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Appendx : Results of the

Immediate Process of Poductio

Commodities as the Product of Capita

Captast Producton as the Producton of Surpus-Vau1. The Forma Subsumpton of Labour under Capta2 Te Real Sbsumpton of Labour under Captal or the Spec

Mode of Captalst Producton3" Addtonal Remarks on the Formal Subsumption of Labou

under Capta

he Real Subsumpton ofLabou unde Capita Productive and Unproductie Labou

Net and Grss Product7 Mystication of Capital, etc.Transiton from Sections II and ll to Secton

ll Capitaist Production is the Production and Reproductio of Specically Capialist Relatons of Production

esults of the Imedate Process of Production

[Isoated ragments]

1. [he Sae of Laour-Poe and the Trade nions2 [Dierent Modes of Centrazaton of the Means of oductioin Drent Countries

3 Ireand. Emigation [Expropraton and Depopuation Easte erman dur

the Ehteenh CenturyJS. [Property and Capita] e Colliers

4 e sujeaer o s aer as o ree ars :() Commodes as he produc of capal, o aas rou o;2 aas rouo s heproducon ofsurplusvalue;(3 s a e rouo a reroo o he a

reaosh rue o whch hs meae ross o rou·o ees se as sea aas



Rsults t Imdiat Pcss Prduct 4

Of hese hee opcs (1) shoud be pced ls nd no sin he n evson befoe pnng becuse foms he transitio Voume 2 The Ccuon Pocess of p o e s

of convenience howeve we begn wh hee •1: COMMODIIES AS HE PRODC OF CAPIA

As he eemeny fom ofbougeos weh he commody wou pon of depue he peequse fo h emegence ocp n he ohe hnd commoditis ppe now s he produc ocapital

The ccu nue of ou gumen coesponds o he torical dvlopmnt of cp Cp s pedced on he xchang ocommoditis trad in commods, bu my be fome vous sges of poducon common o l of whch is hfc h cps poducon does no ye exs o ony exsspodcy n he ohe hnd hghy deveoped commodexchge nd heor o th commody s e unvesy necessy soc fom of he poduc cn ony emege s he consuc

th capitlist mo oproductioHoweve i we consde socees whee capitalst poducto

is highly dvlopd, we nd h he ommody is boh he consneemen pemss (pecondon) of cp nd so he immedie esu of he cpls pocess ofpoucn

Bh money nd commodes e eeey pecodions ocp u he dveop o cp ony unde cen cicumsnces Cp cnn come n beng excep on he foundo

of he cco of commodes cudng money) e hede hs ey gown cen gen degee o_ he oeve he poducon nd ccuon of commodes do l impy he exsence of he cps mde o oducn he con s I e ed shown he m _ e JY

1 Z Ktk otscn konome eli85 p 74 [g

P 9 .

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The ea and Russia eitions ollowing Mas ncha

d

order of the three secions, and placed the r, ' Commodites a the fo j

of Caa\ at the en e ve chosen to folow the Fech UCpie !di du Ca ed anans b R Dangevlle ashetans th ognal ode atl · cause Ma neve undeoo he rvisio' which woul jusfy he cange ad party aus the subj�

maer as· it stan unfolds ore naturaly a lgically in hs yumbrs i the let-hand margns refer to the agnato of the mauscp• .



0 Appnx ·even i pe-boueois modes o poducion hey consiue hestocal pems o he apialis ode o poducion n he

42 ohe hand howeve once he commodiy has become he eneral

orm ote prouct, hen eveyhin tha is poduced mus assumeha om sale and puchase embace no jus ecess poducebu is vey subsance and he vaious condiions o poducionhemselves appea as commotes which leave ciculaion andene poucion only on he oundaions o apialis poucion Hence he cmmo appeas on he one hnd ashe pemiss o he omaion o capial i is also essenially heesulhe poduc o capiali poducion once i has become he

nversal elementar orm o te prouct. ealie saes ooducion a at o wa was poduced ook he o o comdies Capial howeve necessaily poduces is poduc as aommot his is why as capialis poducion ie capialdevelops he enea laws ovenin h commodiy evolve inopoion o eample he laws aecin value deelo in hedisinc om o he ciculaion o money

We see he how even economic caeoies appoiae oealie modes o poducion acquie a new and specic hisoialhaace nde he impc o capialis poducion

he ansomaion o money itsel only a dieen om o heommodiy no capial occs only when a wokes labouowe• has een coveed ino a cmmody o him hismplies a he caeo o ae has bee eended o embace sphe m which i had peiously en eclded o inohich had mde only spoaic · inoas ohe wods heokin oaion s have cesed eihe o e pa o hejcte condiions o lbou o ene he mae-place as heodce o commodiies nsea o sellin he poducs o isabo i ms sll ha abo ise o moe accaely is labouoe nly hen cn i said ha oducion has become heot ocotes o enie enh n beadt

2. Sismondi

•Throghot his pdx Ma Ar_terge (capacity fO) instead o Arbetsr labour-power, e whih nated on in the published veion o Citl Since 'laour-power is moretu inEnglish and sin it ned general aptance it en used expt o e t whe � id o 'acies o acul p



Reslts of t Immedate Process of Producto 9ny en oes a prouce ecome cmmodity and the ojectivconditions o each and every sphere of production enter into it ascommodities themseles nly on te asis of caitalist produc

ion does the commodity actually ecome the uversal elemeayorm ofwea For eample where capital has not yet taken overaiclture a large proportion of agriculural produce is still useddirectly as means of susistence and not as a commodity n thatevent a large proportion of the working population il not haveeen transformed into wagelaourers and a large proportion ofthe conditions o lour will not yet have ecome capital t isimplicit in this siuation tat the developed divisio of laour

which appears by cace within society an the capitlist division o laour wihi the workshop are things that mutually onditinand produce each other. For the commody as the necessary formof the product and hence the alienaion of the product as thenecessary means of appropriating it entail a flly developedvso of socal labour While conversely it is oly on the asisof capitalis production and hence of the captast dvso oflabour wthin the workshop that al produce necessarily assums

the fom of the commodity an hence all producers are neessarilycomodity producers Therfor it is only wth the emergence ofcapitalist producion tha usevalue s nversally mediated yechanevaue

ese tree pots are crcal) Capitlist prouction is the rst o make he cmmoiy

nto th geeral form ofall produce2 The prodution of commodities leads ineoraly to capitlist

roduction once the worker has ceased to e a part of the cniions o produtio s in slavery serfdom) or oce piicommon ownership as ceased to e the asis of societ Iin short from he moment when laourower in general ea comodity

3) Capitalis roducton esoys e asis o om\ty

rodctio in so far as e atter invovesind p nd nv

Q

l

�

productin an the echane of commodties etweenw

:

he echange o equivalents he fomal echange of aitaorpowe ecomes genral

:

�iZ

·

From his sandpoint it is immateria n wha fo he cdions o prduction enter into he labourrocess. s uimportahether like art of the constan catal the mhine et



952 Aix

tey ony ye up pt of te ue te poduct by egee3 o e entey bsoe nto ke te w mte; wete

n te cse of seed n fmng poton of te poduct s t onceempoyed by te poduce� s te mens of bu o wete s st sod nd ten coneted bck nto mens of bou. Apfom te sece tey pefom s useues n te pocess ofpoducton te mens of bou tt e been podced nowso see s ngedents n te valorzato rocess Wee teye not cnged nto ctu money tey e coneted ntoccountng money n sot tey e used s excnge-Juend e eement of ue tt tey dd to te poduct n one y

o note s pecsey ccuted. And to te extent to wcgcutue fo exmpe becomes cptstcy un bnc ofndusty (cptst poducton sets u ts st n te countysde)to te extent to wc gcutue poduces fo te mket epodces coodts, tces fo se nd not fo t own medte consumpton so too nd to te sme degee t ccutes ts costs tets ec tem s commodt (egdess ofwee t buys t fom note o fm tsef e. fomroducto)

n ote wods ten nsmuc s te commodty s teted s nutonomous excngeue t cts s oey Tus snce wety ctte seed of knds etc. e sold s commodtes nsce wtout te se tey nnot be egde s poducs foows tt tey ente poducton s coodtes, .e. s moneyLke te roducts, n as ther gredets, te codtos of ro�to_ e ndee temses poducts n tey o e teduced to coodtes And s consequence te oton

pocess tey e ncded n te ccutons s of oey.e utnomous fom of excnge-ue Hee ten temmedte pocess f poducton s wys n ndssoube unoof labo process nd valorzao rocess ut s te poduct s awo composed of evalue nd echaevalue, .e te coodty. Bt tee s moe to te mtte tn tese fom sects s te fme buys wt e s to lay out, we wtness te deeopment of tde n seed n mnue n beedng ctte ec. we

e sell$ ncome Tus fo te ndd fme tee condtonof ducton pss f ccuton ntos pocess of poductn ccuton tus becomes n eet te pecondton of s poduc snce tey [te contons of poducto] ncesngy becomcmodts e s bought (ot ca be bought e e onnce ·become oodtes s eyes snce ey are tce



Results of the Imedate Process of Poductio 953

ans of abou ta a a t sam t vau ong at capta. Wn tuns tm to poducon natu o ncus tm cacuaton as tns sod qua

roducer And moo al ts pa wt t gowt oft captas mod of poducton agcutu wc tos ncasngy put on a factoy bass

As t versally ecessary fm of the roct, as t spcccaactstc of captast poducton, t comodty papabcom nto ts ow n t agsca poducton tat mgs cous of captast poducton. T poduct boms n

sngly onsd an assve ature Ts pss upn a soca caact, onwcs cosy bound up wt xstng sca atons w ts mmat us-au o t gatcaton of s of ts pouc appas wo anttous, mmaaand nssna. Ts mass poduct mst ad as cagau t mt ndgo t mtamopos of t commot ntony bcs pouc wo pous as a captast mustnsu s own sua, but aso bcaus t pocss of poducto

mus tsf b contand and nwd. t s tfo absobto ommc. s puca s not t mmt consm, but can wos usnss t s to bg about mtamoposs of t commoty Ssmn}.* na, n, t poductops ts commodty caact and nc ts xcang-au,nc wt captast oducton sps of poucton bconcasngy dsd an nc t possblts f xcangng

pcts a stady mutp.

omodty ta gs fom captast poduton sdn fo t commdy w bgn t as t nt tpcnton of capast ductn gan wt t ndua commoty w s an atoomous ac w pcc aoun of abou-m s bjc and c as an cangau of a n amoun

commoty may now b ut dnd s foow

;

.

(1) Wa objcd n t apat fo ts us-au

�;

:

r

·

c quatum of soclly ncsay abu B wheas

i

\

· 3. C Zur Kritk e� polschen Oonome, p [idtio�'p.;54]

S W

' "u ·

·

* Ts entece s a summar d at e sae tm a ntertsmois agmen n Nuveaux Pr Vo. l, Pis87, p



�4 en

dity gdd by tslf s quit udcidd d s fct tt f idic) f h this jctidlbu sid, th cmmity s th pruct f capital c b id tcti bth pid d upid lbu It hs ldy b id tht this is t stictly tu sic th lbu itslf is tbught sld dictly But th cdity ctis spcicll qutity f becte l u pti this bjctidbu (sid f cstt cpitl f hich quilt hb pid) is chgd f th quilt f th ks gsth pti is pppitd by th cpitlist ithut yquilt big pid Bth ptis bjctid d s pst

s pts f th lu f h cdity d it is ctbiti t dscib th s pid d th th s upidbu

5 ) T idiidul cdity ds t ly pp tillys pt f th ttl pduc f cpitl, but s liqu pt fth ttl pducd by it lg ccd ithth idiidl utus dty, th sigl pduct Thsult f th pcss is t idiidul gds, but ma f cm

mitie i ch th lu f th cpitl istd tgth ithth supluslu i th suplus lbu pppitd hspducd itslf, d ch f hich is th icti fbth th lu f th capital d th supluslu i hs pducdh lbu pdd / ch cdity c g bclcultd cpt s g, i idl stit Th clculti bgis ith tht pti f th cstt cpitl hichly ts it th vlu f th ttl pduct i s f s it is

sd p i ctius ith th citis f pducti tht su culy, d s ith th dict scil ctibuti f y ptig idiidls hs lbu is gdut This lbu, th, is ckd ieal s liqut p fh ttl lbu dd t h eteig the price f diidul ticl it pps s ly idl fcti f th ttpduct i hch th cpitl pducs itslf.

) s th pduct f cpitl, th cdity bdis tht lu f th cpitl tgth ith t spluslu, lkh igil cdity c ppd t us s utu

hig The cmmy is tsguti f citl tht hvlid itslf, d its sl ust b gid th cled th quanitie cssy t li th ld cit lu th ld supluslu it hs ctd. T chi this it is by



�? 46

1 .! � •.

Results of the Immediae Process ofProdution 955

means suciet or te idividua commodities or a portio oftem o be sod a teir vaue

We ave aready see at te commodity must acquire a two·od mode o existece i it is o be redered t or te circuatioprocess It i s ot eoug or it to appear to te buyer as a articewit particuar useu quaities, ie as a specicuse-value wic cagray specic eeds weter o idividua or o productive co•sumptio ts excagevaue must aso ave acquied a deite,idepedet, form, distic, abei ideay, rom it use-vaue tmust represet bot te uity ad te duaity o use-vaue d

excage-vaue ts excage-vaue acquires tis distictive ormidepedet of its use-vaue, as te pure orm o materiaizedsocia abour-e, ie is pce For te price is e expressio excagevaue as excagevaue, i.e as money ad more precisey as money oaccount.

Now tere exist i reaity dividua commodities such as raways, arge uidig compexes, etc wc are so cotiuous i

ature nd o suc a grad scae tat e etire product o ecapita ivesed appears o be a sge poduct suc cases weoud appy te w reeva i te case o sige commoities;i oter words prce is otig but vaue as expressed i moeyterms Te tota vaue o te api + surpus�vaue wod ebe cotaied witi te sige commodiy ad coud be expressedi terms o mey o accou Te actua price o suc a commodiywoud ot be terwise diert rom wa we ave said abotidividua commodities, sice te total prodct o capia reywud be preset in tis case s a sgle commodity I s uecessary erfore to dwe o te matter urter

·

Te ajority o coodities, owever, are dscree i at(ad eve tose ta re COtiuOUS Ca or e mos part be' COsidered as discree quatiies) oer words, viewed as uai$o a give arice, tey are divisibe i terms o measures

tradi

O

:

ay approprae to tem as use-vaues Tus we deawitl : � '

weat by te quarter, (b oee by te udredwigt, (c)Jneif y

te e, d) kives by te doze ad i a tese cases te sicommodity is a uit o t measure, etc

. : · . ,We ave ow to coider: tat total prouct aptal wc can

aways be regarded as a sgle commodity, irrespective o ts sae



5

a hethe i is iscete ctiuus a puct which ca becsiee as a sie use vaue a whse exchaevaue theefe as appeas i the total rce as the expessi f the ttavaue f this tta puct

u examiati f he valoraton rocess, it tue ut thaa pat f the cstat capita ivese such as buiis machiey etc tasfes t the puct y the etemiate pti fvaue that it ses whie fuctii as a meas f abu ui theabu pcess t eve etes the puct mateiay i the fmf its w usevaue t ctiues t assist the pucti f cmmities ve a pei f time a the vaue that it tasfes

t the bects puce ui thei pucti is measue items f the eatiship f that timespa t the tta peiui which it is use up as a meas f abu that is t say apei i which its tta vaue is csue a tasfee t thepuct hus it asts f te yeas we may aveae it ut asa thait tasfes - f its vaue each yea t the puct - fits vaue t the aua puct f the capita ce a iveuatit f pucts has bee ispse f a pat f the csta

capita may ctiue t be use as a meas f abu a s ctiue t peset a etai vaue the aveae basis as ust cacuate sice it es t fm pat f the vaue f he mass f pucts s ispse f ts tta aue is y f imptace t theva\e f the mass pucs ispse f i.e the pucts twhse pucti it ha ctibute; that is t say the aue iasfesve a ete pei is eucte as a aiut pa f itsta vaue ie th ive pei i wich it is uiize is eate he vea time ui hich it is empye a i which itasfes its ta vaue t the puct he est ay vaue isti tais i ieeva t the vauati f the mass f vaue

aeay ispse f As fa as they ae ccee it ca be set auht a it amuts t the same thi we a f the sakef simpicity teat the matte as the etre atal icui thestat pti which is y absbe it he puct ve pei f time wee ctaie a ha etee it heuc f the tta apita ue csieati

et us assume theefe that the ta pc 2 es ie he capita iveste £1 fwhich£80 is cstat capitaa £2aiabe he ate f supusau pe et s thathe wker bus f haf the wki ay f himsef a he



Results of the Immediate P�ocess of Production 951

her half grais or the capitalist. In this case the surplus-valu prduced = £20 and the total value of the 1 ,200 ells 20, of

whic £80 represents the constant capita ivested, and £40 comes

rom the additional livng labor. O this latter, hal goes as wages

to the wrker and the other half represents surplus labour o

cnsies spsvae

ince wih he excepion o he addiiona abo, he eemenso capiais prodcion aeady ne he pocess o podcionas commodiies i.e wih specic ics i oows ha he vaadded by he consan capia is aeady given n ems o a pice

o xampe in he pesen case i is £80 o ax machney, As o he addiiona abo howeve he wage a deeminedby he necessay means o sbsisence £20 and he s sabo is as gea as he paid abo i ms be expessed a a priceo £40 since he vaue expessing he addiiona ao dependson is aniy and y no means on he circmsances which i ispaid ence he oa pice o he 1 200 es podced by a capiao£1 = £120

owaeweo deemine he vae ohe individa commodin ·his case h e o inen? Obviosy by dividing he oa pico he aggegae podc by he nmbe o nis dvided inoaio pas in accodance wih a given mease ohe wodshe oal pice s divided by he nmbe of meased nis in which

he sev s expessed n h psn case henl

s

his ess a pice o 2s pe e o inn I he e which sevsas a mease in he case o inen is now he dened ie i i isboen down ino smae aio pas we can go on o deeminhe pice o a a e in he same way he pice o he individa commodiy is demined hen by expessing is sevae as an aio pa o he aggegae podc and s pice she coespondig aio pa o he oa va geneaed b a pi an vese . �

I

We hav seen ha as h pocivit o podcivepwi/J.f

j

·

labo vaies he same ao-ime wi es in he

o

dc

q

q

{

vey dieen aniies a podc o in ohe wos '

exchangevas be expessed ie dieen aniies evaes e s assme in he pesen nsance ha he i wavs podcivi is inceased ood h consan capiie he ax machiney ec se in moion y h abo eess



58 App

he he e hs 5

!!!

One re Ve re e re

he se s £7

"s 5670

· he value or price of the aggregat product yeldedby the ca;

al of £5 nested n eah are reans £7, sne the inested quates of objected and dtonal vng labour ea

4. An nquiry nto te Connectio between the Present Price of Provision,nd the Sze of Farm s. Wth Reark on opulation a ected Thereb T Wich . re Aed, Propoals for Preventg Future Scarc'y� By a arm er

fhe author is John Arbuthnot}



960 endi

addiiona abour he disrbued proessve over a greaeass of prducs hus reducing he rice of each individua comodi and commodi prices in genera. In and for isef however his recion i he prices of cmmodiies inroduces ochange eiher i he mass o he surplus-vaue produced b esame varibe capia or in he proporiona division ino paid andunpaid of he abou new added o each individua commodior in he rae of surus-value vaorized in each individua comodi. When a specic uani of a or number of spindes reuires less labour o produce an ell of linen he fac of a geaer oresser amoun of abour does no ec he proporions of paid o

unpaid labour. he absolue amoun of iving abour new addedo a specic amoun of alred oecied abour does no aheroorions in which his greaer or esser uani breaks downto paid and unpaid abor when applied o he individua commodi. Despie he variaion n he price of a ommodi arisingfrom a variaion in he producive capaci of abour i.e . despiehe eduion in prices and he cheapening of commodiis herelaion beween paid and unpaid abour and in general he rae of

surplus-value valorized b capia can remain consan Even here were no variaion in he producivi of he abour ewaded o he means of labour bu nl in he producivi of heabour ha creaes he means of abur bringing abu a rise orfal in heir prices i s eua obvious ha he resulan change inhe rices of he comodiies conceed would have no e onh conan dvision of he ew added abour he conain inopaid and unpaid labour

And onversel a variaion in he rice ocommodiies does nopreclude a consan ae of surpus-value a onsan ivision ofhe new added abour ino paid and unpaid. And b he sameoken consancy in he rice ofommodiiesdoes no ofisefprevena vaiaion in he rae of sulus-alue nor a modicaion in eproportions f paid o unpad abor or simpliciY's sae e usassme h in he branch f indusr under discussion here is novariaion in he roduciviy ofan of he abour ·wiin i hus ihe abovemenioned case here is no variaion he poducii of he weaving or he labour invved in producing he ahe pides ec. On he assumpion previous ade £8 is in"vesed in consan capia ad in variabe. his £ is o reresn 2 das ie. weekdas) for wen wavers. On or pothishe produd £ woking a he da for heselves and ha



I

I

I

Resuls ofe Immedae Process of Producon 96

o h apiais aso w sha asse ha insead o a wrg day o 0 hors, his is ow eended o 2 so ha he srpsabor is now inreased by 2 hors per a h oa woring

ay has now grown by, ro 0 hors o 2 ine 0 2 6 20ony wears wod now be reired o se he sae onsanapia o 80 n oion and hene o prode 200 es o inenFor weny en working 0 hors 2 hors, and eworking 2 hrs aso 2 Aernaiey, i we reain aweny workers, hey wi now p in 20 hors work, insead o2 And sine he ae o 200 hors daiy aons o 0 pweek, 20 hors daiy wi aon o 8 per week Howeer,

sine he prodiiy o abor, e has reained sai and sine0 orresponded o 80 onsa apia, i oows ha 8 reires onsan apia The apia aid o, hereore, aonso and h ae o he oodiies proded by i Howeer, sin 20 200 es, 0 es The os o

o e wod � ; 2s he prie o a singe e wod

eain nhanged bease i wod si hae os he sae oaaon in ers o addiiona abor and abor obeied inhe eas o abor B he aon o srps-ae onained eah e wod hae inreased Priosy, here was 20spsa 200 es O one e hereore, he srps

20 2 al wod ow howeer, 200 20 s

or 0 es here s 28 o e, heeore, d sne d X

0 28 wh s he rea s o he sps-ae in he s n he sae way here is an addiiona 8 srsae 80 es a 2s per ) ad in a he nber o es has growno 200 o 0

I hs eape, hen, he e f he commod reans sae o do he prodiiy o abor and he apa epoe paying wags eerheess, he aon o srpsae ri

ro 20 o 28, by 8 whih is o2 sine 8 ! Q 20

}

)

y 0 per n Tis is perenage y whh h oa sla has grown As or he ra o srpae h has h

0 p 0 per These dand gres a b orreed la o* For h

• Maxs gues have bee coecte whee eessa



96 n

n s sen o noe ha wh rce contant he srplsale grows bease he sae arabe apa ses more abo noon and hs eans no only ha moe goods are proded a

he saecot

b ha ore goods are poded onaning reater proporon of npad abor

5 he correct calculaton s shown n he ollowng oparson ohh I wod ony preae hs noe

If he orgna £2 v arabe apa s = 2 1hor days asweekdays an be ped by sx, does no a he saon)and he workng day = 1 hors, hen h oa abor per

ored = 2 horsow f he day s enghened fro 1 o 12 hors and he srpls labor fro 5 o 7 hen he oa abor o he 2 days =

If 2 hors labor represens £, hn 2 = £8If 2 hors se £8 worh of onsan apa n oon, hen

w ransor a apa of £If hors prod 1,2 es, hen 2 hors wil yed 1

sAnd now for or oparson

c l s Value Rate of um of Es Price Amont urpus Rae oof o rp· urp- per of abour urpluspoduc vaue aue e abou [pe e] abo

pe el

£80 £20 £20 £1 1 % £20 200 2 Bd. d 4 100

1

£96 £0 £2 £4 0% £28 140 2 d d. 4 3 =10%

7 : S =

thenubeo ouncrea from 5to 7

onseene of he nrease n he abolute urluvalue, es heres o he proongaon of he workng day, e proporons n he oal aon of labor worked hae aered fro : 5 o 7:5, e fro 1 per en o 1 per en, a proporoso reeedar au n each el Howeer, he oal aon ofrplsae s deerned by he number of workers poyed a



Rult ofth Immdat Proc of Producton 9

hs higher rae If here had been a redon n heir nberfoowng he eension o he working day, ie i he sae aono work were perored, b sing fewer workers on aon o

he longer working day, hen he rae o srpsae wod showhe me nrease, b is absoe yied od noConersey, e s now proeed fro he sspion ha he

wokng emn th me e 1 hors, b ha he neessaryabor is reded ro 5 hors o bease o nee rodut no n he onsan apia epoyed n weaig, or i heweaing ise b in oher brahes o idsry whose prodsfor par o he working wage This eans ha he workers now

work hors for he apiais, sead o 5, and or hesees42 nsead of 5 The rao of srps abor o neessary had been5 5, e 1 per en I is now , e 1 per en

ow as preosy, weny en are epoyed or 1 hors,which gives 200 hours In boh cases hey se he same consanapia o £8 in oion The e o he oa pod reais£120, he number o ells il sands a 1 ,200, and he rice o each ell s si 2s. snce nohing has chaged n he price o producin

The toal product (in terms o value) o 1 man [-day] = £2, ad20 = £40 Bu whereas orerly i took 5 hours per day, ie £20 per week to buy hs . means of subsisence, it now takes only 4

hours, = £1 per week, to buy he same amount. The paymen othe twenty who now perorm ony 1 hours of necessary abour s now £16 as agains £20 prevously. The variable capital has fallen from £20 to £16 but still ses he same amoun of absolue labour n motion. Bu this amount is now dsrbued dierenly Before,

had een pai, and npaid ow o hors 4 are paid ad6 unpaid, e i are pad and unpaid Instead o a raio of 5 : 5 thepresen rao is 6 :4, and the rae o surpus-vaue has rsen rom 100 per cent to 1 50 per cen. The rae of surpusvaue has in·creased by 50 per cent Per ell, then, 3d would be paid, and 4-dwoud be unpaid abour ; ths is J� :! or 2: 1 , as above Thusoa pre s as foows

c Vaue Rate of u ofof tota urp- urpus-product au vaue

£80 £16 £24 £20 ISO% £2

Es Price ontpr oe abour

pe e

100 2 8d

uplsabour[pe e

4d

¥}

Rate p,'abour

..

