CAPITA XXIX/XXX GRAMMAR

GERUND

¡  The gerund is a ________ ________ made by adding the following onto the stem §  _________: genitive §  _________: dative §  _________: accusative §  _________: ablative

¡  It is a second declension neuter noun declined only in the singular of the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative cases, since the infinitive is used in the nominative

GERUND

verbal noun

-ndi -ndo -ndum -ndo

GERUND

I I I I I I I I I - io IV No Nominative (Use infinitive)

Gen. of …

Dat. to …

Acc. . . . (object)

Abl. by … loving seeing leading taking knowing

amandi videndi ducendi capiendi sciendi

amando videndo ducendo capiendo sciendo

amandum videndum ducendum capiendum sciendum

amando videndo ducendo capiendo sciendo

GERUNDS IN CONTEXT

¡  in casu Genitivo: ¡  Exempla:

§  Pugandi causā venerunt. §  Quomodo dicitur?

§  Puer tacite causā scribendi litteras sedet. §  Quomodo dicitur?

of ______ing

They came for the sake of fighting

The boy sits quiety for the sake of writing letters.

GERUNDS IN CONTEXT

¡  in casu Dativo: ¡  Exempla:

§  Scribendo se dedit. §  Quomodo dicitur? §  Coliseum est locus pugando idoneus. §  Quomodo dicitur?

to/for______ing

He gave himself for writing

The colosseum is the ideal place for fighting

GERUNDS IN CONTEXT

¡  in casu Accusativo: ¡  Exempla:

§  Peregrinatores ad abscedenum parant. §  Quomodo dicitur?

§  Vos debetis se discendum. §  Quomodo dicitur?

______ing

The travelers prepared toward departing.

You all owe yourselves (toward) learning

GERUNDS IN CONTEXT

¡  in casu Ablativo: ¡  Exempla:

§  Discimusne nos bono libro legendo? §  Quomodo dicitur?

from/with/by ______ing

Have we learned a good book for reading?

¡  A common usage of the gerund is the genitive used to complete an objective idea in such phrases as: §  ars aedificandī the art of building §  spēs effugiendī the hope of escaping §  facultās dīcendī opportunity of speaking

GERUND

GERUNDS

¡ Gerunds are ________ ________. § The gerund's meaning is: § always _____________ § always in the _____________ tense § always _____________ in gender § always _____________ in number § and _____________ appears in the nominative case.

verbal nouns

active present

neuter singular

never

IMPERSONAL VERBS

¡  Frequently, Latin uses the ___________ person singular of certain verbs

¡  English uses some verbs impersonally, such as: “It is snowing”, “It behooves you to study hard before a big test”, etc. §  It would sound silly to say “Herbert is snowing”, “Are you snowing

today?”, or “Holy cow, we were really snowing yesterday!”; as a result, all impersonal verbs use the subject ________.

IMPERSONAL VERBS

third

it

§ oportet: _____________________ § The direct object of oportet takes the ______________ case § Anglice: it behooves X (___________) to Y (____________)  

¡  Oportuit eum ligare in postem filum quod evolveretur.

IMPERSONAL VERBS

it is necessary, it behooves

accusative accusative infinitive

It is necessary for him to tie a string to the doorpost because it might unroll.

§ licet: _____________________ § The direct object of licet takes the _________________ case § Anglice: it is permitted for X (__________) to Y (__________)

¡ Mihi lūdere licet. ¡  Licetne mihi ire ad latrinam?

IMPERSONAL VERBS

it is permitted dative

dative infinitive

it is permitted for me to play.

Is it permitted for me to go to the bathroom?

§ libet: _____________________ § The direct object of libet takes the _________________ case § Anglice: it pleases X (___________) to Y (____________)

¡ Mihi lūdere libet. ¡ Mihi facere pensum non libet.

IMPERSONAL VERBS

it pleases dative

dative infinitive

It pleases me to play

It does not please me to do homework.

§ placet: _____________________ § The direct object of placet takes the ________________ case § Anglice: it is pleasing to X (__________) to Y (____________)

¡  Respondēte, s ī vōb īs placet*. ¡  French, R.S.V.P.

