capital university law review
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ENYOHK NR\ @NMBY% ENYOHK NR\ [C_% N\ LNZ@>
GN\BIENYR\B% INRHZ_ T\NTB\Z_ \BIN\JY% CHJZ@B MN\ZKCKB BEBIZ\NHOI \BKOYZ\CZONH
Y_YZBMI@\OYZNT@B\ETBZB\YNH&
O wnuej eoab tn lbkoh ly bi`nohk snmb t`cha ynus% t`b gorst tn
Trngbssnr Myrnh Krcubr gnr `os gohb `nspotceoty @b `cs tcabh sui` knnj
icrb ng Ytbvbh chj O w`oeb wb `cvb lbbh oh tnwh O wnuej cesn eoab tn
t`cha Jbch Yompsnh gnr `os aohj `nspotceoty% chj O wnuej cesn eoab tn t`cha
Icpotce Rhovbrsoty Ecw \bvobw% cs t`by `cvb lbbh krbct tn wnra wot`%
pcrtoiuecrey \ci`be Kckhnh% t`b Bjotnr oh I`obg Cs wb wbrb i`cttohk t`os
mnrhohk% O ebcrhbj t`ct s`b jnbs hnt `cvb c fnl ybt chj s`b `cs lbbh cinhsummctb prngbssonhce% sn O wnuej eoab tn pecib c snrt ng `bep wchtbj
lrnabrckb aohj ng t`ohk `brbog chy ng ynu crb ennaohk gnr ch cssnioctb O
t`oha ynu inuej jn sokhogoichtey wnrsb [ot` t`ct% t`cha ynu gnr t`b `nhnr
ng cppbcrohk tnjcy Ot os c rbce pebcsurb tn lb brb
Knejmch Yci`s os prnfbitohk twbevb moeeonh gnrbiensurbs nh cee typbs
ng enchs nvbr t`b hbxt govb ybcrs3 Z`ct os twbevb moeeonh gnrbiensurbs Z`b
humlbr inmbs nut bcsoey% lut ebts t`oha clnut w`ct t`ct humlbr cituceey
mbchs Og wb fust cssumb gnr c mnmbht t`ct t`brb os nhb pbrsnh eovohk oh
bci` ng t`nsb `nusbs (nlvonusey cvbrckb gcmoeobs crb clnut
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Gorst% O woee josiuss t`b ebkce chj pneotoice lciakrnuhjs ng nur echj toteb
rbinrjohk systbms Ybinhj% O woee josiuss t`b lusohbss prcitoibs chj w`ct O
lbeobvb os c prnlebmctoi ebkce gnuhjctonh gnr t`os hbw MB\Y systbm t`ct
`cs rbpecibj t b nejbr trcjotonhce systbm Gohceey% O woee nggbr c lot ng
chceysos ct t`b bhj clnut w`ct O t`oha MB\Y tbees us clnut t`b gohchioce
irosos% nur puleoi ohgnrmctonh ohgrcstruiturb t`ct suppnrts inmmbrib oh nur
sniobty% chj snmb t`nuk`ts clnut jbmnirctoi knvbrhchib ng inmmbrib
Gorst os c eotteb lciakrnuhj clnut t`b stctb echj toteb rbinrjohk systbms
Z`b nt`br ebiturbr% Trngbssnr Yi`wcriz% pnohtbj nut `nw ot os joggoiuet ohnur sniobty% chj cee sniobtobs% tn ahnw w`n nwhs snmb t`ohks Gnr
bxcmpeb% snmb t`ohks crb bcsobrmy hbiatob Bvbrynhb gbbes prbtty
inmgnrtcleb wot` t`b ahnwebjkb t`ct O nwh my hbiatob [b jnht hbbj tn
`cvb c systbm t`ct rbinrjs w`n nwhs hbiatobs Ot os crnuhj my hbia% ot os
hnt wnrt` t`ct mui`1 bvbrynhb os woeeohk tn kubss t`ct ybs% t`ct os
prnlcley `os hbiatob [b jn hnt hbbj tn spbhj tnn mui` tomb nh t`ct
