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1 Cardiac Pacemaker By: Ziqi (Hugo) Wang and Garret McConville

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Page 1: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Cardiac Pacemaker

By: Ziqi

(Hugo) Wang and Garret  McConville

Page 2: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Overview

• Heart Beat• Abnormalities in Heart Beat

• Cardiac Pacemaker

• How pacemaker works

• Case Study • The surgical procedure• Future of pacemakers

Page 3: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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The Heart

The Basics:4 Chambers:‐Right Atrium‐Right Ventricle‐Left Atrium‐Left Ventricle

Heart ValvesInput VeinsOutput Arteries

Page 4: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Blood Flow In the Heart

• Blood flows‐Vena cava‐Right atrium‐Right ventricle‐Pulmonary artery‐Left atrium‐Left ventricle‐Aorta

Page 5: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Heart Beat

• Normal heart beat is 50‐70 times per minute

• At times it can beat faster tachycardia (sports)  or slower bradycardia

(sleep)

• An abnormal heart beat is called an  arrhythmia 

Page 6: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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How do we generate a Heart Beat

• Rhythmic heart beat caused by electrical  activity

• In heart you have autorhythmic

fibers

• These fibers act as pacemaker and conductive  system for the heart by generating action 

potentials   

Page 7: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Action Potential Through the Heart

• Begin at SA node

• Reaches the AV node

• Enters the AV node

• Enters the right and left bundle 

branches

• Arrives at Purkinje fibers

Page 8: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Electrocardiogram(ECG)

• Action potentials generate electrical currents 

recorded to create ECG

• P is atrial

depolarization

• QRS is rapid ventricular depolarization

• T is ventricular repolarization

• By comparing a normal ECG to that of a 

patients a doctor can predict abnormalities 

within the heart

Page 9: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Heart Beat Abnormalities

• Called an arrythmia

• Two categories supraventricular

and  ventricular arrythmias

Supraventricular Ventricular

Premature atrial

contraction Premature ventricular 

complex

Supraventricular

tachycardia Ventricular tachycardia

Sick sinus syndrome Ventricular fibrillation

Atrial

fibrillation

Atrial

flutter

Page 10: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Causes of Arrythmias

• Infection or fever• Physical or emotional Stress

• Disease such as anemia or thyroid disease

• Drugs• Inherited

Page 11: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Symptoms

• Palpitations (skipped beats)• Thumping or fluttering in the chest

• Sensation of heart racing• Feeling faint or tired• Light‐headedness or passing out• Shortness of breath• Chest pain or discomfort

Page 12: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Treatment

• Treatment varies depending seriousness of  the condition

• Medication

• Internal implanted cardiac defibrillator (ICD)

• Cardiac Pacemakers

Page 13: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Cardiac Pacemaker

Page 14: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Interesting facts

• In 2002 about 3 million people worldwide  with a pacemaker

• Each year about 150 000 pacemakers  implanted

Page 15: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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When do you need a pacemaker?

• Most common reasons are bradycardia

and  heart block

• Aging or damage to your sinus nodes

• Medical procedure to treat an arrythmia called atrial

fibirllation

• Taking heart medicine which may slow heart  beat

• Problem with heart muscles

Page 16: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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What is an artificial pacemaker

• A device placed in the chest or abdomen to  help control the heart to beat at a normal rate

• To treat arrhythmias

• Use low‐energy electrical pulses to overcome  faulty electrical signaling

• Monitor and record heart’s electrical activity  and heart rhythm

Page 17: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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How it works

• A pacemaker consists

of a battery, a  computerized

generator, and wires

with

sensor. 

• Electrode detects heart’s electrical activity• Computer directs generator to send impulse

Page 18: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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History of the Cardiac Pacemaker

• Hyman’s Pacemaker

Page 19: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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History of Cardiac Pacemaker

• The first implantable pacemaker

• In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch

and W.M.  Chardack

• 6cm in diameter and 1.5cm thick

• Total weight was 180g• A pulse forming oscillator and an amplifier 

Page 20: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Page 21: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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History

• Demand pacemaker

• Adding a sensing amplifier to fixed‐rate  pacemaker

• Long battery life• Introduced by Berkovits

in 1964

Page 22: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Page 23: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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History of Cardiac Pacemaker

• Dual‐Chamber Pacemaker

• 2 pacing leads• Mimic the heart’s natural way of pumping

• Ventricular electrode, Neutral electrode,  Artrial

electrode. 

• FET is inserted at feedback path of the  ventricular electrode. 