.

.

4!: 3! 2 4 1 6

150



964 ppendx

t w obsere here that he s o srplsale only £24insea o£28 as n Table I B n he sae arable apal£20 a been la o, he ol amoun o labor eploye ol

hae rsen, sne reans he sae h a aable a p al o£ 16.In a se 20 s ore han 1 lhae nrease by Inha een he oal amoun oflabou employe oud have ren andno jus e a o supus lbo o pd labou ne gen hene rae, £6 ys £40 hen £20 ol l £50, o hh £0ol be srlsale I £0 = 20 hors hen £50 ol eal250 hors n i 200 hors se £0 c n oon, hen 50 horsol ransor £100 c. n nay, 200 hrs proe 1200

els, hen 250 hors ol yel 150 ells. The allaon orso as olos :

c V Value of Rate of Sm o Es Pie Amount Srpls Rate f

oa srps- rps per of abor srpprodc vae vae e abou [pe eH] abo

pe e - - ia £1 20 £0 £50 50 % 30 00 s. 8 4� 50%

Ths shol be noe n geeal as a res o a all n ages (heonseqene here o nease proy less vaable caal srqre o p he sae an o labor o or, e o thesame amoun oflabour o rk a gaer advanage o aptal (snehe pa poron o he sae aon alls n relaon to he npaporon. Thereore, he apalist ho ontnes o lay o hesame amon o vable capa/ wll gan obly. or he s able noonly o gan a hghe rae o splusvaluor the sae oal aont,

bt he s able o exploit a lage uany of ou a hs hgherrae alho hs arable apal has no nrease in agn

43 ehaeseenhen: here commody prces vary he rate an q an ty o srpls

vale an reman consan an(2 here commody prces ae consan the rae an qany

o srplsale an vay.

In general, as e hae shon n or ssson o the prooo srlsale, he pres o ooes only eer an neneto he exen ha hey ner no he oss o reprong laborpoer, hs aen s ale, an ee ha an be nle in thesor er by onrary nenes.

ollos ro (1) that e gnre here hat seor o proe



Resuls of he Immedae Process of Produc 6wh by beong heaper akes laborpoer heaper oGst as by beong earer it akes it ore expense) the allipes, he eapenng o goos resltng ro the inrease n the

proy o labor eans that less labor is aeale nparlar ooes, or hat he sa labor ges rse to aeaer qantty o goos so ha a saler aqot part o labor isneee o proe he nal pro Hoeer it oes notneessarly ean any hang n he relaie srbion beteenhe pad an unpad labor ha has gone no any gen arlehe to las here shon apply generaly to all ooes nlng those tha o no ener rely or nrey ino he re

proon o laborpoer an hose pre thereore heherhgh or lo, s irrelean o he eernaon o he alue o la orpoer sel

It ollos ro (2 (see Tabes an a) thatalhogh heprces of ooes an th protiiy of lng labor eploye ey n he branh o nsry h reaes hoseooie ean onsan he re and uany of urplus

vaue cn rse y he sae oken, e gh ae eonsraehe converse nael that they an all he total okng ay isae or i he neessy lour e gos (he orkng ayise rean n bae o oher goos bongear) Th s he e hee a able c of gn agdeopes ery uneual aon o labo o a gen produy(hle he pes o oos rean onsa s ln as ereis no hange in he proy o labor.) Alenaey vaabe capal of varyng se can ocy eual as o laboro a gien poy In shot a arabl apal a eraigen se oes no alays se he sae aon ofig labor io an i e regar as a sbol o the aon laboses n oon it st be onsere to b a sbo o vmagnu

hs laer obseaon (ad able an the seon a)s9

ho the ooy st be hogh o y erel fg

ay n hh e onee o i a he osef o issso Qhe inal inepenent prot or her it appears s thprot o apal as the aot opnn o aptal as theepostoy o aptal tha hs alore tsel an hene onaan aiot part of the srplsvale gener y a



966 end

hen we spea of he pre of ommodes alwaysmplly assmed ha he oal rce of he any o goodsproded by apal = s oal value and hene he rce o he

ao par of he nvdal ommody = he alo par ofha oal vale Prce n hs onex s n general js he moneyexpresson of vale Pres derng from he nderlyng valeshave no ye enered no or dsssons)

[ The ndvdual commody vewed as he prod, he aalelemenary omponen of apal ha has been generaed andreproded, ders hen from he ndvdal ommody wh whhwe began, and whh we regarded as an auonomous arle, as he

premss of apal frmaon I ders no only n he eson ofpre as already oed, b also n he fa ha even f he ommody s sold a s pre, he value of he apal nvesed n sprodon may no be reaed, and he surlus-vaue reaed byha apal eve less so Indeed, as he mere deposo of a pal,o only maerally, e as a par of e sevale of whh heapal onsss, b as he deposor of he vale of whh heapal onsss s possble for he apals o sell ommodes

pres orrespondng o her ndvdal vale, and neverheless less han her vale as oducs ofcaal and as comonens ofhe aggregae roduc n whch he caal ha has been valorzedacually s beng

. n he nsan gven above, a pal f £ reproded selfn e om of ,2 ells of lnen a a pre o 2 ne n or

revs dssson we

sed he g

res we an now re. . . . . 8 2 2 ,presen he saon by assmng a he £8 osan apl semboded n ells, or of he aggregae prod £2 vaableapal or wages amon o 2 ells, or of he oal, and £2srplsvale s lewse he evalen of 2 ells or If we nowppose ha no one el, b s say 8 ells wer sold a hegh pre e £, and he oher wo porons were nsaleable,hn only of he ognal apal vae of £ wold have beenrpodd As he deposoy of he oa apal, e as he olyacualprd of he oal apa of £ he 8 els old haveen sold a ess ·h he vale, a o her vale o be presee he vae o e whole rod = 2 and 8 s b of ha mssng beng eanng hrd Thes 8

ell, aken byhemselve one o be sold fo more han he re



Resuts of the Imediate Process of Proction 961

ae a a he eposioe of he oa apia hey migh stil . e o a he gh pice eg. i hey wee sol fo £90 an he

emaining 4 es fo £30. Fo o pesent puposes, howeve, we

ne o isega he sale of ieren factions of the total

qaniy of goo a pices higher o lower than their alue, snce

u pemiss is pecisely that hey shoul be sol at their correct

value

455 What is a issue hee is no just that the ommoity's sale pice

houl eect is alue as in the case of the commoty conceie

as an autonomous thing but that as a epositoy of the capital

ineste in it, is sale price shoul also eec the fact that it is an aliquot part of he total product of that capital. If only 800 ells are

ol ou of a total pouct of 1 ,200 = £120, then these 8 ells o

ot epesent t of the otal alue but the toal alue itsef, ie they

epesen he alue of £120 an not £80, an he indiiual co-

£80 4 2 £0 1modydoesno - = = = = 2s but - = =

800 80 40 20 800 80

O

3 Thus as an individual poduc it woud have been sold50 pe cent too dea i it had een sod a s instead of 2s Asa a iquo pa of he ota vaue he individual poduct must beold a he oec pice and hence as he aliquot part of he totalpoduc od may ot be old, heefoe as an indepedentatice ut e g. a s 1/ 1 200 of the otal poduc in elation theefoe o he emaining 1 99/1 200 Wha is a issue i s hat the single

atice should be old a he oec pice multpled by the num-er which form its denominato a s the aliquot pat of a whole(I follows fom this tha with the development ofcapitalistpro.

uction and the esultant eduction in prces, thee must be n inease in the quantity o goo, i the umber of atiles hat muse old Tha is to say a constant xpansion ofthe marketbece�

a ecessity fo capitalist poduci Bu this point i s bete lefJh ubsequen book) (I aso explains why he capitalist

n

n

t ;

el 1,300 es a 2 even hough he could upply 200 a�

pice Fo the additiona 00 migh well equire extensions oft onsan capia which woud be able t povide nothe 1200'a ce bu no an exa 100 etc)

· .

e an ee fom his ow an aic egae a he product of

apital i s o be istingui fom an individual article treated as an



968 end

independent object, and ths dstncton wl nceasngly make seet The more we advance nto the processes of captast produc-ton and crcuaton, the more ts impact on the eal prce of the

ommoy w be observeThe pon, however, o whh I wsh parary o aw enon s hs

was seen n haper 2, Seon 3 of hs rs ook, how hevaros eemens of vae he pro of apa he vae ofonsan apa ha of vaabe apa an srpsvae re obe fon, an are, as were, repeae, on he one han, n hesame proporons n every snge ommoy, boh as ao pars

of he oal evale rodced an as ao pars of he oaechangevale roded On he oher han, he o poan be ve p no eran porons of he seae or aeproe, one pa whh represens ony he vae of he osan apa aseon h of he varabe apa an he hr hesrpsvae Ahogh boh hee esrpons are essenayena, hey cnradc eah oher n her fom of expressoFor n he aer aon he nva ares ha beong o, say

o 1 ha reproe ony he vae of he onsan apa,represen ony abor ha has been obe pror o he proessof prn For exampe, he 800 es £80 = he vae of heonsan apa nvese hey represen ony he vae of heon yarn o, o an mahney onsme, b no a o ofhe aoa abor o weavng On he oher han egardd a

e-ale ah e of nen onans no ony a, b as a ene any of aor hh s wh gave e form nn

Say n s pre of 2s onas as repon of heonsan apa has onsme, for wage an of naabor emboe n

The fau to sove ths apparen contadcon can lead as w be seen to fundamental bunds n anass It at rst sgh jutas cfusing for the perso ho ony considers the rce of the dvda comody a� our earle proposton tha he ndduacommodty or a specc poporton of the tota prodct can besod bo at the rght.prce and · eow t, at the rght prce and above t, and even at more than ts rght pre evn though t i

beow t For an exampe of ths confson see Prouhon (verte).

• Catr 9 n te rent edton o Ct ol 1 s reers t o 47 in te MS se 971 o te resent editon



� ; 45

6

, •

"

Resuls of he Immedae Process ofProcion 969

(In he above eampe, he pre of he e s deermned no nsoaon b as an ao par ofhe oa pro

I have eare gven a smar aon of he foregong argmen

abo he deernaon of prce parar formaons from heorgna dssson shod perhaps be nerpoaed here Orgnay we onsdered he ndvdual commod n solaon,

as he res and he dre prod o a spe any of aborow, as he resul, heproduc ofcapal he ommody hanges nform and aer on, n he pre of prodon, w be hanged nsubsance oo The derene s as foows The mass of sevaesproded represens a quan of labur ea o he value of the

consan capal conaned n and consumed b he produc of heuan of labour objeced and ransferred from o he prod + he vae of he quan of labour ehanged for vaabeapa A par of hs abor goes o epae he vae of hevarabe aa and he remander onses he surplusvlue.If we epress he aborme onaned n he apa as £00 ofwhh £0 s varabe apa and he rae of srps-vae 0per en, hen he oa any of abor onaned n he pro

d omes o £20 Before he ommody an rae sechangevalue ms be prevosy onvered no heprce Therefore, f he oa prod s no a snge onnos hng so hahe enre apa s reproded n a sngle ommody, sh as aose hen he apas ms ae he prce of he ndvda ommoy, e he ms represen he echangevalue ofhe ndvda ommody n erms of money of aon Thendependng on he varos raes of prodvy of abor e oal

alue of £20 w b shared out among a graer or smaer nmberof prods and he prce of he ndvda are w sa nnverse rao he oa nmbe of ares, and eah m rpresen a arge or smaer ao par of he £20 For eame,i he oa prod s 60 ons of oa, hen 60 ons £20 £2 £20 .

7 f h h£2 . . £·

pe on S ons o oa , en ea on 7 =/

;

£20 2 ,:>

2s i s 20 ons hen 20 2 £, and s on Thep!

-

h. d d h he ol prce of he produt

t

· :

e m v a ar e en = · ; ehe oa number of prodcs --

total price divided by the total number f roducts a measedn the various units of meas.ue, depnding on the se-vale o teprod

· ·



97 Appendi

So if he prie of he individa arie ea o he oa prieof he aniy of good (oa nmber of ons proded by hepia of £ divided by he oa nmber of arie (here inon, hen on he oher hand he total price of he oa prod isea o he prie of he idivida arie multiplied by he totalnumer of aries proded If he aniy of good has inreasedwih prodiviy, hen he nmber wi aso inrease and he prieof he indivia arie wi fa The onverse hod good whereprodiviy has deined here he one faor, he prie, wirie, and he oher faor, he nmber, wi fa As ong a heamount o laour emploed remans seady i wi end p wih heame oa prie of £2, regards of how mh of i are ohe individa arie whih is proded in varying aniie depending on he prodiiy of he abor

I he fraion of he prie asigned he individa arie heaio par of he oa vae beomes maer beae of hegreaer nber of arie proded, ie bease of he greaeprodiviy of abor, hen i foows ha he porion of srps

vae ha aompanies i w be smaer, i e he aio par of heoa prie o whih he rp-vae of £2 has beome aahedverheess, his doe no inrode any hange in he relatiobeween he par of he pre of he arie represening rpvae and ha par hih represen wages or he paymen ofabor

s perfe re however, a or eaminaion of he apiaiproe of prodion ha shwn, ha ie apar rom he pro

ongaon of he woking da here is a enie endeny fo aborpower isef o beome heape Thi sem fro he fa inhe pre of he good h deermine he vae of abor-poweand ener ino he neesary onsmpon of he aborer eneao here i a he ame ie a rend oward raiing he paid

par of his work and eening he npaid par whie keeping heworking day onan

Ths, on or earier ampion, he prie of he individa

arie pariipaed in he suplusvalue in he ame proporon iwhih i shared in h oa vae and in he oa prie The posio now however is ha depie he faing prie he fraion ohe prie ha repreen he rps-vae inreae However, hisors ony bease he rp-vae beome propoionaeygreaer in he total pic of he prod beae he prodiviy



esults o the Immediate Proess o Podution 1

of abor ha inreased For he same reaon he greaer prodiviy of abor (and he opposie wod hod good if prodiviy were o deine he value o abour-power is educed

sine he same niy of abor, he same vae of20, is spreadover a ager aniy of goods, hs asing he prie of eahrie o fa ene, even hogh he price o the individul articlealls and even hogh he oa amon of abor deies, and wihi he vae onained in i he amon of rpsvae in heprie inreaes reaivey In ohe words, in he smaer oaamon of abor o be fond in he individa arie, eg heon, here is a arger amount o unpaid labour han before when he

abor was es prodive, he ani of he prod was smaerand he prie of he individa arie higher The areate pricef 20 now onains more npaid abor han before and heame i e of eah aio par o ha 20

It is pes of is sor ha ed rdhon sry ine heooks ony a he prie of he individa arie in isoaion an nohe ommoy as he product o a total capital Hene e gnores

he overa siaion wihin whi he oa prod s dvde pino is varios omonens wih regard o pre

l est impossi que inr d apia (hi i js one pariar named p of he spvae saouant dans le cmmee au saaire d ovrer pour mpoer e pri d a marhandie ourer puise racheter ce qui a lui-mme poduit ivreen travaiant est un pincipe qui sus le me de intrt impliquecontradictio Sine in ommere he inteest on captal i addedo he labourers waes o mae up the pre o commodtie, impossie for he aborer o by bk hs on prod To iveby woking is a priipe whih nder he regmen of nere enais a onradiin Grauit u crdit Discussion entre"1 Fr.Baiatt don as p .

Ths is ie rig o ae he mar ar e assme te worke, l'ouvrier, undr duson i the wong class as :� . ;

who

e eeky paymn i reeives and wih whih hs ob_y

i

>

he mean biene, e, is sen on a mas of modWhee · we tae ec� · separatey or evry ne tgther, •tf .pre onain one par ag nd anhr uvaue(f .· -hih he ineres ened Podhon on an eaps .a reive inignian eme o\ hen i pssie or e wo a s{ s eeky ine w ns .



7 Append

salare by a any of goods ha onsss of salae srps-vae? Sne he weeks wages, akng he ass as a whoe,ea ony he weeky aggregae of he means of sbssene, sas ear as day ha wh he money he has reeved he workercannot posby by he means of sbssene he reres For hes of money he has reeved eas hs weeks wages, he prepad eah week for hs abor, whereas he pre of he provsonshe reres fora week he pre ofhe abor hey oan + hepre represened by he npad srps abor Ergo esmpossbe e 'ovrer psse raheer e a mmeprod re en travaiant nder hese ondons herefore

rea does ena contraction Prodhon s e rgh as far asappearances B i nsead of onsderng e ommody nsoaon, he were o vew as he prod of apa, he woddsover ha he weeks rod breaks dow no one parwhose pre he weeky wage, he varabe apa ad odrng he week and onanng no surpusvaue e, and anoherpar whose pre onsss enrey f srps-vae And evenhogh he pre of he ommody ndes a hese eemens, s

n fa ony he rs par ha he worker bys bak (and n heprese onex s rreevan ha he n be swnded by hegroer n he proess, e

Ths s wha generay rns o o be he ase wh Prodhosapareny profond and nsobe eonom paradoxes heyonss n he a ha he regards he onfson wrogh byonom phenomena n hs own mnd as he aws governng hose

henomena

0

ndeed hs asseron here s even more seadng han sggesed above, sne eas he assmpon ha he e pr ofhe ommody he ages onand n he mon of padabo naned , whe he surpus-vaue ne e s nomore han a surchre, an arbary xa on o of h e preof he ommod

sm eeed hm by he vgar eoos s eenworse o xampe, M Forade pons o ha s aseronroves m on he ne hand, se he ows ha orgo he ong ass d no srvv a a whe o he oe

n des ss he aadox ar no se he pre oe omoe he byr ses n es no s as

- · nresbs e s ohe mae e ees> •



8

esults o the Immedate Pocess o Poducto 3

of onsan apal n he pre e gh, Forae B whaen? He shows ha he probem s even more naabe hanProdhon had mpd b n hs eyes hs s a preex for pro

vdng a soon o he probem on a sae even smaer hanha on whh Prodhon had aked he maer, and nsead hejs fdges he sse dsmssng wh a hoow rheor*

And n a s he vre of Prodhons appoah ha hefnky expresses he onfsons n he reaes of he eonomphenomena, arng hem wh sophsa sef-sasfaon, b re

•Max took p Focades citicism of Podhon i Vol. J of apia:

Poudhon expoes his inaility to asp ths in the ioant fomulation:"/ouvi pu pa ach op podi (the laoue caot uyback his own poduct ecause the inteest which is added to the pix-drvi (cost pice contained the poduct But how does M EugneFocade teach hm to know ette? " I Poudhons obection wee coectt would stike no only the pots of capial t would eliminate the possibility even of indy. I te laoue i compelled to pay 0 fo each aticlefo which he has eceived only 80, if his wages can uy ack only the valuewich he has put into a poduct it could said that the laoue cannot buy

back anything that wages cannot pay fo anyhing. I fact thee is wayssomething moe than te wages of the laoue contained in the cost picand always moe than the pots of entepise i the selling pice foinstacethe pice of aw ateials ofen id to foei countie . Poudon asfogotte aout he otiual oth of national capial ; he has fogotenhat ths owth refes to all laoues whete in an entepise o i ha-c�ts" (Rvu d Dux Mod 88 Vol 24 p . 8). Hee we have heoptimism of ogeois thoughtlessness in the fom of sagaity that mostcoesponds to i M Focade st elives tht the laoue could not lieid he not recei a higher value tan that wich e prouces wheas' n-

esely the capitalist mde of poduction coud not exist wee he eall treceive all he vaue whih he poduces Secondy, he coectl genealizes th� dculy, whch Proudhon expressed only from a narrow viepoint. Thprice f commodiies contains not only ·an excess over wags, bu al�o .rprot, nay, the consant portion of vaue. Aoding to Pud)neasoning, then te aiU t coud not y ack'h comms 'w hi pot. And how oes Focade solve thisidle? Beans ef ean�$ :

hrase : he owth of apal. Tus the coniual ot of c pital

�:!

