OPGEE v2.0aOil Production Greenhouse Gas Emissions Estimator

Kourosh Vafi,1 MohammadS.Masnadi,1 JacobEnglander,1VinayTripathi1,AdamR.Brandt,1SylviaSleep,3 DianaPacheco,2 AndreaOrellana,2 ZainabDashnadi,3 JouleBergerson,3 Heather

MacLean2

1 DepartmentofEnergyResourcesEngineering,StanfordUniversity2 DepartmentofCivilandEnvironmentalEngineering,UniversityofToronto3 DepartmentofChemicalandPetroleumEngineering,UniversityofCalgary

Photos:Brandt(2006-2011)

Impacts from crude oil productionGoal: Improve modeling, extend capabilities

We want to improve the modeling of unconventional oil resources Heavy oil and oil sands Tight oil via horizontal drilling and HF CO2 EOR

Include features and capabilities that are not modeled in old version of OPGEE Crude oil mining and upgrading Drilling and fracturing modeling CO2 storage and recycling

Source: Huffington post

Source: National Geographic

Introduction

ExampleLCAmodel- gasoline

Exploration and field development

Oil production

Separation/reinjection

Crude transport

Crude refining

Product transport

Product consumption

Upstream Refining Consumption

Well-to-tank------------------------------------>

Well-to-wheels---------------------------------------------------------------->

Source:El-Houjeiri etal.2014

OPGEEmodelintroduction

Source:El-HoujeiriandBrandt(2012a,2012b)

El-Houjeiriand

BrandtO

PGEE

v1.1D

ocumentation

64

Scrubber

Contactor

350 psi Lean amine

Qamine [gpm]

Power BHPCP [hp]

Power BHPF [hp]

Power BHPBP [hp]

Power BHPF [hp]

Acid gases QCO2 + QH2S [MMscf]

Sweet gas

Charcoal filter

Amine cooler

Charge pump

Booster pump

Heat exchanger

Reflux condenser

Reflux pump

Reflux accum.

Power BHPRP [hp]

Power HR[MMscf/d]

Still

Solid filter

Flash tank Low pressure

Flashed gas

Qg [MMscf/d] Reboiler

Figure 3.12: Amine simple process flow diagram [47, p. 112].

OilProductionGreenhousegasEmissionsEstimator(OPGEE)

Modelsemissionsgivenfieldparametersandtechnologies

Thefirst open-sourceGHGtoolforoilandgasoperations

Anyonecandownload,use,modify,explore

Documentation(>200pp.)withallsourcesdefined

Upstream modeling goalsFive goals of the upstream modeling effort

1. Build a rigorous, engineering-based model of GHG emissions from oil production operations

2. Use disaggregated data for accuracy and flexibility

3. Use public data where possible

4. Document sources for all equations, parameters, assumptions

5. Maintain model as free to access, use, and modify by any interested party

OPGEEmodelinggoals

1. Oilsandsminingandupgrading2. Drillingandhydraulicfracturing3. CO2 enhancedoilrecovery

Improvementsandaddedfeatures

Upstream modeling goalsGoal: to integrate oil sands production and upgrading more directly into the OPGEE model

Oil sands mining is included in production and extraction worksheet Oil sands upgrading is included in "surface processing worksheet

Use data from a variety of sources Alberta Energy Regulator (AER) reported energy use COSIA (Canadas Oil Sands Innovation Alliance) default

templates for mining and in situ operations AEMERA (Alberta Environmental Monitoring, Evaluation, and

Reporting Agency) data on fugitive emissions

Addedfeature:Oilsandsminingandupgr.

Upstream modeling goalsStand alone mining operations

Stand alone mines do not upgrade on site but sell diluted bitumen

Use more modern paraffinic froth treatment (PFT) technology

Somewhat less energy intensive, but lack benefits of integrating upgrading on site

Oilsandsmining:StandaloneEl-Houjeiri and Brandt OPGEE v2.0a Documentation 71

Raw ore in

Electricityimportsand exportsMWh/d

Natural gasimportsmscf/d

DilutedBitumenbbl/d

DieselimportsmBtu/d

Mine

Diluentimportsbbl/d

Figure 4.13: Non-integrated bitumen mining operation

quantity of diesel fuel consumed can then be converted into an energy consump-tion rate:

EMNdi = QMNdi LHVdi (4.47)

where LHVdi is the lower heating value of diesel fuel [mBtu LHV/gallon]. Thisquantity can then be gathered on the Energy Consumption gathering sheet andused to compute emissions on the GHG Emissions gathering sheet.