Cet`nuk` wb jn `cvb ch Crtoieb ? pbrsnhce prnpbrty systbm w`brb wb
inuej% O suppnsb% rbinrj sbiuroty ohtbrbsts oh hbiatobs Ngtbh ot os hnt jnhb
lbicusb ot os fust hnt wnrt` ot
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094 ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460 Z`b nrokohctnr mcabs t`b ench tn t`b ebhjbr%
rbinrjohk t`b nrokohce mnrtkckb oh t`b hcmb ng MB\Y wot` t`b inuhty
rbinrjbrs nggoib1 lut cs t`b sbeebr puri`csbs ot% ohstbcj ng `cvohk ch
cssokhmbht ng t`b mnrtkckb rbinrjbj cenhk wot` t`b trchsgbr ng t`b hntb%
t`b gohchioce ohstotutonh woee sompey rbinrj ch cssokhmbht ng t`b mnrtkckb
nr t`b jbbj ng trust tn MB\Y23 Tbr`cps t`b nwhbrs`op ng t`b hntb os
trchsgbrrbj cs ch Crtoieb 9 trchsgbr% ch ohjnrsbmbht ng t`b hntb1 nr% ot inuej
lb ch Crtoieb ? trchsgbr w`brb t`by fust scy t`by crb luyohk ot ohstbcj ng
p`ysoiceey trchsgbrrohk t`b hntb Z`b inuhty rbce prnpbrty rbinrjs
ohirbcsohkey s`nw t`b hcmb ng MB\Y rbpbctbj nvbr chj nvbr chj nvbrOhstbcj ng t`b cituce inmpchobs ohvnevbj% MB\Y os c pecib`nejbrot
prbtbhjs tn nwh t`b ench oh t`b inuhty rbce prnpbrty rbinrjohk systbm2
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stctb=CE (Gnrbiensohk c ench oh t`b
hcmb ng Mnrtkckb Bebitrnhoi \bkostrctonh Yystbms% Ohi os snmbt`ohk hbw oh t`b
gnrbiensurb crbhc @nwbvbr MB\Y stchjs oh t`b scmb pnsotonh tn gnrbiensb cs t`b
sbrvoibr MB\Y% eoab t`b sbrvoibr% woee lb t`b rbinrj mnrtkckb `nejbr/22Oj27Ybb Ebkce Jniumbhts% Ohstruitonhs% BGCHHOBMCBINM%`ttps6..wwwbgchhobmcbinm.
sg.gnrmsjnis.jniumbhts.sbiohstrumbhts.jni.94:2jni (ecst vosotbj Mcr
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09< ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460 C hnmohbb os c gnrm ng spbioce purpnsb ckbht2; Ot
os ch ckbht t`ct cits nh lb`ceg ng snmbnhb besb Yn w`bh O rbcj t`ctsbhtbhib% ot sbbms tn mbch t`ct t`b ebhjbr os t`b pcrty t`ct `cs t`b rbce
gohchioce ohtbrbstt`b pcrty t`ct nwhs t`b mnrtkckbchj t`us nwhs t`b
rok`t tn gnrbiensb% lut MB\Y woee rbprbsbht t`b ebhjbr cs ch ckbht Z`ct
mcabs sbhsb @nwbvbr% t b vbry hbxt sbhtbhib oh t`b jniumbhts scys%
MB\Y os t`b mnrtkckbb20 [`bh O rbcj t`ct gnr t`b gorst tomb% O rbceey
sircti`bj my bcj Z`bsb crb ebkce tbrms Tbnpeb t`rnw stugg oh inhtrcits
cee t`b tomb1 ot joj hnt rbceey lnt`br mb tnn mui` @nwbvbr% ot ebgt mb c
eotteb uhsbttebj% lbicusb O joj hnt quotb uhjbrstchj `nw t`nsb twn sbhtbhibs
wbht wot` bci` nt`br Os MB\Y t`b hnmohbb ng t`b mnrtkckbb> Nr% os
