carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in a warm ... · brg-le,tl proce\\-bn\cti model 1h,11...

K. \. No\ ich . 1'. C . Sto) . (;. (;. K:~trrl . I). S. Ell\\\orth . 31. B. S. Sitjueira . . I . .Iir:~rig . I ~ I \ C I I tile icrl\rtr\ ol the c,tr bori c ~ c l e to (lie l ~ ~ o g ~ o i l i ~ ~ i ~ r ~ , ~ l \tcill\ 111 the iot~tIic,r\tern lirirteci 5tCitcs 4 3 0 I 1 I ~ I \ L ~ \ I I \ I\

,i[ 1 ')()() f3alcloccfll ,Ind \+'llion ?()()I . ()ren ,I] ?of) 1 , 1 1 ~ 1 ~ 11 11 I \ i l l O ( f t ~ ~ d l l l t l c c l i l l ~ ~ h ~ ~ ~ Ill l x c ' ~ l ol ,tb,tntlortetl c l g r ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ t ~ r ~ l l \ i t e \ tri t h e / l l 1 "1' A 1 ' L " ' 17)

gr,t\\Iantl \ F F . e\tr l- i~,t te\ b't\ecl o n e t l t l ~ co\ ,~rr , tnee n i c n \ u r e n i c n t \ ' t nd I3o\vcn l i ' l t ~ o F r te rgh I3,il,tncc 1ecIir11- q u c \ v~11> I r o l n ,i n e t s o u r c e ol 1400 g ( 1x1 ' , r ' l o ,i t1t.t

- ' I \Ink o f SO0 g ( rn ,I (7, lb le 1 ) I l i t \ t ~ r i c e t t ~ t r r l t > 15

i-he o b j c c l r c e of l h l s ~ n v e \ t l g ' r t l o n 15 t o , ts \c \ \ l t i e t n a g n ~ t ~ t t l e ' ln t l t i ~ r e c t l o r i ol NFF a id 115 c ~ r i t p o ~ t e r i t \ ( 1, ,rnd R, ) In '1 \otrthc;t \ tern I l n ~ t e t f St ,~te\ \ \ , l r rn- tcrnpcr . r te g ra \s ln r ld ecos>\ tetn. anci to disc\\ h Ff 'tnd f - I response \ t o ep15ocilc c l r o r ~ g h t s ,tnd harves tc 7 0 t i l l s t r r t i . \ kc u i c ,I brg- le , t l p r o c e \ \ - b n \ c t i m o d e l 1h,11 c o n r b ~ l i c \ ecctp l i \ \ t o l o - grc ' l l ,iriti r,1cil,ilr\ c t r ' l n s l e ~ IN t n c ~ p l e \ I hc. i ~ l o c l e l 14 ~ , ~ l r b r , t t e t l 11 t t h l x ) t l i Ic , i f - lc \ e l gas C\LII~III~C I IiY)S) IIIII~~I \~IIII CI Ic;11 ;III,CIL, ~ l i ~ ~ 1 - 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 o t i p;il-cirilctcr (1) ol' 11 7. < 1 ~ > ~ 3 l l I ~ > l 1:IlL. lor cicct glib\\ IL,'I\ c\

J , , I \ ~c l ;~ l cc l to \toi~1,11ri.ilc.c 17cl\\ L ~ C I l cco\y\tcl l l i~:lll>~lll : l \ \ l i l l i l~ l t lo l l ( l, i #lil,I ,,t,ll\\ ~ l i ~ l l l rL~\i>l- i.l lton (RI )

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I I I I I e ~ l ~ r e ~ I I ) ; t i l t 1 ,, I, tlie 1lai.tiii11 111' I \ I 1Il:ll < l I > \ O i l 7 \ 1llel~lcllt ~ 7 l l o t ~ l \ ~ l l l l l c l l c ; l l l ~ : i c t l \ i ~ 1 : l ~ I l ~ l l i ~ l t i ll'\l ; i r l i c~ ~ ~ i o d c l i t ~ g \t \ id> l . ; i i ,111cl K : ~ f t ~ l l?OOOt 111 \ \ I I I~ I I *1ct1i;11 :111(i pole1111;11 ~ \ : I ~ ~ O ~ ~ ; I I ~ \ ~ ~ I I ; I ~ I O I ~ \ \ t , I i ~ \Ill~\\ll I l i i \ ~ ~ l ~ ~ < I 1 /Il< 0 I 0 101 rI1c \ < l I l l C gr;l5\l;l i l~i