IMPERSONAL VERBS

it is pleasing

dative dative infinitive

Respond, if it is pleasing to you (pl.)

REVIEW OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

¡  A relative pronoun introduces a subordinate clause and agrees with its antecedent §  It relates (links) the subordinate to the word it refers in the main

sentence §  It gets its _________________ and ________________ from the

antecedent §  It gets its _________________ from its use in its own clause

REVIEW OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

gender number

case

REVIEW OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS

singular Nom. who, that, what Gen. whose Dat. to whom, for whom Acc. whom, that, which Abl. by whom, by which

plural

Nom. who, that, what Gen. whose Dat. to whom, for whom Acc. whom, that, which Abl. by whom, by which

cuius cuius cui cui cui quem quam quod quo qua quo

quarum quorum quibus quibus quibus quos quas quae quibus quibus quibus

cuius

quorum

qui quae quod

qui quae quae

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

¡  A relative clause is a ____________ clause that ___________ back to a noun in the main clause §  Using the relative pronoun: ___________, ___________, ___________

(see Cap XVII) introduces this adjectival clause which describes a noun antecedent §  Pāsiphaē, quae erat coniunx Mīnōis, taurum amāvit.

§  Pasiphae, who was the wife of Minos, loved a bull.

§  Taurus quem Neptunus Mīnōī dōnāverat erat pulcher. §  The bull which Neptune had given to Minos was beautiful. 

¡  Using the same relative pronoun, supply a subjunctive verb instead when expressing a less factual reference. Sometimes expresses the sort of person that the antecedent may or may not be

RELATIVE PRONOUNS

subordinate relates

qui, quae, quod

Femina, _______ camina cantat, est alta. Puellae, _______ pilas niveas iacbant, nunc

prope ignem sedent.

Senatores, _______ leges bene scribuntur, in

foro dicebant. Cantores, _______ lyrae sunt decoratae,

concinunt. _________________

Hic est mihi amicus, _______ ego librum dedi. Athleta, _______ spectatores clamores dant, celeriter currit.__________________

Victor erat cursor, _______ ego in cursu gaudeo.

Iulius, _______ Germanus ad classem ducit, tacet.

Libri, _______ procus litteras amantes scribit,

feminam dantur. Fons, _______ cursores aquam bibunt, erat

frigidissimus.

quae quae

quorum quorum

cui cui

Femina, _______ camina cantat, est alta. Puellae, _______ pilas niveas iacbant, nunc

prope ignem sedent.

Senatores, _______ leges bene scribuntur, in

foro dicebant. Cantores, _______ lyrae sunt decoratae,

concinunt. _________________

Hic est mihi amicus, _______ ego librum dedi. Athleta, _______ spectatores clamores dant, celeriter currit.__________________

Victor erat cursor, _______ ego in cursu gaudeo.

Iulius, _______ Germanus ad classem ducit, tacet.

Libri, _______ procus litteras amantes scribit,

feminam dantur. Fons, _______ cursores aquam bibunt, erat

frigidissimus.

quem quem

quibus quo

REVIEW OF DEPONENT VERBS

¡  Deponent verbs look ____________ but are translated as if __________________

¡  Review the meanings of the following common deponents:

REVIEW OF DEPONENT VERBS

passive active

REVIEW OF DEPONENT VERBS

arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum

conor, conari, conatus sum

egredior, egredi, egressus sum

fateor, fateri, fassus sum

hortor, hortari, hortatus sum

loquor, loqui, locutus sum

molior, moliri, molitus sum

morior, mori, mortuus sum

nascor, nasci, natus sum

orior, oriri, ortus sum

patior, pati, passus sum

proficiscor, -ficisci, -fectus sum

rusticor, rusticari, rusticatus sum

sequor, sequi, secutus sum

utor, uti, usus sum

vereor, vereri, veritus sum

to judge to try

to set out, depart to confess

to encourage to speak

to struggle to die

to be born to rise

to suffer, allow to set out

to live in the country to follow

to use to respect, fear