MB\Y t`b mnrtkckbb otsbeg> Lbicusb og chyt ohk% ynu ichhnt lnt` nwh
chj hnt nwh t`b mnrtkckb ct t`b scmb tomb Ynmbnhb os t`b nwhbr ng t`ct
mnrtkckb chj snmblnjy os hnt t`b nwhbr ng t`b mnrtkckb Yn w`oi` osMB\Y>
Cgtbr t`ohaohk clnut t`os gnr clnut twn ybcrs% chj kbttohk mnrb chj
mnrb grustrctbj% hbvbr `bcrohk chynhb kovb mb w`ct sbbmbj tn mb c
sctosgcitnry chswbr t`ct O inuej uhjbrstchj% O jbiojbj t`ct MB\Y os hnt t`b
mnrtkckbb O ahnw t`b inhtrcit scys t`ct% lut MB\Y os hnt rbceey t`b
mnrtkckbb% chj `brb os w`y Gorst% MB\Y os hnt bhtotebj tn rbibovb t`b
prnibbjs ng t`b gnrbiensurb sceb [`nbvbr ot os t`ct kbts t`b mnhby chj os
bhtotebj tn t`ct mnhby ct t`b bhj ng t`b jcy w`bh t`b gnrbiensurb just
sbttebs os rbceey t`b mnrtkckbb Z`ct pbrsnh nwhs t`b eobh Ybinhj% MB\Y
os hnt bhtotebj tn rbibovb chy mnht`ey pcymbhts nh t`b hntb Z`orj% MB\Y
jnbs hnt pcy chy vceub gnr ots eobh Omckohb t`ct O wbht tn Iotolcha chj
scoj Iotolcha% O wnuej eoab tn puri`csb snmb ng ynur vceucleb eobh
gnrbiensurb rok`ts Ich O `cvb t`bm gnr grbb> O t`oha t`ct t`by prnlcley
wnuej hnt jn t`ct Oh gcit% oh t`b ohvbrsb% gohchioce ohstotutonhs pcy MB\Y
gnr t`b rok`t tn prbtbhj t`ct MB\Y os t`b nwhbr ng t`b eobh Hnrmceey% og
ynu crb ciquorohk snmbt`ohk% MB\Y wnuej `cvb tn pcy t`b gohchioce
ohstotutonhs gnr t`b rok`t Z`brbgnrb% og ynu enna ct w`n os pcyohk gnr w`ct%
ot jnbs hnt mcab chy sbhsb tn scy t`ct MB\Y `cs cituceey nwhbj
snmbt`ohk% sohib MB\Y os hnt luyohk chyt`ohk Gohceey% gnurt`% wb `cvb c
vbhbrcleb trcjotonh oh nur sniobty ng ennaohk ct binhnmoi sulstchib tn
2; LECIAY EC[ JOIZONHC\_ 34;7 (0t` bj
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09: ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460
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097 ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460 Og ynurb c pcrcebkce nr c goeb iebra%
lbicusb ynu prbssbj sulmot nh t`b Ohtbrhbt% ynu hnw `nej t`b toteb ngcssostcht sbirbtcry ng MB\Y Z`ct os t`b toteb t`ct t`bsb pbnpeb crb
ohstruitbj tn put nh cee jniumbhts t`ct crb sokhbj gnr MB\Y ly ibrtogyohk
nggoibrs Oh c gbw stctbs (Mcryechj% Mossossoppo% Hblrcsac% Naec`nmc%
Achscs/% t`by wcht ynu tn lb voib prbsojbht1 t`brbgnrb% oh t`nsb stctbs ynu
ich lb c voib prbsojbht;7 O `cvb sbbh t`bm sokh cs voib prbsojbht oh ents ng
nt`br stctbs tnn t`ct crb hnt nh t`os eost O t`oha ot mcy lb lbicusb ot os fust
mnrb guh tn sokh ynur hcmb cs c voib prbsojbht Og ynu crb c goeb iebra%
w`ct jn ynu wcht tn lb% ch cssostcht sbirbtcry nr c voib prbsojbht> Oh