1 1 ) IIIL.;I,~II~ ,111ti I I IO~L ,~ III,V~II-III~~~- I~ \~~I I~I I I~ I I , \be L I S C ~ :I (i1fferc111 ,l~l~7l,l:lcll tI1;111 lilt, ~t: l i lIreiic h t ; l h~ l~ l> CO~I(IIIIOII\ 1 (: (1) 1 ; 11 I . \cc ,\]>1312tlt!l\ ( * ) 1Ie1.c. : I\ ~i i \ Irurnei l t IIL>I~III ( 3 11 111). 1 I \ 111c O h t ~ k l i o \ ICII~III ( I~I-~I~s:I~~I 1982 1705). :111cl /7 ,11it1 t l ;ire il lc ii,c;~n c;inop> I i c ~ g l ~ t ;il-itl /ero-1,1:inc ~ i i . ;p lnce~i~ei~t ( - 2 ' 3 11 ). I -~ \~x~ I I \ el? I l ~ c ; ~ d d ~ t l o i i 01 the I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o \ p l ~ e r i ~ ~ \ l i i b i l~ l? c o ~ i s I r ; ~ ~ ~ i t to tlie ~I\II:I~ i i ~ , ~ l i r - r ~ ~ i i e 1.1-~erio~i ICIO~II! rhresliold ellsures ll i:~t l l ~ c IlO\\ I S :I t'klll> ~ i ~ - \ c l o ~ l c ( i t11rl~~llcilt I l O \ \ tI1;1t I\ l lc~l l- l1e~l lr : l l Llll~l I l O I .,COI~~:IIT~III~IICC~'. In l ; ~ ~ - g c - ~ c : ~ l e l p l i c ~ i ~ i ~ ~ l e r ~ : ~ \ ~ l c I i ;IS ~I-;I\ 11y \< ;~ \e \ or I ~ I L ~ ; I I I ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ . ;111ti I \ c r ~ t ~ c ; ~ l COI~\~I-;I~IIIII~ tllc r i ~ g l ~ t - l ~ i ~ ~ e 11(1\ lootpi-itit (\c,c : \ p p i ~ i ~ c i ~ \ c ' ) , III S:IL,~. trot11 : \~>~~II~IIx C'. :1eecp1111g I!", ~ l \ tI1c OilI\ t l l 1~~ \ l lO I~ l \\ I l l 1 lit) : l l i l l~l \~71icl lc \t:lllillty ~~o i l \ l ~ l c l -~ l r l o1 l e;111

IIIII~II~I~I~II t11';1\11retf I..\! I l ie 1tltcrp1iI:1tic111 l'trr l i ~ l l o \ \ \ the \;IIIIC l l l o ~ l c l I?! \\'I\ III~I'I;II~~I 111 ~ 1 1 1 IIII~I\ILII-~ i i i r 111~. 1111lci 111ir11gIlt co11tI11to11\

L ~ ~ ~ C O ~ I ~ I I ~ I C ~ I d1tr111g t l ~ e II>~;I\IIICIIKI~~ 11e1-11xi \i 'c tested \ \ i ~ c t i ~ c r t l ~ e IC\Ic~t \ \cct~ 11lc:is111-c11 ;IIICI tlroiicletl Ill 1111\c\j t i c j x ~ d tin st)11 111(11\t11rc :111tl li11111cl \\c:lk C O I ~ ~ ~ ~ I I I I ~ I I 11.. 0 0 0 ) ( ) t l ic~. \ t~ t t I ic \ t~ : \ \ c ; i I \ i ~ \!lo\\ t i ;III I I~. ; I~I~I~~~: I I I~ rc l i t t to t i \ l~ t [~ hc ' l \ \ec~i te\1?11:1111i11 iitld \o i l t i ) o i \ t t i r~ ( I :DI~~ ;ill11 Z4onctctff ?OOI ). ;IIII~ 111th ohsct-\'ar~on ;~pl>c:~r\ to IIIIIII l i i r tlic t l t ~ l t l i l ro~r$ l l ~ ~ n c t r ~ ~ r ~ l t ~ r c t l l ~ c t c t1111iiglr ;I \Ironget d c p c ~ ~ t l e ~ ~ c c oi l \o i l IIIOI\~IIIC III:~!, reirilt l 'toiii 111or~ \c\ CIC i i roi igl l t \

I ) l l l l t lg 1l1e \tllCl\' ~>crtl)cl. 1I1c gr;1\\ \\;I\ (.Ill O t i 2 0 Slltlc 2 i ) i l l . Ilccc\\lt;iting ,I ~>I~;~I I I IC l,i\l g~-ci\\tIi tirc~del ~ i ~ l n i c d ~ a t e l y lirllo\ttt1g tIli\ ~>CIIUI~~;I~IOI~. \t'c ctlci\e ,I ~ l i :~ t l ie t i t :~ t t i~aI 11iodel \ \ i io \c i.anoll~c;tl I ~ > I I ~ 1~\ct11t>lcb \. \ \ c I l l O ~ i c l L ~ ~ i l;ilcllt t1c:lt e \ c l l : l l l ~c ( 1 I- 1 ;I\:

l1e1c I I\ t l ~ c I:ttct~t IIC;II o f \ ; ipor i / ;~ t~ i r t i o f '\;ilcr. :i11(1 t l l ~ i 6 l i l c to~ I \ ~ icct lc t l to correct c;lnopll co~~d~ ic t ; i t r cc l i )r d ~ f l i w l ~ c c s i n lItll;ll-> l l l i~I ' l l \ t \ l t> I>ct\bccll ('0- :lllI~ I(: (1) 1, , 0. I. :inti I\ trlodclcd Nl :it ;ill 1)ther tlnles. I ) ; r~ ly . se;t\o11;tl. :inti ; i ~ i t i t r i ~ l ciltnc o t Ilrixe.; are c;~lletl "esttli~atc.;" bccitr~sc they tlcperrtl 011 ho lh tirrcctly tne:rsl~rcd Ilriues ;~ncl ~ n o d c l r c \ r~ l t \ ( c g.. eqi1;1t1011 S) Ihitt fill $;I[>\ III 111c d;11;1 rec~ i rd

