carbon reduction and sustainable construction scientific adviser: low carbon innovation centre...
TRANSCRIPT
Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction
Scientific Adviser: Low Carbon Innovation Centre
School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia
NBSLM03E – Master Class
June 2010
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 ) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv
Recipient of James Watt Gold Medal5th October 2007
CRedCarbon
Reduction 1
• Issues of Carbon Emissions and Energy Security
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings
Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction
• Issues of Carbon Emissions and Energy Security
2
3Per capita Carbon Emissions
UK
How does UK compare with other countries?
Why do some countries emit more CO2 than others?
What is the magnitude of the CO2 problem?
France
4
Carbon Emissions and Electricity
UK
France
r
5
Electricity Generation in selected Countries
Actual Nuclear
Projected Nuclear
Actual Coal with FGD
Opted Out Coal
Renewables
New Nuclear?
New Coal ???
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
MW
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• Opted Out Coal: Stations can only run for 20 000 hours more and must close by 2015• New Nuclear assumes completing 1 new nuclear station each year beyond 2018• New Coal assumes completing 1 new coal station each year beyond 2018
Our Choices: They are difficult: Energy SecurityThere is a
looming capacity shortfall
Even with a full deployment of
renewables.
A 10% reduction in demand per
house will see a rise of 7% in total demand
- Increased population decreased
household size
7
UK Gas Production and Demand
Import Gap
Imports - Bacton BBL
7% Imports - Bacton IC
10%
Imports -Langeled
15%Imports Grain
LNG4%
Imports -Milford Haven
LNG8%
Irish Sea3%
North Sea39%
Storage14%
GAS SUPPLY in UK at 09:00 on 13th January 2010
41% UK Production, 14% UK Storage 44% Imports8
• Issues of Carbon Emissions and Energy Security
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings
Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction
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10
Original buildings
Teaching wall
Library
Student residences
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Nelson Court 楼
Constable Terrace 楼
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12
Low Energy Educational Buildings
Elizabeth Fry Building
ZICER
Nursing and Midwifery
School
Medical School12
Medical School Phase 2
Thomas Paine Study Centre
13
Constable Terrace - 1993
• Four Storey Student Residence
• Divided into “houses” of 10 units each with en-suite facilities• Heat Recovery of body and cooking
heat ~ 50%.
• Insulation standards exceed 2006 standards
• Small 250 W panel heaters in individual rooms.
Electricity Use
21%
18%
17%
18%
14%
12%
Appliances
Lighting
MHVR Fans
MHVR Heating
Panel Heaters
Hot Water
Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Constable Terrace
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
UEA Low Medium
Kg
/m2 /y
r
14
Educational Buildings at UEA in 1990s
Queen’s Building 1993 Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
Elizabeth Fry Building Employs Termodeck principle and uses ~ 25% of Queen’s Building
15
The Elizabeth Fry Building 1994
8
Cost 6% more but has heating requirement ~25% of average building at time.
Building Regulations have been updated: 1994, 2002, 2006, but building outperforms all of these.Runs on a single domestic sized central heating boiler.
Would have scored 13 out of 10 on the Carbon Index Scale.
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Top
lam
Ene
rji T
üket
imi (
kWh/
m2 /y
ıl)
Heating/Cooling Hot Water Electricity
16
Conservation: management improvements Koruma: yönetimde iyileştirmeler
Careful Monitoring and Analysis can reduce energy consumption.
Dikkatli İzleme ve Analiz, enerji tüketimini azaltabilir.
.
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020406080
100120
ElizabethFry
low energy average
CO
2/m
2/yı
l electricity
gas
0
50
100
150
200
250
Elizabeth Fry Low Energy Average
kW
h/m
2 /yıl
gaselectricity
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Comparison with other buildings Diğer Binalarla Karşılaştırma
Energy Performance
Enerji Performansı
Carbon Dioxide Performance
Karbon Dioksit Performanı
18
Non Technical Evaluation of Elizabeth Fry Building PerformanceElizabeth Fry Bina Performansının Teknik Olmayan Değerlendirmesi
thermal comfort +28%
air quality +36%
lighting +25%
noise +26%
User Satisfaction
A Low Energy Building is also a better place to work in.
