PowerPoint Presentation

The building blocks of lifemonosacharidesOrganic basesAminoacidsFatty acidsand glycerolspolysaccharidesNucleic acidsproteinsLipidsnucleotidesCarbohydratesContain the elements Carbon Hydrogen & OxygenGeneral formula Cx(H20)y

There are 3 types:

MonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides

Monosacharides(SUGAR)Structural formula: (CH2O)nIf n=3, triose (glyceraldehyde)If n=5, pentose (fructose, ribose)If n=6, hexose (glucose, galactose)

OCCCCCC

Stable ring structurecarbon atom no.1 join to oxigen on carbon atom no.5Carbon atom no. 6 is not part of the ringIsomerismThey can exist as isomers: & glucose look at to the hydroxyl (-OH) groupsIsomers: two forms of same chemicalsOHOHRoles of monosaccharidesMonosaccharides are used forEnergyBuilding blocks for larger molecules

DisaccharidesFormed from two monosaccharidesJoined by a glycosidic bondA condensation reaction:

glucose + glucose maltoseglucose + galactose lactoseglucose + fructose sucroseCondensation reactionOCCCCCCOCCCCCCOHOHCondensation reactionOCCCCCCOCCCCCCOHOHCondensation reactionOCCCCCCOCCCCCCOH2OCondensation reactionOCCCCCCOCCCCCCOA disaccharide1,4 glycosidic bond41PolysaccharidesPolymers formed from many monosaccharidesThree important examples:StarchGlycogenCelluloseStarch Insoluble store of glucose in plantsformed from two glucose polymers:Amylose

-glucose1,4 glycosidic bondsStraight structureAmylopectin

-glucose1,4 and some 1,6 glycosidic bondsBranched structure

GlycogenInsoluble compact store of glucose in animals-glucose units1,4 and 1,6 glycosidic bondsBranched structureCelluloseStructural polysaccharide in plants-glucose1,4 glycosidic bondsH-bonds link adjacent chains

OOOOO

CarbohydratesMade of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

monosaccharideSingle sugar moleculeGeneral formula (CH2O)n There are three types

Triose (3C)Pentose (5C)Hexose (6C)

Carbohydrate: monosaccharide

Structural formulae for the straight-chain and ring forms of glucose.

Chain of carbon atoms in pentoses and hexoses can form a stable ring structure (C1 join with C5)

http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/sugar.htm20

http://www.rpi.edu/dept/bcbp/molbiochem/MBWeb/mb1/part2/sugar.htmAtom c kiral yang paling jauh dr gugus fungsi menentukan polarisasi cahaya dextros or levo fischer21Carbohydrate: disaccharide1 monosaccharide + 1 monosaccharide = disaccharideA molecule of water is releasedTwo monosaccharides are joined together to form disachharide in a process called condensation.

An oxygen bridge is formed between the 2 molecules to form a disaccharide

Examples of disaccharides

Colorimeter

Benedicts Reagent Test

Carbohydrate: polysaccharideNot sugarsPolymers with monomers/subunits that are monosaccharide.Glucose is the main source of energy for cells, it is stored in the form of polysaccharide which is a convenient, compact, inert and insoluble molecule.StarchGlycogen Cellulose

Carb: Polysaccharide:STARCHMixture of two substances amylose and amylopectin.

Condensation of -glucose molecules, forming a long unbranching chain of 1,4-linked glucoseMade up of many 1,4-linked -glucose, but shorter and branch out to the sides. The branches are formed by 1,6-linkages

AmyloseUnbranched helical chain

AmylopectinBranched chain

Amilum t/a amylose dan amilopectinAmilosa lebih mudah larut karena tak bercabang (amilopectin = nasi pulen)33