Page 24: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Page 25: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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History

• Rate‐Response Pacemaker

• Early 1980s• Regulate the pacing rate base on the output 

of a sensor system

Page 26: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Types of Pacemakers

• Three different systems exist‐single chamber ‐dual‐chamber 

These systems can have different pacings‐demand‐fixed rate‐rate responsive

Page 27: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Pacemaker Code Used to Describe Various  Pacing Modes

1st

position 2nd

position 3rd

position 4th

position 5th

position

Chamber

Paced

Chamber

Sensed

Response to

Sensing

Rate 

Modulation

Multisite 

Pacing

A A T O O

V V I R A

D D D V

O O D

A, atrium; V, ventricle; D, dual (both chambers); O, none; T, triggered; I, inhibited; R, 

rate adaptive

Page 28: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Case Study

• Insights into Pacemaker Lead‐Induced Venous  Occlusion

• Side effects of pacemakers is still relatively  unknown

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Patients

• For the study they used 3 patients

• For each patient they constructed computer based  veins of veins with and without pacemaker leads

• Calculated velocity shear stress pressure fields mean  time exposure and compared veins with and without  leads

Patient Age Sex Body Surface Area Pacing Indication

1 58 F 1.58 Complete heart block

2 85 F 1.61 Trifascicular

block

3 75 M 1.87 Atrial

fibrillation

Page 30: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Computer constructed Veins

Page 31: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Velocity

Patient 1 velocity increased with the leads except in the areas between the leads 

and the vessel wallPatient 2 saw the same effectPatient 3 saw less of a change because the patients leads were further spaced out 

Page 32: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Shear Stress

Shear stress increased by 25% in all patients  between the leads and the vessels body

Pressure Field

The pressure field difference was minimal  between veins with leads and without

Page 33: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Mean Time Exposure

The MET in both cases was greater near the vessel walls than in the middle 

of the vein. When the leads were implanted the MET increased in the area between 

the vessel wall and the lead

Page 34: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Results

• Helped to improve predicting areas in danger of blood clotting• From the study they also saw that positioning of leads in locations 

where the velocity is relatively high in the no‐lead condition results 

in relatively high flow rate and low stasis near the leads

• The opposite is seen for low flow rate • A novel application of computational blood flow simulation 

techniques 

In the Area between leads and the vessel wall

Low Velocity

Mean Time Exposure Increase

Low shear stress regions

Page 35: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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How a pacemaker is implanted

• Insertion of intravenous line  into a vein

• Numb the area where the  pacemaker will be put

• Place a needle in large vein,  thread the wire into the vein

• Make a small cut into the  skin of chest/abdomen

• slip the pacemaker through  the cut

Page 36: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Surgery

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Risks of Surgery

• Swelling, bleeding or infection• Blood vessel or never damage

• A collapsed lung• A bad reaction to the medicine

Page 38: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Check Ups

• Pacemaker should be evaluated by a  cardiologist every 3‐6 months

• Check the effectiveness of the pacemaker 

• The battery life

Page 39: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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• The Future of  Pacemaker

Page 40: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Future

• A pacemaker that  uses the body to 

power itself

• No more battery

• More space 

Page 41: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Future

• Wireless pacemakers• Have been seen to help 

patience with sleep apnea• Elderly people falling can 

sometimes be caused do to  abnormal heartbeat

• Getting the pacemaker to  be compatible with an MRI 

machine• Vulnerable to radio attack

Page 42: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Things To Note

Heart may seem basic 

at first but it takes many 

parts to work in unison for 

it to function properly 

As a result many 

complications that can arise

Page 43: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Thanks for listening 

Page 44: Cardiac Pacemakeribruce/courses/EE3BA3_2011/EE3BA… · • The first implantable pacemaker • In 1959 by Wilson Greatbatch and W.M

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Bibliography• http://www.emedicinehealth.com/heart_rhythm_disorders/page6_em.htm#Heart%20Rhyth

m%20Disorders%20Treatment

• http://www.abcarticledirectory.com/Article/Do‐You‐Need‐a‐Pacemaker‐‐Here‐are‐the‐Main‐

Symptoms/186515

• http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/pace/pace_whatis.html• http://www.hrspatients.org/patients/treatments/pacemakers.asp• http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=~xxx2NnT7Fmuqt• http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE4A94I220081110• http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/105/18/2136• http://www.engadget.com/2009/08/11/worlds‐first‐wireless‐pacemaker‐talks‐to‐your‐

doctor‐daily‐w/

• http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/780825‐overview• http://www.springerlink.com.libaccess.lib.mcmaster.ca/content/y927g07j42486534/fulltext.

html

• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/Xplore/login.jsp?url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fsta

mp%2Fstamp.jsp%3Farnumber%3D01636350&authDecision=‐203

• http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcardiac.htm