Isıl rahatlık +%28
Hava kalitesi +%36
aydınlatma +%25
gürültü +%26
Kullanıcı memnuniyeti
Bir Düşük Enerji binası ayrıca içinde çalışmak için de daha iyi bir yerdir.
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ZICER Building
• Heating Energy consumption as new in 2003 was reduced by further 57% by careful record keeping, management techniques and an adaptive approach to control.
• Incorporates 34 kW of Solar Panels on top floor
Won the Low Energy Building of the Year Award 2005
19
The ground floor open plan office
The first floor open plan office
The first floor cellular offices
20
The ZICER Building –
Main part of the building
• High in thermal mass • Air tight• High insulation standards • Triple glazing with low emissivity ~ equivalent to quintuple glazing
21
2222
Operation of Main Building Mechanically ventilated that utilizes hollow core ceiling slabs as supply air ducts to the space
Regenerative heat exchangerIncoming
air into the AHU
2323
Air enters the internal occupied space空气进入内部使用空间
Operation of Main Building
Air passes through hollow cores in the
ceiling slabs空气通过空心的板层
Filter过滤器
Heater加热器
2424
Operation of Main Building
Recovers 87% of Ventilation Heat Requirement.
Space for future chilling
将来制冷的空间 Out of the building出建筑物
Return stale air is extracted from each floor 从每层出来的回流空气
The return air passes through the heat
exchanger空气回流进入热交换器
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room
Slabs store heat from appliances and body heat.
热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中 板层储存来自于电器以及人体发出的热量
Winter Day
Air Temperature is same as building fabric leading to a more pleasant working environment
Warm air
Warm air
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Heat is transferred to the air before entering the room
Slabs also radiate heat back into room
热量在进入房间之前被传递到空气中
板层也把热散发到房间内
Winter Night
In late afternoon
heating is turned off.
Cold air
Cold air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
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Draws out the heat accumulated during the day
Cools the slabs to act as a cool store the following day
把白天聚积的热量带走。
冷却板层使其成为来日的冷存储器
Summer night
night ventilation/ free cooling
Cool air
Cool air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
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Slabs pre-cool the air before entering the occupied space
concrete absorbs and stores heat less/no need for air-conditioning
空气在进入建筑使用空间前被预先冷却混凝土结构吸收和储存了热量以减少 / 停止对空调的使用
Summer day
Warm air
Warm air
Fabric Cooling: Importance of Hollow Core Ceiling Slabs
Hollow core ceiling slabs store heat and cool at different times of the year providing comfortable and stable temperatures
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0
200
400
600
800
1000
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mean |External Temperature (oC)
En
ergy
Con
sum
pti
on (
kW
h/d
ay)
Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy
Good Management has reduced Energy Requirements
800
350
Space Heating Consumption reduced by 57%
原始供热方法 新供热方法
建造209441GJ
使用空调384967GJ
自然通风221508GJ
Life Cycle Energy Requirements of ZICER compared to other buildings
与其他建筑相比 ZICER 楼的能量需求
Materials Production 材料制造 Materials Transport 材料运输On site construction energy 现场建造Workforce Transport 劳动力运输Intrinsic Heating / Cooling energy
基本功暖 / 供冷能耗Functional Energy 功能能耗Refurbishment Energy 改造能耗Demolition Energy 拆除能耗
28%54%
34%51%
61%
29%
30
• Issues of Carbon Emissions and Energy Security
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings
Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction
31
• Mono-crystalline PV on roof ~ 27 kW in 10 arrays• Poly- crystalline on façade ~ 6.7 kW in 3 arrays
ZICER Building
Photo shows only part of top
Floor
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0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
(Jan ) 1 (Mar) 11 (May) 21 (Aug) 31 (Oct) 41 (Dec) 51
Time (week number)
Ele
ctri
city
use
d/ge
nera
ted
(kW
h)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
PV
per
cent
age
of th
e to
tal e
lect
rici
ty u
sage
Electricity from conventional sources PV electricity PV % of total
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
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Load (Capacity) factors
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
14%
16%
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
2004 2005
Lo
ad
Fa
cto
r
façade roof average
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov
2004 2005
kWh
/ m
2
Façade Roof
Façade (kWh)
Roof (kWh)
Total (kWh)
2004 2650 19401 22051
2005 2840 19809 22649
Output per unit area
Little difference between orientations in winter months
Performance of PV cells on ZICER
Winter Summer
Façade 2% ~8%
Roof 2% 15%
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02040
6080
100120140
160180200
9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of Day
Wh
01020
3040506070
8090100
%
Top Row
Middle Row
Bottom Row
radiation