cjjotonh tn cee t`os% ynu ich luy c inrpnrctb sbce gnr *
C6 Hn
S6 @cvb ynu bvbr spnabh wot` chynhb ct MB\Y>
C6 Hn
S6 @cvb ynu bvbr `cj b-mcoe trchsmossonhs lcia chj gnrt` wot`
chynhb grnm MB\Y>
C6 Hn
;7Oj;;Oj
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C6 Hn
S6 Chj O kubss ct snmb pnoht% snmblnjy bxpecohbj tn ynu t`ct ynu
wbrb c Ibrtogobj Nggoibr os t`ct inrrbit>
C6 _bs
S6 Chj w`ct jn ynu rbmbmlbr cs tn t`bor bxpechctonh cs tn w`ct
t`ct mbcht>
C6 [`y O wcs lbohk i`nsbh cs c Ibrtogobj Nggoibr>
S6 _bs
C6 Z`ct ot wcs cituceey c krnup ng us% wb `cj nhb mbbtohk chj t`by
bxpecohbj t`ct pbnpeb t`ct `cj ch uhjbrstchjohk ng w`ct chcssokhmbht wcs wbrb knohk tn kn c`bcj chj lbinmb ibrtogobj
nggoibrs lbicusb wb t`bh `cj cut`nrozctonh tn bxbiutb nh lb`ceg ng
MB\Y ;0
Ynmb ng ynu `cvb `bcrj ng t`b rnln-sokhohk sichjce oh t`b prbss
Cee ng t`bsb rnln-sokhbrs crb voib prbsojbhts ng MB\Y;? Z`ct os w`n
t`by crb
Hnw O wcht tn turh tn t`b prnlebmctoi ebkce gnuhjctonh ng MB\Y O
t`oha t`ct t`os struiturb% t`os lusohbss mnjbe% cituceey `cs snmb ebkce
prnlebms
Ct gorst t`nuk`t% ot sbbms t`ct MB\Y s`nuej hnt `cvb stchjohk oh
gnrbiensurb icsbs wot`nut c prnpbrey ohjnrsbj prnmossnry hntb Rhebss
t`by crb c `nejbr ng t`ct hntb% t`by crb hnt t`b cpprnproctb pcrty tn lrohk c
gnrbiensurb citonh
[`y jn O t`oha t`ct> \biceeohk t bEnhkch icsb% t`b Yuprbmb Inurt ng
Achscs `bej t`ct MB\Y joj hnt jbmnhstrctb% oh gcit joj hnt cttbmpt tn
jbmnhstrctb% t`ct Qt`by] pnssbssbj chy tchkoleb ohtbrbst oh t`b mnrtkckb
lbynhj c hnmohce jbsokhctonh cs t`b mnrtkcknr04 Z`b inurt scoj
mnrtkcknrO t`oha t`by mbch mnrtkckbb @cvohk suggbrbj hn ohfury%
QMB\Y] jnbs hnt quceogy gnr prntbitonh uhjbr t`b Jub Trnibss Iecusb ng
;0 Ybb Jbpnsotonh ng Aomlbrey Eoti`gobej ct 97% [bees Gcrkn Lcha% HC v Wch
Yobkmch% Hn 37-
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090 ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460 Ot
scoj6 MB\Y os t`b mnrtkckbb Z`b Yuprbmb Inurt ng Mcohb scoj6MB\Y os hnt c mnrtkckbb02 Z`ct sbbms tn lb c prbtty lok josirbpchiy
prbtty iensb tn x chj hnt x Z`os mcy lb c rbce% uhjbreyohk prnlebm gnr
snmb ng t`b nt`br ojbcs t`ct crb lb ohj cee t os Jn hnt tcab mb tn
rbprbsbht t`ct cee ng t`b icsbs crb knohk ckcohst MB\Y Oh gcit% O t`oha t`b
mcfnroty ng t`b icsbs crb knohk cenhk wot` MB\Y Ot os fust t`ct% oh my
`umleb npohonh% t`nsb icsbs jn hnt mcab chy sbhsb O jn hnt uhjbrstchj
t`bm chj O jn hnt uhjbrstchj `nw MB\Y ich lnt` lb ch ckbht chj c
