the limited amount and variety of inputs that can be obtained from the farming system.
Women would benefit from improvements in cooking technology and artificial feed
formulation
Heavy reliance on catching or buying trash fish for feed
Competition for market with the usually abundant wild fish
Pangasius sp. pond farmers often complain that their market and the price of their
products are influenced by imports of fish from Vietnam and Thailand
b. Coastal cage culture of marine (seabass and grouper) finfish (Indonesia)
Policy support, regulation and sector management (including organizing
farmers
Priority ranking 1
High cost of commercial feed
Deterioration of the sea waters due to domestic waste product as result of crowded
villages surrouding the waters
Water environmental control is urgently required to mitigate the adverse impacts of new
shrimp pond development and more crowded population
Mariculture zone need to be established in Lampung Bay and Batam to guarantee that theareas are particularly aimed for mariculture activities..
Low economy of scale in export shipment because aquaculture activities are scattered and
predominantly small scale units
It is common for grouper farmers in a certain area to establish a group. A number of
groups in a district assembles in a unit called Development Service Unit (UPP)
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Market chain of grouper is relatively simple. The farmers normally just inform the fish
collector. After reaching a certain quota level in certain location, the fish collector will
collect the fish. Methods of payment can be cash paid immediately after the fish are
weighed or delayed payment. Payment time is based on the agreement between the
farmer and the buyer which is commonly a week after the fish has been collected. Method
of payment is normally by transfer to the farmers bank account
To access the information on grouper and seabass price, generally fish farmers use a
cellular phone (Hand Phone) through sending text or sms to fish collecto
To increase the income of fish farmers in Lampung and Kepulauan Riau, it is required to
establish a business cooparation through a partnership. The partnership has been
established between exporters and fish farmers. This relationship mutually benefits both
parties. Partnership between fish farmers and UPP is also a common practice in manydistricts. Benefits include: accessible management, efficient productive cooperation. In
some areas the role of UPP can include production management, supply of production
inputs and marketing of harvest
Research and Technology Development (marine finfish culture)
Priority ranking 1
Lack of seed supply. Seeds mostly come from Java, which are often of low quality with
slow growth rate. Need for a networking on information and marketing on grouper andseabass seeds so that fish farmers will be able to obtain quality seeds and other
aquaculture inputs
Growing grouper and seabass in surveyed areas normally takes arround 8 to 9 months,
humpback grouper especially needs longer time which is 15 -18 months. Seabas
normally
Priority ranking 2 and 3
High cost of investment -- at least Rp 50 million/unit/cycle
Time consuming; the average business cycle of aquaculture is more than a year High cost of commercial feed
Disease from fungus, bacteria and viruses attacking cultured grouper
Water environmental control is urgently required to mitigate the adverse impacts of new
shrimp pond development and more crowded population. Lack of fish farmers capability
and competency (knowledge, capital, information access, marketing accesses, etc)
Training and Extension (marine finfish culture)
Priority ranking 1 Disease from fungus, bacteria and viruses attacking cultured grouper
Lack of fish farmers capability and competency (knowledge, capital, information access,
marketing accesses, etc)
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Time consuming; the average business cycle of aquaculture is more than a year\
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Low economy of scale in export shipment because aquaculture activities are scattered and
predominantly small scale units
Growing grouper and seabass in surveyed areas normally takes arround 8 to 9 months,
humback grouper especially needs longer time which is 15 -18 months. Seabas normally
takes 7-9 months to reach a minimum marketable size for export purpose which is 500
grams per pieces.
Market chain of grouper is relatively simple. The farmers normally just inform the fish
collector. After reaching a certain quota level in certain location, the fish collector will
collect the fish. Methods of payment can be cash paid immediately after the fish are
weighed or delayed payment. Payment time is based on the agreement between the
farmer and the buyer which is commonly a week after the fish has been collected. Method
of payment is normally by transfer to the farmers bank account.
To access the information on grouper and seabass price, generally fish farmers use a
cellular phone (Hand Phone) through sending text or sms to fish collector. .
It is common for grouper farmers in a certain area to establish a group. A number of
groups in a district assembles in a unit called Development Service Unit (UPP).
To increase the income of fish farmers in Lampung and Kepulauan Riau, it is required to
establish a business cooparation through a partnership. The partnership has been
established between exporters and fish farmers. This relationship mutually benefits both
parties. Partnership between fish farmers and UPP is also a common practice in many
districts. Benefits include: accessible management, efficient productive cooperation. In
some areas the role of UPP can include production management, supply of production
inputs and marketing of harvest..
Information Development and Dissemination (marine finfish culture)
Priority ranking 1
Market chain of grouper is relatively simple. The farmers normally just inform the fish
collector. After reaching a certain quota level in certain location, the fish collector willcollect the fish. Methods of payment can be cash paid immediately after the fish are
weighed or delayed payment. Payment time is based on the agreement between the
farmer and the buyer which is commonly a week after the fish has been collected. Method
of payment is normally by transfer to the farmers bank account.
To access the information on grouper and seabass price, generally fish farmers use a
cellular phone (Hand Phone) through sending text or sms to fish collector. .
To increase the income of fish farmers in Lampung and Kepulauan Riau, it is required to
establish a business cooparation through a partnership. The partnership has beenestablished between exporters and fish farmers. This relationship mutually benefits both
parties. Partnership between fish farmers and UPP is also a common practice in many
districts. Benefits include: accessible management, efficient productive cooperation. In
some areas the role of UPP can include production management, supply of production
inputs and marketing of harvest..
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predominantly small scale units
Lack of fish farmers capability and competency (knowledge, capital, information access,
marketing accesses, etc).
It is common for grouper farmers in a certain area to establish a group. A number of
groups in a district assembles in a unit called Development Service Unit (UPP)
Lack of seed supply. Seeds mostly come from Java, which are often of low quality with
slow growth rate. Need for a networking on information and marketing on grouper and
seabass seeds so that fish farmers will be able to obtain quality seeds and other
aquaculture inputs
Access to credit (marine finfish)
Priority ranking 1
High cost of investment -- at least Rp 50 million/unit/cycle
Time consuming; the average business cycle of aquaculture is more than a year
Credit support for small scale grouper and seabass farmers
Priority ranking 2 and 3
High cost of commercial feed
Low economy of scale in export shipment because aquaculture activities are scattered and
predominantly small scale units
Growing grouper and seabass in surveyed areas normally takes arround 8 to 9 months,
humback grouper especially needs longer time which is 15 -18 months. Seabas normally
takes 7-9 months to reach a minimum marketable size for export purpose which is 500
grams per piece
c. Farming of red seaweeds (Philippines)
Policy support , regulation and sector management (including organizing
farmers)
Priority ranking 1
Seaweed production can be increased by expanding the seaweed farm size, used of
improved farming techniques and better quality seedlings.