10.1 O\!+?;II:III~C~~I ti,,. ., Zl1ctl;lelli L ~ t l I l \ t : l t l t l(11 0 , l l l l l l l l l t l l r l l i' K < 1, ~ I ; i r ; l l l l~~tC~l

I I ( l l l l l l ;I ) ' h S > 3

l < l g ( ~ l i l lll 2tlO I , l l l ~ l I I \[>I l i 2002

5c~l l : l l I l \ l \ ~ ~ \ \\L,Ic l l l c ; l \ l l l ~ ~ ~ l l l \ I i l ~ ,111 ~ ~ l l ~ l \ - c o \ : l l l ~ ,III CI~-I>;IIII ?:I\ ,III:II\ /el ( I IK - i t~o . I or. I I I I L ~ ~ ~ I I . h ~ ~ l > ). I~O\I~IC>II~~I (1 111 ,I[II>\L~ tIlc c; I I~~I~>\ I l l ~ !)lll 111c \ c l I l t < l l 1,) , l \ O i ~ i < l l l L ~ t t \ l i l l l lg l l l ctll lt i i l l l1ll~ltloll ' l l l c l to lllllllilll/ ~ l l < l t ~ ~ , l 11~1111 tlie (.S:\l : I>>, I 0 cri1. ;I l e ~ to ~IIL> \OI~IL. li;itl~ : i \ c ~ ; i g t ~ i y lc11gtl1 I l lc 1111lc \cl-lc\ ~ ~ l l l l l ~ ~ l > l l ~ ~ l l l \ . lcll l~>c~l;il l1lt~. ;illl~~tl II\III~ ,I ?;Y ~I;I~;I logger I( : i~l lpl>cl l S c ~ c ~ i l ~ l i c . I.o~;III. l i l : ~ l i ) I 0 I ! / .\/I I ~ O \ ; I I I ~ I ~ C ~ \ \ \el l ' 11ic11 ~ l l l l l ~ ~ l l t ~ ~ i O \ C i ;I \[ I- l l l l l l l l tc [ > ~ ' l - l t > t i l l \ I l l ~ 1 1 1 ~ ~ > ~ ~ l ~ e ( i l 1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ' d Ill K;it111 ct ;II ( 100: I l'lic \ ~ ' ~ ~ I ~ ~ > - ~ ~ ~ : I I I I I : I ~ I - ~ ~ I I I ~ I I ~ ~ L~OI~L>L,III~ t \\ cI>11 ct 81 IOSO) \\:I\ \ ~ 1 1 ~ \ c ~ ~ ~ 1 1 < ~ 1 1 t 1 \ c l~ )~> l l~ t l ill tlk, cilril~3lilcr l l \ l l l l ; l l~ Iy 250 Ill l ~ ~ t c ~ l l I,> l l lc \ l ) l l l l l \ \c \ l . 111c ~~lc~l l l l1 , l i i : l l l t ~ l l l ~ c c t l ~ l l l 0 1 I l O \ \ < l l l l l l lg \lillllil~~l I l1c 1pL~;lL. 111' tlic \ O I , l < L ~ \ \L~lgI l t f i~r>~. t i1111 ~ j < > \ e ~ ~ l x ~ \ I~IL, ~L,;I!, ( 1 1 tlir III,I\II~II~I~ \IIIIIL.~, ,IJ;,,I !Ii;it

c . ~ i ~ i t r ~ l > ~ ~ f c \ 11) fl114c\. ;111d c \ t ~ ~ ~ i i i t c c l I I \ I I I~ tlle i i ~ o t p ~ ~ ~ > t 111o(lel 111 l l \ lc l1 el JI (20(iO) to I)c \lll;lllel- t l i ; l l l I i ii Ill (ill z 3 I l l ) for lIlO\t \r;~l)rlrr riin\. cuccp~ li~i \t;~l>lc c o n t l ~ t ~ o ~ i \ (,,\ppend~x (.). I'hc source \ \ c ~ g l i l I'IIII~IIIII~ dc\cr~ l )c \ t l ~ c reI:itt\c osy l ;~ l to~~ c;il);tc~l> 11; ,,,,,, ) allti \ rcrc ~ ~ c r ( i ~ ~ ~ n c t l In hlay, . i~ine ;ind AI I~I I \~ 2001 111111g ;II~ OI)CII-~~II\V 1,l- OJOO ~ x i i t a l ~ i c p l io tosy~i t l~cs is systeln 11 I-('or. I tncoln. Neb ), f'or Ical-lc\ el p l ~ o t o \ y n ~ l i c o ~ . I!; ,,,,,, \\';I\ d ~ r c c t i y littctl to n l SI~LI ~ c \ l x i n \ c \ ill. . l , , to ( '0: \III)PI~ t11i~1u conlrol lct l c o n t l ~ l ~ o n s i l i ~ l l o \ \ ~ ~ i g tlic ,lpproach ol' C l e t l t y ~ ~ cl ;I/. 2002). 'I-IIC rcyo l l se of'