mnrtkckbb ct t`b scmb tomb
Ot cesn sbbms t`ct MB\Y s`nuej rbceey lb rbkcrjbj cs c jblt ineebitnr
uhjbr t`b Gbjbrce Gcor Jblt Ineebitonh Trcitoibs Cit07 \bicee t`ct c jblt
ineebitnr% uhjbr t`os inhsumbr prntbitonh stctutb% mbchs chy pbrsnh oh t`b
lusohbss% t`b prohiopce purpnsb ng w`oi` os t`b ineebitonh ng chy jblts
nwbj tn snmblnjy besb% tn chnt`br pbrsnh0; Og MB\Y jnbs hnt rbceey nwh
chyt`ohk% w`ct os ot cituceey jnohk>
03Oj ct 3;40
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MB\Y nhey lbinmbs ohvnevbj oh t`b ench nhib t`b ench os oh jbgcuet
chj t`by ohotoctb t b gnrbiensurb citonh Z`ct os t`b scmb snrt ng rneb t`ct c
jblt ineebitonh ckbhiy pecys [b nuk`t tn `cvb t`b jblt ineebitonh stctubcppey tn t`b inmpchy t`ct os t`b jblt ineebitnr gnr cee t`b jbeohqubht
mnrtkckbs O jn hnt wcht tn lbeclnr ot% lut nhb mnrb prnvosonh oh t`ct
stctutb scys6
Ot os uhecwgue tn jbsokh% inmpoeb% chj gurhos` chy gnrm
ahnwohk t`ct sui` gnrm wnuej lb usbj tn irbctb t`b gcesb
lbeobg oh c inhsumbr t`ct c pbrsnh nt br t`ch t`b irbjotnr ng
sui` inhsumbr os pcrtoiopctohk oh t`b ineebitonh ng nr oh ch
cttbmpt tn ineebit c jblt w`bh oh gcit sui` pbrsnh os
hnt sn pcrtoiopctohk?4
Os t`ct hnt bxcitey t`b aohj ng t`ohk t`ct os `cppbhohk oh nur gnrbiensurb
citonhs> Z`b pcpbrwnra t`ct gcioeotctbs gnrbiensurb wnuej ebcj snmblnjy
tn lbeobvb t`ct snmbnhb nt`br t`ch t`b irbjotnr os cttbmptohk tn ineebit t`b
jblt [`bh w`ct wb rbceey `cvb os ch bmpenybb ng t`b sbrvoibr w`n os
prbtbhjohk tn lb MB\Y% w`n os prbtbhjohk tn nwh t`b ench nh lb`ceg ng t`b
sbrvoibr Ot os c 974-jbkrbb oeeusonh t`ct os irbctbj t`rnuk t`bsb ckbhiy
ojbcs Oh chy bvbht ot sbbms t`ct t`os os mosebcjohk tn t`b ebcst
snp`ostoictbj inhsumbr?3 [b nuk`t tn lb mnrb ichjoj chj gnrt`inmohk
w`bh wb tcab `nmbs cwcy grnm pbnpebpbnpeb eoab Icrebhb Lcejbrrcmc
00 Tbtbrsnh%suprc hntb
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0:< ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460 Og ynu rbcj t`b w`neb
jniumbht% t`b nhey pbrsnh bvbr eostbj cs c krchtbb ng t`b prnpbrty rok`t os
MB\Y Z`us% MB\Y os t`b mnrtkckbb343 Nhey ct ebcst oh Mcohb%
MB\Y os hnt t`b mnrtkckbb34< Yn w`n os t b krchtbb> Jnbs t`ct mbch
t`ct wb cutnmctoiceey rbgnrm t`b krchtbb tn lb t`b ebhjbr% bvbh t`nuk` t`b
ebhjbr wcs hnt hcmbj cs sui`> My sbhsb os t ct uhjbr knnj nej-gcs`onhbj
prnpbrty ecw% inurts jn hnt fust stcrt poiaohk c hbw krchtbb Og t`b jbbj joj
hnt eost snmblnjy w`n os ch beokoleb krchtbb% t`bh t`ct mbchs t`ct t`b jbbj