Due to lack of capital, the farmers resort to micro-financing or informal loan providers.
Farmers are vulnerable to market, social and political forces because of weak
organization.
Farmers sell their produce to an independent local buyer called stocker who lives and
operates in the village. The advantage of selling the seaweeds to the stocker is that the
farmers can easily access cash advances without interest even before harvest. These kinds
of arrangements cannot be obtained directly from processors or traders. The negative
effect is that the buying price of the stocker is lower than that of other buyers
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Farmers running out of cash sell their seaweeds soon after drying; they get lower prices.
Sources of market prices information are from independent local buyers, traders, other
farmers or directly from processors and exporters either by word of mouth or SMS. (text
messages over the cellphone)
Volume of harvest and buying price are considerations in selling dried seaweeds produce.
Volume of ones harvest is used as a leverage to demand a higher price.
The presence of independent local buyers, traders, processors buying stations provide /the
seaweed farmers the best options for competitive prices.
Research and Technology Development (red seaweeds)
Priority ranking 1
Occurrence of seaweed diseases like ice-ice and epiphytism; prevalent during the summer
months.
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Seaweed production can be increased by expanding the seaweed farm size, used of
improved farming techniques and better quality seedlings.
Training and Extension: (red seaweeds)
Priority ranking 1
Poaching, typhoons and improper garbage disposals are problems.
Seaweed farmers do not practice record keeping. This results in poor financial
management that has important implications to cash management, investment, forecasting
and savings
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Seaweed production can be increased by expanding the seaweed farm size, used of
improved farming techniques and better quality seedlings.
Several typhoons hit the seaweed farms especially in Danajon every year and farms are
often destroyed or washed out.
Occurrence of seaweed diseases like ice-ice and epiphytism; prevalent during the summer
months.
Farmers are vulnerable to market, social and political forces because of weak
organization.
Sources of market prices information are from independent local buyers, traders, other
farmers or directly from processors and exporters either by word of mouth or SMS. (text
messages over the cellphone)
BFAR and LGU both face the problem of budget in terms of hiring the right technical
people with expertise and also the number of people to correspond to the needs of
technical people to the areas or farm sites.
Information Development and Dissemination (red seaweeds)
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Volume of harvest and buying price are considerations in selling dried seaweeds produce.
Volume of ones harvest is used as a leverage to demand a higher price.
The presence of independent local buyers, traders, processors buying stations provide the
seaweed farmers the best options for competitive prices.
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Increasing seaweed production can be realized when farmers have access to credit and
other forms of financing.
Due to lack of capital, the farmers resort to micro-financing or informal loan providers.
Poaching, typhoons and improper garbage disposals are problems.
Occurrence of seaweed diseases like ice-ice and epiphytism; prevalent during the summer
months. Farmers are vulnerable to market, social and political forces because of weak
organization.
Seaweed farmers do not practice record keeping. This results in poor financial
management that has important implications to cash management, investment, forecasting
and savings.
Farmers running out of cash sell their seaweeds soon after drying; they get lower prices.
Sources of market prices information are from independent local buyers, traders, other
farmers or directly from processors and exporters either by word of mouth or SMS. (textmessages over the cellphone)
Farmers sell their produce to an independent local buyer called stocker who lives and
operates in the village. The advantage of selling the seaweeds to the stocker is that the
farmers can easily access cash advances without interest even before harvest. These kinds
of arrangements cannot be obtained directly from processors or traders. The negative
effect is that the buying price of the stocker is lower than that of other buyers.
BFAR and LGU both face the problem of budget in terms of hiring the right technical
people with expertise and also the number of people to correspond to the needs oftechnical people to the areas or farm sites.
Access to credit (red seaweed)
Priority ranking 1
Increasing seaweed production can be realized when farmers can have access to credit and
other forms of financing.
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Due to lack of capital, the farmers resort to micro-financing or informal loan providers.
Several typhoons hit the seaweed farms especially in Danajon every year and farms are
often destroyed or washed out.
Seaweed farmers do not practice record keeping. This results in poor financial
management that has important implications to cash management, investment, forecasting
d i
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Volume of ones harvest is used as a leverage to demand a higher price.
The presence of independent local buyers, traders, processors buying stations provide /the
seaweed farmers the best options for competitive prices.
Freshwater cage culture of Red Tilapia (Thailand)
Policy support , regulation and sector management (including organizing
farmers)
Priority ranking 1
High cost of production and expensive fish feed stuff. (Ang Thong or AT, Nong Khai or
NK) Limited access to credit (AT, NK)
Low quality of environment (pollution) causes fish disease. (AT,NK)
Red tilapia culture in cages on a river carries with it a very high risk to the production
system. (AT)
Price of Red Tilapia is high and causes a limit to market promotion for low income
groups. (AT)
Contract system obstructs free market enterprise. (NK)
Government agencies respond to agriculture marketing but do not have policy or activities
to promote the Nile Tilapia market (both domestic and international). (AT)
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Lack of savings for investment in fish culture. (AT,NK)
Loss of production as the major culture habitat is river and reservoir, and difficult to
control and monitor good environment. (NK)
Volume of production of Red Tilapia is low compared to that of Nile Tilapia. (AT)
Limited access to information for international trade for fish farmers. (NK)
Lack of action by exporters to exploit overseas markets while home growth markets
remain strong. (NK)
Lack of Tilapia/fish market expertise. (AT,NK)
Research and Technology Development (red tilapia cage culture)
Priority ranking 1
Low quality fish seed and death after a few months stocking. (AT, NK) There is still no information available for proper treatments to prevent/stop fish disease.
(AT,NK) )
No standard culture system. (AT)
Low quality of production (drug and chemical), therefore products cannot qualify for
international trade in EU, US. (AT,NK)
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Lack of knowledge and limited access to information for good practices of Tilapia culture.
(AT,NK)
Price of Red Tilapia is high and causes a limit to market promotion for low income
groups. (AT)
High cost of production and expensive fish feed stuff. (Ang Thong or AT, Nong Khai or
NK)
Low net revenue can make farmers put off fish culture activity. (NK)
Fish disease cause mortalities in culture. (AT,NK)
Low quality of environment (pollution) causes fish disease. (AT,NK)
Red tilapia culture in cages on a river carries with it a very high risk to the production
system. (AT) Lack of knowledge and limited access to information for good practices of Tilapia culture.
