carbon sequestration - unece · carbon sequestration “the path forward” “pathways to...

Carbon Sequestration“The Path Forward”

“Pathways to SustainableUse of Fossil Energy”

Energy for the New Millennium

Charles E. Schmidt, DirectorClean Air Technology Division

SMK - 09/09/02

Fossil FuelsWorld’s Dominant Energy Source

United States99 QBtu/yr; 85% Fossil Energy

World382 Quads/yr; 86% Fossil Energy

Word Data from EIA96. Does not include non-grid-connected biomass.U.S. Data from Table 2 of EIA REA 97 & AEO 2002 Table A2

0.9%

Coal25%Coal25%

Oil39%

Gas22%

Nuclear 6%

7%7%

Coal22%

Gas24%

Nuclear 8%

Oil38%

4%

HydroSolar, Wind, Geo

Biomass

3%

0.6%

SMK - 09/09/02

World - 199912.8 Trillion kWh - 63% Fossil EnergyUnited States - 1999

3.2 Trillion kWh - 69% Fossil Energy

Source: EIA International Energy Outlook 2001Edison Electric Institute 2001

RenewablesOil

Fossil FuelsWorld’s Dominant Electricity Source

Gas16%

Coal51%Coal51%

11%2%

Nuclear20%

Oil10%

Coal36%Coal36%

Renewables21%

Renewables21%

Nuclear16%

Gas17%

SMK - 09/09/02

Greenhouse Gas Implications

SMK - 09/09/02

CO2 & CH4 - The Primary GHG Contributors

Methane9%

Nitrous Oxide5%

HFCs, PFCs, SF62%

CO2 fromEnergy

81%

Other CO23%

“EIA Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the U.S.: 2000”

United States Greenhouse Gas Emissions(Equivalent Global Warming Basis)

SMK - 09/09/02

Coal Mining• 17 MMTCE methane emissions equivalent:

− 60 gas plants− 20 coal plants

Natural Gas Systems• 32 MMTCE methane emissions equivalent:


Landfills• 55 MMTCE methane emissions equivalent:


Fugitive Methane Emissions Are Significant Equivalent GWP* Compared to Emissions from 500 MW Plant

*Global Warming PotentialSources: EPA Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions & Sinks - 2002 2000 emissions

SMK - 09/09/02

Enter….

Carbon Sequestration

“Pathways to GHG Stabilization”

SMK - 09/09/02

Technological Carbon Management Options

ImproveEfficiency

SequesterCarbon

• Renewables• Nuclear• Fuel Switching

• Demand Side• Supply Side

• Capture & Store• Enhance Natural

Sinks

Reduce CarbonIntensity

All options needed to:• Affordably meet energy

demand• Address environmental

objectives

SMK - 09/09/02

Presidential DirectionDrivers for Carbon Sequestration Program

White House photo: Paul Morse

• Third option for global climate change

• Enables continued use of domestic energy resources and infrastructure

• Geologic formations have potential for essentially unlimited storage capacity

• Demonstrated industry interest, participation, and cost-sharing in public/private partnerships

• “We all believe technology offer great promise to significantly reduce emissions -- especially carbon capture, storage and sequestration technologies.”

June 11, 2001 February 14, 2002

• Sustain economic growth

• Reduce GHG intensity by 18% in next 10 years

SMK - 09/09/02

GCCI Pathway to 201218% Reduction in Greenhouse Gas Intensity

120

140

160

180

200

2000 2004 2008 20121,800

2,200

2,600

3,000

3,400

Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002EPA special studies

DOE/FE/NETL Sequestration Benefits Model

Gre

enho

use

Gas

Inte

nsity

(TC

/$M

MG

DP)

Gre

enho

use

Gas

Em

issi

ons

(MM

TCE)

GCCI

EIA Reference Case

108 MMTCE Gapin 2012

SMK - 09/09/02

0

50

100

150

200

2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500

5,000

10,000

15,000

20,000

25,000

Possible Pathway to StabilizationA Significant Undertaking

Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002 to 2020EPA special studies


President’s 201218% Reduction

GCCI

Emission Stabilizationat 2000 Level in 2025GH

G In

tens

ity (T

C/$

MM

GD

P)

