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THE WORDS OFENGLISH

NUR INTAN ASMARA

1503337

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The meaning of lexical categories

Structural criteria

Major categories

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The meaning of lexical categories

We distingish eight categoriesfor !nglish"

-

#!R$S %inclding AU&I'IARI!S(- N)UNS %inclding *R)N)UNS(- A+,!-TI#!S- A+#!R$S- *R!*)SITI)NS-

+!T!RMIN!RS- -)N,UN-TI)NS- INT!R,!-TI)NS

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anounisthenameofaperson,

placeorthing;

averbisadoingword;

anadjectiveisadescribingword

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M. lo/e of lingistics I lo/e lingistics

Althogh not a erson

lace or thingsAlthogh not an action

N #

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The. glched and gttled2 Mehiticall. alliaceos

/entriotent fodoodles and gotch. slerdegllions she

mssitated2 She filated iddling moliminosl. at the

4e4ne and nsaoros grots tofore her2 ac6ins *aloscomessations 8ere an ehialtes for the deinetic2 It 8as a

nimin. glosit. she 8iste it t the. egat s8il6 an

increment in her recrement a cidit. that 8as inelctale9

it 8as the flrch of ost94entaclar flamoints and licioslo:ens2 Thil6e trogalions she .issed a/idlosl.2 She cold

t gorm esrientl. at the ashet2 She fimled her falala

aganacticiosl.2

12 What t.e of fodoodles are the.;

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Strctral criteria

>rammatical

eha/ior

Shae % i2e2 their morholog. (

*osition in the sentence % i2e2 their

s.ntax (

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MORPHOLOG!"L #$H"%O&R

'relating to the form of words(

Words of the same class 8ill t.icall. sho8 the samemorhological ossiilities in other 8ords the.?ll ta6e

the same sort of affixes

gulched) the *ed ending + /er' ending ses, )ed, )ing(

gulcher )adding )er + non

gotch. gotchier gotchiest) the *- ending the ier and est +

ad4ecti/es

gotchil.) the )l- ending + ad/er

gotchiness) the *ness ending + non

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S@NTA-TI- $!=A#I)UR % relating to

distrition(

Word s of the same class (like food, dinner, pastries, flampoint,

slubberdegullions and flurch) will fill the same basic slots in the

recurrent patterns of a language.

PHRASS

!roups of words which ha"e some sort of grammatical relationship with one

another.

HA#

$hese phrases are alwa%s named after the word which is the most important in the

string.

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*hrasal categories"

- noun phrases- verb phrases- adjective phrases- adverb phrases

Le/ical categories0

- noun phrases

1P- verb phrases

%P- adjective phrases

"P- adverb phrases

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MA,)R -AT!>)RI!S

!nglish 'exical -ategories fall into t8o main

gros"

Ma4or classes %lexical(

nons /ers ad4ecti/es and ad/ers

Minor categories %grammatical(

*reositions determiners and con4nction

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N)UN

) Refers to object 'both ph-sical objects and abstractions( and people

) 2ome properties which are associated with nouns are number, genderand case

) t is ver- common for language to distinguish noun b- number

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M)R*=)')>I-A' !ATUR!S

3he singular is unmar4ed 'i.e. coincides with the noun stem(

3he plural is e/pressed b- a suffi/ *'e(s. 'boo4)boo4s(

3here are some irregularities in number mar4ing 0) some nouns change their stem vowel 'man)men(- add the suffi/ *en ' o/) o/en(- one even does both 'brother) brethren(- identical singular and plural forms 'sheep, fish(

3he most fre5uent noun)forming suffi/es are0 the *

ness, )it-, )er, )ee, ation, )ment

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2ub)classes of nouns

!ommon nouns0- 3he most t-pical noun ' word, school, fascination, etc(- !an be subdivided into !ount and non count noun

Proper nouns0) 1ame of things li4e person, place and

organi6ations 'use capital letter(

!ollective nouns0

) #oth a plural ang singular form

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Pronoun

2everal different sub)classes of pronoun0

- Personal pronouns (I, you, them, him, etc. )

-

ndefinite pronoun (some-, any-, every- and no-withthing,-one andbody)

- Refle/ive pronoun (-self or *selves)

-

Reciprocal pronoun (each other and one another)- Possessive pronoun (my-mine, your-yours, his-his, etc.)