I , , l o ~ ~ ~ t e ~ - c c l I i i l ; i i ( ' 0 c o n c c ~ i l i ; i t ~ o ~ ~ I ( ' , ) i~rc;r\iiretf i n tlrc l i c ld \\II~IIII 0 111 ol' tlic to\Aer 111 IIII~I-I~~II-I~III~ 011 \111111y tliiys I?\ c o ~ i t ~ o l i ~ l l p c~Ii:111113cr conti i t~orls to I1g1iI \:I~III;I~IO~~ ( I .SO0 IIIIIOI 111 - \ ~ ~ l l ~ l l l ~ \ l l l i fill\ (iell\lt!) ~ l l l c ~ 2') :2 i. 1~:lI' ~ ~ l l I ~ ~ ~ l ~ l ~ ~ l 1 c \ 4 1 1 l i \ I ' i f 1 .S ~I';I 1~1r 0 I 0 clr l lcrei~t (', \t i . (>\ /'I ,,,,,, ir ;ir t11ef1 l i l let i l o t l ~ IIIIII'I~ , l~ l>e e t l ~ i i l > ~ r \ ~ t i g ;II l c i~ \ t l i \ e ( ' , I c \ c l \ 2 5 0 p11101 r l101 I , \ \ I l l1 / ~ ~ \ c ~ ~ c ~ < l l l l y 0SC1,, 1 I - ; l l 3 1 ~ ~ 2 )

\ \ L ~ ~ ~ , ~ l c ~ ~ ~ l ; ~ l c ~ l I .,\I Iio111 l'/\l< I~;I I~\I I~I\ \ IOI~ ~ l i ~ t : i ~ ~ ~ ~ l l c c l c t l i11111ig l l l l i ~ l ~ i o ill II;II1\CcI\ 111 ,I 120 \\\;1111 It> 111~' 'Olllll of tI1c elli ly- , lll 2002) \\,:I\ 0 2 O",, l(1.28 I 01' 17320 1>otc1iti;1l tl:11'i p o ~ i ~ t \ i ,\ficr liItc1111y o i ~ t I I I ! ~ ~ I ~ - I I I ~ ~ ~ ( ' 0% 11i1x ~I:II;I 1151iig tlic critcll;i 111 ,\~II~II~IIX C'. 4 i . l " % 01' ~ 1 ~ l ~ ~ ~ l l l l : l I 1: l111\ d;11;1 [ ~ o l l l t s lclil; l l l l ,\ \ ;1i1et> ,>I' l i i t~ l110(15 exist to ' g :~p l i l l ' 11ii\\111y ('0; i~ii(l I I d;lt;i. ~ i 1it1111t (21; 111il111 ~>IIOIOII\ III \ ' I \\c,rc l i l lct l I>> I i t t~ r ig ;I I~OII~III~*;~I ~ -cg re~ \ \~o t i III' i ~ i e ; ~ \ ~ ~ i - e ~ i C O . t l t i \ L ~ l ~ o ~ ~ l l'j\It :11id I L - ~ ~ ~ : I < , I I I ~ ii115s111g ~;II:I I>OIIII, \ v ~ t I i ~IIL, IL> \~ I I~ \ (11' tlic icyrc\\ lor l ( 1 12 ?:I) hl I- ~ l ; ~ t ? i g:111\ I- I I I~ I I~ - I I I~ I~ :111tl lo\\ l'!\l< 1>~11ot l \ \\ere l i l l~ , t i ~ I \ I I I ~ tlic c)l,, ic \p l l . ; i t~or~ CY\II;I~IOII ( i :113\ III tllc I I I ~ ~ C I I I ~ \ \ L ' I ~

- ---- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Day after Jan I, 2001

I l l c I I I I I I I L ~ I I I I I I I , , ( I I I l l ) . ,11i(1 l - ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ l c l l , g 1 , 1 1 ~ ~ 1 1 1 ~ ij;l t21 1,~11111, tilLx l e ~ , l l l , o f ' l l L , I L ~ ~ l L ~ , , l ~ l l , I i : i r \c \~~iig OII fZ'r iiri(1 YFt ' i ~ r i c l S L I I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : I S I Y ~ the coi~tr i lx~- (1 I S ~ ~ ~ I O I I (I:I~;I \\csc g:iplilI~~l v.1111 ~ I I C I ~ S [ I I I \ of 11ic rL,crL.\\li)1i

