R. A. Zakhidov R. A. Zakhidov Application of Kyoto Application of Kyoto mechanisms in attraction of mechanisms in attraction of carbon investments for carbon investments for implementation of projects implementation of projects on thermal utilization of on thermal utilization of solar energy.solar energy.

CAPACT Project 4-6 July4-6 July, 2007, , 2007, Almaty, KazakhstanAlmaty, Kazakhstan

Emissions from stationary resources

Other sectors23%

Fuel mining and

manufactu-ring sector

42%

Thermal energy sector

35%

Contribution of thermal energy Contribution of thermal energy sector into gross emission of sector into gross emission of

polluting matters of Uzbekistanpolluting matters of Uzbekistan

Gross emissions

Other sectors 20%

Thermal energy sector12%

Transport68%

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Years

Em

iss

ion

, th

ou

sa

nd

to

ne

s

Total

Sulphur dioxide

Nitrogen oxides

Hydrocarbons

Solid matters

Others

Dynamics of emissions of pollutants in Dynamics of emissions of pollutants in the Republic of Uzbekistan the Republic of Uzbekistan

( (stationary resources)stationary resources)

carbon oxide50,9%sulphur

dioxide16,0%

other0,2%

nitrogen oxides 8,9%

solid6,1%

hydro-carbon17,9%

Pollutant matters in total volume of Pollutant matters in total volume of emissions to atmosphereemissions to atmosphere

  Thermal energy sector facilities produce biggest emission of sulphur dioxide in the Republic, i.e. - 44.16%.- 44.16%.  

Main functions of the Interstate Main functions of the Interstate Council on Clean Development Council on Clean Development

MechanismMechanism

- - definition of priority directions of use of the Clean definition of priority directions of use of the Clean Development MechanismDevelopment Mechanism;;

- - approval of rules and procedure for selection and approval of rules and procedure for selection and endorsing of projects on Clear Development endorsing of projects on Clear Development Mechanism on national level;Mechanism on national level;

- - approval of projects on Clean Development approval of projects on Clean Development Mechanisms in national levels according to the Mechanisms in national levels according to the results of conducted expertise from the side of results of conducted expertise from the side of authorized bodies; authorized bodies;

- - approval of draft Agreements on purchase of approval of draft Agreements on purchase of emission decrease between participants of the emission decrease between participants of the projects on Clean Development Mechanism.projects on Clean Development Mechanism.

((founded under Cabinet of Ministers by the Decree of the President of founded under Cabinet of Ministers by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan # POthe Republic of Uzbekistan # PO-525 -525 onon December 6, 2006 “On December 6, 2006 “On implementation measures of investment projects in the frameworks of implementation measures of investment projects in the frameworks of Clean Development Mechanism of Kyoto Protocol”)Clean Development Mechanism of Kyoto Protocol”)

Main tasks of the National Body of Main tasks of the National Body of the Republic of Uzbekistanthe Republic of Uzbekistan

Preparation and selection of projects for implementation in Preparation and selection of projects for implementation in the frameworks of the Clean Development Mechanism the frameworks of the Clean Development Mechanism taking into consideration economic, environmental, social taking into consideration economic, environmental, social and technological interests of the republic of Uzbekistan, as and technological interests of the republic of Uzbekistan, as well as creation of corresponding data base on them; well as creation of corresponding data base on them;

Coordination of activity of authorized Ministries and Coordination of activity of authorized Ministries and departments on conduction of project expertise, proposed departments on conduction of project expertise, proposed for implementation in the frames of the Clean Development for implementation in the frames of the Clean Development Mechanism on accordance to the conditions of procedures, Mechanism on accordance to the conditions of procedures, defined by article 12 of the Kyoto protocol, international and defined by article 12 of the Kyoto protocol, international and national criteria of sustainable development;national criteria of sustainable development;

Introduction of investment projects, proposed for Introduction of investment projects, proposed for implementation on Clean Development Mechanism, for implementation on Clean Development Mechanism, for approval to the Inter-departmental councilapproval to the Inter-departmental council..

((the Ministry of the Economy of the Republic is identified as the the Ministry of the Economy of the Republic is identified as the mentioned one by the Order # POmentioned one by the Order # PO-525 -525 onon 6 .12 2006 6 .12 2006))

National criteria of sustainable National criteria of sustainable developmentdevelopment

Economic:Economic:

decrease of energy consumption and row decrease of energy consumption and row materials on end product unitmaterials on end product unit;;

increase of production efficiency or use of increase of production efficiency or use of natural resources through introduction of natural resources through introduction of modern technologies;modern technologies;

assistance in development of private sector assistance in development of private sector market in the Republic of Uzbekistan.market in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

((defined by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of defined by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan # Uzbekistan # 9 9 on January 10, 2007 “On approval of Statement on order on January 10, 2007 “On approval of Statement on order of preparation of investment projects in the frames of the Clean of preparation of investment projects in the frames of the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto protocol”)Development Mechanism of the Kyoto protocol”)

National criteria of sustainable National criteria of sustainable developmentdevelopment

Environmental: Environmental: assistance to preservation and prevention of assistance to preservation and prevention of

environment degradation; environment degradation; minimization of natural resources use and production minimization of natural resources use and production

waste; waste; Introduction of technologies, devoted to repeated use of Introduction of technologies, devoted to repeated use of

raw materials and/or use of renewable energy sources raw materials and/or use of renewable energy sources (RES);(RES);

Reduction of negative effect on environment.Reduction of negative effect on environment.