(AT,NK)
Price of Red Tilapia is high and causes a limit to market promotion for low income
groups. (AT)
Volume of production of Red Tilapia is low compared to that of Nile Tilapia. (AT)
Training and Extension (red tilapia cage culture)Priority ranking 1
Fish disease cause mortalities in culture. (AngThong ,NongKai)
Lack of knowledge and limited access to information for good practices of Tilapia culture.
(AT,NK)
Volume of production of Red Tilapia is low compared to that of Nile Tilapia. (AT)
Lack of Tilapia/fish market expertise. (AT,NK)
Priority ranking 2 and 3
High cost of production and expensive fish feed stuff. (Ang Thong or AT, Nong Khai orNK)
Low net revenue can make farmers put off fish culture activity. (NK)
Lack of savings for investment in fish culture. (AT,NK)
Low quality fish seed and death after a few months stocking. (AT, NK)
There is still no information available for proper treatments to prevent/stop fish disease.
(AT,NK) )
Red tilapia culture in cages on a river carries with it a very high risk to the production
system. (AT) Loss of production as the major culture habitat is river and reservoir, and difficult to
control and monitor good environment. (NK)
No standard culture system. (AT)
Low quality of production (drug and chemical), therefore products cannot qualify for
international trade in EU US (AT NK)
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Information Development and Dissemination (red tilapia cage culture)
Priority ranking 1
Loss of production as the major culture habitat is river and reservoir, and difficult to
control and monitor good environment. (NK)
Limited access to information for international trade for fish farmers. (NK)
Lack of action by exporters to exploit overseas markets while home growth markets
remain strong. (NK)
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Limited access to credit (AT, NK)
Low quality fish seed and death after a few months stocking. (AT, NK)
Fish disease cause mortalities in culture. (AT,NK)
There is still no information available for proper treatments to prevent/stop fish disease.
(AT,NK) )
Low quality of environment (pollution) causes fish disease. (AT,NK)
No standard culture system. (AT)
Lack of knowledge and limited access to information for good practices of Tilapia culture.
(AT,NK)
Price of Red Tilapia is high and causes a limit to market promotion for low income
groups. (AT) Low quality of production (drug and chemical), therefore products cannot qualify for
international trade in EU, US. (AT,NK)
Contract system obstructs free market enterprise. (NK)
Lack of Tilapia/fish market expertise. (AT,NK)
Government agencies respond to agriculture marketing but do not have policy or activities
to promote the Nile Tilapia market (both domestic and international). (AT)
Access to cash capital (red tilapia cage culture)Priority ranking 1
Low net revenue can make farmers put off fish culture activity. (NK)
Lack of savings for investment in fish culture. (AT,NK)
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Limited access to credit (AT, NK)
Contract system obstructs free market enterprise. (NK)
e. Brackishwater pond culture of black tiger shrimp (Vietnam)
Policy support, regulation and sector management (including organizing
farmers)
Priority ranking 1
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requirements on quality are becoming stricter.
It is difficult for tiger shrimp products to compete with white-leg shrimp in global markets
due to the normally higher price of P monodon. It makes the marketing of tiger shrimp
more difficult.
Farmers do not have sufficient information on market, gate price, export shrimp price,
exporting markets, importing tendency of importers, quantity of shrimp/seafood required
for processing, etc
Shrimp farmers in Kim Dong and Kim Trung sell shrimp for private companies in the
commune because of low harvesting. They do not harvest all the production like farmers
in Ham Ninh do but harvest gradually. Each day they sell some kg of shrimp caught by
using nets so the collecting price is fixed with shrimp weight. However, this selling
method does not offer much money for re-investment in the next crop. Information from the National Agriculture and Fishery Extension Center alludes protein
content in industrial feed as not up to the product quality claim in the label Competent
agencies had found 1 consignment of fish meals infected with melamine but no official
inspection was conducted by the State over the industrial feed used in aquaculture.
Accordingly, farmers are probably producing shrimps contaminated with growth
stimulant, fungi toxins, and antibiotic from feed. The misuse of fish veterinary drugs
adversely affects the farming ponds, the residues in the ponds mud and affects
commercial shrimp flesh.Priority ranking 2 and 3
Farmers in studied communes are faced with the risk of disease safety such as poor seed
quality, pathogens spreading in the water, disease-carriers such as dogs, cats, water
absorbed among farming ponds.
Mortality rates are high:
Dead shrimps due to bad quality: 14.9%.
Dead shrimp due to disease and water contamination: 33.8%.
Dead shrimps due to bad weather (long lasting severe sunny or raining days): 19%.Flash flood (21%).
Storm (10.8%).
Emergency sale due to diseased shrimp and jelly fish infestation: 0,5%
Difficulty to adapt to quick changes in import regulations on of importing countries in
relation to TBT and SPS.
Farmers do not have sufficient information on market, gate price, export shrimp price,
exporting markets, importing tendency of importers, quantity of shrimp/seafood required
for processing, etc
Research and Technology Development (pond culture of black tiger shrimp)
Priority ranking 1
None
Priority ranking 2 and 3
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Mortality rates are high:
Dead shrimps due to bad quality: 14.9%.
Dead shrimp due to disease and water contamination: 33.8%.
Dead shrimps due to bad weather (long lasting severe sunny or raining days): 19%.Flash flood (21%).
Storm (10.8%).
Emergency sale due to diseased shrimp and jelly fish infestation: 0,5%
Priority ranking 2 and 3
Some individuals and business establishments overuse anti-biotic and chemicals that are
harmful to consumers health. This damages the prestige of Vietnam fisheries sector.
The control and management of waste discharged from farming ponds into surrounding
areas (whether the wastewater is treated? Drainage system is safe? Where thesewastewater go or whether it is used in other ponds).
Fish farmers are not financially able to set up the pond system as regulated in GAP, CoC,
BMP.
Difficulty to adapt to quick changes in import regulations on of importing countries in
relation to TBT and SPS.
A severe trading environment in the context of global price reduction, trade barriers, non-
tariff barriers, traceability, changes of taste, etc.