\1,3\1111t1111 e \ t ~ m ; ~ t e d tl,illy c\ ~ipotsnn\p1ratlo11 ( E T , 4 I 1nrr1 -- -- -- - - ___ _ _ - _ - - - _ - _ t1,i.i ' ) I \ M 1tl111i tile rrlllgc ol \,illre\ c \ t~~n , t t ed Ihr other Results and discussion y . i \ ~ I . ~ i i t l i hii\eti 011 e t l d > - ~ o \ d ~ i ; t ~ l ~ * c . \vIi~ch r'ii~ge fro111

l I I I I I I c i ,~q ' t o 5 5 mrn tf,~? ' (lilplcy m d C,iuglcr 1078, l o ,icltirc\5 tlie \rt i t l> o b l e ~ t i \ c \ . \ \ c lir\t d1ict1\5 eitr~li,ited \ l c ~ c r \ 1001. 1)t1g,1\ et '11 1000. filint c t '11 2002. I\le\er ,iiid rni~tfelcil F T ,lnd Z F F .~r i t i coll~p,irc tlic\c ~ e ~ ~ i l t i \\ ~ t h et ,i l 2001) \1

I;ig. 3 a ' 1 . 1 ~ i-cl;i~~or~\li!l~ 1 ~ - t\\ce11 IlCt cc-~L~~Il~ lllci~~lllclll~~lli 1 cc01-(I l'tll: \ t l l l t i ll01lllfic:11 ie- ~l-c>sloll I111c I \ 1l\clc\e~~rcil 60 I " , b (11 f ' , , \\lilcit I \ ~ntermctli,ttc hetween piiblliheti I 1 , i', tor 1 1 I I I ~ I I i O o 0 lo o\ er l OO"i l (Zlc*\ 200 I . 1 ) ' ~ el '11 1006, l3cllot et < t l 1900 \o11\ ello11 et , ) I 2000. f renor1 2001. \Vet cr et ,ti 1001 1 f 1 , /', here* I \ cons~\ le~ t l nl th ,I n,~trlt ,~l grai\l,tntl c ~ t t i h r ~ t c ~ i l I I I \ , ~ r , r l I)r,ther~sl~cry. \o \ i t l~ Ilric'i (li11111g t u o lo\\ I > I C L I P I I , I I I O I I \C ' l I \ ( 70°0. l-\t l \olt 2001). ~ t i r t dur ir~g '1 lo\\ p1i.cip11~11101~ \ L > , I I ( (>O"O I ) < \ / et J I 1006). \itggc\tii~g \ I I ~ ~ I I ~ I I I ~ I ~ \ 111 i l l < %

\\ ,~tcr h,tl,tnce o l \z,tr ~i~-tcmper. t tc~Medrte~r~~rrean gr~t \ \ l '~nd tco \ \ \tcin\ tfrirlng d r ~ \ erlr\

\oil rnolslrile lr~~rlteti q, (riiea~itng 0. 01,, 011-0 2 ~m'ni ') i7" , , of the tiiiie for ilic entire qc,lr i~ritl 6670 of the t~rne titrrlr1g noll-\tlrller pelioci\ ( f r g i 5;). I)) We con\rder rton- \\ rritcr pc11oi1\ to be SIOY 10 1 140, \4 lten .4, is not \e,lion,tllb silppie\cetf by de'ttl \/cget,ttiorl lie-par;-ririetcr- I/lng the iirotlcl to \ l~ni~l ' t te tttc 'drouglrt-free' scertario rc\tilr\ 111 ri~otlelccl F I , ol 778 Inm 01 FT,if' , of 80 0°0 ( I ) I he iirotigilt-Ire' ~iiotlclctl I I , / / ' , i i co11\15lerlt

! 8 , , # I Modeled j I - Est~mled : /

0 1

Day after Jan 1. 2001

I I I I ~ I I f ( 7 f g ( I I ) I \ tlic il1,per enti 01 tlie I C I I I ~ C ol reported \ , t l~lc\ lor other yr't\\I,tridi - I (-2 5 g ( 111 d n ~ ' to 0 I g C 111 O i l \ I~ vf 1 \ \ ~ ~ c ~ I L I \ c 01 hl$l l i l t l l l \ /tI 1,111 cornp~u~thle to other cttidrei i ~ r t l i ilro~iyht I I I ~ I L I L I \ ( f,tble I ) f 11yh I I I ~ ~ Y I I I I L I I ~ ~ d'ill> t , .iri(l lo\\ iii~t\i111t1111 d't~ly '41 F \uggfit th'tt the ~ i t ~ t g ~ i ~ t t ~ d e of K I pI~t\c(l ~i ni'tlor role rri rfeter~iir~trng the ~ii,ign~ttide of riel llti\c\ t f t t~~ng both tlrotight ,tntl rion-tlrotiglit perlotl5

