carbon compounds chapter 2 section 3 part 2. objectives describe the unique qualities of carbon ...
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Carbon CompoundsChapter 2 Section 3
Part 2
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Objectives Describe the unique qualities
of carbon Describe the structures and
functions of each of the four groups of macromolecules
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Important Vocabulary Monomer Polymer Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Nucleic acid Nucleotide Protein Amino acid
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Functional Groups
Are a cluster of atoms that influence the characteristics of the molecule they are attached to
They also play a role in the type of reactions a molecule participates in
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Most Common Functional Groups
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Other Functional Groups
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Other Functional Groups
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Hydroxyl Group
-OH Makes molecules polar Is hydrophilic, which means “water
loving” Molecules with this group are
water soluble An alcohol is an organic compound
that has a hydroxyl group attached
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Carboxyl Group
-COOH The carbon atom is attached to an
oxygen atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group by a single bond
Organic compounds that contain this group are called carboxylic acids
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Amino Group -NH2
Found in amino acids and amines Makes compounds water
soluble and have a higher boiling point
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Phosphate Group
-PO4
Organic phosphates are important in biochemistry and ecology
Inorganic phosphates are mind to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry
Most phosphates are not water soluble
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Nucleic Acids Are very large & complex molecules They store & transfer important
information in the cell Composed of monomers called
nucleotides 2 types:
DNA
RNA
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Nucleotides
• Three parts to a nucleotide:• A 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate
& a nitrogenous base
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid 2 strands Composed of 4 types of nucleotides &
a sugar-phosphate backbone Contains all the information that
determines the characteristics of an organism
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RNA
Ribonucleic Acid 1 strand Composed of 4 nucleotides & a sugar-
phosphate backbone Stores and transfers information
from DNA to make proteins They also act as enzymes
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RNA vs DNA
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Proteins Are composed mainly of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen They are made up of monomers known
as amino acids There are 20 different amino acids Amino acids are connected to each other
with peptide bonds Control the rate of reactions and regulate
cell processes Important in cell structures and
transportation of disease fighting substances in or out of cells
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Amino Acids All 20 amino acids share a basic
structure
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Dipeptides
2 amino acids hooked together by a peptide bond
Formed through a condensation reaction
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Polypeptides
Are amino acids in really long chains
Proteins are often made of 1 or more polypeptides
Because they are so big, they fold into special forms: Primary Secondary Tertiary Quaternary
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Protein Structures