Farmers do not have sufficient information on market, gate price, export shrimp price,exporting markets, importing tendency of importers, quantity of shrimp/seafood required
for processing, etc
Vietnams fish processing and exporting enterprises remain focused on specific market
(e.g, main markets of Vietnamese shrimp are Japan and US), and not actively exploring
and developing new markets. Many enterprises export the same products to the same
markets, which makes them susceptible to the price pressure from importers. Some
enterprises even offer dumping prices to importers.
Information from the National Agriculture and Fishery Extension Center alludes proteincontent in industrial feed as not up to the product quality claim in the label Competent
agencies had found 1 consignment of fish meals infected with melamine but no official
inspection was conducted by the State over the industrial feed used in aquaculture.
Accordingly, farmers are probably producing shrimps contaminated with growth
stimulant, fungi toxins, and antibiotic from feed. The misuse of fish veterinary drugs
adversely affects the farming ponds, the residues in the ponds mud and affects
commercial shrimp flesh.
Information Development and Dissemination (pond culture of black tiger
shrimp)
Priority ranking 1
Some individuals and business establishments overuse anti-biotic and chemicals that are
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areas (whether the wastewater is treated? Drainage system is safe? Where these
wastewater go or whether it is used in other ponds).
Farmers in studied communes are faced with the risk of disease safety such as poor seed
quality, pathogens spreading in the water, disease-carriers such as dogs, cats, waterabsorbed among farming ponds.
Mortality rates are high:
a.
Dead shrimps due to bad quality: 14.9%.
b.
Dead shrimp due to disease and water contamination: 33.8%.
c. Dead shrimps due to bad weather (long lasting severe sunny or raining days): 19%.
d.
Flash flood (21%).
e.
Storm (10.8%)
f.
Emergency sale due to diseased shrimp and jelly fish infestation: 0,5%
Fish farmers are not financially able to set up the pond system as regulated in GAP, CoC,
BMP.
A severe trading environment in the context of global price reduction, trade barriers, non-
tariff barriers, traceability, changes of taste, etc.
Input costs (feed, fuels, drugs and chemicals) increase quicker than output costs while
requirements on quality are becoming stricter.
It is difficult for tiger shrimp products to compete with white-leg shrimp in global markets
due to P monodons normally higher price. It makes the marketing of tiger shrimp moredifficult.
Vietnams fish processing and exporting enterprises remain focused on specific market
(e.g, main markets of Vietnamese shrimp are Japan and US), and not actively exploring
and developing new markets. Many enterprises export the same products to the same
markets, which makes them susceptible to the price pressure from importers. Some
enterprises even offer dumping prices to importers.
Shrimp farmers in Kim Dong and Kim Trung sell shrimp for private companies in the
commune because of low harvesting. They do not harvest all the production like farmersin Ham Ninh do but harvest gradually. Each day they sell some kg of shrimp caught by
using nets so the collecting price is fixed with shrimp weight. However, this selling
method does not offer much money for re-investment in the next crop.
Information from the National Agriculture and Fishery Extension Center alludes protein
content in industrial feed as not up to the product quality claim in the label Competent
agencies had found 1 consignment of fish meals infected with melamine but no official
inspection was conducted by the State over the industrial feed used in aquaculture.
Accordingly, farmers are probably producing shrimps contaminated with growthstimulant, fungi toxins, and antibiotic from feed. The misuse of fish veterinary drugs
adversely affects the farming ponds, the residues in the ponds mud and affects
commercial shrimp flesh.
Access to cash capital (pond culture of black tiger shrimp)
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difficult.
Shrimp farmers in Kim Dong and Kim Trung sell shrimp for private companies in the
commune because of low harvesting. They do not harvest all the production like farmers
in Ham Ninh do but harvest gradually. Each day they sell some kg of shrimp caught byusing nets so the collecting price is fixed with shrimp weight. However, this selling
method does not offer much money for re-investment in the next crop.
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III Capacity building needs
1. Regional overview
The assessments of issues and needs of the shrimp and marine finfish farming point to
the urgency of being well-organized and adopting best management practices. The
same pathway would enhance the ability of the producers of the other aquaculture
commodities (tilapia, seaweed and indigenous freshwater fish species) to raise a
successful crop and earn better returns while mitigating the adverse impacts of
aquaculture on the natural resources, the environment and on other economic sectors.
On the government side, the assessment teams for seaweed and for tilapia specificallyrecommend strengthening of the technical capacities of government extension
officers. Cambodia provides a specific example of government collaborating with
industry to devise a solution to a very urgent problem i.e. development of cost-
effective feed that would reduce or eliminate the use of by catch or trash fish.
Because of the need to reflect the results of each of the five assessment reports
separately, the presentation of the issues and training needs does not seem unified, and
is without a holistic perspective. This in a way is a reflection of one major issue
facing the small farmers the lack of a unified and integrated service provision for
them. In this regard, the basis for developing an integrated service could be
provided by the five development actions that are proposed to address the issues
revealed by the assessments and listed in this synthesis (please refer back to Section
II, Capacity building issues and Annex 1).
A mechanism for devising a holistic service and implementing an integrated
programme for small farmers is exemplified by the National Centre for Sustainable
Aquaculture of India.
2. Commodity/Country needs
a, Indigenous freshwater species cultured in cages and ponds (Cambodia)
The strategy which was identified during the inception workshop consisted of two
major activities, namely (i) training of trainers, (iii) training of farmers on seed
production and culture, and organization of farmers and developing a network ofthese organizations. A network of core seed producers has been established and is
gradually being strengthened and expanded. This network whose members include
many farmers that are both hatchery/seed producers and cage/ pond culturists is seen
by the authorities as a foundation for developing and promoting better management
practices. This would be on top of its core function of producing and distributing
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species fetched a relatively high price in the local market with a significant export to
neighboring countries such as Thailand, Singapore and Malaysia. On the other hand,
it was mentioned that aquaculturists in Vietnam continue to farm the species and have
begun selling their produce to Cambodia. In addition, some of the fish they use tofeed their stocks, other than their own marine by-catch, come from the small fish
caught from Cambodian freshwater bodies, which they purchase from Cambodian
suppliers.
In this regard, the strategy for capacity building would focus on technology
development and on training and extension. These would aim at:
Improving the technical skills of farmers in small scale feed production (farm
made dry feed), and feeding management Development, testing and adoption of commercial (pellet) feeds for Channa
macrocephalusand C. striata, which has been initiated by the Government in
collaboration with a manufacturer of commercial feed, CP Thailand, with the
result to be promoted for adoption through demonstration projects, farmer
training and extension . The technology package would include good cage or
pond management practices that includes feeding techniques and disease
management
Improvement of and training of women in better on-farm processingtechnology other than fermentation and smoking
The competition from imported live or fresh fish and from the capture fishery
sector suggests these capacity building needs:
Use the same well-developed marketing and distribution networks for capture
fisheries in inland fisheries.