I - ' I ~ \ loti\ \lutlio> li,i\ e clernonstr,tted tti,tt Itl dec rc,tie\ ~ i t l i 0 ( e g . JicrcIi\te~n ct ,11 2001) Ilo\\c\cr 111 ottr \ t ~ l t l \ . the m,tgn~tirtie of Rl \\,I\ ~ I I I ~ ~ I I I ~ ~ tlcpcriderit on teliil)er- J ~ L I I e zi11d \i 1114en\rti\ e to tl for tlie nie,t\iii e111~1it I ~ C I I O ~ . cort\rstent ~ 1 t 1 1 FLtrig ~ I I I C I Moncre~tt (2001) I'erh,tp\ ,I more prolungeti tirol~ght. e$pecrnll\ 14 her1 cotipled \\ 1111

net ret~irri ol (0, lo the ~tlinosphe~e tlrirrriy t l i i \ tinre ( J,rhIe I ) i lo\ \c\er . morlcl ic\i~lt\ \ h o \ ~ tli,it. 111 ,I tiro~~ght- lree ve,ir \ i ~ t h n o \or1 r i ~ o ~ \ t t l ~ e /i~iiit~ttio~i or1 I O I ~ ( I ~ I C I , I I ~ C ~

otir pr,i\il,tr-ttl oiil\ I ~ p [ ) r o ' ~ ~ I ~ TO'%, 01 \111111iier \~ilciei olxcr \ ctl b\ SIC\ er \ (100 I ) ( I ,~hle I ). rntlle,ttlrig tI1,tt our ~tcts\I,tricl 1 4 ii~iy L ' I I > I I ~ ~ I C \ ~ I I ~ I I I O ~ I),tl,riiicter\ tlirotrgliotit the \ t , i ~ , ,iliho~igh coi i i~x~wnt i l t i \ ~ \ ( I , ,111

1500

Day after Jan 1.2001

con\~\te~it \h 1111 1e\ull5 li-om ,I no~llrcrrl (rre,tl 1'l,t111\ nlrxetl gras\l,lntl (Pl,lnag,lri ct '11 2002). ,I \outhc,rn (~le,tt I'l,tirt\ r,~ngcl,t~td (Frmk et al 2001 ), ,llid 'I \otit1ie111 Ctrekil 1 ' I r t ~ ~ i \ t:111g1:1\\ Ix~i1rle (5t1> her el 2 0 0 3 ) ( 1 (il>lc I ) 111 < I I I 111ree \ltldre\. thc \~gri ih111 or Illcre,t\e I I I \ I - I \ I I I ~ \trcrlgtIi \L,I\ '~rtributetl to ,111 rncle'rse I r l 4, dllci 1101 < I r cc l t~c t~~n 111 , I I ~ I I ~ I ~ I I Rl . coll\r\lent \ L I ~ I I O ~ I I ~liodel c , l l~ t~l~i t ro~i \ ( 1,lhle :)

1h1i conlr,i\t\ \uth ob\erc,itronr 111,lde , ICIO\ \ ,I r,lnge ol Ft~ropfiil"oie\t\, \\lirch totlnd 111~11 f i r . not 1 , \ \ , I \ tllc prlln,lr coritlrhutor of \ , I I I , I ~ I ~ I I 111 tlic C ~ I I I X ) I I b.11~11i~c ,lcro\\ \11e\ ( \ ~ I ~ ~ I I ~ I I I I el er\ 2001. f l a n ~ ~ g , ~ n el '11 2002 )

1 0 c\,rIrl,itc rhc cflect ol llie nl:trl,igcnie~~t ~xo'tocol on 1 f \kc re p r~~ , i~ l iC[e r~ / i ' ( j tlic 11iodc1 10 \11iitilale 'I

D,ly ,lfter Jan 1 2001

p l i \ \ ~ o l o ~ ~ ~ c , i l I?ropcrt~e\ (le,rl ,111~1 le\plr,ttlori p , i~ ,~~i ie te r \ ) ~ n d t i - ~ ~ i \ ~ ~ i i r i ~ i ~ 1 21 \ \ e ~ c not ~i iod~liet i i~ l tc r tlic h < i ~ \ e \ t

'ricic~ tlie\c I ~ I c ~ I I I ~ c ( I ~ o ~ ~ t I r t ~ o ~ i \ . I I ' I I \ c \ t i~ig Ii(id I I I ~ \ 111 RI c \ e ~ t i ~i0111111'111t c011110l 011 ( e\Lll \ itic h~t1oii~11 \ i icntc l otiiitf,i~iciii ( h \ I -I ZK 111d h\l -l>?l\) the I31ologlc,11 ,91id I I?\ i ~ o ~ i i i i ~ i i ~ , i I i I ~ , I ~ Iri\iit111e lor ( T I C I I I ~ I I 1 I ~ \ I I ~ I I I I ~ ~ ~ ~ < I ~ ( h~ligc (Nl( t l ( ) .inti ihlotli?Ii the ler~c\tri,~l ( 'trbon I)ro~c\\e\ Progr,inl ( 1 I I I I i C 1 iic ,tutlio~\ .Ippteii,tte tlie ctin~rilxi-

I IOII \ ( ~ i C ~ ~ I I ~ I ~ ~ I I I ~ L I ~ ~ I I ~ Iloiii 13cri l '~~~i1lc1 ~ i i i t i llc,i~Iier h f ~ c ,irtIi\ 1li i lootp~int iirodcl of I1 \1cI i ct '11 ( 2 0 0 0 ) j l i r Ul,ltl,ib] I \ ,i\nii,thle tipon rc.c]uc3\t