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
9 10 11 12 13 14 15Time of day
Wh
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
%
Block1
Block 2
Block 3
Block 4
Block 5
Block 6
Block 7
Block 8
Block 9
Block 10
radiation
All arrays of cells on roof have similar performance respond to actual solar radiation
The three arrays on the façade respond differently
Performance of PV cells on ZICER - January
Radiation is shown as percentage of mid-day maximum to highlight passage of clouds
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0
5
10
15
20
25
8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00
Time (hours)
Elev
atio
n in
the s
ky (d
egre
es)
January February November DecemberP1 - bottom PV row P2 - middle PV row P3 - top PV row
373737
Arrangement of Cells on Facade
Individual cells are connected horizontally
As shadow covers one column all cells are inactive
If individual cells are connected vertically, only those cells actually in shadow are affected.
Cells active
Cells inactive even though not covered by shadow
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Use of PV generated energy
Sometimes electricity is exported
Inverters are only 91% efficient
• Most use is for computers• DC power packs are inefficient typically less than 60% efficient
• Need an integrated approach
Peak output is 34 kW 峰值 34 kW
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EngineGenerator
36% Electricity
50% Heat
Gas
Heat Exchanger
Exhaust Heat
Exchanger
11% Flue Losses3% Radiation Losses
86%
Localised generation makes use of waste heat.
Reduces conversion losses significantly
Conversion efficiency improvements – Building Scale CHP
61% Flue Losses
36%
39
UEA’s Combined Heat and Power
3 units each generating up to 1.0 MW electricity and 1.4 MW heat 40
41
Conversion efficiency improvements
1997/98 electricity gas oil Total
MWh 19895 35148 33
Emission factor kg/kWh 0.46 0.186 0.277
Carbon dioxide Tonnes 9152 6538 9 15699
Electricity Heat
1999/2000
Total site
CHP generation
export import boilers CHP oil total
MWh 20437 15630 977 5783 14510 28263 923Emission
factorkg/kWh -0.46 0.46 0.186 0.186 0.277
CO2 Tonnes -449 2660 2699 5257 256 10422
Before installation
After installation
This represents a 33% saving in carbon dioxide
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4242
Conversion efficiency improvements
Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA
Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectivelyMore electricity could be generated in summer
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A typical Air conditioning/Refrigeration Unit
节流阀Throttle Valve
冷凝器
绝热
Condenser
Heat rejected
蒸发器
为冷却进行热提取
Evaporator
Heat extracted for cooling
高温高压
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
低温低压
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
Compressor
压缩器
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Absorption Heat Pump
Adsorption Heat pump reduces electricity demand and increases electricity generated
节流阀Throttle Valve
冷凝器
绝热
Condenser
Heat rejected
蒸发器
为冷却进行热提取
Evaporator
Heat extracted for cooling
高温高压
High TemperatureHigh Pressure
低温低压
Low TemperatureLow Pressure
外部热
Heat from external source
W ~ 0
吸收器
吸收器
热交换器
Absorber
Desorber
Heat Exchanger
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A 1 MW Adsorption chiller
1 MW 吸附冷却器
• Reduces electricity demand in summer
• Increases electricity generated locally
• Saves ~500 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually
• Uses Waste Heat from CHP
• provides most of chilling requirements in summer
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The Future: Biomass Advanced Gasifier/ Combined Heat and Power
• Addresses increasing demand for energy as University expands
• Will provide an extra 1.4MW of electrical energy and 2MWth heat• Will have under 7 year payback• Will use sustainable local wood fuel mostly from waste from saw
mills• Will reduce Carbon Emissions of UEA by ~ 25% despite increasing student numbers by 250%
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4747
Photo-Voltaics
Advanced Biomass CHP using GasificationEfficient CHP Absorption Chilling
Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
4848
1990 2006 Change since 1990
2010 Change since 1990
Students 5570 14047 +152% 16000 +187%
Floor Area (m2) 138000 207000 +50% 220000 +159%
CO2 (tonnes) 19420 21652 +11% 14000 -28%
CO2 kg/m2 140.7 104.6 -25.7% 63.6 -54.8%
CO2 kg/student 3490 1541 -55.8% 875 -74.9%
Efficient CHP Absorption Chilling
Trailblazing to a Low Carbon Future
• Issues of Carbon Emissions and Energy Security
• Low Energy Buildings and their Management• Low Carbon Energy Provision
– Photovoltaics– CHP– Adsorption chilling– Biomass Gasification
• Awareness issues and Management of Existing Buildings
Carbon Reduction and Sustainable Construction
49
Target Day
Results of the “Big Switch-Off”
With a concerted effort savings of 25% or more are possibleHow can these be translated into long term savings?