Attracting fish traders by assurance of quality and volume of fish at a given
time. This can be achieved by synchronizing production and harvests, which is
facilitated by farmers being organized.
As domestic demand is strong for fish and fish products (ranging from live to
processed forms such as fish paste, fermented fish, dry salted fish, steamed
fish, smoked fish, and fish-sauce and other forms), quality of these product
forms should be improved and maintained. Organizing the farmers particularly
the women and providing them with training, capital and market assistance
would improve the livelihoods of the small fish farming households.
b. Coastal cage culture of marine (seabass and grouper) finfish (Indonesia)
The training needs for the fish farmers can be grouped into four skills, namely: 1)
business management, 2) entrepreneurship and organizing, 3) farm management and
culture technique, and 4) handling and marketing of fish products. These course
contents or topics were proposed by the national team as follows:
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7. Farm and business transactions recording
b. Entrepreneurship development
1.
Aquaculture workplan development2. Working standard and procedure arrangement
3.
Cooperation development, innovative and creative in working place
4. Creating effetive and productive working environment
5. Evaluating performance for improvement and problem solving
6.
Developing fish farmers groups or associations
7.
Accessing and analysing market information
8. Problem diagnosis
c. Farm management, culture technology and environmental management
1. Material and equipments planning and assembly
2. Construction, assembling and setting floating net cage and other
equipment
3. Identfying suitable waters and environment for grouper and seabass
4. Monitoring marine water quality
5.
Understanding and adopting Good Aquaculture or Best Management
Practices i.e.
a.
Identifying quality and health fish seed and source of quality
seeds
b.
Understanding good methods for seed stocking of grouper and
seabass and optimal density
c.
Natural food and artificial feed supply
d. Feeding
e.
Monitoring of growth and health of stock
f. Aquaculture technique and net and equipment maintenance
g.
Identification and control for fish pests and diseasesh.
Sampling and grading methods
i. Harvest equipment provision
j.
Harvesting methods
k.
Handling and transportation
d. Marketing
1.
Operating information technology facilities
2.
Accessing market information3. Selecting prospective buyer and exporter
4.
Marketing and selling of harvested fish
5. Understanding the methods and procedures for payment
6. Understanding negotiation methods and committing with the established
agreement
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a whole is also in the long run threatened by expanding production and improvement
of colloid quality in other red seaweed growing countries.
The needs assessment report on the commodity focused on the strengthening of thegovernments capability to provide technology and training; organization of the
farmers and forging linkages between the farmers organizations and research and the
processing/export industry; easy access to credit so that the farmers -- all of whom
are small and relatively poor -- can expand production and adopt improved farming
technology, which requires higher farm investment. It also emphasized the improved
ability to sell their products on better terms. The capacity building activities are
listed as follows:
(a) . Training and extension
1. Re-training of government extension workers
2. Train leaders and representatives of farmers organizations as trainors on
improved seaweed farming techniques.
3. Municipalities where seaweed farming exist or feasible need to be identified
and local government extension workers, leaders and representatives of
farmers group and organizations selected and trained.
4.
A hands-on training is needed in various fields of seaweed production that
includes seedling selections, care and maintenance, site specific farming
methods, seaweed health and diseases, post harvest processing including
drying, storing and packing.
5.
Hire an expert on seaweed mariculture to conduct the training.
(b). Organization and linkages
1.
Assist in strengthening farmers organizations by conducting training on basic
of financial management, preparation of project feasibility study and value
formation seminars.2.
Develop strong linkage between farmers organizations with the market and
key industry stakeholders;
3.
Encourage financial institutions to provide farmers organizations easy access
to credit and financing.
(c). Research
1.
Encourage the government and other research institutions to undertake studies
on seaweeds genetics, diseases and best farming and post harvest techniques;2. Undertake socio-economic and environmental studies on the seaweed farming
industry;
(d) Information
1.
Promote regional exchange of information and study tour for local and
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growth, high density of cages and many other economic development activities in the
culture area.
In both culture and marketing, the priority need is information on improvingproduction, quality control, marketing and credit. The list of information required
include new technology and knowledge to help improve production system and
reduce costs; fish disease and environmental monitoring useful to fish farmers and
fish traders and retailers; networking and institution development among the
producers and traders; and market informationincluding prices and requirements for
better market access.
Information about new markets was the main interest for the traders but not so muchfor farmers who enter into contracts with traders. Contracts based on credit (in cash
or input supply) with traders, supply input companies, frozen food businesses, or
with these through a broker, assure the farmers of capital or inputs for a crop. (If a
crop fails, the creditors usually provide more credit to start another crop) With this
arrangement, it is not surprising that the price is dominated by the trader or frozen
food business, or the middle man.
The assessment team identified the following very specific capacity building activities
for the farmers and other primary stakeholders in the two study areas.
Capacity
building
programme and
training courses
Target group Length Outputs
1.
Intensive
Tilapia
farmingsystem
Fishfarmer,
Fisheries Officer
(Fisheries biologist
and extension officer)
7 days
5 days
20 fish farmers can improve
knowledge in Intensive Tilapia
culture system for better qualityof production for certification
and can perform a
demonstration sites.
4-5 DOF officers can improve
experience and hand-on training
and transfer technology on
Intensive Tilapia farming to fish
farmer and field extensionofficer.
Manual for intensive Tilapia
production system.
2.
On-farm
Tilapia Fishfarmer,
Fisheries Officer
Long-term
monitoring Report on pilot test/project of
on farm management and
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management to control
production quality.
3.
Tilapia fish
farmerassociation
(TFFA)
establishment
Fishfarmer
Fish trader/ exporter
1 year 2 Tilapia fish farmer
associations establishment inNongkhai and Ang-thong
Province
Reports of TFFA
4.
Strengthenin
g Tilapia
market
information
Fish farmer,
Fish trader/
exporter/middle man
Fisheries Officer
(Fisheries biologistand extension officer)
3 year Report of Tilapia trade
Report of Tilapia Culture
Promotion Project, DOF,
Thailand
e. Brackishwater pond culture of black tiger shrimp (Vietnam)
A large part of the capacity building requirements of shrimp farmers in the three
study areas could be carried out with the development and adoption of best
management practices and their being organized. One of the three surveyed areas,Ham Ninh, does provide a good example of farmers being organized for mutual
assistance to mitigate risks or cope with risk impacts. The second column in the table
below, i.e. proposed solutions, identifies the training and information needs for
farm management and policy as well as institutional support for a successful crop and
better access markets.