Appendix A: leaf-level assimilation model

\cccirti~ng to I .irclrili,ir ct '11 ( lO80) , ,I\ Liter 1not11Iii.d I, ( ~ , l l < l l / el d l ( I O 1 ) l j l\~~llo\~,ll l

ctic L ~ I J ) 01 Rt1121ico per iinrt Ie'lf ,Ire'l ( ~ I I I O I 111 c I ) . ~ind A t ' I I IC~ KO re 11le i\/l~ch,telr\ corlit'lnti for (0- fix~rtlon 'lnd 0, inhihttlon \\rth re\pect to ( 07. re\pcctr\~elq J, increaie\ ilrle'~rly u ~ t h rncre,l\lng (',. but , ~ p p r o ~ ~ ~ l l e \ ,I Iri,i\rmtlm under '3 hlgh ('0: concentr'itton \t,lte r,rrclq enco~rrt~ered under present concirtron\, thot~gli Ilkelk iirrtler ttrttire cIrmilte 5cenarlo\

Tempaatrire dependence of I\rr~etre ~ n r ~ ~ t h l c i I \ co11-r- puled fi>llo\&rng 111c eclrl,ttron\ In ( ,l~npt~cll ,~nti \orinan ( 1908) FI\ e kinet~c p,rr ,llnetcr\ ture A,. k,,.. . r. l i ,,,,, i ~ ~ ~ t f For tlie Ij~ct t \ i o parametere. ,I ~notl~fietf cuponcnri,tl tc~npcr~rttirc ftincl~ctn of tlie lil~r-i~

k 7- k-5 x tnp i y ( T i - 25) ;

1% hcie l i ,,,,, ?, 'triti 7 , 'ire \ Liltie\ ol I ,,, ,, ,111d

11;1t~.li .IU'. f't)ttcr ('S ( l (1Oi) (11011;il p;ittct-~i\ 01' ~;III~III ~III>\IcI~ c i i i ~ \ \ ~ o r i i ti-on1 \o i l \ (;11)17 131oge1>cli'tri ('!clcs 0 2 < :h

I i ~ : i ~ r ~ i c ol.c;irhon d ~ o x i d e exi.I~;tiipc iii ;I IIIIY~CI gr;~\sl;ir~cl c c ~ ~ < y \ i e i ~ i (';+TI I 1301 5 0 ~ 1 0 0 0 2005

Ipir;itiol> 111 I\\() k l e ( l ~ t c r ~ ~ : ~ t i e : ~ ~ i e\c~igi-cc11 11oli11 o ;~k Sorc\~b tIto11g11i L~I'I>L.I\ :III~I t l c c o ~ i ~ p o s ~ l ~ ~ i i ~ (1: r tair i~c\ F.rltict I 'co l l(1.27 ;!,

[1iplc> l.,;f. S:iiigicr 13 i 11)-41 k I i c ~ o c ~ i i ~ ~ ; t t e i ~ i r d p r o ~ l i ~ c i t o ~ ? 01. ,I r~; i t i \c gr;i\\I:i ittl~ ,I ~ ~ i ~ c r o ~ i i c f e i ~ ~ ~ ~ l o g ~ c : ~ l \III~>. Occol I'I;IIII 11:3.33 301

l < ~ p l e y 1.11. S;III~~L,I- 13 ( l 0 7 X ) I ~ I ( > ~ I I > > I ~ ~ 01' ;I II:I~III-;I~ p ~ ; i ~ \ l : ~ i ~ ( l cva \x i~ -x t~on l ,\ppl 1-col 15.450 470

I?~>~cII/\vcI~ C' . l ~ i ~ l > i c l l o F N . (~ol(ltherg 11. k~11Ils I,. i < l t ~ o ~ ~ i t i e l ~ i I (2002) 111crc;rsctl crop d;in~:~gc i r i fllc 1IS l io i r i e\i-c\\ 171~~113- i1;it1011 ~ i ~ t ( l e r c I~r~ i ; i tc cIi:i i~yc ( i lo l? p.11~ 1r1111 ('1i;itige I . ? . 197 202

S:iigl~i;a N . Oika\i;t '1'. 1.rt1 S ( l i )9X) Sco\~ i~ i ; i l \ ; ~ r ~ ; t t ~ o n s 01 ihc exclr~irigc o f ( 'O? rid 11 .0 I-cl\~.een ;I gr;i\i l; i i~ii ,r i i t i the ;il ir~orphcre: ;in c \ p c r ~ i n c t ~ t ; ~ i \tutly t\pric Fitr R1ctl:::tirol 8O: I3 l 139

S;trinicnto Jl.. \Vol'b> S(' [ c o - c l ~ ; i ~ r \ ) i 1000) ,\ l l S C;III>OII c>clc \cience p1;il-i. ;I rcpoit of 111c ( 'arhon and ('l i irinte \Vt>r-k~rrg ( iror ip I!S (iloh;il ('li:tngc I1e\e;irch I'rr>pr;iin, W: i s l~ i r i y t~~n . I) '

Scurlock .IhlO. .lolinsori I 11,\. I.'~eltf ('13 (2002) t i r ; is\ l ; i~i t l rcsporlses to glob;il cn\ i ron~ncni ; i [ cli;irrge\ \iippr.e\\cd by c l c i ;~tetl ( '( )-. Sctcncc 20%. 1 OX7 1900