§. '

supoe to b substanat(,among e thngs in that _ h�

nlt

�

·

;

.r-

:

cmmody pes wi s impsil o h pota cisaf�g

·

:'>'

i of 10, ms· supro e ase of a api OflO,

O

Wt

.

would b aif a chemist, wh; on big sked : How i hat te· pduf

t soil . conains moe ca• ta the soi? �e t ser: _ . 9 he cntnu increase i aiulural procon. The wel-me�i desi�J iv n the bougos od ' he s of a psse wld r p

l�s

i*vlgr economy al nee fo lve of · truh nd iclnti fr sceni,vestigatin' (Capitl, Vol. 3, Mocow, 1962, P• 8� ! 53). . . :, . ·



· Append

eaing hem a her heore mpoershmen This onrass sharpy wih he gar eonomiss who aemp o hshhings p b are inapabe of ompreheing hem Ths Herr

W Thyies osher ismisses rohons uest-e que laproprit onfse an ofsing The wor onfsng sggess he impoene of he vgar eonomiss in he fae of hisofsion They are inapabe of resovig he oraiions ofapiais proion een in he onfse, speria an sophisia form in whih rohon wraps hem an hrs hem a heirheas ohing remains for hem b o reoi frm a sophisryhey anno isenage a o anh an appea o ommon

sese reyig o he noion ha hings wi ake heir orse Agrea onsoaion for he wobe heoris

(B This enire seion on rohon sho probaby go inoBok Chaper i e ar or even aer

A he same ime we here e soion o he probem presee in Char . f he cmmdities ha fom he pro ofapia are so prices eemine by heir ae i oher wor

if he eire apiais ss ss ommoiies at eir true aue,hen eah of is members reaies a srpsvae, ie he ses apoion of he vae of a moy whih has os him nohga whih he has no pai for The pro hey eah ake is noahieve a eah ohes expese ha wo ony be he asewhre one maage o grab he sare of srpsvae e o aoher r is i ahieve by eir seig heir goos a mreha hir vae n e onary hey se ir proe its tru

ae he hypoesis a ommoiies are so a pries orrespoig o heir vaes forms he basis of e ineigaions obe arie o i h ne voe mmdtes ar he rs res of he immeiae proess ofapais pon is pro h he pie of ese ommoiies w merey a repaeme of he vae of he apia iese inhe an sme e orse f hir proio bs h meriiio he obeian as rpsvae of hesrp abor osrinha same roess of pons cmmd, he pro oapia s ener he proess ofhae a his .meas o meey he aa hysia possb so ha i ms sbi o he varios hages i form ha whae se as he eamorposi f he ommoiy As far as

Pemal C 5 n e pesen don



esults of the Immedate Process of Producto

he prey frma hanges are onerne he ransformaion ofhese ommoiies ino money an heir reersion ino ommoiies his proess is areay presen in or aon of wha wesignae as impe iraion he iraion of ommoiias sh B hese ommoiies are a he same ime he eposioes of apia hey are apia ha has been aorize, impregnae wih srps-ae An in his respe heir iraion,whih is simaneosy he reproion proess of apia, enais frher eermiaions aien o he absra esripion of heiraion of ommoiies For his reason or nex ask is orn o an examinaio of he circulatio process ofctal This w

ha o in he nex ome

1 1 : CATAL T DUCT N A TH E PDUCT N F

ULU-VALUE

Where apia si appears ony in s emenary forms, sh aommoiies or money, he apiais manifess himsef in heareay famiiar haraer of he owner of money or ommoiies

B sh a peron is no more a apiais n himsef han money orommoiies are apia in hemsees They beome ransaeino apia oy in eain spei irmsane an heir ownerikewise beome apiaiss ony when hese irmsanes obain

Originay apia beame maifes as money as somehing obe ransforme ino apia or whih was ony poeniay apia

The economiss hae Iae he buner of confusing he

eemenary forms of apia money an ommoiies wiapal as suh They have also made he frher blunder of equ� .ing apia wih i moe of exisene as use-aue he mean (f

abor· In wha we ma all is rs provsiona form of money (h

poin of deparure for he formaion of apial), apial exs ·ye only as money, ie as a sum of exchange-values emboie i �b

.

se-subsistent form of exchange•value, in i expressi a mo � ·

Bu he ask of his 0oney is o generae value The exch ig

f

· value mus serve o reae sill more exhange-value The q

n

tiy

o value mus be inrease, ie he available value mus no onl be

mainane ; i mus ie an inremen, l aue, a sursau

Ts is i fc te sbject of Cpi Vo. so esy M wouve sed te eset cte t tis ot we e y evised



Append

o ha h al gn h paa m of mony an wuens* an h nmn a on W hall om bak o hfbn pon of apal a mony whn w om o

on po of laon H wh w a onwh mony ony a h pn f deparure fo h mmedae press f prdun, w an on ol o h obaonapal h a y ony a a gven quanum f value = Mmony n whh a al ngh o ha nohng bh monay fom man Th magnude of h anm ofal m by h amun o quany of h mney o b anfom no apal So h al bom apal by nreasng

sze, by anfomng f no a hangng quany, by bgfom h y o uens ha m ngn a on In seh m of mony may ony dened a apal i mploypn wh h am of nreasng i pn ply n oo nrease In h a of h m of al o mony hphomnon desny, nn law, nny whl o hapals h own of h m o mony n who han ha a fnon appa a nennurpse Th n

h ognally mpl pon of apal (o of h apal o ba mony o al y nk wh -al ha bn bokn annly oy B mo kng h mnaon ofy wlom gn a ponally onfng n of haual press fprdun poon of ommo I fo h aon ha h haa h p na of aalpoon appa o b o mpl an aba If h ognapal a nm of al = bom apal an fll

ppo y hangng no no a am omony oal = h ognal m a balan o h ognal m Ino wo anfom no h gn aon of mony aonal mony no h gven valu + surplus-value Th pdun suplus-value whh nl h paon of hal ognally aan appa hfo a h nngppo, h ng fo« an hnal resul of h apa po of poon a h man hogh whh h ognal al anfom no apal Hw h bogh abo h alpo by an of whh hang no + o noa h po an l of h po n h la a an b hag no x+x n h ab of h ap

•omg lble o cge



4

· .

j II

I

i.

i

i . .

.

.

. !

Resuts o the Immedate Pocess o Poducon 1 oe o oo b o i e postuate h he vlmebe o oey onon eh ohe eo h hey elh eh ohe only he ownes o commodtes n h heyome o o h eh ohe oly n h y (h ee lvey e) A eonly e ole he h heol o hol be oe commodty (h ee ll ol omo n hh he evle he m o he mmee oe e onene, n he eeoe mo o no omoy)

he h he oe o he oe h ho beome o lo on o he h o o ve

gon hol ke he el m be eee he nono vble ny, o be nome no one ng he oe A en sum o money, onn o he oe nhee nemen 0 he oe o he oe heeoe m be hge o ohe on hh onn vbleeeme O k o o h omonen n he eeo ey he meon by men o hh on mge beome vble oe o e e n ee m o

he neo o he l oe o oo o nome bk no onn mgne nmel, no hemen o lbo n ne o he ae o o be ononly he om o e evle, ne o n he moneyom ( hge hh h o ee on he onn ne o hem o vle h o ee o y k o he o o ehngevle) ollo h n beeeene c (onn mgne) (vble mgne)

c+ he eene +) () he el So h ee ognlly ely An he elon oh eme o he ogl ohe o ohh elly he nemen m be o

(e ) !v hh h V ,

of the rate of sr plus-value.;

v

r

, '·_:/ �>.�

·

n he ol l C c, hee c onn nble C n be ege o o v eeyv he C C' ,

h e he he C c2 C +vLv)



978 ped

we bra he r eaon rom he eon he eren C'c he nremen o = C

3 C'C = c++c = v(4) c = So h gve (3 an hene (4) C . B C'C = he

mon by whh C ha hange = C), = he nremen o C orC, e (4) n oher wor, he nremen o he oal aal he nremen o he varabe aro, h ha c or he hangen he onan ar o he aial = 0 Hene n h nveigaiono c or he onan aial i given a = 0 e m be leo o aon

e roorion by whh ha grown Av he rate osurplusvalue) he rooron by whh C ha grown = �

�

+ vrate oprot)

h he al non e o aal a h heproducton osurplusalue whih, a wi be hown laer, nohing bh roion o surplus labour, the appropraton o unpadlour n he ore o he aal roe o roion hilabor manie l obeie el, a rplusalue

ha alo been een/ha i o be hange no aa, no+x, he vale or m o money rereene by x ha o beranorme no he actors o the producon process, an aboveal ino actors othe actual labou process. n ome brahe

nry a ar o he mean o roio he bject o labour may oibly have no vale, may oibly no be a commodty,alhogh i i a evae n ha even only a orion o wl beraorme no he mean o roon, an i we ner heranormaion o , e he e o o rhae ommoiieeine or he abor roe, hen he vae o he obe olabor whih i nohng b he mean o roion ha havebeen rhae i = 0 B we hal only onier he maer ini omee orm where he obe o labor = he ommoiyhere hi i no he ae hi aor o be eeme = 0, a ar aale i onerne, o a o reciy he alaion

ke he ommoiy, whh i an immeiae niy o evalean ehangevale, he roe o roion, whih i he roe o he roion o ommoiie, he immeiae niy o



6

Results o the Immediate Process o Prodction 1he roee o aor a vaorzaio a commodities ehe immeiae iie o evae a ehagevae emergerom h rce a result, a ro o oo o hey eer io i a

oie ar A i geera ohg a evr emerge rohe roce o roio whh i o eer io i a oiioo roio i he r ae

he raormaio o he m o moey vee o he moeyo be eane an hange io aal io he acors o theproduction process i a a o he irlaio o h ommoiy,o he roe o ehage a i break ow ino a erie o

rhae hi act, he oe o ye eer into he immiaeroio roe oly iagrae i hogh i i i necessryprecondition, a we ook beyo he immeiae roe oroio a oier he whoe oio roe o aial roio, we ha hi raormaio o moe iohe ators o the production process, he rhae o he meao roion a labor ower, ie oie a immanenmoment o the oerall process

we ow r o he orm ame by aia within he mmeiae roe o roi we ha ike he ime ommoiy i oee he doule shape o usealue a exchanealue B boh orm are haraerie b rher more highyevoe eerminao ha oe e on in he imle ommoiy oiere a hig i ow rgh

o ake he useaue r, ariar oe, rher

eermiaio, wa omeey irreeva o he eio o ommoiy e arile eine o be ommoiy a hee harnaio o ehagevae ha o gaiy ome ocial wa oher, an ha hereore o oe o e aiie Vtout* oherwie wih h us-alue o moiie ioig wihn he oe o roio Owg e abour proess e mea o ro are nde�: tF

he object e means o labour, o o e ore

el

y

�

;

f

�l

;.

mateial o he oe ha, a instrumes, aids, e o e

f :

hee are he ormal d terminations o usealue a hem'l

e

rom he ae o he labor roe i an ey oi

rher eiio o evae a ar a he mea o rareoere horma denitin usealue i eenal �

• hats al

; +



80 · edi

fher analss econoc eonss cono ceoe

Fhermore, e sevaes enerng no he ar roess araso snere no wo sry eren onea momens, woosng sheres (anaogos o hose we have js reveae n hase of he maeral means of roon On he one han, wen he maera means of roon, he objecve onons ofroon, an on he oher han, he ave a aes for a or,aorower exressng sef rosvey he subjecve onon of aor Ths s a frher forma eermnan of aa onsere as se-vae n he mmee roess of roon n he

sme ommoy se rosve aor, sh as snngweavng, e, s emoe, ojee n he yarn r ar herosve form of he ro s he ony ae e ehn y herose aor, an hese raes an hemseves e oerae he ro has he for m of a nara ro, sh as aewhea, e n he omoy he evae s resen rey mmeaey, hereas n he aor oess eomes manes ashe product The nva ommoy s n fa a nshe are,

whh has s moe of orgn ehn an whh oans reserve whn sef he roess n whh rar sef aoas rforme an ojee Fro he ron roess heomoy orn s nsany eae from he roessas s ro n sh a wahahe ro aears o e a eremomen of ha roes A oon of he usevaue n whh aaaears n he oess oroo s he lvn labor-powe se: B hs aorowe hs ene semmng

fo he arar vae of he means of ro s asacvan capacy, a laburower a expreses ovey onverng he eans of roon no he maerajs

of

s avy, trasfom hem fom her ora foro heew orm o e ro Ts n he orse o he aoroess sevaes nergo a geue trafrato wheher a mehana, ema or ysa nare he mmoy hesae s a gvn hng wh ee haaers ow, however, n he aorroess, we n he of ngs,usevaes, fnong as aw maeras r means of aor, noa ne sevae heproduct Ths s eee y he vng aorvang sef n an hrogh hem, a aor whh smaor-ower n aon So we may say ha h form assme yaa as usevalue n he ao roess ma e roen own



esuts o the Immedate Pocess o Poducto 8

sy io he mes o poco see io cocepyisic b ieree prs secoy io cocep vsiorg rom e o he bo pocess beee he objectve

coios o bo (he mes o pocio) is subjectvecoios prposvey cve capact o abo, e bo sehiy hoeve kg he process s hoe he see ocpi ppes here s pocess h crees seves hispoces he mes o pro cio ccoce ih hisspeccy s he mes by hich o proce he pposiveycve pecc abourpowr hr eemere eres O oher os e my sy h h o abou pocess s sch

h h oy o is ocve sbecive ecios ppers s he o mie om o he se-ve ie s he eaom o p he proces o pocio

ookig he pocess o pocio om is e se i e s process hch crees e sees by peromig se boih esg seves e i o be ea/ abou proces Assch is eemes is cocpy specc compoes re hose

o he bo proess se o y abou pocess, respecve ohe moe o proco o he sge o ecoomic eveopme ihich hey hemseves o hs e om he om o h

obecive seves i hich capta s corpoated, is meisbsm s ecessriy he orm ssme by he es o pocio he mes obec o bo hch re ee ohe creio o e pocs Fhermore hese se-ves erey pese (o he mke) he cicio process i heom o commoies ie i he possesso o he pis s heoe o comois eve beore hey become ci hebo pocess i me o hei specic prpose viw ohis sice hereoe cp o e ee o hch i mess se i he objectve coios o o cossts o meaofproductio; meris uiiy meis mes o bu

toos budigs mches etc. peope ted to cocude th ; :

mes o poductio e cpit potetia, d tht they s t

. actu/ y whe the uctio s mes o podcto Cpt th is!'

he o be ecessy eue o he huma abourprocess as suh,

iespecive he hisoric orms i h ssume i is cose

uey somhg peme eeme by h tue o hum

bou se he sme y i is uge h becuse he oces pcio cpi gee he poess he



98� . endix

lau process a such t foows that the abour process n all

forms of society s necessariy capitaist in �atre. Thus captl

comes to be thought of as a thing, and as a thg It pays a cera

oe, a roe appropriate to it as a thing in the process

of producto

It s the same logic that nfers that because money IS gold, gold S

ntrinsicay money; that because wage-abour is abour, a� abour

s necessariy wage-abour. The identity s proved by hodng fast

to the features common to a processes of production, whie

neglecting their specc d erentiae. The dentity is demonstrate.d

y abstracting from the distinctions We sha return to ths

crucia point in greater detai n the course of this chapter For the

resent we sha merey note :

t he ommodes hsed by he s fo osmo s he man of poduton he odo oess olbo oess e hs o oey hey e f o moe hhs moey sfomed o ommodes d hey e s sm he esg ey of hs s h moey Eve moe, deed, se hey hve be hged o he fom hh

hey ey fo s apta e s he es of ege, of vozg, e edg, s ve hese mes ofodo e heefoe apta. O he ohe hd, h heemg oo of he moey esed, he s hs hsed boo, okes, o, s e hve sho he* he hs hsed vn abou. hs beogs o hm s seevey s do he obeve odos of he bo oesseeheess, se deee beomes e hee el

lbo s h he oke ey ges o he is ehgefo he hse e of bo, h of h s463 sed o he ge s he eede of hs fes eegy

he ezo of hs ode fes; s hs moveme do he ss ooked s eso fo, s eylbo s he fo f he oke d o of e sooked fom he sdo of ehg, he oke eeseso he s h he e eeves fom hm, d o h

he s he s he ose of he bo oess o hee e d h, h heo oess, he obeve odos of bo, s , d o h ee, s he sd ooso o he sbeve odo f lbo e

• Pesubly Chapter 6 i the pesent edition.



I

f,

I

Reut of the mmediate Poce of Puco 83

aor sef or aher he worker who works Ths s how omes abo ha from he sandpon of boh apas andworker he mea of oduio as an exsng form o f apa, s

emneny he apa of abor, onfron he oher ompoen whh apa has bee esed and hene appear poenay ohae a spe mode of exsene as apa ee osde he prodon proess As we sha see, hs an be frher anysed,pary n he one of he apas proess of aozaon genera (n he roe of he means of prodo as oes ofng abor, and pary n he deveopmen f he paapas mode of prodo (n wh mahnery e beomes

he rea maser of ng abor Ths why we nd n he apa proess of prodon hs iiuble uio o uevalue whh pa sbsss n he or of he mea o poducto andbject dened as apa, when wha e ae reay faed wh s adene soa reaonshp of prodon n onseene hepoduct embedded n s mode of pron s eed wh eommody by hose who hae o dea wh I s hs ha forshe fondao for he eshsm of he poa eonomss

ecod, he meas ofprodo eae raon ad ener nhe abor proess as spe ommodes, eg oon, oa,spndes e I so dong, hey s possess he hape the ueaue hey had whe hey were rang as omodes nehey hae enered he proess, hey proeed o fon wh heaes oon e has as oon orrepondg o her seaes o he haraess appopae o hem as thi Tepon s oher wh ha poo of apa we ave aedaibe b w ony boes he reay vaable p ofcita whe has been ehanged for aboupow In eamoey e poro of apa h he apas epeds on tphase of aborpower s ohn b he mean ofbeavaiabe o the maket (or dped on o e erms :�]

desned or he ndda onsmpon of he woers M

hen s ony he ansmed form hse means subsis

whh he worker mmedaey rasorms bak no meas£s2

ssee as soo as he reees Boh hs ransforosbseen nsmpo o hese omodes as seaues se a poess ha has o diect bearg o hemmede roess of prodon, or, more presey he abor proess, awhh fa operaes osde s ms One a of e apa



984 Append

a heeby he aa s eey, s asome o arable ante by he fa ha sea of moey hh s aosa mage o he meas o sssee as hh may

aea a hh ae kee osa mages, s ehage fo lvn labour-power a vaeeag foe, somehg hh a be smae o geae, hh a mafes sef asa vaabe mage a hh fa aays ees he oess ofoo as a ag, developn mage a hee asoe oae h ee ms, ahe ha as a mantudeha has beome xed s e eogh reay ha he osmo of he meas of sbssee by he oke a be

e aae) he abo oess, s as he osmoof matres nstruentalesby he mahey s ekoe aog hhe mahey sef ha eve he oke aeas meey as asme hase by aa, a sme ha ees aa ay o ovsos as hs matres nstrumentales f hes o efom hs fos he abo oess hs hapes o ageae o esse egee, eeg o he ee a he hessess h hh he ke s eoe B s o, s

seakg, e he eo o aas eaos Wesha ose s fhe maos Seo beo ossso of he eoo of he ee eaosh) omay he oke osms hs ovsos g ases heabo oess, heeas he machne osmes ha s essa o whle t s stll unctonn ke a ma?) B akg hewokg ass as a hoe, a oo of hese meas of sbssees osme by membes of he famy ho ehe o o ye ok,or have ease o o so ae he he eee beee a oke a mahe a eeey be ee o he so beee a ama a mahe, as fa as maUresnstrumentales a he osmo ae oee B hs so eessay a hee oes o fo a of he eo <faa A a eves, he aa eamake fo ages aeasfomay as somehg ha has ceased to exst he eyes of he

aas, b hh beogs o heworker

as soo as has assme s e shae of he meas of sbssee ese o beosme by hm hs heorm o theusevalue as a ommoy,befoe s absobe o he oess of oo e as meanso subsstence s e ee fom s fom wthn ha oess

$Acessoy aeals



Results o the Immeiae Pocess o Producton 98

hh s h of labour-owr actvely expressin se d heeof g bo se hs hs oo of s seydsgshed fom he ese he fom of mes of o

do d hs s ye ohe eso hy he s modeof odo he means o roucion e s d fohemsees isincion fo, d contrast o, he means osubsisence hs ee s dseed e sy ee gog fo he ome o e gmes by he mse hheorm o he usealue hh exss he osoof he odo oess s h of he rouct d hs od be fod e oded oh s means o roucon d s means

o subsisence hs oh e caial o e exe d so bohe ese ooso o he g bo-oe

e s o o he valorizaion rocess [erwertunsrozes].As f s exhane-alue s oeed e g see he ds

o eee he commodity d he p oed oo

he exchanevalue o he ee o he oess oodo s sme h he ehgee of ed esed he me f he oy value h ees he oess of odo s h of he commoities hh oee s hees of odo e he e of he constant of )sed of e e of he be oo e o e valorizaion s oess bo e of eg sef osy se, b so og beyod edy esg es o eee oes

As f s he o value s oeed ey he e o heos hs deeds fo s ee o he e ofhe mes o od eeg he oess o bg geeh eessy he ommodes of hh hey e de shod o oeed fom, e s bdgs, mach¥

,

e, o moe h he socialy necessary labour-tmeessea

t

he odo Ad s he sk of he s o se

f

h hsg hese mes of odo h he use-vd

;

s · he o oe h he ege eeded o mfeh od hs es boh mes d mhey hey ms fo h ege y d o ese bo,he g fo, h y bom obses Fo exme ey of he me mes mog ohe hgs h he



86 Appx

ahy ud sould no prode e ege n se� ec Te apa m ted o al hese i Eeneyond a w te ale of const a s n o oed st s fr as possbe odcive ndot quaded c ha cas he roduct would ona area amo of bjted lbo wit t ta s soy ecessary. n art th deds e wores eeves, ad t is eet o esposbi o e ees. surs hs posion re hog pie-wok deductos romaes, ) He uas set i a he work pefored i rd ad shn n tat he e-vaue he as id actua eees su e ed of the proces Aths poit too capais's bt pev d enodi s ita Lst he must make sure that the rocess ofcto red dstubd d th doesrocd o o e pdct te e we for rrbu s a ts e sdepeds party o the contnuty of ork wich is troduced bals odco, pa owee on uobe exeral

fcos. Beue of ae spc eac rocess pne a s o e ales dc it e ohh 1 y e devn te oce dctd wic {2 is a o e pocess odcton nd o ias. Cap pec se agant suc ss· by e edate rcr w work wth is wnms o n ect o se . Te s nothg in p o e tt process of produo. te k s o p ts s o te cosee of hs havigsu the oep f pdctn

s o e vl et he zao pocs w y t pa can be an (1 s ecd, , e ce s te o eue that te of d e ented atty of labour geat tha of e vau f te aabe c or

ofhe wages of

bur; of e e splsvae s ceae obfg n rodt n dd uanu work, n at o exess ofthoaid waes.

I e dnon ewe t_�valu of e caal moed o f e cdiies c nesed d e

6 ssed e -au cpi i lbo roces ores·



i

:":�

. : �-·<·

r / ·

!I . i

I

I

Resuts of te mmeate Pocess of Proucto 987

ons o he stncton beween he ehange-vae o he apalepoye an he or asse by he excange-vaue o apal nhe vaorzaon process n heformer ase, he nsren o pro

con, he consan capa, eners he rocess who aeraono he or o s usevaues, whe he nshe usevaues owhchhe varabe capa was opose are reace b he vng aoro rea labor, o he aborpower ha vaorzes se n new sevaes n he atter case, however, he vae o he eans o procn, o he consan apa, eners he vaorzaon roess ns own rgh whe he vaue o he varabe capal oes no soener, b s nsea repae by he vaecreang acvy, he

avy o he vng aor eboe n he vaorzaon roess

he our-tme o he worker s o reae vae n proporono s raon, s be socay necessary abourtme ha s osay, he worker s peror he norma soca any o selabor n a gven e he capas hereore copels h owork a he noa soca average rae o nensy He w srve ashar as possbe o rase hs op above hs mnmum an o

erac as ch work ro h as s possbe n a gven e Forevery nenscaon o work above he average rate creaessrps-vae or h rherore, he wl aep o een heabor process as ar as possbe beyon he s whch s worke o ake goo he vae ohe varabe apal nvese, ehe wages o abor here he nensy o he labor roess sven, he w seek o ncrease s raon, an onversely, wherehe raon s e he w srve o nrse s nensy heaas forces he worker where possbe o ecee he noralrae o nensy, an he ores h as bes he an o eeneproess o labor beyon he e neessary o relace he anla o n wages

hanks o hs eare pear o heapas valoon ·ess, he reaform o capl n he proess o rocon s

as use-vau receves rher oaons Fst he eansQ

roon s be resen n a uantty aeae o abso� ony he neessary labor, b also he srpls labor Secon ·nensy n raon o he aa labr roess are sbec hange

he eans o procon ae se o by he worker n he aallabor proess are s re he propery o he caas n



988 Ap

hey herefore onfron hs labor whh s he only expresson ohs lfe capa we have alreay shown On he oher hanhowever s he who akes se of hem n he orse of hs work

In he aa proess he worker ses he means of labor as hsoos an he ses p he obe of lbor n he ense ha s hemaeal n whh hs abr maness self I s by hs meansha he ran&foms he mans o proon no he approprefor m of he pro he saon looks e eren n heorzaon proess Here s o he worker who makes se of means of proon b e means of proon ha makese of he worker n labor oes no reaze sef n obeve

labor whh heeby beomes s obeve organ b nsea oeve labor manans an fores sef by rawng o vnglabor; s hs h beomes ae aong tse capta, anfnons as sh he means of proon hs beome no morehan leehes rawng o asarge an amon of vng abor as heyan vng abo for s par eases o be anyhng more ha aeans by whh o nrease an hereby apaze areay exsng vaes An e apa fom wha has alreay been shown

s psey for hs reason ha he means of proo appearmnemme as he eeve form of capta onfronng lvnglabor An hey now manfes emselves moreover as he re ofpas ea labor ove he lvng I s presely as aueceatngha vng labor s onnay eng absorbe no he valoraon proess of obee labor In es of eor of he epenre of hs lfs energy wor s he persona avy of hewrker as somhng whh creates aue as somehng nolve he roess o oefng abor he workers aboreomes one of he moes oexence of apal s norporaeno apal as soon as eners he proon proes hspwer whh manans o aues an creates new ones s hereorhe power of apal an ha poess s aorngy he proess ofs seaoraton oseeny sels he mpovershmen ofe worker who reaes vale s aue ae to mse

466 hn he framewor of .pas proon hs ay ofbee labo o ransform sef n capa e o ransformhe means of proon no he means of onrolng an e plong lvng labor appears as somehng erly approa (

*neny.



