carbohydrates - chs science department: jay mull · carbohydrates. very soluble in water. three...
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![Page 1: Carbohydrates - CHS Science Department: Jay Mull · carbohydrates. Very soluble in water. Three dietary monosaccharides: Glucose (known as grape sugar; found in blood) Fructose (common](https://reader034.vdocument.in/reader034/viewer/2022050422/5f918ccab324633438329a25/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
CarbohydratesLife Science: Molecular
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Carbohydrates✦ Carbohydrates are made up of carbon,
hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (C6H12O6).
✦ Main source of energy for living things.✦ Structure in some organisms.
Textcarbo-hydrate ➝ (C + H2O)6
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Monosaccharides✦ Monosaccharides are the building blocks of
carbohydrates.✦ Very soluble in water.✦ Three dietary monosaccharides:
➡ Glucose (known as grape sugar; found in blood)➡ Fructose (common sugar in plants)➡ Galactose (component of milk sugar)
sacchar is the Greek word for sugar
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Isomers✦ Isomers are molecules with the same chemical
formula, but different molecular structures.✦ Glucose and Galactose have the same
molecular formulas, C6H12O6.
Glucose Galactose
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✦ 5 and 6 carbon sugars form rings in aqueous solutions.
Isomers
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Dehydration Synthesis✦ Monosaccharides are combined through a
process called dehydration synthesis.
glucose + fructose = sucrose
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Disaccharides✦ Disaccharides are carbohydrates made from
the combination of two simple sugars.➡ Maltose = glucose + glucose➡ Sucrose = glucose + fructose➡ Lactose = glucose + galactose
glucose + glucose = maltose
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Polysaccharides✦ Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates
made from long chains of monosaccharides.➡ Amylum (plant starch)➡ Cellulose (plant fiber)➡ Glycogen (animal starch)➡ Chitin (fungi and arthropods)
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Polysaccharides
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Digestion✦ Polysaccharides are digested through the
process called hydrolysis.✦ Enzymes aid in the digestion of starches into
simple sugar molecules.
Amylase
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Digesting Starch Vs. Cellulose
Starch: All the glycosidic linkages are on the same side; molecule lies flat.
Cellulose: Cross linking between monomers results in rigid structure.
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Lactose Intolerance
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liver
pancreas
liver
blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)
insulin
body cells takeup sugar from blood
liver storesglycogen
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releasesglucose
triggershunger
high
low
islets of Langerhans beta islet cells
islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells
Regulation of Blood Sugar
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Endocrine System
Hormones travel in the bloodstream to target specific cells
Hormonal signaling. Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood. Hormones may reach virtually all body cells.
Bloodvessel
Targetcell
Endocrine cell
• The endocrine system involves glands that secrete hormones throughout the body.
• hormones are long-range communication molecules distributed through interstitial fluids.
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Carbohydrate Indicators✦ Iodine is a commonly used indicator for
polysaccharides. A color change to indigo indicates a positive result for polysaccharides.
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Carbohydrate Indicators✦ Benedict’s Solution is a commonly used
indicator for monosaccharides. When heated, a color change from blue to green, yellow, orange, or red indicates a positive test.
Increasing Sugar Content
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Testing for Carbohydrates
Is there starch?Is there sugar?
Solution #1Solution #2
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http://ed.ted.com/lessons/sugar-hiding-in-plain-sight-robert-lustig