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The Behavioural DimensionElectricity Consumption
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
No of people in household
kW
h i
n p
erio
d
1 person
2 people
3 people
4 people
5 people
6 people
Variation in Electricity Cosumption
-100%
-50%
0%
50%
100%
150%
200%
1
% D
iffe
ren
ce f
rom
Ave
rage
1 person 2 people 3 people4 people 5 people 6 people
Social Attitudes towards energy consumption have a profound effect on actual consumption
Data collected from 114 houses in Norwich between mid November 2006 and mid March 2007
For a given size of household electricity consumption for appliances [NOT HEATING or HOT WATER] can vary by as much as 9 times.
When income levels are accounted for, variation is still 6 times
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05000
100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Degree Days
Mo
nth
ly C
on
su
mp
tio
n (
kW
h)
Relatively large scatter – indicative of poor controlAbnormally high consumption could be indicative of malfunctionUpper and lower bands drawn +/- 1.5 standard deviations would initiate around 2 reporting incidents a year (based on monthly reporting.
CRedcarbon reduction
Managing Heating Requirements in an Office Building
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Electricity Consumption in an Office Building in East Anglia
CRedcarbon reduction
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct
2003 2004 2005
Co
ns
um
pti
on
(k
Wh
)
• Consumption rose to nearly double level of early 2005.
• Malfunction of Air-conditioning plant.
• Extra fuel cost £12 000 per annum ~£1000 to repair fault
• Additional CO2 emitted ~ 100 tonnes.
Low Energy Lighting Installed
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A Pathway to a Low Carbon Future: A summary
4. Using Renewable Energy
5. Offset Carbon Emissions
3. Using Efficient Equipment
1. Raising Awareness
0
200
400
600
800
1000
-4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Mean |External Temperature (oC)
En
ergy
Con
sum
pti
on (
kW
h/d
ay)
Original Heating Strategy New Heating Strategy
O
2. Good Management
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Conclusions
• Buildings built to low energy standards have cost ~ 5% more, but savings have recouped extra costs in around 5 years.
• Ventilation heat requirements can be large and efficient heat recovery is important.
• Effective adaptive energy management can reduce heating energy requirements in a low energy building by 50% or more.
• Photovoltaic cells need to take account of intended use of cells to get the optimum use of electricity generated.
• Building scale CHP can reduce carbon emissions significantly• Adsorption chilling should be included to ensure optimum
utilisation of CHP plant, to reduce electricity demand, and allow increased generation of electricity locally.
• Awareness raising of occupants of buildings can lead to significant savings
• By the end of 2010, UEA should have reduced its carbon emissions per student by 70% compared to 1990.
5656
World’s First MBA in Strategic Carbon Management
Third cohort started in January 2010
Modular Part Time version to start in 2010 at UEA- London
A partnership between
The Norwich Business School and • The 5** School of Environmental Sciences
Sharing the Expertise of the University
And FinallyLao Tzu (604-531 BC)
Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher
"If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading."See www2.env.uea.ac.uk/cred/creduea.htm for presentation 56
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• This presentation will be posted on the WEB tomorrow at:
• www.cred-uk.org
• From main page follow Academic Links
Keith Tovey (杜伟贤 )