Water supply quantity and quality is a major problem in all three communities
surveyed, which could be remedied with coordination with the water managementauthority, and by a coordinated intake and discharge as well as cooperation in
establishing and using water treatment facilities.
Market access is constrained by a cascade of problems that begin with quality of seed
and quality of water which impact on product quality; use of chemicals and drugs to
prevent or treat infections; suspect feed that might contain banned substances; post
harvest handling; and the failure of authorities to provide adequate marketing
assistance.
The constraints and their solutions are classified under three outcomes, namely, higher
productivity, better economic return and product quality:
i. Higher productivity
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cheap price.
5. Channel system is improper with
shrimp farming practices because this
system is designed to serve sedge andrice production.
6. No water supply pond and waste
water pond available.
7. Fresh water inlet system to the
farming areas is incomplete so that it
is difficult for shrimp to grow out.
8.
Limited investment of farmers in
shrimp farming.
visual appearance; to manage
water of shrimp farming
ponds; to manage environment
of farming areas; the way totreat water before discharge
into environment; to design
farming ponds; to control and
prevent disease; to manage
feed and feeding as well as
drugs and chemicals.
2.
Train farmers on the selection
of seeds. They should select,inspect and decide to buy
qualified seeds with clear
origin.
3.
Hold fieldtrips to small-scale
farming areas towards
community-based
management.
4.
Provide guidance on
establishment of community-
based management board and
set up regulation on farming
areas.
5.
Set up communication channel
between aquaculture
management board and
provincial fisheries extension
center to support farmers moreeffectively.
6.
To manage the irrigation and
drainage system and water
supply schedule in a
harmonized manner,
representatives of community
based aquaculture management
board should work withcommune Peoples Committee
on the timing and volume of
fresh water supply
7.
Improve, upgrade water inlet
and outlet channels. The land
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In Hm Ninh
1.
Degraded environment leads to the
regular disease epidemic.2. Farmers do not have opportunity to visit
other successful places.
3. Limited investment of farmers in shrimp
farming.
4.
No water supply pond and waste water
pond available.
In Hm Ninh
1.
Conduct fieldtrips to adjacent
shrimp farming areas.2. Improve and provide training
on advanced and
environmental-friendly shrimp
farming techniques.
3.
Improve, upgrade water inlet
and outlet supply channel.
Management Board should
discuss with communePeoples Committee and
members to dedicate 20-30%
out of total farming areas for
water supply ponds and
wastewater ponds.
4.
Provide capital for farmers.
5. Find stable output sources.
ii.
Better economic return
Constraints Proposed solutions
In Kim ng, Kim Trung
1. Farming practices are conducted in
spontaneous manner so the farming skill
and pond management skill are limited.
Farmers do not know how to makeplanning, seasonal calendar as well as
cost and income statement after one crop.
2.
Poor quality seeds, weak management of
farm pond so feed conversion is low.
3.
Short capital leads the debts in purchase
of feed, drugs and byproducts so they
have to buy at higher price. Some
households cannot afford the purchase indebt so they use homemade feed. This
leads to spread of disease, shrimp is small
and it is difficult to control the
environment. Cost is increased for buying
drugs and bio-products to improve the
Provide training for farmers on
farming skills, management of
farming ponds, management of
finance, planning skills.
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In Hm Ninh
1.
Owners of farming ponds do not know
how to effectively manage, makeplanning and prepare economic cost and
profit statement after one farming crop.
2. Short capital so they have to buy feed,
drugs, bio-products in debt. In such a
case, they have to pay at higher price.
3. This is small-scale farming area so there
is no dealer authorized by feed or bio-
product production plants so that inputcosts are higher.
4.
Industrial feed quality is out of control,
reduced water quality and weak
management capacity so the feed
coefficient is high (1.5-1.7).
5.
Products are highly appreciated (gate
price is VND 4,000 5,000 higher than
that in other adjacent areas) but it is not
formed as commodity so collectors from
dont reach it plants for higher price.
6. Input costs, i.e. feed and seed are
increasing but gate price is reduced.
7.
High bank interest rates
8. Provide training for farmers
on farming skills,
management of farmingponds, management of
finance, planning skills.
iii.
Better product quality
Constraints Proposed solutions
1.
Common inlet and outlet channel.
2. Source of water quality is not strictly
controlled.
3.
Quick degradation of environment. Shrimps
are infected with disease whereas 20,6% of
farmers buy treatment drugs based onrecommendation of drug sellers, 18% of
farmers buy drugs based on their
experiences, 6,6% of farmers buy according
to usage stated in the cover or leaflets of the
drug stores, only 22,5% buy drugs according
1.
Improve water channel and
distribution systems.
2.
Improve awareness on negative
impact of upstream-polluted water
and capacity of negotiation when
detecting pollution sources thatmay affect upstream water quality.
3. Disseminate information related to
the management of drugs,
chemicals, insertion of
miscellaneous substance into
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bioproducts management issued by host
agencies as well as not aware of the negative
effect when misusing drugs.
5.
Farmers do not know how to prevent cross-infection or line-infection.
6. Shrimps are contaminated during harvesting
(in case where middlemen do not have
specialized vehicle for on site purchase).
5.
Provide training on responsible
farming.
6.
Provide training on method to
control line and cross infection.7. Provide guidance for small-scale
farmers on harvest techniques to
avoid contamination.
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IV. Conclusion and Suggested Action
The priority capacity building needs suggest specific training needs. It is clear from
the commodity assessments that the respective governments have already designedand implemented training courses for farmers producing the five commodity groups.
The project, rather than duplicating these training programs or courses, needs to
determine a training course that addresses the core problems of sustainability and
competitiveness.. It need not be a long or broadly targetted training course. Its
immediate purpose is to serve as a pilot activity that can be subsequently built on and
expanded by the government and industry as well as other institutions providing
services to the farmers.
The problems and priority needs strongly point to a BMP-oriented training program
in which the capacity building needs for technology application, market access,
organizing and managing an organizationare embedded. The course contents or
indications of course contents are listed in Section III. The Project Team and the
National Assessment Teams can refer to the list of Priority 1 issues, constraints and
problems (in Section II) to validate the suggested course contents and revise them as
needed to design a BMP-oriented training course.
