SEMINAR

ON

CAPSULE CAMERA

By:Rohini

INTRODUCTION

Patients can now swallow pill-sized, disposable cameras

This new esophageal capsule endoscope is a smooth plastic capsule about the size of a large vitamin pill that has tiny video cameras at each end.

The pill takes about 2,600 color pictures, which are transmitted to a recording device worn by the patient.

The disposable capsule is passed naturally, usually within 24 hours.

EVOLUTION The technology available to doctors has evolved

dramatically over the past 40 years. Basic endoscopy was introduced in the late 1960s,

and about 20 years later, ultrasound was added, enabling us to look at internal GI structures as never before.

Now, with EUS, we can determine the extent to which tumors in the esophagus, stomach, pancreas, or rectum have spread in a less invasive way.

One technology that has been available for about 30 years is Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio pancreatography (ERCP).

USES OF ERCP:

• ERCP's is used to place stents within bile ducts, remove difficult bile duct stones, and obtain biopsy samples.

• Used in motility treatment.

• Motility is the movement of food from one place to another along the digestive tract.

ASSOCIATED TECHNOLOGIES

• Passive capsule observation endoscopes compact low-power consumption imaging

technology. compact low-power consumption wireless

transmission technology.• Capsule guidance system• Wireless power supply system• Drug delivery system• Body fluid sampling technology• Self-propelled capsule• Ultrasound capsule

TECHNOLOGY Ultra-Low-Power Wireless Technology is Used in

Swallowable Camera Capsule.

improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in CMOS detectors,

development of white LEDs, and development of application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs).

CMOS detectors have active pixel resolutions that provide comparable performance to CCDs, while drawing less power than CCDs

EXAMPLES

• Mrs.Judy Shuhala, a retired school teacher, had Gastritis,an inflammation of the stomach lining.

• Mr.Norman Cullen, a 76-year-old Bay Area resident, Suffering from an undetected GI bleed.

MARKET VIEW

01 August 2001Physicians and patients in the European Union, the United States of America, Australia, and Israel will now be able to benefit from a new medical technology .

The Israeli company Given Imaging Ltd., which manufactures the diagnostic system, has received official approval to market the video capsule to physicians within European Union countries.

the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared the marketing of the camera-capsule in the U.S.

The system is also currently being used in clinical trials in Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, and Spain.

The Given system will be available to doctors in selected markets within 90 days of placing an order.

ARCHITECTURE OF CAPSULE CAMERA

The M2A capsule consists of a microchip camera, light emitting diodes that act as flash, an antenna, two 1.5 V silver oxide batteries and Zarlink's RF transmitter chip .

The RF transmitter chip is manufactured in 0.35µm CMOS technology

It re-quires a voltage of 2.6 to 3.2 V and transmits on a 403, 432 or 434 MHz carrier

This allows a data rate of 2,700 kbit/s over a dis-tance of 1 m while having a power consumption of 5.2 MW.

All this is run by two ultra low-power silver oxide batteries that will operate for 6-8 hours.

weighs 3.5 grams and can display a 140° field of view of the patients insides at 1:8 magnification.

This information is then transmitted via an array of sensors secured to the abdomen, to the Data Recorder affixed to a belt worn around the patient's waist.

The silver oxide batteries in the capsule power the CMOS detector, as well as the LEDs and transmitter.

white-light LEDs are important because pathologists distinguish diseased tissue by color.

The developers provided a novel optical design that uses a wide-angle lens over the imager, and manages to integrate both the LEDs and imager under one dome while handling stray light and reflections.

WORKING MODLE

FLOW OF CAPSULE

UTILITIES Eliminates Procrastination

Views the Entire GI Tract

Traditional endoscopy can view only the upper GI tract.

Earliest Cancer Detection

Advances Treatment of Irritable Bowel Capsule

endoscopy

APPLICATION DOMAIN

Capsule Endoscopy :

Patient has to swallow a vitamin pill sized video capsule as an endoscope.

Capsule Endoscopy helps the doctor to determine the cause for:~

    Recurrent abdominal pain      Diarrhea      Bleeding      Anemia

It is useful to detect small bowel tumors

Patients who are on medications for joint

pains etc.

Inflammatory bowel diseases

Irritable bowel

To monitor the therapeutic effects

How should the patient prepare himself or herself for the study?

Patient will be given written instructions the day before.

An empty stomach allows better visualization (10 hrs before the examination).

The doctor will inform the time of fasting. If the patient is on medications inform the doctor. Cardiac patients have to inform about pace

makers & other devices.  Patient can eat ,4 hrs after ingestion of the

capsule.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

SCOPE• The torpedo-shaped capsule can provide more

than five hours of real-color images.

• The patient need not be in a hospital or clinic during this time

• The images are transmitted from the capsule using UHF signals to an antenna array attached to the patient (much like an ECG test).

The data indicate where in the abdomen the capsule was at the time.

These promote greater efficiency in medical institutions and help improve quality of life for the patients.

Gastrointestinal endoscopes are now recognized as the only medical devices that can simultaneously perform observations, diagnoses (tissue extraction), and treatment.

CONVERGENCE OF TECHNOLOGY

The different technologies used are:

• Telemedicine.

• Electronics.

• Information Technology.

MATHEMATICAL SUPPORT

In an FDA-organized trial conducted in New York, the Given Imaging Diagnostic System 12 patients, or 60

percent push enterosc

opy 7 of 20 patients, or 35 percent.

In total, 14 lesions were detected The Given Imaging Diagnostic System 12 of the 14

lesions, or 86 percent, push enteroscopy 7 out of 14, or 50 percent. The FDA also noted that the Given system was able to

identify sources of bleeding in five cases which were beyond the reach of the traditional enteroscope.

DERIVATION OF RESULTS

RECEIVER WITH CAPSULE

CONCLUSION Endoscopy is the most common diagnostic tool

for GI problems; however, the endoscope is not long enough to view the entire small intestine.

If the patient’s problem lies further down the intestinal tract, it’s more difficult for the physician to diagnose and treat.

Now amazing new technology—a wireless, allowable video capsule— allows physicians to capture images of the small intestine with no pain to the patient.

The capsule’s greatest benefit is its ability to survey the entire GI tract, possibly eliminating the need for further diagnostic studies.

the Given system is user-friendly and painless, allowing patients to return to work on the same day of ingestion

it increases accuracy when compared to some other endoscopic devices.

this product may also offer cost savings by reducing the number of diagnostic tests required to obtain an accurate diagnosis.

FUTURE OF TECHNOLOGY

At this time, the capsule is not a replacement for colonoscopy.

Photodynamic therapy is one of the new treatments that will soon be available to patients with certain types of Barrett's esophagus or GI tumors.

hotodynamic therapy uses lasers to destroy the precancerous esophagus cells (identified by a photosensitive chemical marker), but leaves normal cells alone.

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