GH

G E

mis

sion

s (M

MTC

E)Stabilization

EIA Reference Case

1,735 MMTCE Reduction in

2050

SMK - 09/09/02

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2002 2012 2020 2030 2040 2050

Advanced Sequestration Value-Added SequestrationNon-CO2 GHGsForestation and AgricultureEfficiency and Renewables

Stabilization = SequestrationMust Account For > 60% of Reduction Gap

Reductions rely on carbon management program

Reduction benefit shared with EPA/AG others

GH

G E

mis

sion

s R

educ

tions

(MM

TCE)

Reductions unrelated to sequestration, but includes coal• Repowering• Retrofit• Vision 21

Sources: EIA Annual Energy Outlook 2002EPA special studies


SMK - 09/09/02

Coal & Electricity Are Major ContributorsAccount for ~ 40% of CO2 Emissions

Source: EPA, Inventory of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, 2000

1998 United States CO2 Emissions(Million Metric Tons Per Year Carbon Equivalent)

By Fossil Fuel Type By Sector

(Total Emissions = 1450)

Other29%

Other29%

Transportation33%

Transportation33%

Electricity38%

Electricity38%

Oil42%Oil

42%

Coal37%Coal37%

Natural Gas21%

SMK - 09/09/02

2002 2004 2008 20182006 2010 2015

Carbon Sequestration Roadmap

EstablishRegional

Partnerships

AwardSequestration

Demonstrations

Cost Reductionof 50% for

Existing Plants

MMV Protocolsfor Carbon Accounting

Cost Reductionof 75% for New Plants

Begin LargeScale

Demonstrations

MMV Protocolsfor EnsuringPerformance

Cost GoalsAttained

<10% & 10/ton

Zero EmissionsNo Net Cost

Increase

SMK - 09/09/02

Program GoalsTechnology Options for GHG Management That...

• Are safe and environmentally acceptable

• Result in − < 10% increase in cost of energy services for

direct capture

− < $10 / ton carbon for indirect capture

• GCCI− Contribute to reducing carbon intensity by

18% by 2012

− Provide portfolio of commercially ready technologies for 2012 assessment

SMK - 09/09/02

Carbon Management Program Structure

Infrastructure4-10 Regional Partnerships• Engage regional, state, local

government entities• Determine benefits of

sequestration to region• Baseline region for sources and

sinks • Establish monitoring and

verification protocols• Address regulatory,

environmental, outreach issues• Test sequestration technology at small scaleIntegrated Power/

Sequestration Demo(s)• First-of-kind integrated project• Verify large-scale operation• Highlight best technology

options• Verify performance &

permanence• Develop accurate cost/

performance data• International showcase

DemonstrationBreak-through

Concepts

Measurement Monitoring & Verification

Non-CO2GHG

Control

Sequestration• Direct CO2

storage• Enhanced

natural sinks

Core R&DSeparation

and Capture of CO2

SMK - 09/09/02

Technology R&D Pathways

SMK - 09/09/02

• Environmentally acceptable

• Safe

• Verifiable

• Economically viable

Requirements for Sequestration

SMK - 09/09/02

Large Potential Worldwide Storage Capacity

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

10,000

100,000

Storage Option

DeepOcean

SalineReservoirs

DepletedOil

Reservoirs

DepletedGas

Reservoirs

CoalSeams

Cap

acity

(Gig

aton

s)

AnnualWorld

Emissions

Storage Options: IEA Greenhouse Gas R&D Program;Advanced Resources International estimates for coal seams

World Emissions: International Energy Outlook 2000, Table A10

6.2Gigatons

SMK - 09/09/02

Sequestration: A Dynamic Program

• Diverse research portfolio− 60 external projects− Onsite focus area

• Strong industry support− 40% cost share

• Portfolio funding $100M

Example Projects

• Sandia/Strata − Tracking CO2 in depleted oil reservoir

• Consol

− Sequestration in unmineable coal seams

• U. of Kentucky− Terrestrial sequestration in mined lands

• MIDCARB, State Geologic Consortia− Storage potential of geologic formation

in five states

SMK - 09/09/02

Statoil’s Sleipner production platform, with

CO2 injection

• 70 CO2 enhanced oil recovery sites in U.S.