+++++
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32
ANNEX 1. CAPACITY BUILDING ISSUES BY COMMODITY
A. INDIGENOUS FRESHWATER FISH IN CAGES AND PONDS (CAMBODIA)
Issues and the priority development actions to address themCONSTRAINTS, PROBLEMS, SITUATIONS DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS/ priority
ranking(1 is highest)SUSTAINABILITY PRM RTD T&E IDD CA
a. Cage culture
High mortality rates of Pangasius sp. and snakeheads (Channa sp) in the hot season,
particularly from March-May when water temperature is high and water flow is low.
4 3 1 2 5
Overcrowding of fish results in a large amount of waste being discharged, causing water
quality.
3 4 1 2 5
Disease triggered by among others water pollution leading to fish kills 4 3 1 2 5
Belief among farmers that snakeheads do not easily accept pellet feed. 4 3 1 2The seed used for cage culture of snakeheads andPangasids are collected from open
waters; farmers dependence on wild seed has constrained expansion
2 1 3 5 4
The production of cultured Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and Channa micropeltes in
both ponds and cages has steadily declined, due to shortage of wild seed supply and
shortage of trash fish for feeding
2 1 3 5 4
Availability of quality fish meal is a major constraint to the development of the feed
industry.
2 1 3 5 4
Feeding of Pangasius relies heavily on small wild fish caught from the fishing lots, thusinputs to the system are relatively expensive
3 1 2 5 4
b. Pond culture (small scale)
1.
Long distance transport of seed and due to poor roads leads to high mortality rates
during transport andafter stocking due to stress
1 3 2 4 5
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2.
Inadequate water supply is a serious constraint in remote areas water bodies. Watersupply relies on rainwater to fill their ponds before starting to release fingerlings.
Ponds, which are small and dug manually cannot hold water for too long.
3 2 1 4 5
3.
Little effort has been made to develop the culture practices. 2 1 3 4 5
4.
Lack of aquaculture inputs especially credit. 2 5 3 4 1
5.
Natural flooding or drought disrupts activities for long periods. 4 1 2 3 5
6.
NGO micro credit programs have high interest rates (5% per month). 1 5 4 3 2
7.
Coordination is weak between research institutions, university, NGOs and government
agencies implementing extension services.
1 4 3 2 5
c. Pond culture (intensive)
Problem of fish kills occurs during the summer season 5 4 1 3
Women would benefit from improvements in cooking technology and artificial feed
formulation
5 2 1 4 3
Heavy reliance on catching or buying trash fish for feed 5 1 3 4 2
d. Rice fish culture
Rice field has to be able to hold water at least three to four months. 4 3 1 2 5
Rice field does not flood (fields often flooded in rainy season). 4 3 1 2 5
Invasion from predator species especially snakeheads 4 3 1 2 5
Rice field is near the homestead so it is easy to control and manage; poaching is often
encountered, if the rice field is far from home.
2 5 3 1 4
Lack of inputs: fertilization ponds and feeding of fish are generally low, which reflects
the limited amount and variety of inputs that can be obtained from the farming system.
5 1 4 3 2
COMPETITIVENESS
Competition from the usually abundant wild fish1 5 4 3 2
Pangasius sp. pond farmers often complain that their market and the price of their
products are influenced by imports of fish from Vietnam and Thailand.
1 5 4 2 3
An aquaculture cooperative does not exist, resulting in a lack of communication or
networks to exchange ideas or culture techniques, or to discuss solutions to problems
1 5 3 2 4
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The fishermen, fishing lot owners, local collectors and local fish processors operatewithout any organized information system regarding prices, market demand, or annual
catch volumes.
1 5 3 2 4
In many locations around the Great Lake, Mekong River, and along river systems, fish is
sold to customers at the farm gate. This practice is more common among small-scale or
traditional producers who process for subsistence purposes and localized sales.
1 5 3 2 4
In other cases, fish are transported by ox-carts, motorbikes and small trucks to urban
markets. Also, cages are towed to Phnom Penh from the Great Lake and Mekong areas so
that fish can be marketed alive.
2 5 4 3 1
LEGEND
PRM Policy support , regulation and sector management (including organizing farmers)
RTD Research and Technology Development
T&E Training and Extension
IDD Information Development and Dissemination
CA Access to Cash Capital
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B. COASTAL CAGE CULTURE OF MARINE FISH, GROUPER & SEABASS (INDONESIA)
CONSTRAINTS, PROBLEMS, SITUATIONS DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS/PRIORITY
SUSTAINABILITY PRM RTD T&E IDD CA
Lack of seed supply. Seeds mostly come from Java, which are often of low quality with
slow growth rate. Need for a networking on information and marketing on grouper and
seabass seeds so that fish farmers will be able to obtain quality seeds and otheraquaculture inputs
2 1 5 3 4
High cost of investment -- at least Rp 50 million/unit/cycle 1 3 4 5 2
Time consuming; the average business cycle of aquaculture is more than a year 4 3 2 5 1
High cost of commercial feed 1 3 3 5 2
Disease from fungus, bacteria and viruses attacking cultured grouper. 4 2 1 3 5
Deterioration of the sea waters due to domestic waste product as result of crowded
villages surrouding the waters.
1 4 3 2 5
Water environmental control is urgently required to mitigate the adverse impacts of newshrimp pond development and more crowded population.
1 2 3 4 5
Mariculture zone need to be established in Lampung Bay and Batam to guarantee that the
areas are particularly aimed for mariculture activities..
1 4 3 2 5
Financial (credit) support for small scale grouper and seabass farmers. 2 5 3 4 1
COMPETITIVENESS
1. Low economy of scale in export shipment because aquaculture activities are scattered and
predominantly small scale units
1 5 2 3 2
2.
Lack of fish farmers capability and competency (knowledge, capital, information access,
marketing accesses, etc).
4 3 1 2 5
3. Growing grouper and seabass in surveyed areas normally takes arround 8 to 9 months, 5 1 3 4 2
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humback grouper especially needs longer time which is 15 -18 months. Seabas normallytakes 7-9 months to reach a minimum marketable size for export purpose which is 500
grams per pieces.
4.
Market chain of grouper is relatively simple. The farmers normally just inform the fish
collector. After reaching a certain quota level in certain location, the fish collector will
collect the fish. Methods of payment can be cash paid immediately after the fish are
weighed or delayed payment. Payment time is based on the agreement between the
farmer and the buyer which is commonly a week after the fish has been collected. Method
of payment is normally by transfer to the farmers bank account.