- 7emonstrative pronouns (this-these, that-those)

-nterrogative pronouns (who-subject case, whom-object

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#ers

'exical main /ers

Axiliar. /ers

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Ad&ecti"e

) Semantic 'eature

orphological 'eature S%ntactic *eha"iour

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Semantic 'eatures

Ad&ecti"e

+ualit%iceWise

Smart

StatesBigger

Thinner

Smarter

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orphological 'eatures

a.aturall% !radable Ad&ecti"es

NormalForm

ModificationForm

SuppletiveForm

Free- standingForm

Absolute 'unn% -ld *ad *eautiful

Comparative 'unnier lder -lder Worseore

beautiful

Superlative 'unniest ldest -ldest Worst ostbeautiful

Syllable -ne or two s%llable$wo or $hree

s%llable

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b. /nnaturall% gradable Ad&ecti"es do not takedegree of modification

Married, pregnant, dead..

8most pregnant9

8more dead9 deader9

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c. Some of the ad&ecti"es ha"e deri"ational endings

ounAd&ecti"e

0erbAd&ecti"e

9fl =oefl eatifl

)less Homeless

)- Hair -

)al Manual

9ale +oale

)ible Legible

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S%ntactic *eha"iour

Position

Attributively

$hebeautiful girl

1st 2nd

Predicatively

$he girl is beautiful

1st 2nd

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3ception4 Asleep, Awake, ain, /tter

Asleep

ot Attributi"e

5$he asleep bab%

$he bab% is asleep

A!a"e # The a!a"e baby

$he bab% is awake

Main

ot Predicati"e

5The point is main

$he main point

$tter5The chaos !as utter

$he utter chaos

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odifiers of Ad&ecti"e

6ntensifier ("er%, so, too) modif%4: !radable ad&ecti"e

7$oo good8: ongradable ad&ecti"e 70er% pregnant8: 9on"erted other categor% into ad&ecti"e 7So %esterda%8

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#ependent that follow ad&ecti"e complete themeaning of the ad&ecti"e

%So bad that it sucks you in&&'

Ad&ecti"e can follow the noun within the noun

%(ver done something stupidin the name of love)'

'ew ad&ecti"es alwa%s follow the noun

7money due'

%the information available8

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Ad"erb

Semantic 'eature orphological 'eature

S%ntactic *eha"iour

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Semantic 'eature

Ad"erbs e3press information like4time, manner, place, fre:uenc% etc.

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orphological 'eatures

*radable

6nflectional (er, est)

free standing form

+erivational

Ad&ecti"eAd"erb l%

Slowly, freshly

7soon, sooner, soonest8

7more:uickl%..8

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S%ntactic *eha"iour

Adding information to the verb

"er%one teases him cruell%and mercilessl%

$he% immediatel%hit him

T,M(

./

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(0press attitude

7/nfortunatel%, we could not come8

(mphatic7$hat;s entirel% the point8

Modify the meaning of ad1ective7otoriousl% famil% "alueobsessed8

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6ntensif% the interpretation odif% ad"erb

3ception4

Ad"erb with connecti"e role cannot takemodifiers at all

7at Stone, ho!ever, thinks

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!eneral $ests of determining categor%membership

Substitution $est

9oordination $est

orphological 9haracter

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$he resulting escapade was sill%

the resulting escapade was rubbish

9an the% take comparati"e and superlati"e

endings= (sillier4 %es, rubbisher4 no) 9an the% take intensifi%ing e3pression=

( 0er% sill%4 %es, "er% rubbish4 no)

9an the% coordinated with another ad&ecti"e=

$he resulting escapade was sill% and puerile>the resulting escapade was rubbish and puerile

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$he inor 9ategories

?ess meaning

ot easil% recepti"e to new member

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Semantic 'eature

Shows relationship between things and e"ent.

Put the apple on the table

to4 indicates abstract distance

$heir warped sense of humor to the attention

of4 relation between two noun, possession

$he% mimicked $err%;s st%leof animation

by4 has abstract role

$he Stan;s ga% dog is pla%ed b% no less a luminar% than R

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orphological 'eature

Simple

( to, of, with, b%

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S%ntactic *eha"iour

Preposition oun Phrase B Prepositional Phrase

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9on&unctions

9oordinators, link 4

noun noun, phrase phrase, clause clause

(but, and, or, either

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#eterminers

a, an, the

'unction within noun phrase

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Phrasal Categories and Their Structure

2 Complement

23Modifier

23Specifier

2'

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