CAPT

CAPT Science Review:A review of Studies in ScienceA review of Biology

Parts of an atom

Periodic Table

Laws of Conservation of Matter and EnergyMatter is never created or destroyed, it is only changed from one state to another

Energy is never created or destroyed, it is only changed from one type to anotherStates of matter

Changes of state

Physical ChangesA physical change does not change the molecular formula

Examples include cutting hair, mowing grass, breaking glass, freezing, melting, boiling

Chemical Changes A chemical change changes the molecular formula of a substance.

Examples include burning, rusting, cooking, bleaching

Bonding of atomsAtoms attach to one another based on the number and position of their electrons to form new compounds.

Two main types of bonding include: Ionic Metal to nonmetal one atom gives up electrons to another atom

Covalent Nonmetal to nonmetal two atoms share electrons Ionic bonds

Stay awake or else

Covalent bonds

Reading chemical equations

Factoring chemical equations

Chemical reactionsMany different types of chemical reactions can occur when various materials come in contact with one another.

Three main types of chemical reactions are: Synthesis Decomposition Combustion

Synthesis

Two or more substance combine to form one substanceDecomposition

One substance breaks down into two or more substancesCombustion

A hydrocarbon and oxygen form water and a carbon product.Burning wood is a form of combustion.PolymersLarge chains of molecules covalently bondedPlastics are a well-known manmade polymer

Acids Bases

Acids sour and conduct electricity

pH 1 - 6Bases bitter, slippery, used as cleaners

pH 8 - 14Temperature is a measure of the kinetic energy of a materials molecules.

The more energy the higher the temperatureCuteness break

Heat moves 3 ways from areas of high energy to low energy

Electromagnetism

We can make magnets using electricity and we make electricity using spinning magnets.Magnetism

Magnets always have 2 poles. Magnetic force gets stronger as one gets closer to the magnet.Electricity

Electricity is the movement of electrons along a conductive material such as wire covered with an insulating material. Ohms Law Voltage Current = Resistance

Voltage =strength of electrical currentCurrent =speed of electric chargeResistance=opposition to the flow of electricityTypes of circuits: Series circuit

Electricity travels along one path and a break in the wire cuts power to all devices on the circuit.Types of circuits: Parallel circuit

Electricity travels along several different paths and a break in the wire may only limit power to a single device on the circuit.Nonrenewable energyFossil fuels (oil, natural gas)

Nuclear fission (splitting atoms)

Nuclear fusion (joining atoms)

Renewable energyWind power Biomass fuelsWater power Hydrogen fuel cellsGeothermal

They can smell your brains

Air pollutionSmogExcessive Greenhouse gases

Global climate changeThe greenhouse effect, which has always been a benefit, is now increasing to dangerous levels.

Water pollutionAcid rainEutrophication (from agricultural waste)

Soil pollution Unbalanced pH (from agriculture: pesticides, and fertilizer)Landfills (from human garbage)Brownfields (toxic substances from industry)

Biology: The study of life

Scientific method

Light microscope functions

Cell theory & Robert Hooke

All living things are composed of cells.

Cells give form and function to living things.

Cells come from other living cells Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

No nucleus NucleusAnd what might this be?

Plant vs. Animal Cells

Cell organelles

Levels of cell organizations

Cell membrane

The cell membrane is a selectively permeable lipid bilayer with carrier proteins embedded in it. Passive and active transport

Passive transport requires no energy (high to low)

Active transport requires energy in the form of ATP Osmosis in different solutions

Endocytosis and exocytosis

Cell energyAll living things need to make ATP, the molecule containing cell energy for life functions.

All living things make ATP in their mitochondria (36 ATP) or their cytoplasm (only 2 ATP).

Autotrophs and heterotrophs

Plants are autotrophs (or producers).Animals are heterotrophs (or consumers).Photosynthesis (chloroplast)

A grown up version of the mystery slide

Cellular respiration (mitochondria)

Fermentation (without oxygen)

Animals perform lactic acid fermentation (2 ATP only)

Plants perform alcoholic fermentation (2 ATP only) Cell growthNormal cell growth is for growth of the organism, to heal an injury or to replace old cells.

Cell cycle (interphase & mitosis)

DNA replication (during interphase)

Adenine & Thymine (A&T) Cytosine & Guanine (C&G)Stages of mitosis (PMAT)

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and TelophaseCancerCancer occurs when previously healthy cells no longer control their rate of mitosis.

Virus (non-living particle)

Bacteria (oldest living organism)

Dont get lazy now

Immunity

Vaccines work against virus and antibiotics work against bacteria.Biotechnology (genetically modified organisms)

Virus and bacteria are both used in genetic engineering.Protein synthesis

Transcription = DNA gives the code for a protein to mRNA in the nucleus Translation = mRNA goes to the ribosome and instructs tRNA how to assemble the new protein using amino acidsMendel & Genetics

Gregor Mendel founded the science of genetics after many years of studying the traits of pea plants.Punnett square

Pedigree

Karyotype

Meiosis (for reproduction)

Gametes (egg and sperm)

Sex cells are haploid, having half of the normal number of chromosomes.Population science

Charles Darwin & Evolution

Darwin began creating his theory of evolution while aboard the HMS Beagle on its 5 year mission of global exploration.Natural selection

Nature selects the organisms that have the most suitable traits for their changing environment. Less suitable organisms go extinct.Tree of Life

All living organisms are related through a common ancient organism.Fossils

Environmental Science

A discussion on natural resources, renewable and non-renewable energy, forms of pollution and global climate change.