David A Hammer/COLL498

Should Parents

avoid vaccinating their children?

• To determine the effect if vaccines are drugs

that contribute to the creation of active specific

immunity acquired during the process of vaccinating

and necessary to protect the body against a specific

pathogen.

Purpose

• Vaccines can be used to treat certain infectious

diseases.

• Vaccines are produced by complex biochemical

processes of microorganisms, their metabolic

products or individual components of microbial

cells.

• Limited research has shown a knowledge deficit about vaccines.

Brief

Summary

• Vaccines against life-debilitating diseases are

one of the best general wellbeing

accomplishments ever.

• Vaccines convey unavoidable dangers, the

therapeutic, social and monetary profits they

present have driven every one of the fifty states to

authorize obligatory adolescence vaccine laws to

stop the spread of preventable sicknesses.

Vaccines

Backgroun

d

• A large number of unexpected losses have

been forestalled, and innumerable children

have been spared from deforming ailments

due to vaccines.

• Anti-vaccination assumption is developing quickly

in the United States, in huge part because of the

questionable and connections in the link between

vaccines and autism (CDC).

Vaccines

Backgroun

d

• Vaccination (immunization) - creation of artificial

immunity to certain diseases.

• For this purpose, there are relatively harmless

antigens (protein molecule), which are part of the

microorganisms that cause disease.

• Microorganisms can be viruses, such as measles,

or bacteria.

Immunity to Certain Diseases

Education

• Vaccination is one of the best means to protect

children against infectious diseases that cause

serious disease that can possibly appear before

vaccination.

• Unjustified criticism of vaccination in the press

was caused by the desire to inflate sensations of

individual cases that are connected with

complications after vaccinating.

Immunity to Certain Diseases

Education

• The media tells us about deaths of children due to

vaccinations.• The World Wide Web compounds reasons for alarm in

regards to immunization security and disturbing data

about the dangers of immunizations.

• Almost all states permit vaccine exclusions for

religious reasons and developing number give

“philosophical” select outs also.

Vaccinations useful or harmful?

Problem

• Are vaccines necessary?

• Do certain vaccines only affect certain cultures,

genetics, or physical inactivity?

• What are the typical stereotypes and the negative

health consequences associated with being

vaccinated?

• At what age do vaccinations have the greatest

impacts?

• What is the media doing to help prevent this stigma of

being vaccinated?

Vaccinations useful or harmful?

Concerns

• Scientific data proves conclusively that in general the

vaccination brings more good than harm. Among children

who do not have contraindications, severe side effects are

rare, so the recommended vaccination is much less risky.

However, before going to the vaccination room it is best to

consult with a doctor about possible contraindications

and the need for a vaccine in each case.

Claims

Knowledg

e Deficit

• Currently, there are four different types of

vaccines that contain attenuated live

microorganisms, for example, polio vaccine,

measles, mumps and rubella. Some vaccines

contain dead microorganisms, such as whooping

cough vaccine.

Immunity to Certain Diseases

Studies

• Other vaccines contain toxins that are produced

by a bacterium or virus. For example, diphtheria

and tetanus vaccine are toxoids. The biosynthetic

vaccines cause no reaction of the immune

system, such as hepatitis vaccine B,

Haemophilus influenzae.

Immunity to Certain Diseases

Studies

• Reducing the number of diseases is associated

with increased overall quality of life and medicine

has nothing to do with vaccinations. This is one of

the most common statements and opinions about

vaccination. It is certainly true, but only partly.

Indeed, raising the overall standard of living, the

emergence of new treatments and antibiotics also

contribute to reducing the number of infectious

diseases.

Perceptions and Preventive Behaviors

Assessment

• Is it worth the risk of a child's life for the sake of

"natural" life-long immunity? After measles

mortality was 0.1%, diphtheria - is 5-10%, and in

young children - about 20%. Such a game with

life is more dangerous than Russian roulette with

one bullet in the revolver! The decision, of course,

belongs to the parents.