Similar quantities are computed for all main inputs to non-integrated miningoperations by using intensities of electricity use (IMNel ) and natural gas (I

MNng ). For

the case of integrated mining and upgrading operations, the relevant intensities fordiesel, electricity, and natural gas are similarly named (IMIdi , I

MIel , and I

MIng respec-

tively). Recall via convention above that consumption of coke or refinery processgas is computed as part of upgrading operations in Section 5.3.

After these mine-type-specific calculations are performed, the overall consump-tion due to mining is then computed using binary variables from the Active Fieldsheet. For the case of diesel energy consumption:

Edi = yMNEMNdi + yMI EMIdi (4.48)

where yMN and yMI represent binary variables for mining-non-integrated and mining-integrated, respectively.

Miningflowdiagram(StandAlone)

Upstream modeling goalsIntegrated mining and upgrading operations

Oil sands mining integrated with upgraders to allow heat recovery for use at mine

Benefits due to reduced natural gas requirements subtracted from mine use

Oilsandsmining:Integratedwithupgrader

El-Houjeiri and Brandt OPGEE v2.0a Documentation 72

UpgraderRaw ore in SCO out

mBtu/d

Electricity importsand exportsMWh/d

bbl/d

Natural gas importsmscf/d

Coke consumed

Heat recovery (mBtu/d)

Coke exportedt/d

mscf/dProcess gas exports

MineBitumen

bbl/d

(Computed in upgrader calculations)

Internal consumption flowstreated in upgrader calcs.

Process gas consumed

(Computed in upgrader calculations)

Distillate fuel (diesel)mBtu/d

Diesel importsmBtu/d

Figure 4.14: Upgrader-integrated bitumen mining operation

Upstream modeling goalsAddedfeature:Oilsandsminingandupgr.El-Houjeiri and Brandt OPGEE v2.0a Documentation 67

78

107

55

43

144

3

103

45 4953

74

101

4

120

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Suncor (1967)

Syncrude -Mildred lake

(1978)

Syncrude -Aurora (2001)

CNRL -Horizon (2008)

Shell -Muskeg

River (2002)

Shell -Jackpine (2010)

Imperial -Kearl Lake

(2013)

Nat

ural

Gas

Con

sum

ptio

n (m

3 /m3

bit)

Project Name (Startup Year)

2014 IntensityIntensity over Project Life

NFT PFT

COSIA range: 67-118

COSIA range: 54-76

Figure 4.11: Natural gas use in mining operations

Table 4.13: Non-integrated PFT mining energy intensities

Fuel OPGEEvalue

AER PWavg.

COSIAavg.

COSIArange

Notes

Natural gas 85 85 93 67 118Electricity cons. 125 125 114 99 130Electricity gen. 77 77 114 96 132Frac. elect. gen. onsite 0.6 0.6 1.0 1.0 1.0Diesel 12.5 - 12.5 9 16 aDiluent 25.4% 25.4% - -a COSIA Mine Template ranges presented for low (9%) and high (12%) grade ore.

pine, and Imperial Kearl). Volumetric blending rates over all months aver-aged 25.4% diluent in dilbit. The range over 2014 was from 24.3% to 26.5%Although Kearl dilutes bitumen with SCO (creating syn-bit) the dilutionfraction was nearly identical to those of Muskeg River and Jackpine.

Table 4.13 gives results as used in OPGEE, results for the AER production-weighted average, COSIA template average, and COSIA template range.

Proposed modeling of integrated NFT mining operations The integrated mining opera-tion is illustrated in Figure 4.14. The net flows across the process boundary areroughly equivalent to the stand-alone mining operation, with some exceptions.First, large volumes of diluent are not used to reduce the viscosity of bitumen,as upgrading the bitumen to SCO renders it ready for pipeline transport. Also, twonew co-products can be exported from the system: process gas and coke. There-fore, emissions credits should be given for these fuels if they are exported. Lastly,new internal flows between upgrader and mine include heat recovered from up-

El-Houjeiri and Brandt OPGEE v2.0a Documentation 68

145

323

5

52

181

60

122102

161

47

185

105

64

152

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

Suncor (1967) Syncrude -Mildred lake

(1978)

Syncrude -Aurora (2001)

CNRL -Horizon (2008)

Shell -Muskeg River

(2002)

Shell -Jackpine

(2010)

Imperial -Kearl Lake

(2013)

Elec

trici

ty C

onsu

mpt

ion

(kW

h/m

3bi

t)

Project Name (Startup Year)

2014 IntensityIntensity over Project Life

NFT PFT

COSIA range: 99-130COSIA value:113

Figure 4.12: Electricity use in mining operations

grader operations that is used in mine ore separations, as well as upgrader productstreams (distillate fuels) that are consumed in mining trucks. New internal con-sumption at the upgrader can include coke and process gas.

Due to sharing of waste heat at integrated mining and upgrading projects, someeff