SIIII\ 1'1.. l 3 ~ 1 d l h r d S:\ (2001 ( 'n ibon cttoxitle i luxc\ III ;I \cxirlieni pl:lillb I";""". .\grtc l:Oi f\letcorol 100: I 17 1.24

Suykcr !\I. .. Verni;r S13 12001) 'r'c;ir-ro~~ntl c~hscrv;iiton\ 01' 111c r1i.i ccosyslem excI i ; i~~ge of' carhr)ii t i ~ o ~ i t l e III a i1;ili\i, l;~IIyt.ii\\ ~ ~ r a ~ r i c . (;lob ( ' I i ; t t~yc 13101 7.270 280

S~ iykc r ,\I;. V e r ~ l i ; ~ SI3. ~{~II\?;I (i(; (2003) l r i ~ e r : ~ t ~ i i i ~ ; i l \;II.I:~IIIIII> 111 net ( 'O? cxcli;iiige 01' :I II;I~I\L, t;iIlyr:i\\ pr;ilrtc. (ilolh ('~I;III~.L~ l i ~ o l 0.25S 2 h

I lll;lllll ('. \foot-, 1.1. ( ~ I -~ I I~ I~ I !\. (ir1\5\ 1'. Scti\l:::n K O , i'rIcg:~:ir~i K. I ~IICI~OIII !I. ( ~ r ~ l l c ,\. I~L,~IIIII)I>I (.. ( t t ~ i i ~ \ \ ; i l d :I-. ! \ i~hi i iei L l . t ' c ~ i l c ~ i i ; ~ i ~ s R . Ko\v;il\kt :IS. \~es;il;i 1.. I?i i r i r i~k \,I. 13~1-bigicr P. I IIII\~;ILI I). ( IIIII~II~I~~\SI)I~ ,I. l ~ l i o ~ - g e ~ r s ~ o r i I I . I~IOITI '4. ' ~ l o ~ g c ~ ~ \ t e r t i K. ('IL,III~II~ 11, , \ l o ~ ~ c r ~ c l ~ l ' J , klo11t;igt1:1i11 I-, \ i i t ic rb i S. .I:ir-\ is i'l (1000) 1lehpir:ition ;IS tlic rnain tictcnniii;rnt o l i~;r~hrr i t h;rI;ir~cc 111 1 i i i rop~~; in l i~re\r:N;i t i i re 403.861 865

\ i i t o \ r r ~ n i ~ > ( '1 . Snh;rgia11 1) (2000) , \ i i ihropogcn~c t1istrrrh;itice o f rlic iCr~-c\tr~;r l \\;riel. c \ c l c i i tc>sc~ci ic< 1 0 : 7 3 705

\{:?~:II II) [ , t i . I'C:I~III:III (;I. 1 eii11111g I1 (IOXO) ( ' ~ ~ ~ ~ r e c t i o ~ i 01' I l ~ i x ~~ i l : : : : i ~~~rc i i~c !~ ts lor- clc~i\ t ty c l ' l b~ ts ~ L I C to II~;II :i~i~i \\ ;11er \,itpour i r ; r t ~ \ l ~ r . (1 S R "vlctcorol Soi. I OO:X5 100

\Vc\cr I.!\. 1:l:ti?;ig;111 1 - 1 3 ~ C':irIsot~ 1'1 (20!12) Season;il :111d ~ti tcr; i r~t~i i ; i I v;t t~~i i t tot i t i i e \ ;~ j )o i r i i n s~~~r i i t i on . energy hal;~rrce ;inti \iirt;~ce ~ o ~ t d ~ c t i i i i c e 111 a nortlierti tc1rrpcr;ltc grasslnn~l. A g r ~ c For Metectrol 1 12:3 1 39

U ' l ~ i t e K . Mun-:ty S. Roli\ketler h l (2000) PIII)I Ai~;rly\is nf '( i loh; i l I:cos)~leiris (I'A(;I;). yra5sl;lnd c c o i y \ t c ~ i h Wor ld l iescx~rcc\ 111\ttt1ite. \~ i s l l i l l g to l i . I).(..

\Y~ l \ cy i3.1. I ' ; t rct~l (i. I lo i i le t N1-. \ loore 111. I ' o t \ ~ n C' (2002) 1 ~ r o p ~ ; i l p;lstiire carbon cyclirtg. t - e l ; ~ t ~ o ~ t s l ~ ~ p s bc twce~ l i' o r ~ k t r c t i g t l ~ . ;ibo\e-gi01111~1 hioin;l\\ :iirti yra/ing. I'col I.ctt 5 3 6 7 170

\I ' t l \on KI3. l3:ildoccl1i I ) [> 1200 1 ) ('oritl,;ir~ng tntlepentlenl c\ii i i i; ite\ oi' citi.0011 ~IO\I(IC c x c l i i i ~ ~ y c o i c r C ye;ti-s ;rl a cIecit fr io~~\ li>~-cst III ilrc \o~it l ica\tcrn l l t i ~ t c t f Si;itc\. .l ficopl-iys l i e \ I!)(> 74107 :J I7S

carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in a warm ... · brg-le,tl proce\\-bn\cti model 1h,11...

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