Resuts of te Immeate Process of Proucton 8

o them (jus a wihin ha framework i is poeniay bond pwih i}, as inseparable from hem and hence as a uaty aribabe to tem as tngs usevaues as means o proucton.

These appear, herefore, inrinsiay a apial and hene asapia whih expresses a specc reatons of proucton aspei oia reaionshp in whh he owner of he condiions ofprodion rea iving abor-power as a tng, s as vae hadappeared o he aribe of a hing and he ecoomc enonof he hing as a commoy appeared o be an aspec of is hinghood [ngce Quatt], s as he soal form conferred onlabor in he shape of money presened ief as he caracterstcs

of a tng* In fa he re of he apiais over he worker inohing b he re of he independen contons o abour overhe woker ondions ha have made hemsees independen ofhim hese embrae no ony he obeie ondiios of he pross of prodion he means of prodion b aso he obive prereqisies for he ssnane ad eeivess ofabor-wer, ie is means of subsstece) And his s he aseeven hogh his reaonshp mes ino exisene ony n he

se of he aa pross of prodon whh, as we hae seen,is in esee he proce of ceatg surpuvae nd hemainenane of he od vae) he pces of vaozg te capanveste In iraion he apias and he worer oron eoher ony as he venors o commote, b owng o he spe,opposed nare of he ommodiies hey se o each oher eworker neessri enes he proess ofpodio as a mpoeof he usevaue he rea exstence, of api, is exstence as vaue

nd his remains re even hog h reaioship ony onses ie wtn he roess of prodion and he apii oexiss ony poena haser of abo bemes · raaai ony hen he k who an be ed ino a webor rgh he se o his apay for abr eadoes bmi o e ommands of ap Tnctons fe bhe apia are no more han he nions of apia iz· n

vaoriion of vae by absobn ing abor exeedcd

scosy and wny. e apiai fnions ony proapia apia as a perso, js as he woker is no more labour personied. Tat labour is for hi just ·eor and tormen,

e nuber ers in the MS t ths ont, ut the is no crresndng (



90 Appe

wherea i eong o he apiai a ane ha reae aninreae wah, and in fa i ian eemen of apia, inopoaino i in he prodion proe a i iving, variae omponen

Hene he re of he piais oer he worker i he r of hing over man, of dead a or over he iving, of he prod over hproder For h ommodiie ha eome he insrmen of rover he worker merey a he insrmen of he re of cptief) are mere oneqene of he proe of prodion; heare i prod Th a he eve of maera prodion, of he ifeproe in he ream of he oia or ha i wha he proe oprodion i we nd he same iaion ha we nd in re a

he ideoogia eve, namey he in verion of je ino ojance ersa. Viewed storcay hi inverion i he idipenaraniion wiho whih weah a h, i e he reene prdive fore of oia aor, whih aone an form he maeria aof a free hman oiey, od no poiy e reaed fore ahe expene of e majriy hi anagonii age anno avoided, an y more han i i poie for man o avoid h age whh h piria enegie are given a reigio deniion

power indepenen of himef Wha we are onfrone y hr he aeato Erem] of man from hi own aor To haxen he worker and on igher pane han he apai rohe oe, ine he aer ha hi ro in h proe oainaioand nd aoe aiaion in i wherea rgh from he a hworker i a iim who ofron i a a re and experiene i a proe of enaven A he ame ie he proe oprodn i a rea aor poe and o he _xen o whih ha i h

ae and he piai ha a denie fnion o peform wihin a6 supersor and rector hi aiviy aqi a pi, manide

onen B he abour process si no more ha strumeof he aorzato process js a he evae of he prod inohing a repoiory of exhagevae e -vaorizaion of apia he reaion of rp-vae i herefoe hdeermining, domnaing :and ovrriding rpose o he apaisi i he aoe moive and one ofh aiy Ad i fa ino more han he razed moie nd ai of he ardr aihy impoveishd and en whh as aa he ii i a enaved y he reons of apiasm a i oppoe poe he worke aei in a i dieenan



Resuts of te Immeate Process of Proucto 991

n he origia siaio he wod-e apiais prhase aoraor-ower' wod e more arae aer Chaer 4* fromhe worke i order o aaie a m o moey, a he worker

ses his aor he righ o dispose o his aor-ower i order oproog his ie his siaio s he esseia ree ad rodiio of he aa roess of prodio i whh he o

modiy ower eomes a aiais apia ersoied, a heworker eomes he mere ersoiaio o aor for aiahis rs reaioshi i whih eah oros he oher aareyo ea erms a he owner o a commodiy is he premiss o heaiais roes of proio a we sha see in de orse,

i is aso is res ad prod B i oows ha oh as ms eshary isigshed rom eah oher he rs eogs o iraio he seod oy deveops in he aa proess o prodion o he asis o he rs

he roess o prodio i he immedie iy o aor roess ad vaoriaio proess s as is imeiae res, heommodiy, is he immedie iy o se-vae a ehagevae B he laor roess is oy he meas wherey hevaoriaion roess is imemeed ad he vaoriaio roesis esseiay he producion o sur pusue ie he oecconounpd our e have hs arrived a a eiio o he peiharaerisis of he proes o prodion as a whoe

Eve hogh we have osidered he roess o prodo romwo isi ois o iew as our process () as oriionprocess i is everheess imii ha he laor roess is sigead iivisie he work is o oe wie over oe o rodea ae pod a sevae o rnsorm he meas o rodion io rods, an a seod me o geerae ue ad sur pusue o ore ue ork is oried o i he deie,oree sei or maner, moe o eisee i whi ihe rosive aiviy ha n over he eas o prodioino a sei prod sie ad oo or isa io .

A ha is oried is he aor o siig, e d hro

his oriion more yar is oialy prode hsrq

(

work reaes vae oy i i is erorme a a ormay ee raeo ieiy or i oher words i oypsa og as i ahieve his)

*e The Sale ad hase o Laooe, Chape 6 n he eseedon



92 Ape

> ihis rea or o given nensy an o gve ay asmeasrd in erms o ime aay maeriaizes as pod he abour process sops shr a he poin here he amon o

aor onried n he orm o spinning = he ork onainen ages, hen no srps-vae od e generaed he surpusaue hen, maess ise in a surpuspruc in he presen aseas an amon o yarn over and aove he amon hose vae =he vae o he orker's ages hereore, he aor proesseomes a vaorizaion proess y vire o he a ha he onree aor invesed in i is a aniy oscay ecessar aor(hanks o is inensiy), = a erain aniy o average soia

aor, and y ire o he rher a ha his ani represns an excess over he amon onained in ages I is heuaave aaion o he pariar onree amon oaor as aveage ecessar soca abour Wha orresponds ohs aaion, hoever, is he rea eemen, rsy, o he normanensiy o or (e ha o prode a prod in a erainany ony he soiay eessary aor-ime is onsmed) and[seondy] o he eension o he aor proess eyond he m

eessary o repenish he vae o he variae apia invesed

48 I oos rom r argmens hhero ha he epresson oeied aor, and he opposiion esaished eeen capa as objece aur and vg abour is open o grave misundersandng

I have aready shon earer on5 ha he anayss o he ommodiy in erms oaor has een arrie o ony impeeand amigosy y a previos eonomiss I is no sien orede he mmodiy o aor aor ms e roken donno is od orm on he one hand ino cocree abur eusevaue ofhe commoy and on he oher hand, io socayeessary abour as aad in exchagevaue In he rs aseeveryhing deends o he pariar se-vaes, heir speiare, hih is ha oners on he se-vaes sh ao s

reaes heir disinive haraer and makes hem ino onreese-vaes o e disingished om ohers io hs pariar

5 the bsence of ths confuson t would not hve en ossbe toembon dsute bout whethe ntue contbutes to the mnufctue of oduct qute t fom lbou Hee we e conceed ol wt conceteJbou



Resuts of the Immeiate Pocess of Prouction 993

arie In he seond ase we nirey ignore heir pariar iiy,heir spei nare and ode o eing or sh aor is regarded soey in is iporane as a vauereatig aor and he

omodiy as is oeive or s sh i is ndiereniaed,soiay eesary geera/ aor, erly indieren o any pariar onen or ha very reason even in is mos independenor as e or price in he ase o he omodiy, i is denedin a anner omon o a omodes and is disigished romohers ony aniavey In is rs aspe, hen aor presensse as a gven usevaue o he omodiy, is given eisee asa thig; is seond i appears mey eher money proper

or as a mere aaion o he prie o a omodiy n he rsase we are onerned exsivey wih he quaity in he seod,wih he quatity o aor In he rs ase he deren modes oonree aor are expressed in he division o aor, in heseond we nd ony an ndiereniaed expression in ers omoey Now wihi he proess o prodo his dsio oros s aiey is o oner we who make i insead i isreaed in he proess o prodon ise

The disncion eween obeted and living our aness se in he acual press of labur. The means o producon,coon, spndles ec, are producs, usevalues whch emboy dene, useu concree acs o laour he planng o coon,consrucion of machinery, ec. The work of spinnng, on e oher hand, alhough a ode o laour included in he meas o pro·ducion is neverheless a isincive spec c mode o laour, and as lvig laour i is in he process o realizing isel, i coinuousy gies irh o is producs and hus sad in conras o laourwhich has already acquied ojecie orm in he shape o producs peculiar o i. rom his vanage-oin, oo, we se he aagonism eween capial in an esalished orm on he onhand and living aour as he iedae lie ask o he worker

ot

he oher urhermore in e laour process, ojeced la�consiues an objectie factr, an elemen or he r a

lza

tio

n);

{f

!

iig abour .

·

r

;

;i

·The posiion is quie oherwise, howeer when we coe od�

sider he valorizaion process, he ormaion and creaion r

vae

he aor nained in he eans of prdion s a peuaity geera socia abur and i may e represened, here



94 n

ean aount of value or su of oney he prie n a ese means o prodon he ork ha s added o hs s aspe ational quantty of general soial labour and may erepresened as an addona aount o value or sum of oneyhe aor aready onaned he means o prodon sdena o ha s no added he o nd o aor are dngshed ny y he a ha he one s aeady objete nsevaes he he oher s n he pross o eng so obete.he one n he pas he oher he presen he one dead, heohe vng he one ete n he pas he oher obetynse he pesen o h een o hh pas aor repaes

vng aor se eoms a proess valories ise eomesuens ha reaes a on hs asopon no se o addona ng aor s s proess osevloriation s ahen

46 transforation into apial no vae generang se s ransoraon rom a onsant aount ofvalue no a varae vae n asae oproess Amdy hs addona aor an appear onyn he shape o onree aor and hene an e added o hemeans o prodon ony n s spe or as paar se

vaes nd y he same oen he vae onaned n hese means.o prodon an enure ony i s onsmed y onree laoras par o its mean verheess hs s no o deny ha hevalue aually present he aor o�ete n he means o proon an ony e reasd and nreased no ony eyond son prevos vae yond he amon o aor ojeed nvarae apa o he een o hh sks n ng aor anjees as oney as general soial labour I s heeore pr

emneny n hs sene hh perans o he aloriation proes he ahen am o apals prodon ha apa asaor amaed aor preexsen aor and sorh may e sa o onron lvng aor mmedae aoe and s so onrased y he eonoss Hoever he laeonsany lapse no onradons and amgy even Rard ease hey have aed o ork o a ear anass o he omodity in terms of the dual form of labour.

h he orgna ehange eeen apals an orer oas ommody ones he ony rea omponen o apa o enehe proess o prodon s he vng aor aorpoe seB s ony n e aal roess rdon h obted



esuts of te Imediate Proess of Prodution 995

abour is rasforme o apia by aborbg ivig abor ane i is oy he ha abur transforms itse into apia *

*

he apais proess o prodio he iy o abor proess ad vaoriaio proess I order o rasae moey ioapia i is ransorme io ommodiies hih osiefatorsofthe abour roess he moey ms be sed rs o by aborpoer ad aer ha he higs iho hih aborpoer ano be onsume ie ao or Wihi he abour roess hesoe sgiae o hee higs is as he means of subsistene ofabour use-vaues for abour Vis--vis

ivig abor ise hey aremaerias ad meas vis-vis he prod o abor hey are hemeas o prodo ad vis-vis he irmsae ha esemeas o prodo are hemseves prods hey are prodsas he meas o prodo o ye aoher e prod I is ohe ase hoeer ha hee hgs pay his r i he aborproes beae he pas prhases hem bease hey re hemeamorpos o his moey b rahe he opposie he bys

hem bease e pay hs roe i he abor proess or he proAt this point ar iseed the foowing not e The contents opp. 96-107

unde the headng " The immedae process fpodon , belong hee; theyshold beed in with the gng so that each acts as a coecive tothe othe he sae aplies to p 262- of this bok' - accodance with Ma's instuctio we pint both the assages he menions hee No chageswee mae (so that eac acs as a coective to the othe ) The pages to beinseted (oignaly pp 961) wee subsequetly enumbee by Mar 6a6m. On 6a (6 itself the text egis with the continuation of a

paagaph dl by Ma ( suk houh by fou diagona ins,whch est�blished contiuity with te now lost p 195 At the top o thest page Ma wote : hi bongs o p 6 an e fo 46] e tetthat foows on fo the deeed ass�ge cars te tile speuo i eesent contet ' he medte po ofucin. h· pase eads a foows : _ ___ .

o the captal use t rche the capacity fo labou is bodi�p;l·

act in the means of substence alhough tese mans of ubsisten\ • ' tansfeed to the oke in the fom of oe Like te spps

orq

b

{ c

}

monetay syse he woe mght w aswe the questio Whaspia? . ·

ith the wos: Capal is oy F whil he labo pocess cai(

j

s\'}A to found hsically in the fom of aw mateials the_ istrum n q

f

abo etc n the ciculation pcess it takes th fom of mony h m .e

way, f n cs oaniquy ha ben ased "a is a woke? e woid·

ave had to answe foowing the identical ogic : A woe is a beth slave was wo i he abo poces atiquit)



9 Aend

ess o spinning sh, exampe, i is immaeria ha oonand spindes reresent he apiaiss money ie aial, and hahe money invesed is apia by deiion They beoe he

means and maerias o abor ony in he hands o he spinner ashe orks and hey beome so bease he spins and no beasehe akes some oon hih beongs o anoher person and makesi ino yarn or ha sae oher person ih he aid o a spindehih ikeise beongs o ha person Comodiies do no beome apia by being onsmed or sed p in rodion dringhe abor proess his ony makes o em he eemen o heabor proess so ar as hese maeria eemens o he abor

proess have been prhased by he aiais hey represen hisapia he same appies o abo ise oo represens hisapia, or he oner o he apaiy or abor ons ha abors as eeivey as he ons he oher maeria ondiions o

aborha he has bogh And he does no s on he pariareemens o he abor roess he enire proess beogs o himThe apia ha had been money previosy no ssmes heorm o he abor proess he a a apia has aken ove

he abor proess and he orker herere orks or he apiais insead o himse does no mean any hange in he geralnature o he abor proess ise The a ha hen money isransormed ino apia i is sianeosy ransored ino heeeens o he abor proess, ad hene neessariy asmes heshape o he maeias ad means o abor does no mean hahe maerias and means o abor are aital by heir very area more han god and siver are mey by heir very nare,

erey bease god nd siver are among he orms assmed · bymoney Moder eomiss dede he simpemindedness o emonary sysem en i resonds o he esion ·ha smoney ?ih he anser goJd and siver are money eseesame eonomiss do no bh o respond o he esion a isapa? ih he rep Cpia is on Ye hi is ha ey dohe hey dare ha he aerias and means abor heea

o prodion or pods ha srve in he rean o ne

rods in shor a he meal is lr ae ab heir very nare, and ha ey are apa ese and o exen ha e papae he aor p

byre oeir

sia ies as se-vaes is in ordr i ohs ad o her s apia s ea ad read r een hgh he aiais phases aborpoer ih money his money n a ony repe



!

i

r c

Rt of t Immdat Pro of Proto . 469b sens bread, ea ad i sho all the eas of subsistec ofte worker

Under eain irmsanes a hai wih for egs and a ele

overing may be sed as a tron his same hair a hing fosiing on does no beome a hone b ire of is seae emos essena faor in he abor proess is he worker himsefand in aniiy his worker was a slave his does no impyha he worker is a av by are hogh his laer view is noenirey foreign o Arisoe), any moe ha spindes and ooare apita by nare js bease hey are onsmed owadays b

6 'Capital is that part of the wealth of a country which is employed i

production and consists of food, clothing ools, raw mateials machinery etc. necessary to give eect to labour ' (Ricardo; op cit. [On the Princles ofPoltical Economy and Taxation], p. 89). ' Capital is a portion of the nationawealth employed or meant to employed n aoung reproductoG Ramay op ct. p 2). ' Capital . . . a partcular pce o wealth dened . to the obanng o other ace o utty ' R. Torren op. )[An Eay on te Production of Wealth, pp. 69] Captal produit . comyen dune uvele production [ Capital produce . a the ofnew prducto Senor op ct. [Princes fondamentaux /ce

potique], p. 3 8). Lorsquun fo es consacr la production matiekil prend le nom de aptal [ When a und dote< to materal producot tak the name o capital ] (H F. Storch Cours dconome poique Paredton 823 p. 27). Le capta est cette portion de la richesse produte est stine la reproduction [ Capital that porton o wealth roducedthat detned or reproducton (Ro Cours dconome pitie83 Buel edton 842 p. 364 Ro rack h bra oe hdculty' abOut whether raw matral' counted a captl hnk one ndeed dtngh twn ' capital-matre and ainstrument but estce q matire remire) raiment u1 itrument proucton? Nesce s p/ut6t /jtsu� lequel les intrumen po(eUsivent agir [' but are the raw ·materl reaJly n ntrument o prou_Are the not rather th objet on whc the ntumet o produt opeate] p. 367). He doe not reaze tht onc he coe cpt\ ·phycal manetton d hence call the objcte codton o

captal they do ndeed break down nt te mteral ad the w

m

·

1(f

labour but are all equally f poducto a a the ceed. Thu j 37 reer to captal ply a /es moyns de r n

'/ ny a auue drece ent · captal et to aute rn d(·nrl1�

sulemn par leplo qui en est fat uune hoe dete lorsq!l/e est empe Js un ortio� .

cuJ .

pme cm rment ou comme approionnemntdeence wn capta an ay other racton o wet iue o he e that e

o t that an article coe '

ay t mu b employed a pructe operaon a raw matrntrument or a a mean o upply herbu Riche ou· aue; 18 p. 8 '



1

'

-

;

8 App

e wgou e aor proess e foy of denfyng aspe so tosp o pouto e nge gh} aes of eran ares spy bease represens sefn ers of eran aes s a sres s os forby enever e open any eboo on eonos and see on e rs pageo e eeens of e proess of prodon reded o erbas fo rn o o be and pt and abor7 One g sas e say a ey ere opt nves sssors spndesoon gran sor e mts and ms of bou, and gbou On e one and e nae e eeens of e aborroess obned e sp s tt pear o

e n a gven hsto pase ad on e oer and e add aneeen fors an negra par of e bou pos ndependny of any parar soa foraon as par of an eernaoere beeen an and nare By onfsng e appropaon of abor proess by apa e abo proess sefe onoss rasfor e mt mts of e abor poess no apa spy bease apa sef anges no eara eeens of e abor proess mog oth tgs e

sa see beo a ese sons ony as as ong as e assaeonoss oo a e poess of apas proon exveyfo e sanpon of e abor proess and a ey en sbseey orre e And e sa see above a a sson ne a spngs fro e nare ofapa proonse B s evde een no a s s a very onvenned by o eonsae e eena vady fe apas ode of podon and o regard t as mutb

tu m an prodon as s or se ernaaaLonon of an esee e press o abo snong r e .eed a e oen of s e"aeavy ee e u feares of e abo proess aendene of eey spe so deveopn e aeas ·ans of abor a pr oon of onsss of po• prevos o par

evey ao poess n

eey age and l ane f eore ab eapa' e oeege a smp qu t � ' .

7 S�e, xw�, John.Stuart M! P P Emy

Vol � ·BJL · . · 1 · • : • •

* 'Something always scks.



Reu o e Immede Proc oProduco 9

he I hae proed tht he exitence o cata an etea aw onature o hua rotio a that the Kighiz who cut owhe with a ke he ha te ro a Rian o a to weaethe ogether to ake a ae i t a true a catt a Heo Rothchi. co rove h eua aciity that the Greea Roma ceebrate comuo ce they a wieaate ea, a tha the Tur e themeve aiy with oyater ie Cahoic ecue they wah themeve aiy. h ithe ot o iertiet a uecia rih that e oeot with eimortat cmaecy o oy by the ke F Batiat* o the tte ecoomi amhet o the Socety o the

46c Avaceent o U owege or the rey re o aMother Marteau but eve i the witig o reutabe authoritie. Fa ro emotat a the hoe that cata aetea natra eceity a they uccee in oig i to refue tateceary exitece i the cae o a ec hitorica hae of theocia oce o rcti or it i caime at ca iothg t he atea a itument o bour o that ateia ement o te abou oce caita by ature one

may righty ote that that eet we o iee reqre caitut no captait or aternatiey tha capta nthing u me nete to eceie the ae.8

8 'We e to tht Lbo cnnot ove one ste withot Citl thil is a shove o who i - tht itl s st s neessy ooction a bo itsel is woig n ows a s o its tths ily boght ho o ; bt this t enny between Citn Lbo hs nohing to o with the etie osition of the itist nd

he woking n; no oes it how tht the oe co be intine yhe ltte Cit is t so ch nonsed oe; n tht wih s his oent in eing exists now ineenent o nd is in no wy entiewit n ptic niv o css o is the ent o t on th onie n othe eth on the othe ; n ee eey ciist neveich n in the Ute Kingo to be nhie in one oent oingle tice o welth o cit wo spe wit th; no wod tion itsel less welth even to e ont o one thing s)n

cpit n not the citist tt s essntil to the oetions the�

<

e thee

ah ieence between te wo s ee s �

> .

e ct cgo n he o ling� (J F. B Lbo1Wroi

�

f

Lour' Reme e, Ld 9 p 59). · · :

�

� '

pta a ·sort of wor li ch o tate o ot

eg Sohmesonoq P, 8468 Hie ae Jsns of o Ey 9 vols, Lndon

8-'



Appei

The ailure to comehed the labou oce a deedehig ad at the ame time a a aect o caitalit oductio be-come ee moe rikigly obiou whe Mr F Waylad orexamle ell u that raw materias ae capita ad that it i byreatig them that we arie at the roduct Thu leate theproduct o the currie ad the capia o the hoemake Both awmaterial' ad roduct' are tem eerrig to thig i the abourprocess ad i ite either ha aythig to do with capitaalthough both raw material ad oduct rereet capita theomet the labou roce i aoriated by the caitalit9

M Poudho ha exJoited all thi with hi cutomary oudity ow doe the conpt of a product uddely becometraormed ito the concept ofcapita? Though the idea of vaueThat i to ay i ode to become caital the oduct mut haeudergoe a authetic oce o aluato it mut hae beebought or old it rice debated ad etabihed by a o olegalcoetio h a hide come rom a butcher it i the produco te buter Suoe the hde be ow urhaed by a cuier

The latte immediately eter it or it alue i hi exloitatioud Th through the labour o the currier thi capitabecomea product oce agai' 1 0 M Proudho ditiguihe himel hereby the aaratu o ale metahyic by mea o which he rtete the mot elemeary otio a caital i hi exloitatioud' ad the ell them to the ublic a highoudig o

hos�·general term ich are in vented by those who eece therest of mankind

( conceal the hand tha . shears them' (Labour Defendd against the Claimsof Capital etc., London, 1825, p 7) e author of this pamphle i Th. Hodgskin, one of the most important modern English ecnomists. Some yeas aer ts pblicatio, the wrk cited, whose imporance is still acknowledged(see, for example, John Lalor,Money and M orals etc., London, 1852) was the occasion f a anonymous counter-pamphlet by Lord Bougham, whoseesponse was notewothy for the same supercialit ha marks a the economc roductons of tha wndbag. 9. The material which . . . e obtan for the purpose of combining it with

ow on ( !) industy, and forming it into a product, is called capital; and afer the labou has en exerted, and the value created, it is called aprodct.

Thus the sae artice may b product to one and capital to nother. Leather is te prodct of the curier and the capital of the soemaker' F Wayland . ct . 25).

10. There now folows the aboe-quoted shit from Poudhon, Gratuite du Crdit Discussion entre M F. Bastiat e M. oudhon"Paris, 1 850 pp. 7980 and 182.