2 5 3 1 4
5. To access the information on grouper and seabass price, generally fish farmers use a
cellular phone (Hand Phone) through sending text or sms to fish collector. .
2 5 3 1 4
6. It is common for grouper farmers in a certain area to establish a group. A number of
groups in a district assembles in a unit called Development Service Unit (UPP).
1 4 3 2 5
7.
To increase the income of fish farmers in Lampung and Kepulauan Riau, it is required to
establish a business cooparation through a partnership. The partnership has been
established between exporters and fish farmers. This relationship mutually benefits both
parties. Partnership between fish farmers and UPP is also a common practice in manydistricts. Benefits include: accessible management, efficient productive cooperation. In
some areas the role of UPP can include production management, supply of production
inputs and marketing of harvest..
2 5 3 1 4
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C. FARMING OF RED SEAWEED (Eucheuma, Kappaphycus spp) (PHILIPPINES)
CONSTRAINTS, PROBLEMS, SITUATIONS TO BE ADDRESSED BY/ PRIORITY
SUSTAINABILITY PRM RTD T&E IDD CA
1.
Seaweed production can be increased by expanding the seaweed farm size, used of
improved farming techniques and better quality seedlings.
1 3 2 5 4
2.
Increasing seaweed production can be realized when farmers can have access to creditand other forms of financing.
2 5 4 3 1
3.
Due to lack of capital, the farmers resort to micro-financing or informal loan
providers.
1 5 4 3 2
4. Poaching, typhoons and improper garbage disposals are problems. 3 4 1 2 5
5.
Several typhoons hit the seaweed farms especially in Danajon every year and farms
are often destroyed or washed out.
4 5 3 1 2
6. Occurrence of seaweed diseases like ice-ice and epiphytism; prevalent during the
summer months.
4 1 2 3 5
COMPETITIVENESS
1. Farmers are vulnerable to market, social and political forces because of weak
organization.
1 5 2 3 4
2. Seaweed farmers do not practice record keeping. This results in poor financial
management that has important implications to cash management, investment,
forecasting and savings.
4 5 1 2 3
3.
Farmers running out of cash sell their seaweeds soon after drying; they get lower
prices.
2 5 4 1 3
4. Sources of market prices information are from independent local buyers, traders, other
farmers or directly from processors and exporters either by word of mouth or SMS.
(text messages over the cellphone)
2 5 3 1 4
5. Farmers sell their produce to an independent local buyer called stocker who lives 1 5 4 3 2
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and operates in the village. The advantage of selling the seaweeds to the stocker is thatthe farmers can easily access cash advances without interest even before harvest.
These kinds of arrangements cannot be obtained directly from processors or traders.
The negative effect is that the buying price of the stocker is lower than that of other
buyers.
6.
Volume of harvest and buying price are considerations in selling dried seaweeds
produce. Volume of ones harvest is used as a leverage to demand a higher price.
3 5 4 1 2
7.
The presence of independent local buyers, traders, processors buying stations provide
/the seaweed farmers the best options for competitive prices.
2 5 4 1 3
8.
BFAR and LGU both face the problem of budget in terms of hiring the right technical
people with expertise and also the number of people to correspond to the needs of
technical people to the areas or farm sites.
1 4 2 3 5
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D. TILAPIA CAGE CULTURE IN FRESHWATER BODIES OF RED TILAPIA (THAILAND)
CONSTRAINTS, PROBLEMS, SITUATIONS DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS/ PRIORITY
SUSTAINABILITY PRM RTD T&E IDD CA
1.
High cost of production and expensive fish feed stuff. (Ang Thong or AT, Nong Khai or
NK)
1 3 2 5 4
2.
Low net revenue can make farmers put off fish culture activity. (NK) 4 3 2 5 1
3.
Lack of savings for investment in fish culture. (AT,NK) 3 5 2 4 1
4.
Limited access to credit (AT, NK) 1 5 4 3 25. Low quality fish seed and death after a few months stocking. (AT, NK) 5 1 2 3 4
6.
Fish disease cause mortalities in culture. (AT,NK) 5 2 1 3 4
7.
There is still no information available for proper treatments to prevent/stop fish disease.
(AT,NK) )
4 1 3 2 5
8. Low quality of environment (pollution) causes fish disease. (AT,NK) 1 2 4 3 5
9. Red tilapia culture in cages on a river carries with it a very high risk to the production
system. (AT)
1 2 3 4 5
10.
Loss of production as the major culture habitat is river and reservoir, and difficult tocontrol and monitor good environment. (NK)
2 4 3 1 5
11.
No standard culture system. (AT) 4 1 2 3 5
12.
Lack of knowledge and limited access to information for good practices of Tilapia culture.
(AT,NK)
4 3 1 2 5
COMPETITIVENESS
1.
Price of Red Tilapia is high and causes a limit to market promotion for low income
groups. (AT)
1 2 4 3 5
2.
Low quality of production (drug and chemical), therefore products cannot qualify forinternational trade in EU, US. (AT,NK)
4 1 2 3 5
3.
Volume of production of Red Tilapia is low compared to that of Nile Tilapia. (AT) 2 3 1 4 5
4.
Contract system obstructs free market enterprise. (NK) 1 5 4 3 2
5. Limited access to information for international trade for fish farmers. (NK) 2 4 3 1 5
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6.
Lack of action by exporters to exploit overseas markets while home growth marketsremain strong. (NK)
2 5 3 1 4
7.
Lack of Tilapia/fish market expertise. (AT,NK) 3 4 1 2 5
8.
Government agencies respond to agriculture marketing but do not have policy or activities
to promote the Nile Tilapia market (both domestic and international). (AT)
1 4 3 2 5
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E. BRACKISHWATER POND CULTURE OF SHRIMP PENAEUS MONODON (VIETNAM)
CONSTRAINTS, PROBLEMS,SITUATIONS DEVELOPMENT ACTIONS /
Priority
SUSTAINABILITY PRM RTD T&E IDD CA
1.
Some individuals and business establishments overuse anti-biotic and chemicals that are
harmful to consumers health. This damages the prestige of Vietnam fisheries sector.
1 3 2 1 5
2. The control and management of waste discharged from farming ponds into surrounding
areas (whether the wastewater is treated? Drainage system is safe? Where thesewastewater go or whether it is used in other ponds).
1 4 2 3 5
3.
Farmers in studied communes