carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Image Melts In Your Hand Found on flickrccnethttpwwwflickrcomphotos83346641N003661884940

CarbohydratesLipidsProteins

Stephen Taylor

Assessment Statements Obj321 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds 2

322 Identify amino acids glucose ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure 2

323List three examples each of monosaccharides (glucose galactose fructose) disaccharides (maltose lactose sucrose) and polysaccharides (glycogen cellulose starch)

1

324 State one function of glucose lactose and glycogen in animals and of fructose sucrose and cellulose in plants 1

325

Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships betweenbull monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharidesbull fatty acids glycerol and triglyceridesbull amino acids and polypeptides

2

326 State three functions of lipids including energy storage and thermal insulation (also protection membranes buoyancy neuron insulation) 1

327Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storagebull energy storage per gram (kJg)bull fastslow release of energybull demand for oxygen amp ease of release of energy

3

Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms

Organic compounds contain carbon and are found in living things

They usually contain C-H or C-C bonds The organic compounds we study can be used in metabolic reactions

Some inorganic compounds also contain carbon

Amino Group (-NH2) Carboxylic Acid Group (-COOH)

A generalized amino acid

The amino group is one of the reasons why nitrogen is an

important element in living things

The carboxylic acid group contains an oxygen double-bonded to the carbon and a hydroxyl group (-OH) that can be lost to form new bonds

The basic structure of the amino acids is common There are 22 different protein-making amino acids though only 20 are coded for in genetic code Each has its own unique R-group Some are polar others non-polar and their different properties determine their interactions and the shape of the final protein

Methionine an amino acidMethionine is an important amino acid as it is coded by the START codon in mRNA (AUG) This means that is is the first amino acid in all polypeptide chains as it is the first produced in transcription in the ribosomes

Although methionine (Met) has quite a large R-group we can still identify the amino group and carboxylic acid group on the amino acid

Sulphur forms strong bonds (disulphide bridges) with other S-containing amino acids

httpenwikipediaorgwikiMethionine

The simplest amino acid is glycine with H in the R-group position

Glucose

General formula C6H12O6

We count the carbons in clockwise direction starting with the first carbon after the oxygen atom in the ring

This is the basic mono-saccharide (single-unit) hexose (6-carbon) sugar molecule that is used in respiration It is a chemical store of energy

Ribose



This is the basic mono-saccharide (single-unit) pentose (5-carbon) sugar molecule It is found in RNA and a similar version in DNA

Fatty Acids amp GlycerolFatty acid chains can be of many lengths extended by adding CH2 units They are an efficient store of energy and bond with glycerol (a simple sugar alcohol) to make triglycerides ndash lipids

httpavogadroopenmoleculesnetwikiMain_Page

Physical ModelingWhich molecule is this How do you know

Use the models to make glucose and ribose

ribose

glucose

amino acid (glycine)

glycerol

this one(glycine)

Identify these organic molecules

fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose

State one function of glucose lactose and glycogen in animals and of fructose sucrose and cellulose in plants

Glucose is used in cell respiration to produce ATP for use in energy processed in cells

Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + water

Glycogen is an insoluble storage molecule in the liver When blood glucose is high the pancreas releases insulin telling theliver to capture blood glucose and combine molecules of glucose tomake the polysaccharide glycogen through condensation reactions

This stores energy for later

When blood glucose drops the hormone glucagon causes the glycogen to be broken down (hydrolysis reactions) to glucose andthen released back into the blood

Liver from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileLeber_Schafjpg

blood glucose too high

blood glucose too low

Lactose

Breastfeeding logo from httpenwikipediaorgwikiFileBreastfeeding-icon-medsvg

Lactose is a disaccharide produced in mammal mothersIt consists of glucose and galactose and is easily digested by the lactase enzyme in the young animalrsquos digestive system

By producing a small disaccharide that can be broken down by lactase the mother can provide her young with a source of energy that can be quickly digested after feeding and then readily used in respiration

Condensation reactions make bondsHydrolysis bonds break these bonds

Watch these three animations and make a generalisation about the processes- function roles of enzymes roles of water

httpisgdPeptideBond httpisgdMaltoseGIF httpisgdTriglycerideGIF

Animation httpisgdPeptideBond


httpwwwbiotopicscoukasaminoconhtml

Carbohydrates vs Lipids for energy storage

Data-based QuestionEmperor Penguin Masses

Page 50 in the Course Companion

Image source httpwwwarkiveorgemperor-penguinaptenodytes-forsteriimage-G57959html

What are some uses of lipids in living things

For more resources

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Assessment Statements Obj321 Distinguish between organic and inorganic compounds 2

322 Identify amino acids glucose ribose and fatty acids from diagrams showing their structure 2

323List three examples each of monosaccharides (glucose galactose fructose) disaccharides (maltose lactose sucrose) and polysaccharides (glycogen cellulose starch)

1

324 State one function of glucose lactose and glycogen in animals and of fructose sucrose and cellulose in plants 1

325

Outline the role of condensation and hydrolysis in the relationships betweenbull monosaccharides disaccharides and polysaccharidesbull fatty acids glycerol and triglyceridesbull amino acids and polypeptides

2

326 State three functions of lipids including energy storage and thermal insulation (also protection membranes buoyancy neuron insulation) 1

327Compare the use of carbohydrates and lipids in energy storagebull energy storage per gram (kJg)bull fastslow release of energybull demand for oxygen amp ease of release of energy

3

Assessment statements from Online IB Biology Subject GuideCommand terms httpi-biologynetibdpbiocommand-terms















Glucose




Ribose








ribose

glucose


glycerol

this one(glycine)


fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose















For more resources



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Glucose




Ribose








ribose

glucose


glycerol

this one(glycine)


fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose















For more resources



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Glucose




Ribose








ribose

glucose


glycerol

this one(glycine)


fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose












0 in the Course Companion



For more resources



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Glucose




Ribose








ribose

glucose


glycerol

this one(glycine)


fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose















For more resources



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Ribose








ribose

glucose


glycerol

this one(glycine)


fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose















For more resources



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ribose

glucose


glycerol

this one(glycine)


fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose















For more resources



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this one(glycine)


fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose















For more resources



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fatty acid

amino acid

ribose

glucose










Lactose















For more resources



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Lactose















For more resources



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carbohydrates, lipids and proteins

Education

amino acid methionine

important amino acid

simplest amino acid

generalized amino acid

function of glucose

amino group nh2

monosaccharides glucose

molecules of glucose