·

Rests of the Immediate Process of oction

uct The quetio o ow prodcts ca b tued ito capita ieetially oeical, but the awe oe wothy o thequeti actual ac M. Poudho merely iorm u o twoairly wellkow act: t, tht oduct ometme ee

aw material to b roceed, ad ecod, that prodcts are aloommodities ie they oe a ae whch ha to withtad theodea o a itechae bewee buye ad ele beoe it ca beeaed The ame hiloohe ' remark La dence por aocit entre capita et podit n existe pas. ette dence esttote sbjective ax individs e cal the abtrac ocial om ubjectie ad hi ubjectie abtractio he cal ociety '

A lo a the ecoomit look at the roce o caalit oducio oly th cotext o the abor process he declare thatcital i a mere artice raw materia, itumet etc But ithe occu to him that he ro o roductio i alo the aloi-atio roce ad that i the latte the artice com ito cideratio oly a a ae The ame catal ext ow i theom o a um o moey, ow i the orm o aw material, a

itrumet, a ihed oduct Thee tices ae ot actuallycapita caital eide i te ae they oe' 1 I o ar a halue maitai ite, edue mutilie ite, detache ite

4d rom the commodity that ha created it ad emi lke a metahyical ad iubtatial quality, alway i the oeio o thesame roduce (ie the caiait) '2 he ame thi which wa jut decared to be a aice i ow deemed a cecia idea.

The poduct of capiast poductin i neihr a mere prdc

(a use-vale), nr jus a commodity, i.e a poduct wi an exhagevale, but a prodt spec o ie, nmely sls-vale. It

product is commodities tha possess moe exchange-value, ie.

epresen moe labou tan was invested fo thei productio ·

he shape of money o commodities. I apitast poduction

1 C. J B. Sa ct. [Tra d'conome poltiqu}, Vol. I, . 429,nq

�

t�

Whn Cary as, 'Capitl • . al rtc poing exhageabe i

l

�

, : · .

(. C. Carey, Prces of Plitical Ecn omy, Prt I iladlphia l �[t;

\

·

p 294) his a th expanaton o capitl rerre to i Chape i

<

' Capital - i s comodities an eplanaion ha can only efe o he m

a- estation of capia i he prss of culation

12. Sismond Nouv. Prin c etc Vol. I, p. 89 cr. lso 'Le cp est U1de commerale • [' Capita coerca dea] (Sismodi Etes, to . 389)•ee aboe 55 13



Appendi

abor process only te mens; the end s sulied by the oration process or the prodction of srps-ae s soon as thisoccurs to the economist he declares caital to be wealh wich is

sed in roduction o make a rot.We have see that the transformation of oney nto caitalbreaks down into two wholy distinct autonomous sheres, twoentirely searate rocesses. The st beons to the realm of thecircation of commodities and is acted out in the market-pace tis the sae and prchase of aborpower The second is the consmption of the abor-power that has been acired ie. the rocess ofroduction itsef. n the rst rocess the caitaist an the worker

confrot one another merely as the owners resectively of moneyand commodities and their transactions like those of all buyersand seers, are the exchane of euivalents. n the second rocesshe worker a earspro tempoe as the livi comonent of caitalitself, and the cateory of exchane is entirely excluded here sincete a itaist has acuired by urchase al the factors of the roduction rocss both material and ersonal, before the neotiations bein oweve, althouh the two rocesses subsis in

deendently side by side, each condiions the other The rstintroduces the second and the second comletes the rstTe rst rocess the sae and prchase of aborpower dislays

o us he caitalist and the worker only as the buyer and seer ofcommodites. What distnuishes the worker from the vendors ofoter coodities is ony the specc natre the specc se-aeof the commodity e sells But the articular usevalue of a comodity does not aect the econoic form of the transaction itdoes no alter the fact that the urchaser reresnts mney andthe vendor a comodity n order to demonstrate therefore, thatthe reationshi between caitalist and worker i nothin but aeationshi between comodty owners who exchane money andommodtes with a free contract and to their mutual advantae itsuces to isoate the rst rocess and to cleave to its fralchara<ter. This sile device is no sorcery, but it contains theentire wisdo of the vuar econoists

13. 'C a pita l T h a po on of he soc k o a co un y w hic h s e pt o

plo yed w h a v ew o pro n he prod u on an d d bu on o f weal h• ( T. R M al h u, De f nito ns in Po lca l Economy, ne w e d on e c b y John C azeno�e, Lon don 1853, p 10). • C a p it al i s t he p ar t q f we alt h em plo ye d fo pro du con an d gener all y fo he pu po e o f o aining pro ' (T h. C h alme On Po l tica l Eco no my, et London 1832 2n d edn , p. 75).



-; l

69

.,

.

-

:

·

, · -

·!

_\

Jj) !

Reut o te Immediate Poce o Poction 03

We have seen that the caitalist must transform his money noonly into labourower, but into the material factors of the labourrocess, i e the means of roduction. owever we think of the

whole of caital as standin on one ide, i e the totlty of the urchases of labourower and if we think of the totality of thevendors of labourower, he totality of workers on the oher thenwe nd that he worker is comelled to sell not a commodity buths own abourower as a commodity. This is because he nds onthe other side, oosed to him and confrontin hi as alienroerty, all the means of roduction, al the materal conditionsof work toether with al the means of subsistence money and

means of roduction n her words, all mateia weat corontsthe worker as the roerty of the commodity possessos. What isroosed here is that he works as a nonproprietor and that thecondition ofis abor cront him as aien property The fact thatCatalist No owns money �nd that he buys the eans of roduction from Caitalist No who owns them whie the workerbuys the means of subsistence from Caitalist No 3 wih themoney he has obtained from Caitalst No , does no alter he

fundamental situation that Caitalists Nos , and 3 are toetherthe eclusive ossessors of money, means of roduction andmeans of subsistence Man can only lie by roducn his ownmeans o subsistence, and he can roduce these only if he s inossession of the means of roducton, of the materal conditionsof labur It is obvious frm the ver outset that the worker who isdenuded of the means of roduction is thereby derived of themeans o subsistence, ust as, conversely, a man derived of temeans of subsistence is in no ostion t create the means of rduction Thus even in the rstproess hat stams ney r commodities as capita from the outset, eve before they ave beenrealy transformednto capita is neithe thei money nature northeir commodty nature, nor he mateial usevalue of these o

modities as means of roduction or subsistence, but the ircustance that this money and this commodity, these eans ofroU

ton and these means of subsistence cnfron !abooe,:>ed of al maeria wealth, as autonomos owers esonetheir ownes The obective conditons essential to the reiz of labour are aenated fom the worer and become maifest as

etishes endowed wh a will and a soul of heir ow Commoi(sin so, aear as he rhasers of persn. he byer of labo-ower is noti but the eronication o"obecte abour wi



Resuts of te Imediae Pocess of Pouco

Whe a caitalist takes 00 thalers and invests 400 of them n themeans f roduction and 00 in the acuisiio of labourowethese 00 thalers consitue his vaiabe caial Wih hem he

workers buy the means of subsistence eiher from he same caitais or from aoher These 00 halers are nothin bu he money fom of he means of subsisence which in ac cosiue hepyica manestation of he variabe caial Wihin he immediatepocess o podction the variable caia has ceased o exis iteiss neiher in he fm of money, nor o commoies, b in heform of iing abou w h h he a iais as acured hrouh heurchase of laborower nd i is ony by viru of is rans

formaion of vaiable caial ino labour at he uanum of valeinvesed in moey or commodiies can be convered ino capitaThus when we look at the rocess of caialis roducion as awoe and o mrey at the immediate roduction o commodites, we nd tha althou he se and pucase of aboupowewhich itself codios he trasformaio of a art of he catalinto varable caial is enirely searae from he imediae roduton rocess, ad indeed reedes i, i yet forms the absoute

ondaon of ciast roducion and is an ineral moment within i ateral wealh ransforms islf int caial simly and solelybecause he worker sells hs labourower in order to live Theatices whch ae the maerial conditions of labour, ie the meansf poduction, and the articles which are he recondio for hesurvival of the worker himsef, ie he means of sbsistence, bohbecome capita only because of the henomenon of wagebouCaial s not a ing, any more han money is a ting. In caial, asin money, erain specc socia eations of poduction betweenpee aear as eations o ings to peope, or else certain sociareaions aea as the natua popties of tings in sociey. Wiou a class de pe nde t on wage s, the moment individuas coro each oher as f ree ersons, there can be o roducti o sulus· vale ; withut the roducton of suplu-value ee ca be no

caialist roduco and hece o caital ad o caitalst{Caital and wage-labour (t s tus we degae the labou of te� worker who ses his ow laou-powe) oy expess o aspe\.:

o he conuson nrouce hs tonazaon s etng e e t n a ater chaper*

"Ths pont s h n Grundrisse, pp 5 Marx o oe to anhere n Capial r n Theorie o SurpluValu



1 pd

of he efsame relaionshp. Money cano become capal uness s exchange for abourpower a commoy so by he worerhimsef Convesey, wor can ony be wagelabour when is onmaera coniios confron i as auonomous powers aenpropery vaue exising fo isef an manaiig iself i sho ascapa f capiainismaerial aspec ie in he use vaues in whchi has is being mus epen for is exisence on he maeaconons of abour hese maeia conons mus eualy on heforma sie confron labour as aien atonomos poers, as value obecie abour which eas vng abour as a mee meanswheeby o mainain an increase sef. Thus wageabou he

wages sysem s a soca form of wor nspesabe o capasproucion us as capial ie poeniae value, is an inspensabe social fom whch mus be assume by he maeria conos of abour in oer for he aer o be wagelabour Wagelabour s hen a necessary oniion for he formaion of capaa remains he essena prereusie of capias poucionTherefore alhough he primaryprocess, he exchange of moneyfo abourpower, or hesale of abourpower, oes no as such

ener he immea pocess of prucio, i oes ener io hepoucion of he relaionship as a whoe.s we hae seen he rs pocess he sae an purchase of

laboupower pesupposes ha he means of poucion an subssence ae become auonomous obecs confonng he woreie i presupposes he personcation of he means of prouconan subsisence which, as purchasers, negoiae a conac wih he

5 We may readly deduce ha an F Basa undersands abou he naurf capals producon hen he dclares he ages sysem o be an exeraad rrelevan formaly n capals producon and dscovers he rh quece nes pas la fome de remunraon qui cre pour lulourier cee dpendane [ s no he orm of remneraion ha cr hs he orers)dependenceJ Harmonies conomiques, Pars 1851 p 38) hs s a dscovery - and moreover a pece of msnerpreed plagarsm aen ove from economss - alogeher ory of he eloqen oramus ho dscovered n· _he same or e n 1851 ce qui es lus dcis e infailleencore ces a dsparon d and crses ndsreles en Angleerre'[ha sl more decsve and nconesae s he dippearance of majusrial crises Engand p 396) Alhough F Basa had emnaed eacrses from England by decree as early as 1851, England enjoyed a eacrss no laer ha 1857, and as e can read n he ocal repor�s of hEnglsh Chambers of Commerce a furher ndusra crss of hhero unprecedened dmensons as aered 86 on b brea f hercan Cv War

!



�

;

Ret of e Imedate Proe of Podtio 1

worers as venors. When e eae his process hch is enacein he marketplae in he pee ofcclation an procee eco e mmedte proce of podction we n ha i is primaiy

a labor proce n he bour process he worer eners asworer ino a normal acve relaonshp wh he eans of prouon eermne by he naure an he purpose of he worielf. He aes pssession of he means of proucon and hanesem sipy as he eans an aeas of hs wr The auonoous naure of ese means of poucn he way hey ho fas

9g o hei npenence an spay a mn of er wn, heirseparan fom laour al hs s now abosd [afgeoben]

pacice The aera conions of abor now ener ino a noral uniy wih abour iself; hey form he maera he organseuisie for is creaive acviy The worer reas he hie he sannng simply as he objec o his creave avy, an o asapa He oes no an he he for he capias we consier proucon jus as a labo process, he worer onsues heeans of proucon as he mere mean o bitence oabor poucion is also a process f vaoriztin an here he capialis

eours he abour-power of he worer, or appropraes hs ivngabour as he ieboo of caias. aw maerias an heobec of labour n genera eis ony o bob he wor of ohersanhe insrumen f abour serves ny as a conucor, an agency,for his proce of aborpton y incorporaing ing aborowr ino he maea cnsiuens of capial he aer becomesan nimae one an sars a as iconsue by love*ince wor creaes

alue onl in a ene seful fo, an since

eery paricuar usefu form o wor reus aeras annsren wh spec ue-vaues, spns an con , ec. rspinnng hammer, n an iron for forgng mea, ec, lacan ony be aie o if capa assues he shape of he eas ofproucon reure for he paricuar abor roces esan ony in his shape a i annex ing abour his e reasohen, why he caais, he worer an he poica ecooms ·

6 e see furter fom te expaatons of te economst self a n the process of poduction, captl te ut of abour s edatransormed agan nto e substrat nto te matera of abor; and GWtrefore te momenarl stuated sepaaton of cpital fro lo mmedae u the unt o ' F ngs DeJahrbcher, etc, p 9 gs tansat p 430

Goete Faust at I uerbas e 241

·



pend

who is ony capable o concevng he aor process processwne by capia a hin of he physcal elemens of he labourprocess as capal jus because of heir physica characeriscs.

This is why hey are incapbe of eaching heir physical exs ence as mere eemens in he labour process from he socalcharacerisics amagamae ih i, which is wha reay mae hecapal They are nabe o o his because in realiy he aborprocess ha empoys he physical aiies of he means of pro cion as he means of subsisence of labour is ienical wih helabor process ha convers hese sef same means of proucionino meas for living abour. n he labur process ooe a purey

for isef he worer izes he means of proucion n he laborprocess regare aso as a capiais process of proucion, hemeans of proucion iize he worer, so ha wor appears onlys an insrmen which enables a specic quanum o value ie aspecic mass of obecedabour, o suc i living labour in orero ssain a icrease isef. egare hs he labour processis he sealozaon pocess of objece abour hrough heagency of ivig abour apal izes he woke he woke

oes no iize capl, an ony acles whch ulze he woken hence possess ndependence, a consciousness an a wi of heirwn in he capiais are capal18

. Labour is he agency by which capial s mae prouctie o • prot (ohn ae, op. ct. p. 16). boureois society, liin labour but a means to increase ccumulae labour' Maneso of he Communistary, 1848, p. 1) [see e Revouions o 848 Pelican Mar Libray 19p. 81].

18. The fac hat the means of susisence hae the particular economicchaacteristic hat they purchase workers, or that he means of producion,such as leaher an lass, uize cobbers assisans his inersion of personand hi has becme an inseparable r of he physica characer of theelements of procin boh in capialist proucion itself an in the imainaion of he economiss. So muh so in fac hat when Ricaro, for eample,eems t neessay to e an analysis of he physical elements of capal, henauray Yhou scuples or reecion of any kin makes use of the correcteconomic epressions Ths he talks of capial, or the means of empoynglabour (i.e no means employe by labor' but means of employin labour')

op. cit., p. 9 •uantiy of abour employe by a capial' (ibi p. 419the fun which is o employ hem (he labouers) (p. , etc) Likewise imoern ermn the capals, he ersonicaion of hings which akeabour, is calle Arbeigeber employer, lierally a ier of work] whle hectual woker who ies his labour is calle an Arbeinehmer ' [employee,erally a ker of work] boureois society capita is inepenen an hasniiualiy, while he liin person is epenent an has no inualityManeso of !e Communist ary, op. cit)



Rt o th t ro o roto 1

ince he abour prce i only he inren and he acuafor of he valoizaion pocess ie. ince purpoe i o eplothe labor aerialied in wage o objecify in comodiie anexa quaniy o unpaid labou suplusvalue ie. o ceae uplvalue he cr of he en ire proce i he echange of objeclabou for liig labou of le objeed labou for ore livinglou n he coure of he echange an aoun of labour obecied i oey a a coodiy i ehanged for an equal aount oabor objecied n liing labor

'"

·

n accordance ih he law ofcoodity echange equivalenale change hand, i.e. equal ·amoun of objeied abour

alhogh he one aoun i objecied in

hing he oher in ehand blood B hi echange only inagrae he pocess o poducion hrough whoe agency in fac oe labour n liing fori gien up n wa upplied in i objecied for. i hereforegrealy o he credi of he claical econoi ha hey porrayedhe enire proce of producion in er of a coerce beweenobjeced and liing labou and ha hey accordngly denedcapial only a objeced labou in conra o living labour Tha

i o ay hey depic capial a value which ake ue of livingabour o valoze ielf. heir only failing are rly ha hewere unable o how how echange of ore iving abour fore objecied abour could be reconcied wih the law of coodiy echange and he deniion of he value of coodiie ne of labour-ie. And hi ed o her econ failure o confing he echange of a denie quaniy of objeced labou flabourpower in hepocess o ciculaion wih wha ake place in

he proce of poducion naely, he drwing o of liing laboy labour objeced in he ean of producion hey conundhe exchange pocesha ake pace bewee variable capl anabour-powe ih he proce in which ing labour nd ieucked up and aborbed by conan pial. hi failure, oo, ooed in heir capiali blinker, ince or the capiai hiewho pay for labour only aer i ha bee aloried, he echanof a all aoun o oecied labur for a lage amotnf

}d·

iing labou appear o e single unmeaeoThetp

when he oden econoi contra capiala ece lo liing abour, wha·he nderand by ojecie abour inpoducs o labou in he ene a the hae a uevalue nd body cerin ueul ac of labour, bu poducs labo in ene ha hey are he aerial bae of a ceain amoun of gn



oc ao an hence one that aore ef acng the vg ao of oher Th proce of acquiiion iedated he echange tha take pace n he open arket

etee aae pia and aorpower t ony copeed e acta pce ofprodcton9

e ordnaton of the o proce to capta oe not atrt aect the aca oe of prodcon ad ony pracicaeec are hee the worker ow to the coand the drecionnd the perion of the capait ahogh nauraly ony in

19 meiate labour nd objied labo labor presen and pasvng ad hoarded labor ec, hese are forms which he economis eo exps he relaions of capial ad labor 'Labor and capial� • he oeediate labor • o he oher hoard labour Mll Elements ofoltical Ecomy ondon· 82 p 75) Anecedent bour (capial) 0 esen bour G Waeld i n his diion of Adam Smh London 835Vol p 23 noe) ccumuted labou (pial) • • mmediate labouros op ci Ch p 3) Labour and Caital, ha is accumulatedabour (Ricrdo op ci p 499) 'The sec adanes of he cpials do n consis of cloh (or o-n seales as sch) 'b of labour (als

Measure of Values etc., London 823 pp 78)m tout homme est forc de consommer avant de roduire l'ouvrierare se trouve dpendance du riche et ne eut ni ivre ni traaer n'obtient de lui des denres et des marchandes extantes en retur elles uil romet roduire ar so traal • our l id est le riche) fairent� a alu conveni ue tutes les fois u' cerait du aail faicoe traail are le rnier aurait e valeu surure au remier ['Js seeone is ford o consume efore he prodces, he poor wrker self a sae of deennce on he rich i and can neiher lie nor wor wio obaining exsig

rodce and commoiis frm him in

xcge for those which he pledges o prode b hs own labor once (e he ich man) o consen o hs i was nessar o aha wheneer bour alrea erformed was exchg for labour yet to bedone, he laer would orh more han he foner (Sismondi De laichesse commerciale, Pais 803 Vol pp 367)

He W Rosher who eiden l has no e faines idea wha he Englishconoms are saing and wh h ladl recolleced ha nior chrisenedpial 'absnence has he follown profeorial commn o mae ao men remarable ncidenall for is mmaical 'dexeri: 'The

cool of Rcardo is also won o sbsme capial nder he concep of labor uer he ading of ''hrded labor" Thisis it base of corse ()he wr of capial has srl (!)doneore !) han merel () podcg !n ainaining (!) it; e absas namel from enoing i himelf rerno whch he reqre eg nees (W. Roher o ci)• he 'dexihch Ma menons a ferene o Roscher la on 'halng (mainngad 'halung (asag) · ·' •s e e a b o v p. 314, n. J.·



Rt o th Iat ro o rocto 10

repect of hi abour which beong o capia The capiatake ure ha he wae no tie and ee o i for exape hathe hnd oer he prouc ofan hour work eery hourha heonly pend he aerage aour-ie neceary for produing heproduc Since he relaion of capia are eenially concernedwih conrolling produion nd ince herefore he worker conanly appear in he rke a a ele and he capiali a abuyer he abour proce ief i cotiuofor he ot par I no inerruped a i woud be i he worker were an indeendentproducer of coodiie ho depended on elling hi ware indiidua cuoer bcaue he ini capia u b arge

enough o occupy he worker oninuouly and to enure athere i no neceiy o el he goo in a hurry2 y heapiai force he orker o xend he duraion of the abourroce a far poble beyond he ii of he abour-ieneeded o reproduce he aoun paid in wage ince i i jut hiexce abor ha uppie wih he uru-aue1

20 in the progress of time a change takes place in thi (ie. the wor

mens economic position, if they bome te wormen of a cpitlist whoadvanc their w ges beforehand, two things tae place First, te c nowlabour continuously; and, secondly, an agent is provided, whose oe andwhose interest it will b to see hat they do labour continuouly • Herethen is an increas continuity in the labour of all this class of _personsThe labou daily from mornig to night, and are not interrupted b waiingfo or seeing the customer Bu the contiuity of laour hus madpossible, is seured and improved by te superintedence of the capitlistHe has advancd their wages; he is to receiv the produe of their labour Itis his interest and his privilege to see tat they do not labour interruptedl or

dilatoi' (R ons extboo et, pp 7 passim 1. Un axiome grement Qdmis par les conomistes est que tout travaiitisseru excdan Cee propoion eou mo 'une vrit uniereet absolue: 'est l corollaire de Jo de la opornal qe /'on eu

regder comme le sommaire de toute la cence cnoique. Mais jen •mande pardon aux conomistes le ·prine que tout travail do it laisser uecdant n'a pas e ens dans leur thorie e nest pas usceptble

d'auc'n

dmonstration An aio generally admitted by economists is th

labur must leave asurplus my opinion this proposition is iv rsall)"H;

absolutely true it is the corollary of the law of proportion which ma

regarded as the summar o the whole of economic science ut economists will pemit me to sa so, the priniple ha alabourmust lsuplus is meaningless according to their theory and s not susceptible Odemotation. (oudho hooe de la mise) m wo de la phloophie Ronse la Phosophie de l misre de M Prouh Paris 187 pp 791 nglish edition pp 78-89] I have shown hat Moudhon has not the slightest idea what this exnt d raail s nel



102 ppendi

ust the cmmity wner ntereste ny the useaue a cmmity as the esitry f its exhangealu, s t thecaitaist is intereste nly in the labur ss as the esiry

an instrument f the alrizatin rs. An within the ructin rss t in s far as it is a alrizatin cess hemeans f ructin cntinue t be nthng but mnetary aue,iniert wars the articular hysica frm, the secc usealuen which theexchage�alueis clthe. Similarly, labur esnt cunt as ructi actiity with a ecic utility, but imly asalue�creating substance, as scial labur in genera which is in thea f bectifyin itself an whse sle eature f interst is its

qnt Hence in the ees f caitl each shere f ucti issily a shere in hich caital is ineste in rer t rucere mne, in rer t m aintain an increase alrey eistinmney r acuie surpus bur In ey shere f ructithe ar cess is erent, an s t re te factrs in thatrcess Bts cannt be ruce ith th ai f sinles cttnan sinners. But the inestment f caital in this r that branch fructin, the quantities n which the ttal cait sciety is

itrbte amng the aius shres ructin, an lastlythe citins in which it emigrates frm ne tye f ructin469 t anther ll this is termine by the changing cnitins

accrng t the nees f sciety fr the ructs f this r thatiustry. That is t ay, it isetemine by scetys nee f theusalues f the cmmities they creae F althugh it is nlte exchange�alue the ruct that s a fr, ructs are eer ht fr thei us-alue. Sine the immeiae ructf te rss f rucin i the cmmty is ly by ninurhasers f is wrs that the aitalist can realize the caitalwhich at the en f he ress s cati the cmd ieeaiz the u pusvue it cntains

ut caital is n iself inieren t the pricur nature eryhere f rutin Where it is ineste, hi is ineste an

surplus pruct in wic e srpls labo o npaid ao of t orkebmes manest Since e nds at a ao fact prodces suc anxant in capitast prodtion e attempts to explain tis fact by refereceto soe sos natral attriute of abo and o sot way ot of tedlty w s ssq rb• orollaire de la o de proortional it, ec

* anysyllabled words



Resuts f the Imeite Prcess f Prducti 03

o wha exen s ransferre from one sphere of prodcon oanoher or redsrbued among he varous spheres of prodcon al hs s deermned only by he greaer ease or dcuy of

sellng he commodes manufacured. In realy he moby ofcapal s mpeded by obsacles whch we canno consder n heprese conex Bu on he one hand, as we shall see, creaesmeans b whch o overcome obsacles ha spng from henaure of producon self, and on he oher hand, wh he deveomen of he mode of producon pecular o self, elmnaes al h egal and exraeconomic mpedimens o s freedom of movemen n he derenspheres of producon. Above a

overurns all he legal or radonal barrers ha would preve from buyng hs or ha knd of labour-power as sees , or·from approprang hs or ha knd f labour. Furhemore,ahough labour-power assumes a dsncve form n every parcular sphere of producon, as a capay for spnnng, cobblng,mealworkng ec., so ha every sphere of producon requres capac or labour ha s developed n a specc drecon, a distinctive cpacy fo labour, remans ue ha he exibliy ofcapal, s nderence o he parcular forms of he labour

69k process acqures, s exended by capal o he worker. He srequred o be capable of he same exbly or verstiity n heway he apples hs labour-power. As we shall see, he capalsmode o producon sel rases obses n he way of s ownendency, bu pushes o one sde al eg and oher extrecmi osrucns dng n he way of hs versaly.

us a capa, as value valorzng sel, vews wh nder nhe pclar physcal use n whch aour apears n e lou

pros, wheher as a seamngne, ng heap or slk so oo heworkr looks pon he rtcr cteo hs abo equdeence. s r longs apl, s only he use-veof e comody a he ha sol, and he has ony d# acqure money and, wh he money, he means of subssenchange n hs mo of abor neress m onl becas •

secc ode o lo requres een veopenof

§

s

boupower 4dere o h pariclar cn

< wok does 've he por o var s abo-p

w

er

n

rder, wi exp erence y nucng elas

22 very m it staied by aw would as one m 6 Pt

o ate as te io ) tra sd quie (C �serifo

oceri Tk ouo Co ,od_153

·

4J.



