Capital budgeting

By:Suvash Timalsina (142)

The process of decision making with respect to investments in fixed assets—that is, should a proposed project be accepted or rejected

1.Meaning

Determine whether a new project should be accepted or rejected using the payback period, net present value, the profitability index, and the internal rate of return

Discuss the trends in the use of different capital-budgeting criteria

Cash flow assesment

2.Learning objectives

3. Capital Budgeting Decision Criteria

The Payback Period Net Present Value Profitability Index Internal Rate of Return

3.1Payback Period ExampleExample: Project with an initial cash outlay of Rs20,000 with following free cash flows for 5 years.

PBP= min. yr+ amt. to be recovered/ nxt yr cash flowPayback is 4 years.

YEAR CASH FLOW BALANCE1 Rs 8,000 (Rs 12,000)2 4,000 ( 8,000)3 3,000 ( 5,000)4 5,000 05 10,000 12,000

With undiscounted free cash flows, the payback period is only 2 years while with discounted free cash flows (at 17%), the discounted payback period is 3.07 years

3.2 Net Present Value (NPV)

Meaning: NPV is equal to the present value of all future free cash flows less the investment’s initial outlay. It measures the net value of a project in today’s dollars.

NPV Example Example: Project with an initial cash

outlay of $60,000 with following free cash flows for 5 years.

Year FCF Year FCFInitial outlay –60,000 3 13,0001 –25,000 4 12,0002 –24,000 5 11,000

The firm has a 15% required rate of return.

NPV Example

PV of FCF = $60,764 Subtracting the initial cash outlay of

$60,000 leaves an NPV of $764. Since NPV > 0, project is feasible.

3.3 Profitability Index (PI)(Benefit-Cost ratio) Meaning: PI is the ratio of the present value

of the future free cash flows (FCF) to the initial outlay. It yields the same accept/reject decision as NPV.

PI = PV of FCF/Initial outlay

PI Example

FCF PVF @ 10% PV

Initial Outlay –$50,000 1.000 –$50,000

Year 1 15,000 0.909 13,636Year 2 8,000 0.826 6,612Year 3 10,000 0.751 7,513Year 4 12,000 0.683 8,196Year 5 14,000 0.621 8,693

Year 6 16,000 0.564 9,032

PI Example

PI = ($13,636 + $6,612+$7,513 + $8,196 + $8,693+ $9,032) / $50,000= $53,682/$50,000

= 1.0736Project’s PI is greater than 1. Therefore, accept.

3.4 Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

Meaning: IRR is the discount rate that equates the present value of a project’s future net cash flows with the project’s initial cash outlay

Decision Rule: ◦If IRR Required Rate of Return, accept◦If IRR < Required Rate of Return, reject