Social: Social: Assistance to growth of unemployment and increase of Assistance to growth of unemployment and increase of

real incomes of community;real incomes of community; Increase of health improvement of the personnel, Increase of health improvement of the personnel,

involved in implementation of the project and community involved in implementation of the project and community living in sides of project implementation;living in sides of project implementation;

Increase of community awareness on issues of rational Increase of community awareness on issues of rational use of natural resources. use of natural resources.

State support principleState support principle.. That principle can provide subsidizing of energy That principle can provide subsidizing of energy

provision with use of solar energy objects, possessing provision with use of solar energy objects, possessing strategic importance, as well as in cases when solar strategic importance, as well as in cases when solar source is acting as a reserve energy source for objects, source is acting as a reserve energy source for objects, requiring high level of reliability of energy provision.requiring high level of reliability of energy provision.

Municipal principle.Municipal principle. Energy provision of objects from RES, having social Energy provision of objects from RES, having social

importance (for instance, far located villages) as well as importance (for instance, far located villages) as well as objects being vulnerable from point of view of energy objects being vulnerable from point of view of energy provision, should be organized based on that principle.provision, should be organized based on that principle. Sector principle. Sector principle.

According to that principle solar energy can be used According to that principle solar energy can be used for energy provision of objects, where technological and for energy provision of objects, where technological and economical effects, covering unprofitability of solar station economical effects, covering unprofitability of solar station due to increase of reliability of the first ones.due to increase of reliability of the first ones.

Assessment of potential carbon Assessment of potential carbon investments for thermal utilization of investments for thermal utilization of

solar energy projectssolar energy projects

Quantity of fuel Quantity of fuel ((for instance, gasfor instance, gas), ), which can be which can be substituted due to thermal generation of solar substituted due to thermal generation of solar collectors;collectors;

Emission volume of greenhouse Emission volume of greenhouse СОСО22 at firing of at firing of calculated fuel contentcalculated fuel content. . It is required to know value of It is required to know value of conversion fuel factor, carbon emission coefficient conversion fuel factor, carbon emission coefficient and degree of conversion of carbon to and degree of conversion of carbon to СОСО22;;

Market value of unit (in equivalent tones) of predicted Market value of unit (in equivalent tones) of predicted СОСО22 emission; emission;

crediting period.crediting period.

According to monitoring of several decades of years, According to monitoring of several decades of years, annual radiation in Uzbekistan conditions is annual radiation in Uzbekistan conditions is approximately equal to approximately equal to 2000 2000 kWthkWth//mm22. .

Conversion to thermal units Conversion to thermal units 2000 2000 kWthkWth//mm22=2×103×0,86×103=2×103×0,86×103kkalkkal//mm22=1,72 =1,72 GkalGkal//mm22

At efficiency of solar collectors of At efficiency of solar collectors of 0,6 , 0,6 , we get value we get value of thermal specific quantity, generated by solar of thermal specific quantity, generated by solar collector collector Q= Q= 1,72×0,6 = 1 1,72×0,6 = 1 GkalGkal//mm22 = 4,187 = 4,187 HJHJ//mm22

Definition of pure gas required for generation of Definition of pure gas required for generation of mentioed quantity of thermomentioed quantity of thermo

VV00= Q/q == Q/q = 4,187/33,997 = 1234,187/33,997 = 123 mm33

wherewhere qq – – caloric power of gas. caloric power of gas. Taking into consideration losses at gas Taking into consideration losses at gas

transportation, trap efficiency and losses whilst transportation, trap efficiency and losses whilst transportation of hot water, quantity of substituted transportation of hot water, quantity of substituted gas is gas is 180 180 cubic meterscubic meters

Quantity of substituted fuel from 1 Quantity of substituted fuel from 1 mm22 of solar collectorsof solar collectors

Definition of emission quantity of Definition of emission quantity of СО2 СО2 at firing of at firing of 180 180 cubic meters of gascubic meters of gas

EECOCO= = VV00 qq kk00 ((4444/12)/12) wherewhere EECOCO - СО2 - СО2 emission volumeemission volume, , in tonesin tones;; VV00 - - gas volumegas volume, , in thousand cubic meters in thousand cubic meters

– 0,180;– 0,180; qq - - caloric capacity of fuelcaloric capacity of fuel, , inin HJHJ//thousand thousand

of cubic metersof cubic meters – 33,997; – 33,997; cc - - carbon emission coefficient, in carbon emission coefficient, in

tones/HJ tones/HJ – 0,0153;– 0,0153; kk00 - - coefficient of carbon oxide fraction coefficient of carbon oxide fraction

for this type of fuel for this type of fuel - 0,995;- 0,995; 4444/12/12 – – coefficient of conversion of carbon coefficient of conversion of carbon

to to СО2.СО2. EECO CO == 0,360,36 tones tones СО СО22..

Reduction of Reduction of СОСО22 emission emission quantity from 1 quantity from 1 mm22 of solar of solar

collectorscollectors

At market value of one ton of prevented At market value of one ton of prevented СОСО22 emission emission of 10 US dollarsof 10 US dollars

During crediting period of 10 yearsDuring crediting period of 10 years Total specific volume of attracted investments in the Total specific volume of attracted investments in the

frames of the Clean Development Mechanism would be frames of the Clean Development Mechanism would be equal to equal to 3636 US dollarsUS dollars//square metersquare meter. .

It is approximately equal to 10% of total volume of It is approximately equal to 10% of total volume of required investments for implementation of the project.required investments for implementation of the project.

Economic indicators at use Economic indicators at use of solar energyof solar energy