9

014 ppendix

he sg gneaton ov fm one anch of nd sty henxt dependng on the state of the mae The moe hghycapast podctn s deveoped n a county the geate the

demand wl be fo verstiy n aboupo e the m e ndeent the woke wl b towads the specc cntent of hs wok andhe moe ud wl be the movements of capta fom onesphee ofoducton to the neCassca economcs egads he sattyof aboupowe and te dy of capta as axomatc and t ght to do so snce ths s the enency of captast poductonwhch uthessy enfoces ts wl deste obstaes whch ae n anycase aey of ts own makng t al events n ode o potaye aws of poca economy n te puty we ae gnong thessouces of fcton as s the pactce n mechancs whee the fcns hat ase have to be deat wth n evey patcua appcatonof tsgenea ws.2

hough captas and woke confon each othe n hemaetplace only as buyer, money on the on h nd and seecomodty on the othe ths eatnshp s cooue n advanceby th pecua content of the deangs Ths s patcualy tuence both sdes appea cnsty, epeatey n the aetpacepayng the se opposed oles f we consde he latons ofcommodty-ownes n·geea n the mak pace w see tat heae man appeas anatey as e buye and see of wae 23Nhere does the uidit of capial te ersay of labou ad the

ndierence of the worke to the conent of is or appea moreiidl

u he Ui Sates o Nh Amica n Europe, en in Egladcpiist production is ill at and distored by vers fro feudalism. he fact that baking, shoemakng ec are oy jst being put on aptalis basis i Enand is entirel due o eirctance that Engishapial cherished feudal preconepion of respectbilit t wasrspecable'o sel egroes ino slavery, but i! as not respecabe to make sausaeoos r bead Hene all he aciner hich coquers the unrepecale'brace o inusry for capitalis in urope comes fromAmrca By theameten, nowhere are pople SO indieen o e tpe f Wk they do asithe nieQ as, nowhere are peopl so aae that heir aour aways

rduces the m <, mey, d owhere do

J

�y ass thro tsekf w\t h Qc ratlers qi distnciv mrk of ke contrast to theingslhosebouows stale nd ca ing emlyed a maneermed by local custom Slave labou isminny defecve: ati if tobacco cliated too me h soleltba pdaeer be the sae f th arketaneer bthe cdt the oil (Cas pi )



Resus o the Immdiate Proces o Poductio 1015

e ac ha o men de fom each othe as uyend selle sf eve dmnshing sgncance since in he couse of tme eveyonesumes all he oles n he sphee of cculatio o i is alsoe ha once he oe has sold his laboupoe and tansomed t ino mone he oo becomes a buye and he captalstspea to hm as he mee selles of goods Bu in his hand moneys nothing but a means of ciculation In he actual commodityarket, then t qute ue that he oe lie any othe onef money is a buye and is dstngushed by ha fac alone fom thecommodity one as sele Bu on he labourmarket, moeylays confonts him as capital in the fom of money and so he

ne of money appeas as captal pesoned as a capitalist, andhe fo his pa appeas o he one of money meely as theesocaton of labou-poe and hence of labou e as orker24 The to people ho face each othe on he maetplae in h sphee of ciculaton ae not just a buyer and a seler,bu capitast and worker ho confont each othe as buyer and

seller Thei elaonship as capitast and worker s the pecondion of the elatonshp as buyer and seller nle he stuaton

n he case of othe selles the elatonshp does not ase dectlyfom he natue of commodtes Ths deives fom the fact that none dectly poduces the poducts he needs in ode to lve so tha

each man only poduces a sngle poduct as a commody hchhe hen sells in ode o be able o acquie he poducts of othesHee hoeve e ae no concenedth he meely social divisio oflabour hch each banch of labou s autonomous sohat o example a cobble becomes a selle of boots bu a buye

of leathe o bead What e ae concened ith hee is heivisio of he costituets of the process of productio tself consttuents ha eally belon ogethe This dvson leads o he poessive separato of hese elements and he pesoncatonvis--vis each ohe so ha moey s the geneal fom of objectedour becomes he puchaser of labou-poe he ivng sou¥f exchange-vale and hence of ealth eal ealth (fom s ndpon of exchange-value moey (fm he standpoint ofu�-·alue) e he meas of subsistece ad the meas of productioJ' mae he appeaance as pesons in opposton o the possibitf ealth ie labou-poe hch appeas as a dieen peson o

4 The eltn o nufctue t hs opetves • • s purlcnm The mnufctue s Cptl, the perve Lbur Engel

L r n Kn c p. 29 nls edon p. 2]



1 Appeni

469m Snce surpus-vaue s he produc specc o he poucoprocess, wha s produced s no s a commody, bu aso capitahn he producon process abour ransformed no cpa

The acvy of abourpower, e abour jectes sef n course of producon and s bcomes value Bu snce he abouhas ceased o beong o he worker even before he sars o workwha obeced self for hm s aien and hence a auecapa, ndependen of hs own abour-power The product beongo he capals and n he eyes of he worker as much a par ocapa as he eements of production On he oher hand, an exsng amoun of vaue money becomes rea capa ony when,

he rs pace, begns o reaze sef, o become par of a processand hs acheves when he acvy of abour-power nameabour, s ncorporaed n he producon process and becomes sproery. And secondy, mus yed sur pus-vaue as dsncfrom s orgna vaue, and s n u s agan he produc o obeccaon of surpus abour

In h e pr oc e s s of pr od uc on l a bour be c ome s objected labo.

e . c a p a n oppos on o v n g a bour-pow e r , a n d , n �e s e c on pl a c e , by a bs or bn g a bour n o prod uc on , by h us a ppr opr a n

it, h e or n a v a ue be c ome s v a ue n prce ss a n d h e n c e v a ue h a

c r e a e s s ur p us-v a ue d e r e n f r om s e f I s on y be c a us e a bou

s c a n g e d n o c a p a n h e c our s e of pr od uc on h a w e c a n s a

h a h e or g n a qua n um of v a ue a orze s s e l f , h a w h a w a s a

:r s t po tenti y c a pi t a l �a s be c ome ca pital in actu al fact.25*

63 [ e o oban a hgher vaue from he process o poduco

han he sum of he vaues n vesed n andor (.e he prod ucon proce) by he capas The producon of commodes s

25 They (the workers) exch ange ther l abou' (.e. their labour•o

for cn (i.e. means of subsisence) This consiues their revenue (e

ther individu al consumpion) ' . . whre as their lour h as become capital

for heir m aster (Sismondi, Nouvaux Princ es, Vol. 1, p. 90. 'Te workers

who give up their abour in the rocess o exch ange tr ansfo t [the roduc

of the whole year] ino cpital' (bid., p 105)

• At ths point the rst nterpolated assage sting of MS 6;

46, brks o. Foowing M arxs own directi� ou note on . 995)

t is - to succeeded by a second nterpolation whc M arx numred

6 Pge 6 s mssng



Resus of he Immedie Process of Prcio 1017

mply a mean o hs end, as ndeed he abour process self s omore han he nsrumen of he oraon process n he senseof he process of creng surpusvaue and no, as prevousy nhe sense of smpycreaing vaue

Ths resu s brough abou ony as ong as he vng abourwhch he wok has a hs dsposa and which heefoe s ob eed n he produc of hs abour s greaer han he abour conaned n he varabe capa or ad ou n wages, or, n oherwords, requred n he reproduon of hs abour-power nce heproducon of surpls-value s e means by whch he money

nvesed becomes capa, he orgns of capa, ke he process ocapas producon self are based on wo facors n he rsnsance

rs, he purchse nd se of bou-power, an ac whch falswhn he sphere of crcuaon bu whch vewed n he conex ofcpis producon whoe, s no merey an aspec of and sprecondon buaso s connuous resu. Ths purchase and sae

of abou power mpes ha he obecve condons oabor .ehe mens of subsence and he mens of producion are sepaaed from he ivng abour-power self, so ha he aer becomes he soe propery a he dsposa of he worker and he soecmmody which he as o se. Ths separaon s so radca hahese codons of abour appear as indepnden persons confronn he worker, fr as her owner he caps s merey herpersoncaon, n opposon o he worker who s he owner o

nohng b hs abou-powe hs sepaaon and ndependences he press on he bass of hch he sae ad purchase oabour-power ca proceed and vng abour an be absorbed nodead abour a s a eans of mainanng and creasn , e onabng o vaorze sef hou he exchnge of vaabecaa or abourpower he oa cap coud no aorze se&nd s e formaon of capa and h ransormaon o eans oproduon an meansof subssence no capa c�!<

ake pace. e second acor en s he acua po:Q

produon e he acua consumpon of h abour-power phase by he owner of money or commodes.*

The followg quotto the rst r whch s mssg, our hMS. edtl fer h boe tex t whch s o relto t s fce u o oe referrg e msg e 262 •



08 Apedi

2 n the actua pocess of poduction the obective conditions ofabou its mateias and instuments seve to ensue not justhat iving abou objectes itse, but that ore abou objectiesitsef than was contained in vaiabe capita. They theefoe act asthe means by which the supus abou whic appeas in the fomsupusvaue (and supus poduce is extoted and absobed theeoe, we take the two factos togethe: st, the exchangef aboupowe fo vaiabe capita, and second, the pocess ofpoduction pope (in which iving abou is incooated as aagens* into capita, the entie pocess has the foowing chaaceiscs ( Less objectied abou is exchanged fo moe iving

abou, since what the capitaist eceives reaiter fo wages is ivingaou. nd ( the objective foms in whic capita anifestsitsef diecty in th abou pocess, the means of poduction (onceagain objectied abou, ae the instuments by eans of whichiving abour is etoted and absobed. Thus the ente pocess is aac between objectied an iving abou in which ivng abouis tansfoed no obectied abou d in which a the saeime objetied abou is transfomed into capit o tha in the

upshot iving abou s tansfomed into capita ence the pocesss one which poduces supusvaue and hence capital, as we actua poduce. (f. pp. 96

hee capital workmen or toJour ordinary ones f the three could be hiredat £ apiece, while th fou required £ apie, though the wages fhe three would be higher, the price of he work done by them would lowe t is true that the causes whic rais the amount of the labourers'wages fen rise the rate o the capitalists prot If y increased idus

ne an performs the work of two, both the amont of wages, and th ratef prots wil generally e raised not by the rise o ages but in consequenceof he adiional sy of labo ha diminished is price, or having dmished the period for which it ha previosly n necessary to advance thatprice. he laourer, on the other hand s princilly interested in the amouno age he amont of his wages being gien, it is certainly his interest tathe price of labour should e high, for on that depends the deee of eernmposed onhim (op cit. pp. 1 5.

Ad from the same work: The laburer"s situation does not dend on the

aount which recives at any one time, but on his aveage receipts urnga give period The longer the period taken, the more accuate wil b etmate (ibid p 7 The year is the st priod to take t ncludes btummer and winter wages ibid p 7

*Eectie force hese gr efe MS p 669m p 990 o the presenext



_·}0\ �

:'

�

\

·

:

.

Resu s of he Immed ae Pro ce s o f Pro d u cio n 109

He n c e w e ma y sa y t h a t t h e mea n s of pod ct ion a ppe a n ot js t

a ·s t h e me a n s f o a c c omp i s h i n g w o k , but a s t h e me a n s f o ex -

ploiting he labou o f othe s.*

ne futhe point emains to be made about vaue o money as

the objecticatin of an aveage measue of genea socia abo.f e take spinning fo exampe we see that it may be pefomed at

·a ate that eithe fas beow o ies aboe th socia aveage. Thatis to say a cetain uantity of spinning may be eua to geat oess than the same uantity of the aveage e. it may be the ame

magnitde (ength) as the aboutime objectied in a cetainamount of god. Bt if te spinning is caied out with a degee ofintensity noma in its paticua sphee eg if th abou expended on poducing cetain aount of ya in an hou = thenoma uantity of yn that an hous spinning wi podce onveage in th iven sia condions the abou objectidi n the an i soca ecessa abou s suc it has a uantitivey deteminate eation o the socia aveage in gnea whchacts as te standad s that we can speak of e sae amount o ageate o smae one t itef theefoe expesses a eequ �um of aveage socia abou

THE FORMAL SUBSMPTIN F LAR ·uNDER CAPITAL

he abo poces bcomes the instument o the vaoization

pocess the pocess of the sefvaoization of c apita the mnfatu of supusvaue. The au pocess is subsued undecapita (it is its o pocess and he capitaist inteenes in tepocess s its diet mange o him it aso epesens hediect expoitation of the abou of othes. t is this that efe to asthe foma sbsumpio of abu: ue capa. t is the geneaom of ey capitaist pocess o poduction t th same tiehoweve it can beond as a pa_icuaform aosde he sec

a capas mde of poduio in is deoped or beseathough the atte nis the fome he conese os no nesi otain [ie the foa subsumption can be " fnd tabs nce of th specca capitaist moeof oucio

• this point the secnd �erpolated assa o ed

olw the conttio o te S ·· ·

· ·



OO Appendi

470 T procss of producton as bcom t procss of captasf t s a procss nvovng t facors o he lour procs ntowc t captasts mony as bn convrtd and wc pro

cds undr s drcton t t so purpos of usng mony tomak mor monyn a pasant w as aways producd noug for s nds

bcoms a day abourr workn for a farmr; wn t rarcord of gud producton vanss makng way for stragforward dstncton btwn captast and t agabours mpys; w'n t formr savownr ngags s formrsavs s pad workrs, tc, t w nd tat wat s appnngs tat producton procsss of varyng soca provnanc abn trnsformd nto captast producton T angs datd abov tn cm nto forc man wo was formry andpdnt asant now nds msf a factor n a productonrs and dnd nt o t captast drtng t, ad s wnvood dpnds on a ntract wc a ommodty own 'wnr of opowr) s rousy concudd wtcaptalst s t onr of mony sav cass to b an nstrumt of poducton at t dsposa of s ownr T ratonspbtwn mastr and journyman vanss Tat ratonsp was

dtrmnd by t fact ta t formr was t mastr of s ca now confronts s journyman ony as t ownr of capta,wl! t ournman s duc to bng a vndor of abur Bfor t procss of producton ty a confront ac tr as comdty wnr and tr atons nvov tng bu mone ;

n t · procss oprodcton tnt s t compn pr'on c ptast as capta, t mma rduc r bour, d tr r ons ar dtn by bour as a mrnsut of capa w s vang tsf ·;_

Futrmor, capast t a goo car tat boadrs nma standards of y nd ntsty, nd ns s raon as a a ·s poss n dra t sur

pusvautat s. onuiy of a nrass wnprucrs nt o nddua customrs r suppantpdr w, brf of wars to s, av a costant paymastr n sa ot pst ·.

· T mystcaton nrnt n t capial-relaion mrgs at

ts ont stnng r our rs as tsfsuportng powr of capta ; t vacratng powr o



·

Reut of te Immediate Proces o Producto

abour as the selfvalorzng power of capta and, n genera, nac ordane wth ts oncept, liin labour appears to be put towork by labour

All ths notwthstandng ths change does not n tself mply fundamental modcaton n he real nature of the abo r process,the actual process of prducton On he contrary the fact s hatcptl subsues the labour process as t ds t, that s to say, ttakes over an existin labour proess developed by derent andmore rchac modes of producton And snce that s the case t sevdent that captal took over an aaiable establisedlabour rocess For example handcraf, a mode of agrculture crrespondng to a small ndependent peasant economy change occur hthese tradtonal establshed labour proc sses after ther takeoverby captal, hese are nothng but the gradua conseuences of hatsubsumpton The work may becoe moe ntensve, ts duratonmay be extended, t may become more contnuous or ordery uner he eye the nterested captalst, but n themseves thesechanges do ot ec th character of the ctual bour process, the

actual mode o workng hs sands

trkn conas o thedeveopne of a speccally capitalist mod e o producton (largscale ndustry, etc) ; e ltter o only transforms the stuatns ·

of the aros ents f roucton, also relutionizes therctuamd of lbou an the real nature of the labor rocess asa wo I s n contrasncton to ths las tha we come todesnate th ral ubumion o lbour unde capita/ whate have dcssd rlervz te teoerby capta of a mode of

aou eveloe before th emergenc _ of a ptals relaons heat er as a orm'of cmpulsion y whi.surplus abour is exaced by ext d he du f abourtme a mode o opulsnot sed n pe eatos dmnaton nd dependenb smply on ergeoomc functns ths s co obot orm H eer, the speccal aptst mode o pton has y or hds of exctng suplusale ts<s pa t gv r-exsng mode o abour, e

s(

i

:

delopn o th prodctve power of labour and a ,

(

aur rr spodng to t prodctve poer,surlusvau

,

-

be rated nly by nn he wokng a, e y ncre

aboute r pve Interasubsumpton of a hr

cap, t s manne o producng srp}usaue

he genera features of the abur rces s descrbe



22 Appendi

haptr II, for xamp, th sundrin of th obcti conditionsof labour into matrials and instrumnts on th on hand, and thiin actiity of th workrs on th othr, ar ll indpndnt of

ry historical and spcically social conditionin and thy rmai alid for all possibl forms and stas in th dlopmnt ofh procsss of production. Thy ar in fact immutabl naturaoditions of hman laour This is strikinly conrmd by thfact that thy hold ood for popl who work indply ifor thos, likRobinson ruso, who work not in xchan wthsocity, but onl with natur. Thus thy ar in fact absolut dtrminations of humn labour as such as soon as i has old

byon h pury animah way in which n th mrly forma subsumption of labou

ndr capita bins o bco drntiatd within itslf andos so nrasinly as tim os on, n on th basis of th oldtraditional mod o labour is in rms of th sle of productionha is to say, dirncs apar latr in th olum oh manso production inst and in th numbr of workrs undr tommand of a sinl mployr For xampl, what apard to bh maximu attanabl in th mod of production of th uildst us say, in rfrnc to th numbr of ornymn plodcan scarcly sr as a minimum for t lations of caital. Forh attr can achi no mor han nomina xistnc unss th ·capitlist can mply at h r last noh wkrs to nsrthat th surplus-alu h proucs il s f is on pratosm ption and to his accumlati und Oly th ill h brlid f h nd to wo dirctly himslf nd b ab to contntmslf with actin as cpitlist, i. assupriso and irctor fth procs, as a mr funcion, as it wr, dowd wih consiousnss and will f th capitanad n th procs of alorizintslf is nlarmnt of scle constituts rl founaon hich hsccally capitalist mod o productn can ars t histoica circumstancs ar othrwis faural, as th wr

for instanc in th sitnth cntur Ours, a aso ccr spordicll as smthin hich ds n omiat soci, atislatd points within arlir socal formations · Th distincti charactr of thorml subsumtion of abouundr capta appars at its sharpst i w comar i to situaion

Cae of te resen edto ·



Resuts of the Immeite Process of Prouco 12

n whc capita s to b found crta spcc subordnatfnctions but wr it has not mrd as t drct purcasrof

abou and as t mmdat own of t procss of producton

and wr n consqunc t has not yt succdd n bcomn tdominant forc capabl f dtnin fom of soty as a wo In India for xampl t capta of t usurer adancsaw matrals or tools or n both to th immdiat produc t form of mny. T xorbiant nrst wic t attracts tntrst wic irrspcti of its manitud t xtorts from tprimary producr s ust anotr nam for surplus-alu. Ittransforms its mony into capita by xtortin unpai labour sur

plus labour from t mmdiat producr ut t dos not ntrn n t procss of producto tslf wc procds in itsaditona fason as t aways ad don In part it thris on twithering away of ts mod of production n part t s a mans toak t wither away to orc it to eke out tab xstnc nh most uaourabl coditosButhwharachdt sta of t forma subsumpton of abour undr capita Afurtr xampl s merchns cpit, wc commissons a num

br of immdat producrs tn colcts tr produc an slls tpraps makin dancs i t form of raw matrals tcor n mony. t s ts orm tat prods t sol from hcmodrn capitalsm as rown and r and thr it still forms ttransitio to capitalism propr Hr too w nd no forma subsuptio of abour undr capta mmdiat producr stiprforms t funcios of slln is wars nd man us of swlabou But th transton is mor stronly markd r ta th casof t usurr W shal rturnatr to ths forms botof wic sur and rproduc tmss , transitiona subforms wthin t frmwok of captas rodution

HE REL MPTI BR R PTL ORTHE PECIC DE APITIS PR D CTIN '

W ha dmostratd dta

aptIll

tcriaJ1 � .[};

, ,

�

· ·•

.

portanc of rete surpus-ue T rss wn th j

q

1; ·· aptaist s spurd on t s t niitve by th fact thaf ve

= th socally cssay abour-m obctd n h prodthat trfor surp-vue s rat fo oo a·th

*Pres Pt o o te preset eto



Ape

divdu vlue of hs prouc fls elw soc lue n cn beo ccorngy prce ves nvu vlue. h he prouc on of reve surplusvue he ene re form of proucons ere n seccy citlist frm frductin comes nobeng ( he echnoogc eve oo) Bse on hs, n smuneousy wh , he corresponng reltins f rductin beween he vrous gens of proucon n bove beween hecs n he wgebourer, come no beng for e rsme

he scl proucve forces f lbour, or he prouve forces

of recy soc, scilized ( e. coecve) lbour come no benghrough cooperon, vson of lbour whn he workshop, hese of mcinery, n n genr he rnsformon of proucoby e conscous use of he scences, of mechncs, chemsry, ecfor spec ens, echnoog, e. n smly, hrough heenormous nrese o scle corresponng o such eveopmens(for s ony socle bour s cpbe o ppyng egenerl poucs of humn eveopmen, such s mhemcs, o

e mmee processs of proucon n, conversey, progressn hese sences presuposes cer eve of me proucon)s enre eveopmen of e rucve forces of scizedlur (n conrs o he more r ess soe lor nvus, n ogeher w he use science (he generprouc ofso evelopmen, n he immedte rcess rduci, keshe orm of h rductive er f tl oes no e she o cve pow of ur, or evn of h pr of i h senc cpi. n les of l oe per s he proucve powe eer o he nvu worer or o he workrsone ogeer n process o poucon. yscomplic n he reons of cp s whoe s rey nesehere, r ben he pon h rche or ou ve reche he merey form subsumpo o bour uner cp. On heoher hn, we here n skng usron of he hsorc sg

cnce of cps proucon n s specc form he rnsu of e me process of poucon sef n eevelopmen of he sc oces of prucon of bour

hs been shown (Cher I) how no merey h evl oes, bu lso n rey, he soc chrcer of hs our C

Presaby Pa Thee, ts case



Reut o the Immedite Pre Pdti 5

rons he worer s somehng merey e, bu ose ngosc when ppers before m obeced nd persoed n cp

e producon o bsoue supsvue w he merepresson of e form subsumpo of bour under cphen he producon of reve surpusvu my e vewed s re subsumpon

A ny re, weconsder he wo foms of surpusve, bsoue nd relve, seprey, we sh see h bsoue supus

vue wys precedes reve. To hese wo forms of surpus ue here correspond wo sepre forms of e subsumpon obour under cp, or wo dsnc foms of cps producoAnd here oo oe form wys precedes he oher, hough hesecond form, he more hghy deveoped one, cn provde hefoudons for he nroducon o he rs new brnches ondusry

DDITINL REMRKS N THE FRML SSMPTIF LBR NDER CPITL

Before proceedng o furher emnon of he e subsum on of bour under cp, here re few ddo reecon

from my noebooks. Th fom bsed on bsoue surpusvue s wh I c he

frml subsumtin flbur under cit I do so becuse s on

rmlly dsnc rom eer modes of producon on whoseoundons rses sponneousy (or s nroduced), eher whehe producer sef empoyng or when he mmede producerre forced o dever surpus bour o ohers Al h chgs h copuson s pped, .e. he mehod by whch surpus bos eored Te essen feures of frml subsumpti re

�

.