• Weyburn EOR project in Saskatchewan

• Numerous reforestation projects underway

• Sleipner gas production in North Sea

Separation & CaptureEngineered Sequestration Feasible

SMK - 09/09/02

Separation and CaptureImprove Performance, Reduce Costs, Establish Protocols

CurrentTechnologies

FutureTechnologies

Amine Scrubbing Systems

Oxygen Based Combustion Advanced Membranes

Solid Sorbents

Advanced Sorbents

CO2 Hydrates

SMK - 09/09/02

Geological Sequestration Research Priorities

• Monitoring & Verification Methods/Protocols

• Capacity Evaluations

• Sequestration Mechanisms

• Long-Term Integrity & Permanence

• Environmental Impacts

• Safety

• Major Sequestration R&D Focus

SMK - 09/09/02

Deep Saline Formations

Deep Coal Seams

Enhanced Oil Recovery Fields

Geologic Sequestration Options

SMK - 09/09/02

Terrestrial SequestrationEstablish Methods and Protocols

h Improve Soil Carbon MeasurementhDecrease sample time and costhDevelop measurement protocols

h Improve Regional Measurement and Verification hRemote sensing opportunitieshVegetation carbon databases for calibration

h Enhance Carbon UptakehAmendments, soil management, bio waste ventures

h Partner with USDA and other Organizations

SMK - 09/09/02

Terrestrial SequestrationProject Portfolio

h Soil Carbon Measuring and MonitoringhLos Alamos National Laboratory - LIBS

h Regional Measuring, Monitoring and VerificationhThe Nature Conservancy - Advanced Videography

h Enhance Plant Growth on Degraded LandshOak Ridge/Pacific Northwest National Laboratories

(CSiTE) - Industrial By-products AmendmentshTennessee Valley Authority - FGD Amendments

h Economic ModelinghStephen F. Austin State University - Appalachia

SMK - 09/09/02

• Recovery & sequestration of CO2 by photosynthesis of microalgae - PSI

• Chemical fixation coal combustion products & recycling through algal biosystems - TVA

• Enhanced practical photosynthetic CO2mitigation - Ohio U.

• Enhanced practical photosynthesis - ORNL

• Photoreductive sequestration to form C1 products & fuel - SRI International

• Sequestration by mineral carbonation using a continuous flow reactor - Albany RC

• Chemical dissolution approaches to mineral sequestration - LANL

Several Novel Systems in Program

SMK - 09/09/02

0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200

IGCC

PC

NGCC

Sources: Derived From NETL, EPRI, Alstom

DOEGoal

<-- O2 Combustion--><----- CO2 Scrubbing ---- >

Gas Price Sensitivity<--------- ($2 to $6 /106 Btu) -------------->

Technology Today / Technology TomorrowHow Will Goals Be Achieved

Percent Increase in Levelized Cost of Electricity(Relative to No Capture Counterparts)

Zero Emissions SequestrationOxygen Combustion

MembranesAdvanced Sorbents & Processes

Plant Basis

o 2010 Installed Technology

o Greenfield Plants

o ~ 350 to 450 Mwe Plant Size

o > 90% CO2 Removal

o ~ 80% Capacity Factor

o Coal Price = $1.24/106 Btu

SMK - 09/09/02

Sequestration - Not Just About CO2(Near Zero Emissions Concept)

Gasification Energy Plant

Pulverized Coal Power Plant

PermanentlySequester

All Gaseous Emissions

• Sequester traditional pollutants & CO2 from IGCC Energy Plants

• Sequester traditional pollutants & CO2 from Pulverized Coal Power Plants

• Avoid costs, energy & complexity of controlling traditional pollutants

• Provide major cost & energy offsets for CO2 capture & sequestration

• Substantially reduce footprint and complexity of plants

Hydrogen SulfideCarbon Dioxide

Nitrous OxidesSulfur Dioxide

Carbon Dioxide

SMK - 09/09/02

Visit Our NETL Sequestration Websitewww.netl.doe.gov/coalpower/sequestration/

carbon sequestration - unece · carbon sequestration “the path forward” “pathways to...

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