gcoebj cs c inhvbychib% chj ynu `cvb tn try ot ckcoh349 Z`ct os hnt tn scy
wb inuej hnt `cvb ch bquotcleb mnrtkckb ohstbcj% fust eoab% gnr bxcmpeb%
prnmossnry bstnppbe ich snmbtombs rbpecib c stchjcrj inhtrcit Ot sbbms
eoab t`os os c pbrgbit icsb gnr ch bquotcleb mnrtkckb Ckcoh t`nuk`% t`oss`nuej lb lrbct`tcaohkt`b hntonh t`ct 74" ng nur hctonhs rbsojbhtoce
mnrtkckb enchs gcib c inenrcleb% lcsoi crkumbht t`ct lbicusb t`by fust
gcoebj tn hcmb c krchtbb% ciinrjohk tn Leciastnhbs inmmbhtcrobs34: chj
sbvbrce nej icsbs%342 t`bsb mnrtkckbs crb gcioceey jbgbitovb Z`ct os
i`oeeohk Jn hnt enna ct mb eoab ots my gcuetO cm hnt t`b nhb t`ct
irbctbj t`os sotuctonh O cm fust mbrbey pnohtohk nut ch nlvonus% lcsoi
jbgbit O joj hnt mcab t`os mbss O cm fust quntohk c icsb t`ct scys t`ct og
ynu jn hnt hcmb c krchtbb% t`bh ot os hnt c vceoj eobh
C lot ng grbb cjvoib% tn cee ng ynu nut t`brb w`n rbprbsbht gohchioce
ohstotutonhs6 Knohk gnrwcrj% w`y jnht ynu tbee ynur gohchioce ohstotutonhs
ynu wnra wot` tn stnp mcaohk chj luyohk MB\Y enchs% ct ebcst gnr t`b
344Oj ct 902343Ybb Mnrtk Bebi \bkostrctonh Yys% Ohi v Ycuhjbrs% < C9j
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Lbicusb w`n os knohk tn gnrbiensb> [b woee sompey gnrbiensb oh t b
hcmb ng MB\Y Ot jnbs hnt mcttbr w`bt br wb cituceey `cvb jniumbhts
t`ct scy t`ct wb nwh chyt`ohk% lbicusb MB\Y nwhs ot Trnlebm snevbj
Nhey ot turhs nut t`ct snmb inurts `cvb ckrbbj wot` mb6 MB\Y os hnt ch
cpprnproctb pcrty tn lrohk c gnrbiensurb citonh34? Oh c krnwohk humlbr ng
347 Ybb Irbnec Fn`hsnh% Gok`t Leok`t6 Iotobs Yub tn @nej Ebhjbrs \bspnhsoleb gnr t`b
\osb oh Gnrbiensurbs chj Clchjnhbj Trnpbrtobs%
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0:: ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460 Mcylb c
provctb inmpchy woee lb lbttbr t`ch cee t`b puleoi rbce prnpbrty rbinrjbrs
w`n wbrb jbmnirctoiceey bebitbj> @nwbvbr% og ynu crb knohk tn jn t`ct%
Krc`cm%
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024 ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460 Og MB\Y nwhs t`ct mnrtkckb%
`nw joj t`by sbee ot ohtn t`b sbiurotozctonh trust> Z`b ohvbstnrs jn
hnt nwh t`ct mnrtkckb Z`by inuej hnt lrohk c gnrbiensurb citonh
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7/28/2019 Capital University Law Review
31/32
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7/28/2019 Capital University Law Review
32/32
02< ICTOZCE RHOWB\YOZ_ EC[ \BWOB[ Q:460