. ·

-

·

1 The pure money reonshp beween he m whoapr�

� :

pres he surpus bour nd he mn who yeds up

b

' ordnon hs cse rses from he secc cntent of e s

here s no subordnon uderyng n whch he psds n relon o he epoer of bor ch s emned no us by money he reohp of one commod

wne o oer bu e u sy b o cosrns W



1026 A p�Idx.

br in g s -t h e _s e le r i n t o a r e l a t i on s h i p of d e pe n d e n c y i solely th e fa c

h a t $e buye r i t h e ow n e r of t h e c on d i i on s of a bour. T h er e is n o

xe d oi i c a l a n d s oc i a r e a i on s h i p of s upr e ma c y a n d sub

r d i n a t on .

2. T h is s i mpci t in t h e r s t r e a ti on s h i p f or w er e i t n ot for h s t h e w or ke r w oud n o h a v e h is a bour� pow e r o s e : i i s h a t

i s o bjecti ve cond itiono f la bour ( h e mea n s of pr od uc ion ) an d h e

b j ective cond ition s o f l a bour ( h e me a n s of s ubs i s en c e ) con f ron t

h a s ca ptal , a s h e mon opoy of t h e buye r of h i s a bour -pow e r .

e mor e c ompe e y h e se cond ition s o f l a bour a r e mobil ized

ag a in s t h i m a s a li e n prope r t y, t h e · mor e e e c iv e ly th e formal

e l a on s h ip be w e e n c a pi a a n d w a g e - a bour i s e s a b i s h e d ie .

e mor e e e c v el y h e f or ma l s ubs umpi on ol a bour un d er c a pi al

s a c c omps h e d , a n d t h s n ur n s t h e pr e mi ss a n d pre c on d i ion

f i t s eal s u bs ump ion .Th ere s no change as yet in he mode of production iself

Technologically speaking, the lour process goes on as before,ith the proviso ha it is now subordinated to capia. Wihin heroducio process, however, as we have aready shown wo de

eopments emerg e : (1) an economic reaionship of supremacy andsubordnaon, snce the consumption of abour-power by heaptas is nauray supervised and direced by him () abourecomes far more coninuous and inensive, and he condiions ofabour are empoyed far more economicay since every eor isade o ensure that no more (or ra ther even ess) socily necesary tme s consumed n makng he produc and his appiesoth to the ivng abour ha s used to manufacure it and to the

bjected abour which enters into i as a eement in the means ofroduction

ith the formal subsumption of abour under capia he com- pulson to perorm sur plus labour, and to creae he · leisure timeecessary for deveopment independeny of maeria producon,ders ny n form from wha hadobained under he earier modeof producion. (Even though, be it noed, his compusion impies

also he necessity of formng nees, and cr eaig the eas ofstisfying them and of suppying quaniis of produce w e in exess of he raditional requiremens of he worker) Bu his fomah nge s oe which ncreases he coninuiy an d inensiy ofaou; t is more favourabe o the deveopmen of versatily

aon the workers, and he nce o increasing diversiy i modes of



Results of the Immediate Process of Productio 2

working and ways o eaing a iving ast it dissolves the eaionship beween he owners of he condiions of abour and he

· workers ino a relatiosh f sale ad purchase a pure acil

relatioship In conseuence he process of expoiaion is srippedof every pariarcha poiical or even reigous coak. remainstrue of coure a he relatios of producio themseves create anew reaion of supremacy ad subordiatio (and his aso has a politial expression) But he more capilis producion sicks fasin his forma reaionship he ess he reaionshp isef wievove sice for he most part i is based on sma capiaists whder ony sighy from he workers in their education and theiraciviies

The variaions which can occur in the reation of supremacy ad subordiatio without aecting the mode of producion can be seenbes where rura and domestic secondary indusries underakenprimariy o saiy he needs of individual famiies are ransformed ino UnmU branches f capiaist indusry The disnion beween abour/ subsumed under capia

and previous odes of abour becomes more apparent he greaterthe increase in the volume of capita employed by the individuacapiais i e he greaer he increase in the umber of workers em

ploed by him at ay oe time ny wih a certain minium capitaloes he capiai cease to be a worker himself and egin] o concern himself enrely wih irecing wok and rganiing aesAnd he rea subupion of abour under capial ie. capitalist productio pro per, begins o whe capta sums of a ertin

mgitudehave directy taken ove ntrol of proucton er bcse e erchan us no an idustr capitais or ecaslarger indsria cpiais have sabshed hemves n hbss of he foral ubstio 6 . . _

supre an suordnti n coe ak the ac l r " ; --26 h t of this fotnot is to ound o an tra unnbd

add subsqunly Sinc th assag t hic h footnot rfrs was ollowd on th MS 44 y anot sort araah ar precede'-\>

footnot ith t rmark a} This a rr not to t last asag

to

-

th rcdig on his mnt is ollod by h footnot islf ·(a)_'A ree lbourr hs nrally the irty of changin ·his mast: i iy d�ig\ies a ave. fro fre Jborer, s muc a � -�

gl h

nof-r sailr s ditingisd fom a mrcnt ailr • cnifiCn

o a labourer is 'superior to that of a slave, because a labourer· this nef

free ; and · this convcio, however erroneou, has no small infen .n hharactr o a olati R monds Pr or d Poi · • · · · ¥ T



1 ppedix

ey seom vassalage an oe paacal oms of sbecon e cage is purely one of form Te fom becomes freerbecase i is objecive n nae olnay n appeaance purel

economic Vee)475 Alenaively spemacy an sbonaon n e process o

roducton s an ealie sae of independence o be fonfo eample all selssaining peasans fames o only ave

Econmy London 1828 pp. 57 he motive that drves a fee man towor is muh more vioent than what drives the save a fr m has to hoose

between hard abour and starvation (che the passae a save tween . and a ood whippin (ibid p. 56 he dierence between the oditionsof a save ad a abourer nder the mony system is very ncosderabe . the master o he save derstads too we his own interest to weaen hissaves by stntin them in their food but the master of a frman ives im ite food as possie ause the inj ne to the labourer does not fa onhmse aone. but on the whole class of masters (ibid

atiuity to make manind aborious beyond their wants, to mae onepart of a state wor to aintain the other part gratuitousl', was ny to be· ahived throuh saves hence savery was introdued eneray Saverywas then as neeay towards muipiaion as t woud now be destrutiveo it. he reason s pain Ifmannd be not forced to labour they wl onylabour for themselves; and if they have f wants there w befew who aborut when states ome to formed and have ocasion foride hands to defendthem aainst the vioence of ther enemies food at any rte mst procuedfor those who do not labr and as by the suposiion te wts of theabourers are sma a method must be found to increase their labour above theroportin of their · ants For thi purpose slver wa caated hesaves were fored to labor the so wich f th them and the d r

men as a t n Sparta or they ed a he serve paes whh fr me now nd the ee liewise empoyed n Greece and Rome inuppin wth manuacres those whose servce was nsary for the stateHere then was a violent method o/mai manind laborious i rasn food • Me ere thn forced to abour beause he were lv to other men are

now ored to abor becas they lve o he Ow n (J SteuarDubin edion Vo 1, pp 380)

In the sixteenth centry the same Steart says whi on the one hand theords dismssed the retainers the ; (wh were transformn theselesnto industria capitaists dismissed the de mouths Fom a en of sub

istence aicture was ransorm nto a de he conseqence wash ithdrawin . of a nuber o andsro atrng ctu

_ a manner husbanm�n to wor hrer a b harl our

on a S pt the same eec roduced as wth l lbour uon ra xen (ib 1 05

fr the emar qoted n onote 2



Rsus of he Immediae Process of Producio 12

o py en on wh hey pode ehe o h se o n lod l o domes seondy ndsy o idepe hadicraf Hee hen we enone he loss o ee idepece

n he poess o pdon nd he elon o spemy ndsbodnon s sel he esl o he se o pls po don

sly he elon o pls nd wgelboe n eple of he gd mse nd hs oeymn and ppenes son fond o some exen n bn mnf e. The medievagud sem,of whh nlogos foms wee deeloped o lmed

exen n boh Ahens nd Rome nd whh ws of sh lmpone n ope o he eolon oboh plss nd eelboes s imied nd s ye ndeqe om of he elon shp beween pl nd wge-lbo. noles elons beween byes nd selles ges e pd d mses oneymen and appenes enone eah ohe as fee pesons heehnolol bss of he elonsh s hadicr whee hemoe o less sophsed e o oos s he dese fo no

don ndependen pesnl lbo nd hene s pofessonldeelopmen whh eqes longe o shoe spell s n ppenehese e wh deemne heesls olbo. The msedoes nded own he ondons o podon ools mels. lho he ools my owned by he oneymn oo) nd he owns he pod o h exen he s capias so s pls h he s maser He s n ris n he snsne nd spposed o be mse o hs f hn hepoess o podon he ppes s n sn lke hs oney men nd s h ho nes hs ppenes no e mysees o

he f. He hs pesely he sme elonshp o h s pene poesso o hs sens en hs ppoh hs p es n oeymen s no h of pls b o mase s nd by e o ha a he ssmes poso : _ ·pey n he poaon and hene owds he

o

>

s pl s esed n ems o he o

rm assums weUF -

s n vaue s a om heng he e dom o apaeL

- · s o a deie quum of eced aour ale n

g n

a

bey o sse hs o h o o he odons o la ependng n e om o lng lao qes n oe o po•de spls bo Beoe e n n s mone n his paricu/arbh o de n hs own af befoe he n se bo p



1 Ae ·

c hasng ee h obecie condions of abou o acung hncessay uneymen and appenices, e has o pass hough hpescibed sages of appenice and ouneyman and een poduce his n maseiece. He can ansfom money ino capiaony in his own caf i.e. no meey as he means of is ownabu, bu as he means of expoiing he abou of ohes. His capia is bound o a deni kind of use-value and hence does noonon his own wokes diecy as capial The mehods owok ha he empoys ae aid down no jus by adiion b byh gud hey ae hough of as indispensabe, and so, fom hispin of iew oo, i is he use-aue of abou ahe han is

echange-aue, ha appeas be he uimae pupose. does eain a he disceion of he mase o poduce wok of hiso ha sandad a he aangemens of he guid ae designed oensue ha wok of a denie qualy is poduced. He has as icono e he pice as \e he mehods o ok. The resricins ha peen his eah m funcionig as capia aso enue ha his apia does no exceed a ceain maximum He mayno epy o han a ceran numer of ounemen, since he

guid uaanees ha a he mases ea a ceain amou fohei ade. Lasy, hee is he eaionship of he mase o heohe mases i he guid. As a ase he beonged o a copoa ion which enfoced] ceain coecie condiions of poducion(guid esicions, ec.) and ossessed poiica ighs, a hae imunicipa ad miisain,ec. He woked o ode wih he eceion o wha he pouced o mechans ad poduced godsfo immediae use he numbe of mases o as esiced as a

esu. He id no onfn his woke ee as a merhan eess coud he mecha nconehis money ino oducie capia he coud oy cmmision e gods, o pduce hem himselfo excnge-aue uch, no enichmen suh bu a life ap poiae o ceain saus o condition his was he pupose andesu o h exploiaion of h abou of ohes. The insrumn oabou as he cucia faco hee. n many ades (e.g. aioing)he mase was suppied wih a maeias b his ciens. Th

imis o oducon wee ep by eguaion wihi he imis ocuaconspion Tha is o sa poducion was no esicedbhe connes o capia isef. caiais podcon hesbaies ae swep away aong wih he s cio-poiica imis iwhi cpia was coned sho wa we see ee is o eai ope



esuls of he Immediae Process of Poducion 0

The pue fora conerson of producon based ·on hancraf no capas producon e. a change n whch fr he mebeng he echnoogca process remans he same, s acheved by

he diappearance ofal hese barriers And hs n urn brngs abouchanges n he reans of supremacy and subordnaon. Themaser now ceases o be a capas because he s a mase, and becomes a mase because he s a capas. The ms on hs producon are no onger deermnd by he ms mposed on hs capa.Hs capa (money) can be freey exchanged for abour and hencehe condons of abour of any knd whaeer. He can cease o bean asan. Wh he sudden expanson of ade and conseueny

of he demand for goods on he pa of he mercha cass heproducon of he guds s dven beond s ms by s ownmomenum and hece s convered formay no capas producon.

Compared o he ndependen arsan who maes goods foroher cusoms we observe a gea ncease n he connu ofabour of he man who woks for a capas whose producon sno med by he haphazard requremens of soaed cusomers

bu ony by he ms of he capa ha empoys hm n conaso he save, hs abour becomes more prodcve because morenensve, snce he save works ony under he spur of exerna fearbu no for his exisence whch s guaraneed even hough doesno beong o hm. The free worker, howeer, s mped by hswans. The conscousness (or beer he idea) o free sefd ermnaon, of bery, makes much beer worke of he one haof he oher as does he reaed feeng (sense) of responsib;

snce h e any see of wares, s responsbe for h goods hedevers and for he quay wch he mus provde he mus seo ensure ha he s o dren rom he ed by oher seers of hesame ype as hmsef. The coinu in he relaion of sve nsaeowner s based on he fac ha he save s ep n hs son by direc compulsion The ree worker, however, mus nan hs own poson, snce hs exsence and ha of hs JY · depends on hs aby connuousy o renew he sae of hs a9

power o he capas

>

�

:� >

•. =;n he eyes of he save a minimal ge apears be a consaD

quany ndependen of hs work. r he free worker, ohe value ofhis labourpower and he aerage we orrepondioi does no appear o hm as somehng preesne, as oehng



3 Apendx

ndnnt of his own abour and dtrmind by th mr ndsof his hysical xistnc Th aerage for th class as a whol rmains mor or lss constant, lik th valu of al commoditis butth s is not how it immdiatly aars to t individual workrwhos wags may stand abov or bow this minimum Th priceo labour somtims sinks blow and somtims riss abov th alue o labourpower Furthrmor, thr is sco for variationwihin narrow limits to alo for th workrs indiidualy, sothat arly as btwn derent trads, artly in th same on, wd that wags vary dnding on th dilignc, skil or strngtof th workr, and to som xtnt on his acual rsonal achiv

mnt Thus th siz o his wag ackt aars to vary in kingith th rsults of his own work and its individua quality This isaricularly vidnt in th cas of piece rates lthogh, as w havhon, th attr do not act th gnral rlationsh btwncaital an labour, btwn ncssary labour and surlus labourth rsult dirs for th inividual workr, and it dos so in accordanc with his articlar achivmnt In th cas of th savgat hysical strngth or a scia talnt may nhanc his valu

to a purchaser, but this is of no concrn to him It is othrwis witth fr workr who is th ownr of his labourpower

Th highr vau of his labourowr must accru to him and its xrssd in th form f highr wags So thr ar grt varations in th wags aid, ndng on whthr a articular ty ofork rquirs a mor highly dvlod labourowr at gratrcost or not nd this gis sco for individual variation whil t

th sam tim, it also rvids th workr with an incntiv tlo is own labourowr Crain though it b that th masso work must b rformd by mor or lss unskild abour, sothat th vas maoriy of wags ar dtrmind by th value oimple laboupower, it nvthlss rmains on to individuals torais thmslvs to highr shrs by xhibiting a articular tlntor nrgy n th sam way thr is an abstract ossibility thatthis or that workr might concivably bcom a caitalist and th

lotr of th la our of oths Th slav is th rorty o aarticular master; th orkr must indd sl himslf to caital,bu not to a articular caitalist, and so within crtain limitationsh ma coos to sll himsf to whomvr h wishs ; and h mayalso chang mastr Th ct of all ths dirncs is to makt f wokrs work mr intnsiv, mor continuous, mor



esuts of te Immediate Process of Productio 033

exibe and skied than that of the save quite apat fom the facthat they t him fo quite a dieent histoica oe The save eceives the means of subsistence he equies in the fom of naturaiawhich ae xed both in kind and quantity ie he eceives use

vaues The fee woke eceives them in the shape of money,excangevaue, the abstact socia fom of weath Even thoughhs wage is in fact nothing moe than the ser o god o coer oaer fom of the necessay means of subsistence into which itmust constanty be dissoved even though money functios eeony as a mean of circuation, as a vanishing fom of exchagevaue that excangevaue, abstract weat, emains in his mind assomething moe than a paticua usevaue hedged ound withtaditiona and oca estictions It is the woke himsefwho convets the money into whateve usevaues he desies it is he whobuys commodites as he wishes and as the owner of money, as thebuye of goods he stands in pecisey the same eationship to theees of goods as any othe buye Of couse the conditions ofhs existence and the imited amount of money he can ean compe hm to make his puchases fom a aiy esticted seection

of goods. But some vaiation is possibe as we can see fom thefact that newspapes fo exampe fom pat of theessentia puchases of the uan Engish woke. e can save o hoad a tteO ese he can squande his money on dink But even so he acts asa fee agent he must pay his own way he is esponsibe to himseffo the way he spends his wages He earns to contro imse incontrast to the se, who needs a maste dmittedy this vaidny we consde the tansfomation fom sef o save into fee

woke In such cases the capitaist eationship appeas to be nmpovement in ones position in the socia scae It is othewisewhen the independent peasant o atisan becomes a wageaboue.hat a guf tee is between the poud yeomany of Engand ofwhich Shakespeae speaks and the Engish agicutua aboueSince the soe pupose of wok in the eyes of the wageaboue his wage money a specic quantity of exchangevaue fom

wi

h evey paticua mak of usevau has been expunged he is whq

: ' ·} . : ndieent towads the content of his abou and hence his

6\

,

c paticua fo of activity. hie he was in the guid o caystem his actiity was a caing wheeas fo the save as o hbeast of buden it is meey something that befas hm so thing foced on him it is the mee activation of his abouowe.xcept whee aboupowe has been endeed quite onesided by



ppedx

h ivision of aou h f wo s n principle ay anwillng o acc vy ossl vaiaion in his laouow anacviy which oss high was as w can s fo h way

in whic h sls oulaion on h lan consanly ous inoh ows houl h wok ov o o lss incaal fsvsaiiy h sill gas i as on o h nx gnaion n hnw gnaion of woks is inly isiua aong anaaal o nw o xaning anchs of inusy can shis rsatlit his fc ininc was h aiculacon of wok an h f ansiion fo on anch o inuy o h nx os oviously in Noh ica wh h

vlo of waglaou ha n laivly unall yh vsigs of h guil sys c This sans in sakconaso h uly onoonous an aiioal nau of slalabur, whih os no vay wih changs in oucon uwhich us on h conay ha oucion a owhav of wok has onc n inouc an cai nfo on gnaion o h nx ll ican conaosoin o his hnonon as llusaing h isincion wn

h faou of h Noh an h sla laou of h ouh Cains Th consan vlon of new rms wrk, hisconinual chang which cosns o h ivsicaion of usvalus an hnc ss a al avanc in h nau of xchangvalu an n consunc h ogssi ivision ofao in siet a a wle all his is h ou of h caialismo o oucin sas wih f oucio n h asis ofh guil an hanicaf sys wh v his is no hwa h ossicaion of a aicula anch of a

47 hs aiional cons on h rmal susumptin abur b aital w co now o :

E REAL SSN F LAR NER CAA

Th gal faus f h rma subsumptin ain viz. hic ubrdnatn the labur press t apital, isciv ofh sa of is chnlogical vlon Bu on his founaionh now aiss a chnologically an ohwis spcc mde dtn apitis prdutin which ansfos h nau

*Se abov, p. 104 3



Results f the Immediae Prcess f rctin 35

t labur press ad its atual cndiins Only hen a happens do e iness e real ubsumptin f labur under apita

griulture fr subsistene cangedor agriulture fr trade e imprement f the aial territry proporioned ois hage Young tial rithmetic London 774 p 49,noe)

e real subsupon o labour under capial s eveloped n ale ors evolved by relaive as opposed o absolue surplusvalue

Wi e real subsupion o labour uder capial a coplee

and consanly repeaed2 revoluion akes place in e ode oproducion in e producviy o e orkers and in e relaion beeen orkers and capialiss

Wi e real subsupion olabour under capial all e cangesn e labour process already discussedno becoe realiy e

sial fres prdutin o la our are no developed and ihlargescale producin coes e direc applicaion o science andecnology On e one and apitaist prduin no esablises

sel as a ode o producon sui geers and brngs ino being ne ode o aerial producion On e oer and e laersel ors e basis or e develoen o capialis relaionsose adeuae or ereore presupposes a denie sage in hevoluo o e producive orces o labour

as already been noed a a denie and consany grwingmiimu amut f apital is bo e necessary precondiion ande consan resul o e specal caplis ode o producon

e capialis us be e oner or proprieor o e eas oproducion o a sCial scale and in uaniies a beggar cparison i e possible producio o e ndividual and saily he miimum aunt apital in an ndusry incres proporn o s peneraon b capalis eds and gro\n e social poduciviy o labour in i Capil us ncre

e value o is operaions o e in re i assus soc �

_

enson and so sedsIts idiidul caraer enily pt · ,

csey e produciy O.f labour e ass prbducin' o:C,

an nd o surplus ppulaon creaed by is oe of

H

;

ion a consanly clls ne rances o indusr no beng n labour nd capil haeeen e ree And s e ancs�

1 Maeo o the Commus Part (1848) ·· [e Revoluios lcan Marx brary p 70.]

· ·



Appendi

sy capial ca oce moe opeae o a small scale ad passog e vaios pases il is ew dsy oo ca beopeaed o a soial scale Tis pocess is coos e same

79 ime, capi�alist prodction as a edecy o ae ove all rancheso indstr o ye aced ad wee oy oral ssptionobai ce i as appopiaed agicle ad miig emaface of e picipal exiles ec, i moves o o oe sec�os wee e aisas ae sill oral o eve geiely idepede I as aleay bee emaed, o discssio ofmacey a e iodcio o maciey io oe idsyleads o is iodcio io oe idsies d oe baces o

e same idsy. Ts spiig mace led o powelooms iweavig maciey i coo spiig o maciey i e wool�le, lie ad si ec idsies. Te iceased se of maciey e es, coo mils ec made e iodcio of lagescalepodcio i macie ools eviable Qie apa fom e im�poved meas of aspo edeed ecessay by lagescale po�dcio, i was also oly e iodcio of maciey iegieeig iself especially e oay pime moves wic

made seamsips ad ailways a possibiliy ad evolioied ewole of sipbildig. agescale idsy ls sc ge massesof peope io idsies as ye sbgaed o ceaes sc eaive spls poplaios wi em as ae eied o asf omadicaf o small fomaly capials wosops io lagecalecoces. Hee e followig Toy Jeemia is eleva

' e good old imeswe ive ad le live was e geeal

moo, every ma was coeed wi oe avocaio. e coo ae, ee wee weves coospies, blaces yesd seveal o idepee baces, all livig po e prosof ei especive ades, ad al, as mig be expced, coeedad ay By a by oweve, we e dowwa cose ofade ad pocee some ees oe bac was adopedb e capialis ad e aoe ·ill ime, e wole of

people wee sed ad p o e mae of labo, d o a iveliod i e bes maer e ol. s, logn carer seces o ese e e ig be coo'siesaface, Pies ec ye e cose of ves s ivesede wit a onopl o al . . Tey ave bece J ckofalldes ad as fa as e c s oceed i e bsies, is



Results f te Immediate Prcess f Prducin 1037

o be eared tey are asters o none' (Public Ecnm ncenrated etc Caisle 833 p 56)

Te materal resul o captals producton we excep tedevelopmen o e scial prductie frces flabur, s o raise tequantity f prductin and mltiply and diersy te speres f pductin and ter subseres For t s only en tat te correspondng developmen e excage-alue o te productsemerges as te realm n wc ey can operate or realze tem-selves as excangealue

Prductin fr prductins sake poducton as an end n -

e does ndeed come on te scene wt te frmal subsumptinf labur under capital I makes ts appearance as soon as temmedate pupose o producton s to produce as muc surpluslue as pssible, as soon as te excangevalue o te producbecomes te decdng actor But ts inerent endency oaptalst poducton does not becoe adequately realized Jdoes no beome iispensable and tat also mens tecnlgicaly ndspensable untl te specc mde f capitalist prductin

an ence te eal ubsumptin labur under capital as beoea realty80 Te atter as already been argued n detal so tat we may be

ute bre ere s a orm o prodcton not bound to a level oneeds lad own n advance and ence t does no predtermnee corse o producton tsel. (ts contradctory caracter ncldes a barrier t prductin wc s constantly strvng overcome. Hec rses verproducton etc Ts s one sde ncontrast to te ormer mode o producton; yo lke s tepostve sde te oter and tere s e egate de tscontradctory caracer: producto n contractn d , derence to te prducer Te real producer as a ere mea prodcton materal wealt as an end n tsel nd so t gwo s matra weal s brout abot n ontradco o ·

e expense o te vdual uman beng Prduiyfabr > J >,

geneal te maximu prt wt e minimum wo

tk

}

o

.:

; �

ence too gs constantly beome ceaper Ts ecoe a:qlv c ndependent o te wll o te ndvdala pals �w

9nl beces ealty ecase nsea o te scale prodconbeng cotrold by estng neds e a y o rods mae

s eerind b e contantl ncasng cale o r_on " _ J • • • · _

.: . ·,_



1038 Aedi

aed by he mode o podcon se. Is am s ha he ndvdapodc shod conan as muc uaid labour ossible, and hss acheed ony by oducig for te sake ofroductio Ths be-

comes manes, o he ne hand as a aw, snce he capas whopodces on oo sma a scae ps moe han he socay necessayqnm o abo no h podcs Tha s o say, becomesmne as a adeqa emodmen o he law of alue whchdeveops y ony on he ondaon o capas podconB, · on he ohe hand, becomes manes as he dese o hendvda capas who, n hs wsh o ende hs aw neecao o ouit it ad n o hs own avaage, edces he i

diidua vae o hs podc o a pon whee alls below ssocay deened vae

Apa om he ncease n he mnmm amon o caitalecessary for roducio, a hese oms o podcon (o eavespvae) have one eae n common Ths s ha he an-aza o cditios o many woes coopeang ogehedecy ems economes And hs conass wh he ag-

menan o condons n smascae podcon, snce he ee ieess o hese coecve condons o podcon does no bngabo a poona ncease n he qany and alue heac ha hey ae emloyed simultaeoly ad collectiely caseshe relaie vae o s (wh eeence o he podc ho-ev chhe abse vae gows

PRCTIV D NPDIV LAB

shod e o deawh hs e beo aj a e o � he cageor caial esng om h capas mode o podcon _

_ . .

