carbohydrates objectives: ability to define the term biological chemicals understand the structure...
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CarbohydratesObjectives: Ability to define the term ‘biological
chemicals’ Understand the structure & classification of
carbohydrates Knowledge of the functions of
carbohydrates within the body
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Biological Chemicals
The chemical basis of living things Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Water Nucleic acids Enzymes
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CarbohydratesWhat are they? Sugars & starchesWhat are they made up from? Carbon, hydrogen & oxygenWhat proportions of each? 1: 2 : 1
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Monosaccharides Simplest of carbohydrates Sweet-tasting Dissolves in water Straight chain or ring structure Example: Glucose
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Structure of Monosaccharides Glucose – formula C(6)H(12)O(6) Can be represented by a
STRAIGHT CHAIN Or as a 6-sided structure called a
PYRANOSE RING Most molecules exist as rings
rather than single chains
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Disaccharides Double-sugar Sweet, soluble & crystalline 2 monosaccarides combine together
This is called a glycosidic bond Examples:
Maltose = glucose + glucose
Sucrose = glucose + fructose
Lactose = glucose + galactose
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Polysaccharides Many monosaccarides join together Chains may be folded & compact Ideal for storage Examples: starch & glycogen However, not all used for storage Example: cellulose – strengthens &
supports cell walls
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Functions of carbohydrates
Principally a respiratory substrate
i.e. oxidized to release energyCell division
Muscle contraction
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Sources of carbohydrates Starch, sugars & cellulose are the
main carbohydrates we eat Reserves stored as glycogen in
liver & skeletal muscles About 50% of the average diet More active = higher percentage Examples:Rice, potatoes, wheat, cereal grain