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/images/0026.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/pae/botany/uno/graphics/uno01pob/vrl/&usg=__CspQcadNXj2OshC0MvGJ43KjHh8=&h=480&w=640&sz=17&hl=EN&start=0&sig2=2fM4eHNJDKEwrf909PAkBg&zoom=1&tbnid=x3U6vcopV5VhdM:&tbnh=126&tbnw=168&ei=Wwn3TNT9KNP4ceXtpMwE&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dcomparison%2Bbetween%2Bamylose%2Band%2Bamylopectin%26hl%3DEN%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D709%26gbv%3D2%26tbs%3Disch:10,277&itbs=1&iact=hc&vpx=663&vpy=100&dur=517&hovh=194&hovw=259&tx=97&ty=130&oei=0wj3TPjGK8atrAe50unvDw&esq=28&page=1&ndsp=24&ved=1t:429,r:15,s:0&biw=1280&bih=70934

Carb: Polysaccharide: GLYCOGEN Found in animal cells. Used as a storage carbohydrate instead of amylopectin.Like amylopectin, glycogen is made up of 1,4-linked -glucose with 1,6-linkages forming branches.Glycogen is more branchedThe chains also coil up into helical structures, making their final structure more compact (useful for storage).

Glycogenhttp://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/biobookchem2.html37amylopectin - found in plantsglycogen - found in animals

glycogen has more glucose units than amylopectin.

amylopectin - branches separated by 12 to 20 glucose units (less branched)glycogen - branching occurs every 8 to 12 glucose units. (more branched) Carb: Polysaccharide CELLULOSEThe structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls. Found in vegetables and fruits.Polymer of -glucose units linked together by 1,4-glycosidic bond.

The main difference between cellulose and the other two storage molecules you've seen is that cellulose is a polymer of beta-glucose, whereas the other two are from alpha-glucose.The hydroxyl group (-OH) in carbon 1 of glucose projects above the ring. In order to form a 1,4-glycosidic bond with the adjacent glucose (with the OH of carbon 4 below the ring, one of these two glucose need to be upside down relative to the other (i.e. 180)

Hence, in the polymer of glucose, the hydroxyl groups (-OH) project outwards from each chain in all directions and form hydrogen bonds with neighboring chains.The cross-linking binds the chains rigidly together.

The -linkages make the chains straight unlike starch glucose linkages which cause the chain to be curved. Cellulose chain run parallel to one another. Unlike amylopectin and glycogen molecules, there are no side chains in cellulose.

This allows the linear chains to lie close together.

Many hydrogen bonds are formed between the hydroxyl groups on adjacent chains.The chains group together to form microfibrils which are arranged in larger bundles to form macrofibrils.

Alasan kenapa glikogen distorage di otot46The fibrils give plant cells high tensile strength and rigidity (can withstand high osmotic pressure).Provide support for plants by making the tissues rigid and are responsible for cell expansion during growthArrangement of fibers around the cell helps to determine the shape of the cell as it grows.Cellulose fibrils are permeable to water and solutes.

Structure of cellulose as it occurs in a plant cell wall.Image from Purves et al.,Life: The Science of Biology, 4th Edition, by Sinauer Associates47Cellulose Fibers from Print Paper (SEM x1,080).This image is copyright Dennis Kunkel atwww.DennisKunkel.com, used with permission

CelluloseChitin - glucose monomers of chitin (N-acetyl glucosamine) have a side chain containing nitrogen.main component of thecell wallsoffungi, theexoskeletonsofarthropodssuch ascrustaceans(e.g.crabs,lobstersandshrimps) andinsects.

Sugars, starches and cellulose are all examples of carbohydrates. ___________ are white, crystalline and sweet tasting solids which __________ in water.They can be classified according to the number of _________ atoms present in the molecule.Sucrose and maltose are formed when two monosaccharides join together in a _______ reaction. The bond that forms between them is called the __________ bond.Sucrose is formed when a molecule of _______ bonds with a molecule of ________. Maltose is formed from 2 molecules of _________.Dissacharides can be converted back to monosaccharides in a __________ reaction.