Sne e medae ppose an _ auteti rduc o cas podcon s surlusalue lour is l rodcie

andan expoe f abopowe s ony a ouctie orkr o he ceaes surl-alue cy, e he y d

Jao s ha whch s decy cosumed n he os o podc!n h voon o cap

o a e pe snon o he abou pess b eemed re ad a rodut, oe

a om Fm h sp o capas oco eay add he qacaon ha abo s podcve i decy

i

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I

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I ·� I

i :

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Rests o the Immediate Process o Podctio . 1039

aorizes capita or creates surpusvaue Tha is to say it productive f it is r(alized in a surpusvaue wihout an equiaentfor the worer, is creator ; it must appear i n surpus produce, i.

an additional irement of a comody on behaf of the mono�poizer of the means of abour, the capitaist. Ony the abourwhich posits the variabe capita and hence the tota capita asC +AC = C+ is productive It s therefore abour whichdiecty serves capita as the agency of its sevalorizaon ameans for the production of surpusvaue.

The capitalist labour process does not cancel the general de-

itions of the bur process. It produces both product and com-

modity. Labour emains productive as ong as it objectes itsefin commoditie s, as the unity of exchangevaue and usevaue. But the abour process is merey a means for th sefvaorization of capita. Labour is productive, therefore, f it is converted intocommod itie s but when we consider the indiidua commodity wend that a certain proportion of it represents un paid labour, and

when e tak� the mass of commod ities a a whole we nd simiarythat a certain proportion of that aso represents unpaid abour. I

short, it turns out to be a product hat costs he capitalist notn

The worer who performs prod�ctive work is productive and thwork he performs is productive i it directy creates surplus:valuei.e if it valorizes capita

481 t is ony bourgeois obtuseness that encourages the view thatcapitaist production s production in its absoute form, the uniueform of production as prescribed by nature. And ony the bour-geoisie can confuse the questions : what is productive abour? andwhat is a productive worker rom the standpoint of capitaism?with the question what is productive abou as such? And theaone coud rest conten with the tautoogica answer that a abouris productive iit produes, f it resuts in a produc or some orusevaue or in anything at al

The ony productiv worker is one hose abour = the rctive consmption of abourpower of the berer of that abo onthe part of capita or the capitalist

·

Two things foow fro this :First, with the deveopment of the real subsmption olabour -

der capial or the speccal capitalist mode ofroduction the re



1 pei

ever er bur prcess s cresg he ddurker sed burper sciay mbined d he riusmeg brpers hch geher frm he eire prduc

mcie prcpe er diere s he iedeprcess f mkg cmmdes r mre ccure hs ce creg he pr Sme rk beer h he hdshers her heds e s mger egeer echgs, he her s erseer he hird s mu burer r eerudge eer cresg umber f pes f bur re uded he mede ccep f prctive abur d hseh perrm re cssed s prctive rkers rkers direcl

ped b p d subrdiated s prcess f prducd eps e csder he ggrege rer e e ke he members cmprsg he rkshp geher he e seeh er cmbied activity" resus meri aggregaterduc hich s he me ime quantity f gds Ad here ue mer heher he b f prcur rker h sere imb f hs ggrege rker s er r smersce frm he cu mu bur Bu he : he c f

s ggrege burper s s immediate prductive cnsumpti by capita e s he sefr prcess f cpl, ndhece s e sh demsre he mmede prduc frpusue he immediate cversi f th atter int capita

Secd, th e mo r e de a le d d ent o n o f pr o d uc t v e labour fo l lo w sr o m t e c har ac t er s tc fe atur o f c ap tal i st pro d uc to n as w e h ave es cr be e m. I h e rs t place , th e o w ne r o f labo urpow er c o-f r ont s c ap ta or the capt as t, r rat onall y as w e h av e s e en t e x-pr e ss e d as t he seller of h s pr o pe rty. H e s th e d re c t v end or of ivig labur, t f a cmmo dity. H e s a wage-labu rer Ti s th e rst premi ss Se c o nd l y, h o w e ve , onc e t h s pr el imi nar y pr oe ss (w h c h s r e a ly par o f c rc lat n) h as be en nat ed , h s labour -po w e r� h s labour , s d rec ly nco r por at ed nt o th e pr o duc ti o npro c es s o f capt al as a living factr ; t be co me s o ne o f t s cm·

pets, a v arable co mpo ne nt, mo re o ve r , w h ch part ly mant a ns d pr reprduces he cp ues esed g e

rhe augmets hem d hrugh he cre f surpusue rsfrms hem ue rig sef cpTis bur bjectes sef drec durg he bur prcess s

uid quatum f vaue



-:,

I

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1

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•

8

R su t s o f th Immd iat Pro c s s o f Pro d u ctio _

101

It pobe for the rst conditio to b fd and ot th scond A woker can be a wagelabourer, a ay labourer etc Thhapen wheever the econ moment i abent Evey prouctive

worker i a wagelabourer, but not evey wagelabourer s a pro uctve worker Whenever labour purchae to be conume aa usvau a a srvic an not to replace the value of variablecapital wit i own tat an be ncorporate nto te captatproce of proucton weever tat happen, abor notprouctve an te wageabourer i no prouctve worker Hiwok i conume for it usvau not a cating xchang-vau t i onume unproctively, not prouctively Hence te

captalt oe ot encounter it in hi ole of capitalit, a repreentatve of catal Te money tat e pay for t rvu otcapita It conumpton to be formuate not a MC buta CC (te lat beng te abour or srvic itelf. Te moneyfuncton here only a a mn of crculation, not a captal

The srvcs tat te capitalit by freely or ner compulion(for example from the tate) for ther uevalue are not conumeprouctivel an cannot factors of capita any more tan

the commodiis he buy for h peronal conumption They o notbcome factor of captal ; tey are trefore not prouctve labouran thoe who carry them out are not productiv okrs

The more prouction become the proucton of commote,the ore eac peon ha o, an whe to, bcome a dar icomoditis then e more everyone want mke money, etherfrom a pouct, or from h srvics f hi prouct only exitnatural n the ormof a ervce, an th mony-maing appeara the utmate purpoe of activity of every kin 2� In capitaitprocton te tenency for a prouct to be commoitie: a al labour to be agabour become abolute A whoe ma of

fncion an atvitie wic ormer a an aura of Jtbou them, whch pae a en in hemselve hc

w

t

� performe for noting or were payment wa ma n U \� - ·

about way (ike all the profeion, barrter octor,

E

gl

:

were the barrter an te pyician neither coul nor can

<

··or payment th very ay a thee become ecty onve _ { nto ag-abourrs however varou ther actvite a a

itote [ ae 23 n. 6



Aped

may e29 Ad o the othe had thei vauatio the price ofthese dieet activities fom the postitute to the kig ecomessuject to the laws that gve the price f wagelabur he im

picatios of this ast poit shoud e expoed i a specia teatiseo wageaou ad wages athe tha hee. Now he fact thatwith the gowth of capitaist poductio a services ecome tasfomed ito wagelabur, ad those who pefom them ito wagelaburers, meas that tey tedceasigy to cofused with theoductive woke just ecause they shae this chaaceistic wthhim. his ofusio is the oe temptig ecause it aises fmcapitait rducti ad is typica of it. O the othe had it aso

eates a opig fo its apoogsts to covet the poductivewoke simpy ecause hes a wageaoue ito a woke whooy exchages his services ie. his aou as a usvaue foey his makes it easy fo them to goss ve the specic atueof this ' poductive woke ad of capiaist poductio as thepoductio of supsvaue as the sevaoiatio of capita which ivig aou is o moe tha the agey t has emodied iitsef. A soie is a wageaoue a meceay ut this does ot

make a poductive woke of himuthe eo spigs fom two soucesFirst, withi capitaist poductio thee ae aways cetai pats

of the poductive poss that ae caied out i a way typica ofearlier des f pducti i which the eatios of capital adagel bur did ot yet exist ad wheei cosequec the capitast cocepts of prductive ad upouctive aou ae qite i

appicae But i ie with te doiat mode of poducto evethose kids of aou which hae ot e ujugated y capita•s i eaty ae so i thought Fo exampe the sef-empyigwoke is his ow wage-aoue his ow meas of poductioappea to hm i his ow mid as capita As his ow capitaist heputs hsf o wok as wage-aoue Suc aomaies ovidewecome opotuities f a ots of hot ai a ou the dieeceetwee pouctie ad uouctive aou

83 Secd, cetai kids of uprductie rk ma e icdeaected o the pocess of poductio ad thei price may eete ito the price f the cmdy cosequece the moeyaid out fo them may fom pat of the capital veted ad the

9 Miesto o the Commuis Pt (1848 [The Revolutios o 1848, ibid.]



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esuts f the Immediate rcess f rducti 1

abou they equie may appea to be abou exchaged ot oreveue but diecy o capita As a exampe o hs et us coside taxes the pce o gove

met sevices ut taxes beog to faux frais de prducti adas a as capitast poductio is coceed they ae uttey advtitius ad aythig but a ecessay itisic pheomeor sutig om it o exampe a idirect taxes ae covetedito direct oes the txes wi be paid ow as beoe bu he wcease to be capita ivestmet ad w istead e the disbusemeto reveue he act that this meamophosis is posibe shos tssupecia extea ad icideta atue as as it touces th

capiaispocess poductio A compaabe meamophoss ipodcive abou o the he had woud ma the ed o heeveue m capia ad o capia ise

Fuhe exampes ae ega poceedgs cotacta aeemtsetc A mattes o ths sot ae coceed wih sipuatios twee commodity wes as bues ad sees o goods a haveothig t do with the eatos betwee capita ad abou hoseegage thm may becoe the wgeabou o caita tthi does ot make poducive wokes o them ·

rdu ctive abur is meey a abbevaio o he etie opex o activiies o abou d aopowe wihi the capastpocss o poductio hus whe speak o prctive abrwe mea sciay dtermied aou abou which mpies a quie·spec etioshibetwe the bye ad see o abou Putive bou is exchged diecy o ey as ·aita ie

moey whic is itisicay a ta whch isdesied o ioas cita ad whch cots aou powe · as cpita Thus

dctiv au is abou whh ohe oke oy<eucesthe aue bou-po s ·eemie" beoa, l sa vauceaig

activiy

it vois ca ad .s ·

woke with e �s;

eat aasme c The spcic eaiosip etee objc d

.

·

and

v

in

g

q ·l

t

a -· . . .

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covets the me ito caia as tus the tte itopld.�#� -.

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· -The seci poduct o the pitaist pocess o pi

supus-vaue isate y throuh xchag Wrabur

· · · ·

·.

: . · : c_ - ; · : ly

*Incdn css rd cn· ! . . . . : .



1 Appei

What gve t a specc use-vaue o cata not t atcuautiity, any moe than the aticua uefu quaitie o the ouctn which it objecte. I ue to caita i it abity to genete

exchangevae (uuvaue). The cata oce of oucton oe not jut nvove eoucton of omote. It i a oce whch abob unaabou, which make the mean of oucton nto te mean extoting unai abu.

om the fegoing it evnt thafo abour to be desigaterocive, quate ae equie whih e uttey unconnecteit te specc ctet o the abou ith it aticu utit the uevaue whch it i obectie.

ence abou wt the sae cote can e ethe ouctve o

uncieo ntanc, Mton who wote aradise Lost, \a a uno

utve oke. On the othe han a wite ho t out wo o _hi ubih in facoy ty i a ouctvewoke Mtoouc aradise ost a ikom ouce k a te act

vaton ofhis ow

natue. e at o h out fo £5 an thbecame a mechnt. But the iteay oetaan of Lezg whouce book, uch comenia on oitica ecom, at thebehet o hi ubihe i etty eay a octve woke

h oucti6 taken oe by caita a oy ocu n oe ee i. Aige wh ng e a n unouctve wo. •I s ong f e, he i to that extent a waao o ct a ige ene b

enteene ma ig to make ney, n e CO ctiworker,

>ce e odus {ect Achomat

w}ct.t i nta outie e ut

acolte_ ho k ge h ntituo ong i othe, g ona& nce ey o the teU who n te oegem0ngttutin, a cti oke Bu� _ f the at rk �f th ot ha eh te ge of bg uue eenomay ue

caita, an beong eentiay to a tanitona tage e wo, e f th e nu a evce an : ' � - -� ' } not 1n ouc eae fom th woke an hence not ceo extng a cmmoitie nenenty of him, but whch eyet caabe o being iecty exoite i capitat em a omicocoic igncance when coa with the a ota



Re sul t s o f t he I mmedi at e Proce s s o f rotion 105

production. T hey may e entrely negeced, heref or�, and an e

deal with under the category of wage -labour that IS not at he

same ime productive labour.

It is possible for work of one ype such as garenin, ailoingetc) to be performed by the sae working man either in the service of an industral captast or on ehaf of he immedae cosumer He is a wage-labourer or day laoure in eithe stuaton,only he is a pducive worker in he one case and upduciv ihe oher, because in the one he produces captal and in he other

not; because in the one case hs work is a facor n he selvaorzation process capital and in he othe i is no.A arge par of the annua poduc which is consue as evenue

and hence does o eene producion as is means, consiss ofhe mos awdy products (use-values) designed to gratfy he ompovershed appettes and fances As fr as the queston of pructive abour is concerned, howeer, he nature of these objectsis quite imaeral (although obviously he deveopment of wealth

woul ievialy eceive a check a dspropotonae par wereto be reproduced in this way insead of being changed back inohe eans of producton and subsistence, to become absorbedonce more productively ·consmed, in sho into he processof reroducion ether of commodities or of laour-power). Tsso f produtve labou prouces usevalues and obecties elf prducs tha are desned oly fo unroductive consuptioIn i reli, a �rticles, he have no use-value for the pres

of repduction. (For hey could acquire his ony thrug mta-bsm, thrugh the exchange _ it productive s-as uh iis ny a' dsplaceen <where hey us e Cue li

eproducively Ote u res falig ino he cagor ·rWproductive consumpion CoJ4, need e, aso f1ctn agncta M e a ut i n .Bk ( �p I,*' on h

proce S

;

i

�f

. .eproducio We would ae onl one coet hee ; :

cito: !inary eic eo nd i pSi tqflt

·.sge sile wrd on t arrirs o he producin

<

h�

:even fr he standpi f cpials iself. The mat rJ

s

ye�¥

mpl, oevr, f h elmens of he posso pC>

c

f(n:

eined sematically. fhe process f pr<#ltig).su

f

�

he, or i pogess in o fa as this s aa d b

•ie� Vl 2 P Fou. ,� �-



106 Apex

hnaura grow of h ouaon i hd u y h diroorona divrion of protve abor ino unrroduivari i foow ha h man of un or roduon w

no rodud n h nary quani n ha vn o o ondmn h manufau of uury god fom handoi of aii roduon_ Fo h howv uxurgood a aouy nay for a mod f roduon whhra wah for h non-rodu and whih hrfor muovid ha wah in fom whih rmi aquiiion ony ho who njoy)

For h workr hm h roduv aour, ik any o, i

imy a man of rroduing h man of un h quir or h aia o whom oh h naur of h uvauad h harar of h aua on aour mod amar of om ndirn i my n moyn de attr�monnae de prodre a rvae.*

85 _ Th dr dnpodve and nprodtve aou in rohi matera onn ha a hf od our.

1 T fihm ua o h aai mod of roduonfm whh ari Thi oni in garding no agoi uh a ig a ommody o prodtve aour a qua n h mara nanaion f h fma d maion or ago; .

2 ookng a h au o a uh aou hd

rodtve ony i i ru in aprodt and in w ar nrndn\h mara wah mu a materil p dc�); . (3) ln h t f roduion ondn only i

ea om a va drn whh hoaOn of h wn aour w h i gagd � r·n o roduion an aur onrnd uy wh uu

J '

·_ Exmp ia mr f om drn o m wh I a of ro r o w!J uy h o nd hv aai' aan om ino my hu and y him for h eres

akin i ) y fo mrh

n ao

u ia n ihr a v h mny n io a uau ha fo ar of m ddua onuon, an a ignd gafy m divda nd d no ino aia ai a rfor h dia serve fo m v .

• A mea �f coining money of produing. surplus-vau'



I . \

I ,

Rests of the Immedate Process ofProdcto 17

of wheter e wrks fr te mercant tir, or i my me. Ote ter and en te ae tailr' aitant epled b merant tailr te ervi e pefrm r tat capitalit i tate de 12 u wk ad paid nl r Te evie e perr, ten, i tat de ur rk fr ntig. e ct tti tanatin i ebdied n te actin f maing truer nyconceas t el natue A n a e can te mecant tilee t nvert e uer bak nt mne, i.e. nt a fm Wi te diinctive caracter f te rk f tailing a ttallydiappeared nd te eice perfrmed ecme ebded i at tat ne taler a bce .)

In genral, e ma a tat servce i merel a expreinfortepatiula ue-value f labur ere latter i ueful t article, ut a an ativit Do tfacasfaco t facas faco t sdo t des•- l e re ntrcangeable ulae e aeituatn, eea in capitt prducon te do t facas expree a il pi relatinip beteen ateral ealt and vinglabur Sine, terefre, n t prchase of servces te ecicrelatin f captal and lbur nt cntained t eier lt

erated r ipl abent t i naturlly t f preferred by SaBtiat nd Co t epre te reaton f capta bor

Te rer, t purae servces wi i mne Ti f expenditure, but n t me nt cap

N ne bu edical r legal ece mea o convete mneyld ut nt capitaL

A ge pr io of servces beongs t te costs of en·

s uin prd uce. Ck f r exampleThe dstinction between productive a nrodutiv lo u

depends merly on whether la u is exhangd mon .a

moey o f o money apital; Fo ista e, i I uyproduc =

e]f eplying worker, rt, etc the tegoy de oe

�

_

t t dion bec e thre o di ex hang mn d a o ur of any kid, b ut oly bewenmone y

ad J�

, _dce :

:f h

486 In the ce on-m eri oucio there re s

*'I gv e so t h t ou may o, Ido o t ou a o� I do s . t· n ve, lge so that you may gv' ·

· -

t S abo 30, n



8 ppe

es, een where t s undertaken prey fo the sake exchangeproducng goods etc:

It results n commodtes whc exst separatey from the producer, e they can crcuate the nteral between productonand consumpton as commodtes, eg books, pantngs and alproducts of art as dstnct from the artstc acheement of tepractsng artst Here captalst producton s possble only wthnery narrow mts Apart fro such cases as, say, scuptors whoemploy assstants, these people (where they are not ndependentmanly work for mrchant's captal, eg booksellers, a patethat s only transtonal n tself and can only ead to a cpitstmoe o poution in the om

sense. Nor s the poston alteredb the fact that explotaton s at ts greatest precsely n theseranstonal forms

2 The roduct s not separabe from the act of producng Heret the ·capast · mode · of prodcton occurs only on a mtedscale and the nature of the case t can operate only n certanareas an the octo and nt hs errand boy) For exmpe nteachng nsttutons the teachers can be no more tan wage

laborers for the entrepreneur of the learnng factory. Such per�pheral phenomena can gnored when consderng captalst producton as a whoe

'The pouctie lboue [s one ho] drectl ncreases hismstes weth (Maltus, Pnces o Poitic Economy, 2nded, London, [ 47, note

The distinction between productive and unproductve labour is ital r accumultion. since nly he exchange for productiveabour can saiy one of he condiion for he reconversion ofsurplus-value into capita.

As he represenaive o pr ductive capita l engaged in e pro· ess of self expansion, he caiis performs a prouctive func-ion. I onsiss i he direcion an exploiaton of producive labor In conrast to his fellw-consumers of surplus-al ue ho

sand n no such immediae nd cive relaionship o heir pro� duction, his class is the proctive class par excellence (As te iretor of he labour process he capitaist rorms productive ourn the sense that his la our is involved in the ota .processthat is realized in the prou·ct) We are concerned .here only

with

capital within the immediate process of production The other fun�



Reults of the Imeite Process of Poction 9

ions f capita and he agents hich empys thin hem oa subjt o eft for ater

The denition of pouctive lbour and hence of its opposie

poctie labour) is bas on the fact that he production ofapita is the production of srpusvaue d the labour t epoys is labour that produces surplUsvlue

NET AD GROSS PRODUC

(his ts better perhaps in Bk I Chaper HISince the purpose of capitaist production (and hence ofproctv

labour) is not the existence of he producer but the producion ofsurpus-vaue� i folows tha all necessary bour whch does noproduce surpus abour is superuous and wohless to capitaisproduction. he same holds good for a nao of capialists. Allpouit but [goss produce ] which merely reprodces the workeri.e. which creates no poui ne surplus produce s ust

superuous as the worker himself. Thus workers ho wereindispensabe for the creation ofprouit net at a certain stage of

development can become superuous t a more advanced stage ofproduction hich_has no need of thei services. n oher wordsony the number of peope protable to capitalism is necessaryThe same holds good for the nation of capitalists. Is not he reanterest of a nation simiar to the interest of a prvate capitaisfor whom it would be a mater quite indierent whther hiscapita would em poy a hndred or a ousand en • . . provdedhis pros on a capita of

£20000were no dmished below

£2000 '? 'Provided its net real ncome ts rents and pros be thesame it is of no importance whether the nationconsists of ten or of

capital appendix.pdf

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