Lifetime Insurance Value

• According to some advocates of human rights, forced

compulsory vaccination is contrary to the freedom of

choice. The most powerful "legal" movement against

mandatory vaccines, of course, exists in the United States -

the world's bastion of human rights and freedoms.

For example, California has legalized refusal of vaccination,

if the parents do not want it. Their opponents are

willing to oppose them with good arguments in favor

of mandatory vaccinations: unvaccinated person is a

danger to the health of others, thereby already infringing

their rights.

Ethical Problem

Rationale

• It is clear that in order to prevent any epidemic a large

proportion of the population should be vaccinated. If

coverage is insufficient, there is a risk of getting there even

in vaccinated children vaccines do not provide 100 percent

resistance to disease.

Ethical Problem

Rationale

• There are no scientific studies that determine whether the

vaccine prevents diseases. Charts of morbidity rather show

that vaccinations were administered at the end of the

epidemic, when the disease was already at the final stage.

Paradox: A single person cannot be vaccinated if everybody is vaccinated and cannot infect him

Political

• There are documented cases of death from vaccination.

Unfortunately, it is true. Any medicine and vaccines include

their side effects. Sometimes, in very rare cases, they can

lead to the death of a child. And it is terrible. However,

cases of death are extremely rare and they often occur due

to an oversight. The risk is always present. Statistics show

that the refusal of vaccination carries a much greater risk of

death from infectious diseases at an early age than the risk

of dying from vaccination.

Find a safe Analogue

Strategy

• Parents can have positive effects on public health as

they learn accurate information through education.• Vaccination status pre- and post-programs.• The future of immunization depends on the accomplishment

of medicinal exploration for immunizations that are

easier to control.

• Vaccines will require a strong logical base partnered with

the utilizing of developing and empowering

innovations.

Vaccine Knowledge

Future

Research

• In order to try to avoid risks (or at least minimize them) a

person should learn about the side effects of a particular

vaccine. A person should not forget to monitor the health of

the child. The parents should strengthen the immune

system of children, harden it by example of a healthy

lifestyle and everything will be fine.

• In fact, there is a risk of death from vaccination. But, if a

person does not get vaccinations - risk of death from

infectious disease is much more.

Vaccine Remediation

Implications

1. American Academy of Pediatrics (2006). Immunizationsand Infectious Diseases: An Informed Parent’s Guide. Fisher MC, ed. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.

2. Bhattacharya S. & Jackson M. (2005). Vaccinationagainst smallpox in India. Wellcome Institute, London.

3. Brown F. & Crick J. (1959). Application of agar gel diffusionanalysis to a study of the antigenic structure of inactivated vaccines prepared from the virus of foot and mouth disease. J. Immunology, 82, 444-447.

4. Deeber, RB., Guttman, A., Krahn, M., Mah, C., and McGeer,A. (2010). Compulsory school entry vaccination laws and exemptions: who is opting out in Ontario and why does it matter? Health Policy

References

5. Huygelen C. (1997). The early history of immunizationagainst three morbillivirus diseases: measles, rinderpest andcanine distemper. Hist. med. vet., 22, 21-22.

6. Marshall GS. (2012). The Vaccine Handbook: A PracticalGuide for Clinicians. 4th ed. West Islip, NY: Professional Communications, Inc.

7. Mnookin S. (2011). The Panic Virus: A True Story ofMedicine, Science, and Fear. New York, NY: Simon and Schuster;.

8. Myers MG, Pineda D. (2008). Do Vaccines Cause That?! AGuide for Evaluating Vaccine Safety Concerns. Galveston, TX: Immunizations for Public Health.

References

9. Offit PA. (2008). Autism’s False Prophets: Bad Science,Risky Medicine, and the Search for a Cure. New York, NY: Columbia University Press. 10. Offit PA. (2011). Deadly Choices: How the Anti-VaccineMovement Threatens Us All. New York, NY: Basic Books

11. Offit PA, Moser CA. (2011). Vaccines and Your Child:Separating Fact from Fiction. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

12. Vaccine Safety: Addressing Common Concerns (n.d.).Centers for Disease Control and prevention. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/autism/

References